2006 brangus journal

Jaarverslag uit die President se kantoor 3Brangus the natural curve bender/Die natuurlike kurweknakker 5Raadslede 2005/2006 6Belangrike datums 6Domestic meat price trends 8Voerkraalafronding van kalwers 12Die rol van sub-tropiese weidingsgewassein diereproduksie 18Inbreeding in cattle: What you need to know 27Days to calving in Breedplan 30Inheritance of polledness, horns and scursin beef cattle 34Parasietbeheer vir beter produksie envoerkraal eindproduk 38Die gebruik van DNA in vleisbeesteling 40Nasionale skou 2005 43Veiling-dinee 44Veiling-hoogste pryse 45Brangus Internet funksies 46Brangus in Namibia 62Windhoek veiling 63Windhoek skou 63KI Bulle/AI Bulls 64Ledelys/Memberslist 70Sire Summary 2006 75 In

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ContentsBrangus Genootskap

Posbus 12465Brandhof 9324

Tel: 051 444 1144Faks: 051 444 5070Sel: 082 828 8118

[email protected]

Tienie Bekker 083 262 4021

Arthur Hellberg 082 886 0091

Ferdi Naude 082 490 5678

Tatties Henning 082 893 1632

Johan du Plessis 082 929 5136

Johan Botha 083 388 4000

Johan Fourie 083 733 4425

Rian van Wyk 083 645 4434

Robbie Morgan 046 684 0793

Paul Lubout 082 828 8118

RaadsledeCouncil members

Artikels in die joernaal verteenwoordig nie noodwendig die mening van die Raad van die Brangus Genootskap van Suid-Afrika nie.

Articles in this journal do not necessarily represent the opinions of the Council of the Brangus Society of South Africa.

Baumeister 62Bayer 39Bersumel IBCBKBLouwid 29Bluebird 60Bottelgat Brangus 33Bruljant 7Bulbran 37Central Vet 61Delport Boerdery 48 & 49Elandspruit 16 & 17Fertilitas 37FNB 9HerdMASTER 31Hygrotech 19Jagtdrift 15KK Animal Nutrition 35

Malherbe & Roberts 4Meadow Feeds 13MJ Bekker OBCMount Olive Brangus 22Nico Smith IFCRayvor 21Rosewall 11Ruddscale 69Sanlam 47Sebaka Brangus IBCSmith Brangus 69T Bar X 59Tetaan 52 & 53Unistel 41V5 Brangus 24-26Vleissentraal 55WBF Red Brangus 23

AdvertensiesAdvertisements

PRODUKSIE VAN JOERNAALCharmainé Alberts

Ontwerp & BemarkingsdienstePosbus 328 Brandfort 9400

Tel/Faks: (051) 821 [email protected]

Ontwerp deur: Caria VermaakArleen Wiese

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Brangus 2006 The future lies in the quality of the progeny

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Brangus 2006Die toekoms lê in die kwaliteit van die nageslag

DDie bewering deur my vrou, dat ek vir my Bran-gusse baie liewer is as vir haar, is uiteraard nie volkome waar nie. Die bewering bevestig egter die feit dat die Brangus Ras my baie na aan die hart lê en dat ek nie uitsluitlik net dink aan die fi -nansiële sy van die boerdery nie, maar baie beslis die vreugde wat ‘n mens ervaar uit die boerdery as sulks.

Met die bogenoemde benadering as agtergrond wil ek verder beklemtoon dat dit ‘n voorreg is om betrokke te wees en ‘n bydrae te lewer.

Uiteraard lê die toekoms van die ras in die hande van ons lede. Daarom wil ons graag al ons lede bedank vir hulle bydraes oor die tyd. Alle insette, kommentaar en opbouende kritiek word hoog op prys gestel.

In ons kantoor het ons ‘n nuwe dame Nadia Krause aangestel om vir Paul Lubout by te staan. Esmie het bedank. Ons ontvang baie goeie ter-ugvoer oor ons kantoor maar moet erken dat daar ook probleme is wat aangespreek moet word. Die nuwe bloed in die kantoor het vinnig ingepas en aangepas. Iets waaroor ons baie bly is.

