2020thth Century Chinese Century Chinese HistoryHistory

Boxer Rebellion through Boxer Rebellion through

One Child PolicyOne Child Policy

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

““Boxers” – group of Chinese who Boxers” – group of Chinese who wanted wanted foreigners OUT!!!!!!foreigners OUT!!!!!!

In 1900, the Boxers In 1900, the Boxers attacked and attacked and killed many foreignerskilled many foreigners

So western powers organized So western powers organized an an international armyinternational army

This army crushed the This army crushed the

BoxersBoxers

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

As a result of this Boxer Rebellion, China As a result of this Boxer Rebellion, China was forced to:was forced to:

1.) 1.) allow foreign troops on Chinese soilallow foreign troops on Chinese soil

2.) 2.) allow foreign warships in Chinese waterallow foreign warships in Chinese water

China Becomes a RepublicChina Becomes a Republic

1911- 1911- Qing dynasty fallsQing dynasty falls China becomes a republic in China becomes a republic in 19111911 Republic- Republic- form of govt. where people form of govt. where people

choose the leaders to represent themchoose the leaders to represent them

China becomes a RepublicChina becomes a Republic

Sun YatsenSun Yatsen

- - “father of modern China”“father of modern China”- Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Leader of the Chinese Nationalist

Party (Guomindang or Kuomintang)Party (Guomindang or Kuomintang)

China becomes a RepublicChina becomes a Republic

Sun Yatsen wrote: Sun Yatsen wrote: “Three Principles of the “Three Principles of the People”People”

1.) 1.) Nationalism – unify ChinaNationalism – unify China

2.) 2.) Supporting democracySupporting democracy

3.) 3.) Livelihood – decent living for all Livelihood – decent living for all ChineseChinese

1925- 1925- Sun Yatsen dies, Chiang Kai-Shek Sun Yatsen dies, Chiang Kai-Shek takes over control of Nationalist Partytakes over control of Nationalist Party

15.) Sun Yatsen (1866-15.) Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)1925)

Country – ChinaCountry – China Facts-Facts-

1.) “father of Modern China”1.) “father of Modern China”

2.) first president of the 2.) first president of the

Republic of China (ROC)Republic of China (ROC)

3.) first leader of Kuomintang (Chinese 3.) first leader of Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party)Nationalist Party)

Problems of the National Problems of the National PartyParty

China resented the “European” look of democracy

China had no experience with a representative govt

China’s economy was in shambles

CCP- Chinese Communist Party,

formed in 1921

2020thth Century Chinese History Century Chinese History

The The NationalistsNationalists were led by Chiang Kai-were led by Chiang Kai-ShekShek

The Communists The Communists were led by Mao Zedongwere led by Mao Zedong

(believed they could gain control by (believed they could gain control by

working w/ Nationalists)working w/ Nationalists)

2020thth Century Chinese History Century Chinese History

In 1927, In 1927, Nationalists expelled Nationalists expelled Communists from the Kuomintang, Communists from the Kuomintang, as well as arrested and executed as well as arrested and executed many Communistsmany Communists

The Long MarchThe Long March

When? When? 19341934 Led by? Led by? Mao ZedongMao Zedong Who marched? Who marched? Communists and Communists and

several peasants (90,000 several peasants (90,000 Communists went on March, only Communists went on March, only 7,000 survived)7,000 survived)

The Long MarchThe Long March

Where? Where?

6,000 miles from 6,000 miles from

SE China to SE China to

NW ChinaNW China

The Long MarchThe Long March

Why? Why? Mao and Communists Mao and Communists

fled from the Nationalistsfled from the Nationalists Results? Results?

- - 1937, Japan invades China1937, Japan invades China

- - Nationalists must go and fight the Nationalists must go and fight the JapaneseJapanese

- - Communists defeated a weakened Communists defeated a weakened Nationalist ArmyNationalist Army

CommunismCommunism

Mao wanted the support of Mao wanted the support of peasantspeasants Mao’s armies were Mao’s armies were disciplined and

were peasantswere peasants

Appeal of CommunismAppeal of Communism

Mao promised…Mao promised…- Land reformLand reform- End to imperialism in ChinaEnd to imperialism in China- China would industrializeChina would industrialize

