2004 annual faculty development seminar appointment, promotion and tenure in the professorial ranks

20042004 AnnualAnnualFaculty Development SeminarFaculty Development Seminar

Appointment, Promotion and Appointment, Promotion and TenureTenure

In the Professorial RanksIn the Professorial Ranks

• Part I• Rank & Tenure considered in the

national context

• Part II• Appointment, Promotion &

Tenure at NYUSoM

Timeline of TenureTimeline of Tenure

Timeline of TenureTimeline of Tenure1600-1700+1600-1700+ Model of Oxford & Cambridge: tutorsModel of Oxford & Cambridge: tutors


17501750 Educational-industrial complex:Educational-industrial complex:Gifts of endowed chairs and “Gifts of endowed chairs and “ProfessorsProfessors””durante vitadurante vita



1800s1800s Transition to non-sectarian educationTransition to non-sectarian educationlehrfreiheitlehrfreiheitresearch university is bornresearch university is born




18621862 Morrill Act: assistant, associate and full professorMorrill Act: assistant, associate and full professor




18621862 Morrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professorMorrill Act: Assistant, associate and full professor





19001900 The Economics Cases:The Economics Cases:David Starr Jordan fires Edward A. RossDavid Starr Jordan fires Edward A. Ross






1913-19401913-1940 AAUPAAUP






1913-19401913-1940 AAUPAAUP

1986, 19921986, 1992 Age Discrimination in Employment AmendmentsAge Discrimination in Employment Amendments

Tenure DefinedTenure Defined• [AAUP] Tenure is a means to certain ends; specifically (1)

freedom of teaching and research and of extramural activities; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession of teaching attractive to men and women of ability.

• [NYUFH] Academic tenure is a means to certain ends, specifically: (1) freedom of teaching and research*; and (2) a sufficient degree of economic security to make the profession of teaching attractive to men and women of ability.

Social Engineering: ADEASocial Engineering: ADEA

• Tenure concepts were developed when the expectation and the rule was “retirement” at 65

• Age Discrimination in Employment Amendmentsof 1986 , *1992 0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Under30

30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 Over 69

Per

cent

of

facu

lty

1977

1987

1996

AAMC data on AAMC data on age distribution age distribution of faculty in US of faculty in US medical schools medical schools 1980-2002 1980-2002

Tenured

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Und

er 3

0

30-3

4

35-3

9

40-4

4

45-4

9

50-5

4

55-5

9

60-6

4

65-6

9

Ove

r 69

Per

cent

of

facu

lty

1980 1992 1997 2002

National ContextNational Context• Decline in reimbursements to

the clinical side of academic medical centers• BBA of ’97

• Managed care

National ContextNational Context

• Dramatic rise in the number of faculty, especially clinical faculty

• Movement to non-tenure tracks

Jones and Gold Academic Medicine (2001) 76: 993-1004

Liu and Mallon Academic Medicine 2004 79: 205-213

Financial Guarantee of Tenure ‘97Financial Guarantee of Tenure ‘97

77

185 0

81

152 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

%

Some None Both Other

Basic

Clinical

NNbb= 102= 102

NNcc=94=94Jones and Gold, Jones and Gold, Acad MedAcad Med 1998 1998

What is that Guarantee?What is that Guarantee?

10

32 32

310

6 7

29 28

19

3

114 7

0

10

20

30

40

%

BasicClinical

NNbb= 102= 102

NNcc=94=94Jones and Gold, Jones and Gold, Acad MedAcad Med 1998 1998

• Part I• Tenure considered in the national

context

• Part II• Appointment, Promotion &

Tenure at NYUSoM

AssistantProfessor

Instructor

AssistantProfessor(Research)

AssistantProfessor

AssistantProfessor(Clinical)

ClinicalAssistantProfessor

ResearchAssistantProfessor

Investigator /Educator

Track

InvestigatorClinician /Educator

Track

ClinicianInvestigator /

EducatorTrack

ResearchTrack

Research /Educator

TrackClinicalTrack

AssociateProfessor

AssociateProfessor(Research)

AssociateProfessor

AssociateProfessor(Clinical)

ClinicalAssociateProfessor

ProfessorProfessor(Research) Professor

Professor(Clinical)

ClinicalProfessor

ResearchAssociateProfessor

ResearchProfessor

3 Years

10 Years

Full TimePart Time Part Time

Tenure Track

3 Years

Primary ThemesPrimary Themes• Investigator / Educator Track, a full-time tenure track

for those faculty members in any department whose primary career is in independent, investigator-initiated research and who devote some time to education and service.

• Investigator Clinician / Educator Track, a full-time tenure track…for those faculty in the clinical departments whose primary career combines independent research with clinical activities and who devote some time to education and service.

What does it take?What does it take?