Ons Ras-Direkteur Dr Paul Lubout lewer ‘n gewel-dige bydrae tot die ontwikkeling van die ras en werk dikwels onder geweldige druk. Die kantoor, lede besoeke, veilings en keurings vra baie tyd en bestuursvernuf. Spesiale woord van dank aan hom vir sy onvermoeide ywer. Lede tal het gegroei tot 115 en bees getalle met 2239 tot 15 251.

Al ons klubs het deur die jaar veilings gehou van die ras, met uitsondering van Oos-Kaap wat hul eerste veiling in verloop van die jaar beplan, wat bydra tot die bevordering en uitbouing van die ras. Ons sal egter beslis moet konsentreer op kwaliteit diere en in ‘n steeds groeiende Brangus mark gaan die vraag na Brangus ons dwing om ons veiling in samewerking met die raad te beplan.

As ons kyk na die deelname aan die jaarlikse Nampo skou beklemtoon ons as raad die feit dat die vertoning van ons diere geweldig baie pro-mosie waarde inhou. Letterlik duisende voete gaan deur die sale oor die vier dae van die skou. Baie dankie aan Sentraal Brangus vir hulle hulp en vertoning van hulle diere by Nampo. Die reklamewaarde wat ons hier verdien is nie maklik berekenbaar nie.

Die besoek aan Namibië en die Windhoek skou was ‘n belewenis en ‘n groot sukses. Ons eerste deelname aan die veiling en ons bul behaal die hoogste prys. Graag wil ons die lede wat deel-geneem het ook baie bedank. Groot opoffering en koste is aangegaan. Die direkte uitvloeisel is ‘n besoek uit Namibië van nuwe telers en die verkoop van verskeie diere. Baie dankie aan Thi-nus Cocklin en sy familie vir die reëlings en gas-vryheid.

Ten einde laaste is daar ook besluit om ons Aldam veiling na Parys OVS te verskuif. Beter geriewe en professionele ontvangs het die deurslag ge-gee.

Nog ‘n uitvloeisel van die Aldam sage is ook die verandering van afslaers. Voorleggings gewys en potensiaal van promosie en bemarking het die keuse op BKB Louwid geval. Die goeie na-sionale veilings pryse het die besluit regverdig. Groot dank aan Chris Cronje en David Botha van BKB Louwid.

Aan alle raadslede wil ek graag dankie sê vir u bydraes tydens telefoongesprek vergaderings en ook ons sogenaamde bosberaad op Parys. Ver-skeie besluite is geneem oor hoofsaaklike keur-ingsvereistes onder andere by ons verskillende veilings. Alles in belang van ons groeiende ras. Die enkele probleme wat lede ervaar het met nuwe aankope dwing ons baie beslis om reëls, regulasies en keuring vereistes te hersien.

Baie welkom aan ons nuwe lede. Geniet die ras en trek voordeel uit die groei en ontwikkeling. Aan alle ou lede rig ons die uitnodiging om weer aan te sluit. Koop weer Brangusse u weet dit is ‘n goeie belegging vir die toekoms.

Een van ons stigterslede oom John Elliot is oorlede. Ons betuig graag ons meegevoel met Margaret en familie. Oom John het deur die jare sedert stigting van die Brangus genootskap ‘n waardevolle bydrae gelewer tot uitbouing van die ras. Ons gee graag erkenning en eer sy nagedag-tenis.

Groete en sterkte aan almal.

Brangus Bo.

TIENIE BEKKER

JAARVERSLAGUit die President se kantoor

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The Brangus breed was developed to utilize the superior traits of the Angus and the Brahman. These two breeds are probably more complemen-tary to each other than any other two livestock breeds. The combination and rigorous selection has lead to a breed that is superior to both its foundation parent breeds.

Today the South African Brangus is described as:

• Polled (no horns, < 1%) or scurs < 20%)• Is adaptable (reproduces regularly) in a wide

range of conditions• Has light birth weights (31.13kg vs National

Average 36kg)• It’s cows are:

- Medium frame (467.51kg vs National Average 490kg)

- Efficient - weans more than 46% of cow weight

- have good mothering ability - above average milk

• Produces calves with high weaning weight (218.60kg vs National Average 210kg)

• Good post weaning performance (good feed conversion ratios, 5.84 and ADG, 1 172)

• Heifers are early maturing,• Will finish on grass and very quickly in the feed-

lot, ±80 days earlier that continental breeds or their crosses

• Has excellent meat quality (98% of carcasses classified as tender or very tender)

• Has good temperament

“ A natural curve-bender”

The Brangus breed in South Africa is growing at a phenomenal rate as it is ideally suited to the local

conditions and meets the requirements of com-mercial livestock farmers, thus maximizing their profits.