Appeal of CommunismAppeal of Communism

Marxism/MaoismMarxism/Maoism

Working class would rise up to defeat rulers

Peasants would rise up to defeat rulers

Karl Marx, author of the Communist Manifesto

China’s Communist China’s Communist RevolutionRevolution

Mao’s Main GoalsMao’s Main Goals

1.) 1.) Better life for the poorBetter life for the poor

2.) 2.) develop a modern economydevelop a modern economy

3.) 3.) restore China’s position as a world restore China’s position as a world powerpower

But when the communists took But when the communists took over in 1949, it was hard to over in 1949, it was hard to reach these goals because:reach these goals because:

China’s huge population had to be China’s huge population had to be fed, clothed, housed, and educatedfed, clothed, housed, and educated

Years of war destroyedYears of war destroyed

industries and farmingindustries and farming China’s geography gaveChina’s geography gave

limited land for farminglimited land for farming

But when the communists took But when the communists took over in 1949, it was hard to over in 1949, it was hard to reach these goals because:reach these goals because:

Floods, droughts, and earthquakes Floods, droughts, and earthquakes ruined farmsruined farms

Lacked technology andLacked technology and

money to industrializemoney to industrialize China’s isolation put themChina’s isolation put them

behind other countriesbehind other countries

China’s Communist China’s Communist RevolutionRevolution

Communists wanted to take control Communists wanted to take control of production away from of production away from wealthy wealthy landownerslandowners and give it to and give it to the govt.the govt.

They thought this They thought this

would end would end inequalityinequality Everyone would be Everyone would be EQUALEQUAL

Collective farms (1950s, farm Collective farms (1950s, farm operated and managed by the operated and managed by the

govt)govt) Ended private Ended private ownership of landownership of land Peasants shared Peasants shared landland, , toolstools, and , and

laborlabor Harvests went to feed Harvests went to feed the statethe state and and

the rest went to the rest went to the govtthe govt

Great Leap Forward (1958)Great Leap Forward (1958)

Communes – Communes – community where all community where all property is held in common, living property is held in common, living areas are shared, everything is areas are shared, everything is provided in exchange for workprovided in exchange for work

Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward

People were supposed to build People were supposed to build bridgesbridges, , damsdams, , irrigation systemsirrigation systems, , and other projects for a modern Chinaand other projects for a modern China

Led to DISASTER!!!Led to DISASTER!!!- Peasants hated the commune systemPeasants hated the commune system- People were guaranteed a paycheck People were guaranteed a paycheck

and didn’t work hardand didn’t work hard- GLF ended in the early 1960sGLF ended in the early 1960s

Cultural Revolution (1966)Cultural Revolution (1966)

Many people blamed Many people blamed MaoMao for the for the problems after the GLFproblems after the GLF

Mao didn’t want people Mao didn’t want people

turning against him or against turning against him or against communism, so he launched communism, so he launched

the “Cultural Revolution”the “Cultural Revolution”

Red GuardsRed Guards: : Students and Students and young factory workers who:young factory workers who:

- Attacked anyone who Attacked anyone who didn’t support Chairman Maodidn’t support Chairman Mao

- Forced teachers to confessForced teachers to confess crimes against Maocrimes against Mao

- Victims were sent to ruralVictims were sent to rural fields and worked to deathfields and worked to death

Little Red Book Little Red Book (Quotations from Chairman Mao)(Quotations from Chairman Mao)

Published from 1964-1976Published from 1964-1976 5- 6 billion copies were produced5- 6 billion copies were produced All Chinese had to carry this book All Chinese had to carry this book

with themwith them

Little Red Book QuotesLittle Red Book Quotes

““At no time and in no circumstances At no time and in no circumstances should a Communist place his personal should a Communist place his personal interests first; he should subordinate them interests first; he should subordinate them to the interests of the nation and of the to the interests of the nation and of the masses. Hence, selfishness, slacking, masses. Hence, selfishness, slacking, corruption, seeking the limelight, and so corruption, seeking the limelight, and so on, are most contemptible, while on, are most contemptible, while selflessness, working with all one's energy, selflessness, working with all one's energy, whole-hearted devotion to public duty, and whole-hearted devotion to public duty, and quiet hard work will command respect.”quiet hard work will command respect.”