• Advance the fieldAdvance the field

• Peer recognitionPeer recognition

• If you haven’t done it all, you have to be really If you haven’t done it all, you have to be really outstanding in part of itoutstanding in part of it

Alternate PathwayAlternate Pathway

• Teaching• Excellence in the “classroom”

• Invention of new approaches

• Peer recognition for pedagogical activities

AssistantProfessor

Instructor


AssistantProfessor





Track


Track


EducatorTrack

ResearchTrack

Research /Educator

TrackClinicalTrack

AssociateProfessor


AssociateProfessor




Professor(Clinical)

ClinicalProfessor


ResearchProfessor

3 Years

10 Years


Tenure Track

3 Years

Primary ThemesPrimary Themes

• Clinician Investigator / Educator Track, a full-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in clinical departments whose primary career is in the provision of clinical care and who devote a substantial portion of their efforts to teaching, research, and service.

• Research / Educator Track, a full-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in any department whose primary career is in research, but who devote a portion of their efforts to education and service.

Alternate PathwayAlternate Pathway

• Teaching• Excellence in the “classroom”

• Invention of new approaches

• Peer recognition for pedagogical activities

AssistantProfessor

Instructor


AssistantProfessor





Track


Track


EducatorTrack

ResearchTrack

Research /Educator

TrackClinicalTrack

AssociateProfessor


AssociateProfessor




Professor(Clinical)

ClinicalProfessor


ResearchProfessor

3 Years

10 Years


Tenure Track

3 Years

Primary ThemesPrimary Themes

• Clinical Track, a part-time non-tenure track for those faculty members in clinical departments whose primary career is in the provision of clinical care and who devote some time to teaching, research and/or service.

• Research Track, a part-time non-tenure track for those faculty involved in part-time or time-limited research in other's laboratories and who devote limited time to teaching and service.

A Snapshot of Promotion & Tenure A Snapshot of Promotion & Tenure Decisions 1989-2002Decisions 1989-2002

• GrantsGrants (regardless of whether PI; PI data were missing (regardless of whether PI; PI data were missing especially in early years)especially in early years)

• NIH GrantsNIH Grants (regardless of whether PI, as immediately above) (regardless of whether PI, as immediately above)• $ Amount of grants$ Amount of grants (generally total $ during career) (generally total $ during career)• Peer reviewed Peer reviewed publicationspublications• 1st or last-author publications1st or last-author publications• Non-peer reviewed publicationsNon-peer reviewed publications• Book Book chapterschapters• AbstractsAbstracts• PresentationsPresentations

Summary 1989-2002Summary 1989-2002

• 151 candidates

• 120 granted tenure, a rate of 79.5%

• 36/40 or 90% of candidates from basic sciences

• 111/151 or 73.5% of candidates from clinical sciences

Summary 2002-2004Summary 2002-2004

• 52 candidates

• 38 granted tenure, a rate of 76%

• 18/22 or 82% of candidates from basic sciences

• 20/30 or 67% of candidates from clinical sciences

Characteristics of 50 CandidatesCharacteristics of 50 Candidates

Category Mean SD Median Range

# Grants 9.18 ± 8.00 7 0 – 42

# NIH Grants 2.24 ± 2.67 1 0 – 11

$ Amount of grants 2,921,223 ± 4,657,150 1,489,740 0 – 27,963,678

# Peer reviewed publications 39.3 ± 34.0 30.5 0 – 186

# 1st/last author publications 23.5 ± 20.2 20 0 – 123

# Non-peer reviewed publications 3.68 ± 5.01 2 0 – 26

# Book chapters 7.28 ± 9.25 4 0 – 44

# Abstracts 11.3 ± 31.3 0 0 – 202

# Presentations 21.0 ± 29.3 7 0 – 97

Comparison Among ErasComparison Among Eras

Era 1 Era 2 Era 3 1 vs 2 1 vs 3 2 vs 3

ALL 94% 72% 76% .05 .11 1.0

Basic 100% 84% 82% .61 .52 1.0

Clinical 91% 68% 67% .14 .26 1.0

ChangesChanges in Rank & Statusin Rank & Status

2626 2626TT to NTTTT to NTT

1818aP/CaP/C

1313AP/CAP/C

55AP/CAP/C(C/R)(C/R)

1919APAP

1616APAP

33AP(C/R)AP(C/R)

11AP(R)AP(R)

11APAP

To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

The OathThe Oath

To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of faculty], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of tenure], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage [origin of gender discrimination] and to teach this art…to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else.