Considering the above the Board has defined the breeding goals of the SA Brangus. These breed-ing goals will enhance the positive traits (curve bender properties, fertility, etc.) and address the negative traits of the breed.

Breeding Goals

Visually evaluated traits (Linear)

1. Temperament 2. Sheath length 3. Sheath opening (includes prolaps)

Performance

• Fertility

o Heifers must calf within 36 months o The minimum number of calves a cow must have produced by a certain age is:

BrangusThe natural curve bender / Die natuurlike kurweknakker

AGE OF COW NUMBER OF CALVES3 YEARS 14 YEARS 6 MONTHS 25 YEARS 6 MONTHS 37 YEARS 48 YEARS 6 MONTHS 59 YEARS 6 MONTHS 610 YEARS 7

o Days to calving breeding value standards will be set as soon 50% of all females have EBV’s

• Growth (as in table below)

Geboorte gewig 200 dae gewig 600 dae gewigte Volwasse koei gewig Melk Scrotal Size (cm) Birth weight (kg) 200 day weight (kg) 600 day weights (kg) Mature cow weight (kg) Milk (kg) Top value -4.9 27 50 64 7 2.9Top 1% -2.1 22 40 47 6 1.4Top 5% -1 19 35 39 5 1Top 10% -0.5 17 31 35 4 0.8Top 20% 0.1 15 28 30 3 0.6Top 30% 0.4 13 25 27 3 0.5Top 40% 0.8 12 23 24 3 0.4Top 50% 1.1 11 21 22 2 0.3Top 60% 1.3 10 20 20 2 0.2Top 70% 1.7 8 18 18 1 0.2Top 80% 2.1 7 16 15 1 0Top 90% 2.8 5 12 11 0 -0.1Top 95% 3.3 4 10 8 -1 -0.4Top 99% 4.4 0 4 1 -2 -0.7Low value 5.4 -6 -6 -19 -5 -1.8

acceptable unacceptable

1-33-9

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Dr Paul Lubout

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VOOR LINKS: Johan Fourie, Paul Lubout, Tienie Bekker, Artur Hellberg, Ferdie NaudeAGTER: Robbie Morgan, Tatties Henning, Riaan van Wyk, Johan du Plessis. AFWESIG: Johan Botha

2006Belangrike datums

11 Mei Produksieveiling van Sarel Schlebush Henneman

16 - 19 Mei Nampo Bothaville

30 Mei 08h00 Keuring 14h00 Algemene Jaarvergadering Brangus AGM Dinner and Prize-giving Parys 19h00 - Khaya Ibhubesi, Parys

31 Mei Brangus Promotion Sale Khaya Ibhubesi, Parys, 11h00, Parys, BKB

23 June Running of the Bulls - Rayvor Production Sale, Melmoth. Speaker: Brendan Lear

14 Julie Natal Veiling daar sal 200 vroulike diere wees en 40 bulle, Dundee

28 July Red Brangus Sale, Gary Green, Winterton

24 Julie Ermelo Bul & Ram veiling, Ermelo

8 Augustus 08h00 Keuring, Bergville Kompleks

9 Augustus Nasionale Skou & Dinee, Harrismith, Bergville Kompleks

10 Augustus Nasionale Veiling, Bergville Kompleks

17 Augustus Keeversfontein Produksieveiling, Ladysmith

Riemland rooivleis expo, bulveiling en karkaskompetisie, Parys25 August Green H Brangus (Middledale) Production Sale, Ladysmith

31 Augustus Wes-Vrystaat Boeredag, Boshof

07 September Wes-Vrystaat veiling, Kimberley

14 September Paul Carshagen Produksieveiling, Reitz

19 September Elandspruit Produksieveiling, Amsterdam

27 September Natal Ram & Bul veiling, Vryheid

2 - 6 Oktober Winhoek skou en veiling - Namibia

11 Oktober Roberts & Malherbe Produksieveiling, Hertzogville

25 Oktober Nico Smith Produksieveiling Bloemfontein

RAADSLEDE 2005 / 2006

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** Onder beskerming van die Genootskap/Under the auspices of the Society