Little Red Book QuotesLittle Red Book Quotes

““A revolution is not a dinner party, or A revolution is not a dinner party, or writing an essay, or painting a writing an essay, or painting a picture, or doing embroidery; it picture, or doing embroidery; it cannot be so refined, so leisurely and cannot be so refined, so leisurely and gentle, so temperate, kind, gentle, so temperate, kind, courteous, restrained and courteous, restrained and magnanimous. A revolution is an magnanimous. A revolution is an insurrection, an act of violence by insurrection, an act of violence by which one class overthrows another.”which one class overthrows another.”

Propaganda Propaganda

PropagandaPropaganda

Effects of Cultural Effects of Cultural RevolutionRevolution

Schools Schools closedclosed Factory production Factory production slowedslowed In 1969, Chinese army restored order In 1969, Chinese army restored order

by sending by sending Red GuardsRed Guards away to away to work work the rural fieldsthe rural fields

China after MaoChina after Mao

After Mao Zedong died in 1976, After Mao Zedong died in 1976, Deng Deng XiaopingXiaoping took over. took over.

Deng Xiaoping didn’t believe Deng Xiaoping didn’t believe that China had to that China had to be be self-sufficientself-sufficient. .

He thought that China He thought that China had to work with the had to work with the rest of the world.rest of the world.

Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping

His goal was to help China achieve His goal was to help China achieve wealth and powerwealth and power

Four ModernizationsFour Modernizations

1.) 1.) modernizing agriculturemodernizing agriculture

2.) 2.) expanding industryexpanding industry

3.) 3.) developing science and technologydeveloping science and technology

4.) 4.) upgrading China’s militaryupgrading China’s military

Responsibility SystemResponsibility System

Each family is Each family is responsible for making responsible for making its own livingits own living

The government The government leased land to leased land to peasantspeasants

Farmers sell Farmers sell some of the harvest to the some of the harvest to the govtgovt

They can then sell They can then sell profit on the open profit on the open marketmarket

Responsibility System in Responsibility System in IndustryIndustry

Commune factories were interested Commune factories were interested in in quantityquantity rather than rather than quality

This system let This system let individual managersindividual managers have a say in what to produce.have a say in what to produce.

One Child PolicyOne Child Policy

SStarted in 1979 by Deng Xiaoping, still goes on today

One Child PolicyOne Child Policy

Why?Why?- Control populationControl population- Not enough resources Not enough resources

for increasing populationfor increasing population

One Child PolicyOne Child Policy

How?How?- Give families wage raises for only 1 Give families wage raises for only 1

childchild- Forced abortionsForced abortions- Fine those who want to have moreFine those who want to have more

FOR the PolicyFOR the Policy

People who live in citiesPeople who live in cities Chinese governmentChinese government

Against the PolicyAgainst the Policy

Women, gender imbalance is Women, gender imbalance is occurringoccurring

Ethnic Han, only allowed to have one Ethnic Han, only allowed to have one childchild

Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square MassacreMassacre

also called: June 4also called: June 4thth Incident IncidentBeijing, China, 1989Beijing, China, 1989

Where?Where?

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China

When?When?

Protests started on April 14Protests started on April 14thth, 1989, 1989 Chinese government sends army in Chinese government sends army in

on June 3on June 3rdrd at 1030PM and the at 1030PM and the Square is cleared by 6AM on June 4Square is cleared by 6AM on June 4thth..

Who?Who?

Pro-democracy supportersPro-democracy supporters College studentsCollege students Chinese militaryChinese military

““Goddess of Democracy”Goddess of Democracy”

What happened?What happened?

Chinese army opened fire on Chinese Chinese army opened fire on Chinese protestorsprotestors

Army arrested, tortured, and Army arrested, tortured, and executed leaders of the studentsexecuted leaders of the students

According to Chinese govt- 241 deadAccording to Chinese govt- 241 dead

other estimates are in the 1,000-other estimates are in the 1,000-2,000 range2,000 range

Chinese Army moving inChinese Army moving in

The Unknown RebelThe Unknown Rebelaka: Tankmanaka: Tankman

Why?Why?

Deng Xiaoping and Deng Xiaoping and China’s leaders China’s leaders would not allow would not allow authority to be authority to be challengedchallenged

Protests were a Protests were a threat to threat to Communism in Communism in ChinaChina

TOTALITARIAN GOVTS TOTALITARIAN GOVTS SURVIVE BECAUSE OF SURVIVE BECAUSE OF

FORCE!!!FORCE!!!

CENSORSHIP!!!!

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