To hold him who has taught me this art [faculty mentor] as equal to my parents and to live my life in partnership with him, and if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine [socialist origin of the depressed salaries of tenure], and to regard his offspring as equal to my brothers in male lineage [origin of gender discrimination] and to teach this art…to my sons and to the sons of him who has instructed me and to pupils who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, but no one else [origin of both the Guild and the Guilt of our separation from the proles]

ProcessProcess• 7 year probationary period• Tenured faculty can be dismissed only for cause or certain conditions

• CAUSE: …incompetent or inefficient service; neglect of duty; repeated and willful disregard of the rules of academic freedom…physical or mental incapacity; or any other conduct of a character seriously prejudicial to his or her teaching or research or to the welfare of the University

• CONDITIONS: …retirement, or…because of financial exigencies, or because of the discontinuance of a considerable part of the University, such as a college, school, or division or a department in a college, school, or division

• Dismissal adjudication is in the hands of the faculty, not the administration

Tenured

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Und

er 3

0

30-3

4

35-3

9

40-4

4

45-4

9

50-5

4

55-5

9

60-6

4

65-6

9

Ove

r 69

Per

cent

of

facu

lty

1980 1992 1997 2002

Overall

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Under 3

0

35-3

9

45-4

9

55-5

9

65-6

9

Per

cent

of

facu

lty

1980 1992 1997 2002

Promotion & TenurePromotion & Tenure Since excellence in research and scholarship is a requirement for all tenured

academic appointments, evidence of such high quality research or other scholarship is necessary for advancement. Evidence of scholarly achievements must include publication of major peer-reviewed papers. Books and/or chapters that integrate, synthesize, summarize and extend the existing literature are also considered evidence of scholarly productivity. Certain other types of activities are generally recognized as demonstrative of an individual's stature in research or scholarship. Many of these activities are manifestations of peer recognition and may include: invitations to lecture on the national and international level; invitations to contribute to major scientific meetings and publications; membership on editorial boards of prominent journals; membership on scientific and professional advisory committees at national and/or international levels; membership on research peer review committees; the receipt of honors for scientific or scholarly achievements; election or selection to membership and/or leadership positions in professional organizations; funding from national peer-reviewed funding agencies (such as the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation and similar agencies in the government and the private sectors); and the attraction and training of productive graduate students and postdoctoral fellows.

Promotion & TenurePromotion & Tenure

In addition to research and scholarly activities, all tenure track faculty members are required to participate and demonstrate a high level of effectiveness in teaching.

In addition to major efforts in research and teaching, tenure track faculty members are also expected to contribute to the School of Medicine in a service capacity. They can fulfill this obligation by participating in committee work, internal governance and/or community service.

Basic SciencesBasic Sciences

Category Mean Range Mean Range# Grants 7.72 0 - 25 7 2-13# NIH Grants 3.36 0 - 10 2.75 1-4$ Amount of grants 2,439,419 0-11M 987,841 466K - 2.3M# Peer reviewed ms 35 2 - 106 27.8 23 - 37# 1st or last author ms 23.4 2 - 94 14 10-19# Non-peer reviewed ms 2.5 0 - 10 1 0 - 3# Book chapters 2.92 0 - 11 1.75 0 - 6# Abstracts 10 0 - 76 5.75 0 - 23# Presentations 5.42 0 - 40 7.25 0 - 16

Granted Denied/deferred

Clinical SciencesClinical Sciences

Category Mean Range Mean Range# Grants 4.73 0-16 2.63 0-23# NIH Grants 1.35 0-9 0.63 0-8$ Amount of grants 1,668,853 0-22M 688,703 0-5.7K# Peer reviewed ms 31 5-124 21.9 3-105# 1st or last author ms 18.1 2-88 13.3 2-86# Non-peer reviewed ms 2.46 0-26 1.3 0-11# Book chapters 7.98 0-91 4.63 0-18# Abstracts 20.2 0-231 8 0.62# Presentations 17.8 0-123 22 0-170

Granted Denied/deferred

PromotionPromotion

Promotion to the level of Associate Professor in the full-time, non-tenure tracks must be considered within the first ten years as a member of the full-time faculty at New York University in the rank and/or ranks of Assistant Professor and Associate Professor. Promotion on either of these tracks will require documentation of: (1) excellence in teaching, research, and/or patient care; (2) evidence of peer recognition; and (3) contributions of service to the school.

PromotionPromotion

Clinical Track Faculty members in this track will fulfill a variety of teaching, clinical and service responsibilities in the institution according to the needs of the departments and divisions…[and] will be expected to demonstrate excellence in patient care and teaching, and, when appropriate, to contribute to the service activities of the School of Medicine.

Research Track …for faculty assigned to either time-limited, essentially full-time research programs or part-time research activities with limited expectations for teaching or service. In general, faculty members in these titles will be dependent upon the grants of others [and] will be expected to maintain a high level of proficiency and participation in the research program and, when appropriate, may contribute to the educational and service activities of the School of Medicine.

ReferencesReferences

• White L. Academic Tenure: Its historical and legal meanings in the United States and its relationship to the Compensation of medical school faculty members. 2000 St. Louis U Law J: 44:51.

• Williams J. The Other Politics of Tenure.College Literature, 09/22/1999.

2004 annual faculty development seminar appointment, promotion and tenure in the professorial ranks

Documents

timeline of tenure slide

professor slide

aaup tenure

professors durante vita

promotion tenure

ross slide

aaup slide

model of oxford cambridge