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DEconomic growth slowed down from an annual-ized rate of 4.2% to 3.3% in the fourth quarter of 2005, however on a year-on-year basis GDP has moved up 4.5%. Growth prospects however re-main favourable supported by fi rm global growth and high commodity prices. Demand for agricul-tural consumer goods will remain strong due to relative low interest rates and extra cash fl owing from reduction in personal tax of R12.1 billion rand which will further increase household consump-tion expenditure.In a nutshell, demand for goods has been and remains very strong which also fa-vours agricultural consumer goods like meat.

All traditional meat types (beef, mutton, pork and poultry) realised modest growth in prices driven by a strong consumer demand and higher input cost in particular the rise in maize prices during late last year and fi rst quarter of the year. Maize is a major ingredient in feed and constitutes almost 65% of input cost in the meat industry. Prices more than doubled from below R500 per ton last year to more than R1 120 per ton in March 2006. Current fundamentals indicate that South Africa’s maize production will be more than halved for this sea-son with ending stocks expected to be lower than last year. The latest production estimate came in lower at 3.7 million tons compared to the previous estimate of 3.8 million tons. Total maize produc-tion was pegged at 6.06 million tons, down 2.5% compared to the previous estimate and almost 47% lower compared to the previous season. This is largely due to reduced planting and problems of waterlogging in most areas as a result of recent excessive rains.

Beef price trends.

South Africa’s beef prices continued to grow since July’04 in spite of normal seasonal trends. This could be attributable to the following fundamen-tals:

l Strong economic growth and improved wel-fare of the consumer spurred by lower interest

DOMESTICmeat prices trends

rates - a further stimulus was through reduced personal income with almost R 12.1 billion re-leased into the economy.

l Improved production conditions as a result of good rains have prompted producers to with-hold stock creating shortage on the market. The swing towards beef production started early last year when maize prices were almost halved creating uncertainty regarding grain production.

l On the international front, the outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) in Brazil and Argentina, the world’s largest beef exporters helped relieve pressure on domestic prices due to tight supplies and higher prices. How-ever, the positive impact on domestic prices were somewhat muted by a strong Rand.

l Prices increased across all classes (A to C) with contract class A beef price increasing by almost 24% in March’06 compared to last year.

l Weaner prices also continued to strengthen due to huge demand for weaners coupled with tight supplies as producers held back stock to take advantage of improved grazing condi-tions from better rains received over the past few months. This has resulted in weaner calf

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prices fetching premium prices on markets - in some cases prices reached R 13.00/ kg live weight. Weaner calf prices are currently trad-ing at about R 12.00/ kg live weight - this is al-most 36% higher when compared to the same period last year.

l Another factor that has contributed to the tight supply situation is the increase in game farm-ing at the expense of beef - game is consid-ered more profitable than beef.

Outlook

l Demand for beef is expected to continue to grow and as a result prices will remain strong.

l The supply of beef and weaners is expected to remain tight due to herd rebuilding. Improved graizing conditions across the producing areas have prompted producers to withhold stock creating shortage on the market.

Sheep price trends.

l As with beef, the domestic lamb market con-tinues to enjoy strong demand. The average producer price of Class A2/A3 lamb increased by 2% from February’05 to February’06 and this trend is expected to continue as illustrated in Figure 2.

l In the case of weaner lambs, prices were up 13% during March’06 compared to last year at an average of R 11.80 per kilogram live mass. The increase in prices was largely due to good demand and tight supplies as producers take advantage of improved grazing conditions.

Outlook

- It is expected that prices will continue to strength-en on the back of strong demand and tight sup-plies.

Poultry and pork price trends.

Unlike beef and mutton, international poultry and pork prices have declined significantly and have placed downward pressure on domestic prices. This is particularly the case with poultry which has declined sharply due to the outbreak of the avian influenza - consumption plummeted in many areas of the world especially Europe where instances of 40% decline in poultry demand was reported. Do-mestic prices followed suite and eased somewhat on a month-on-month basis in March’06 under in-creased downward pressure from imported prod-uct which at some stage traded around R 7.00/ kg (Leg Quarter).

The increase in imports was mainly due to the combined effect of lower international prices and a stronger Rand. However, considered year on year domestic prices were almost 20% higher compared to the same period last year. This could be attributable to strong domestic demand cou-pled with the spill-over effect of stronger red meat price (beef and mutton).

Pork prices on the other hand recovered some-what late last year due to the outbreak of Europe-an Swine Fever in the Western and Eastern Cape. However, prices have come under increased downward pressure of late due to cheaper im-ports.

Outlook

l In spite of bird flu concerns, domestic demand for poultry meat is expected to remain strong given the cash-flush consumer.

l Domestic poultry prices are expected to remain under downward pressure given a stronger ex-change rate coupled with declining internation-al prices. However, the stronger red meat pric-es will help prices move steady to firm due to a substitution effect. In the longer term however, prices could again strengthen as international supplies dry up due to production cutbacks in the wake of the bird flu outbreak.

l The effect of higher maize prices should also be added into the equation as they will squeeze margins for both poultry and pork and force producers to raise prices.

l Once again, the strength of the currency will continue to influence prices as South Africa is the net importer of meat.

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Veranderinge in die makro (Pro-dusent het min beheer oor vleisin-voere, vleisprys, droogtes) en mikro (Produsent het beheer oor siektes, reproduksie, teling, aanvullende voeding) omstandighede binne die operasionele omgewing van bees-boere plaas toenemend druk op die winsgewendheid van ekstensiewe boerderyondernemings. Hierdie veranderinge verhoog en verander die risiko`s waarmee beesboere te kampe het en impliseer dat slegs daardie produsente wat vinnig genoeg aanpas op die langtermyn sal oorleef. Die hedendaagse pro-dusent moet dus sy besigheid effektief en koste-doeltreffend bestuur en maksimum wins genereer om te oorleef.

Een moontlikheid wat oorweeg kan word om po-tensiëel meer wins te genereer is om kalwers in die voerkraal af te rond. Deur die bemarkbare kalwers van die weiding te verwyder is meer en beter weiding tot die aanteelkudde se beskikking. Veral wanneer die weiding oorwegend van laer kwaliteit is, maak dit sin om die kalwers, wat `n hoë groeipotensiaal het, in die voerkraal te plaas en die volwasse diere, wat die lae-kwaliteit wei-ding doeltreffend vir onderhoud kan gebruik, met `n goeie lekaanvulling op die weidings te hou. Die koeie behoort dus vinniger kondisie te herwin tydens die noodsaaklike rusperiode voor die vol-gende kalwing. Tydens die rusperiode behoort die koeie in mid- of laatdragtigheid te wees, waar die herwinning van optimale kondisie van kritiese be-lang is vir fetusontwikkeling en melkproduksie vir die volgende kalf. `n Verdere voordeel is dat die koeikudde potensiëel vergroot kan word sonder om die drakrag van die weidings te oorskry, om-dat daar minder diere op die weidings is nadat die kalwers gespeen is.

Van die belangrikste faktore wat die sukses van ̀ n voerkraal bepaal is die volgende:

Die kwaliteit van die diere wat in die voerkraal geplaas word, sowel as die aankoopprys wat vir hierdie diere betaal word is waarskynlik die groot-ste bepalende faktor van die sukses wat in die voerkraal behaal sal word. Indien diere relatief duur aangekoop word en dan nie na verwagting presteer nie, kan dit tot substansiële verliese aan-leiding gee. Dieselfde diere kon dalk winsgewend gevoer word indien die aankoopprys laer was. Die goue reël is dus om vir elke dier die regte prys te betaal op grond van verwagte prestasie. Hierdie beoordeling is absoluut subjektief en word slegs

v a n k a l w e r sDr. Joubert Nolte, Meadow Feeds

bemeester deur ervare aankopers met `n natuurlike aanleg en aan-voeling vir diere. Swak prestasie in die voerkraal verleng ook die staan-tyd, wat deurset verlaag en verdere druk op die winsgewendheid van die voerkraal plaas.

Die fasiliteite waarbinne die diere gevoer word is ook van kritiese be-lang. Die diere word vanaf eksten-siewe omstandighede, waar hulle vrylik kon beweeg, in `n beperkte

ruimte geplaas, wat onnatuurlik is en stres ver-hoog. Voorsien dus voldoende vloerspasie (±15 m2/kalf) sodat die diere genoeg beweegruimte het en stres en irritasie sodoende beperk word. Hoe kleiner die spasie waarin die diere beweeg, hoe meer sal hulle mekaar irriteer deur gedurig aan mekaar te stoot of op mekaar te trap. Gevolglik is die tyd om rustig te wees en te lê en herkou aan-sienlik minder, wat verlaagde prestasie tot gevolg het. Die algemene onrustigheid wat kenmerkend is van te min spasie verhoog ook die stres van die diere, wat hulle meer vatbaar maak vir siektes.

Die voerbakke en waterkrippe moet so ontwerp wees dat die diere vrye toegang het en gemaklik en sonder inspanning kan vreet en drink. Versek-er dat die bodems van die voerbakke gerond is, sodat voer nie in hoeke aansamel en swamgroei daar plaasvind nie. Swambesmette voer sal tot laer innames lei en swamme kan mikotoksiene produseer, wat verskeie siektes, verlaagde presta-sie en vrektes kan veroorsaak. Goed ontwerpte voerbakke sal ook vermorsing tot `n minimum beperk en gevolglik voeromset verbeter. Versek-er dat die watertoevoer voldoende is om die getal beeste in die kraal te voorsien, veral wanneer `n groot gedeelte van die diere in die kraal gelyk-tydig water drink, bv. kort na afl oop van `n voed-ing. Voer- en waterinname is goed gekorreleerd en as waterinname beperk word sal voerinname dienooreenkomstig daal.

Voerkwaliteit en voerprys is ook `n prominente rolspeler in die winsgewendheid van `n voerkraal. Hoë kwaliteit voer wat die korrekte balans tussen natuurlike proteïen en nie-proteïen stikstof, rumen degradeerbare proteïen en deurvloeiproteïen en verskillende energiebronne (stysel, suiker en ve-sel) verskaf behoort `n gegewe te wees. Die rant-soen moet ook voldoende vlakke van essensiële vitamiene, makro-minerale en spoorminerale be-vat om in die dier se behoeftes aan hierdie nu-triënte te voldoen. Weens die hoë groeitempo`s wat in voerkrale geteiken word, en die uitdaging

Voerkraalafronding

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om voerkoste so laag as moontlik te hou, word hoë energie- en lae veselvlakke in voerkraalrantsoene gebruik. Die toestande in die spysverteringkanaal word gemanipuleer om maksimum respons teen die laagste koste te behaal, wat impliseer dat die spysverteringskanaal maksimaal, maar teen `n hoë risiko funksioneer. Indien die rantsoen dus nie korrek saamgestel is nie kan tekorte in som-mige noodsaaklike nutriënte ontstaan. Dit is dus raadsaam om `n professionele voedingkundige te raadpleeg vir advies t.o.v. van die rantsoen wat gevoer sal word, voordat die diere in die kraal ge-plaas word.

Die algemene bestuur van die voerkraal het `n bepalende invloed op die hoeveelheid stres wat die diere ervaar en gevolglik ook op die prestasie van die diere. Suksesvolle aanpassing van diere in die voerkraal is die eerste en van die belangrik-ste uitdagings om te bemeester. Aanpassing is die omskakeling van die spysverteringstoestande van die dier vanaf `n ruvoer gebaseerde dieet na `n hoë kragvoer (lae vesel, hoë stysel en suiker) dieet. Indien die aanpassingsproses verkeerd bestuur word is die waarskynlikheid baie goed dat suurpens en laminitis sal voorkom, wat prestasie dramaties sal vertraag en selfs vrektes kan vero-orsaak. Die belang van goeie voerbak- en wa-terkripbestuur kan nie genoeg beklemtoon word nie. Pas verkieslik meervoudige voedings (≥3 voedings/dag) toe in stede van selfvoerders te ge-bruik. Met meervoudige voedings is dit noodsaa-klik dat voldoende vreetspasie (±20 - 30 cm/kalf) beskikbaar is, aangesien `n beperkte hoeveelheid voer op `n gegewe oomblik gevoer word, sal die dominante diere eerste vreet. Te min vreetspasie kan tot gevolg hê dat die minder dominante diere en skaamvreters met die tweede of derde voed-ing die eerste keer vreetkans kry. Dit kan aan-leiding gee tot swak en oneweredige aanpassing van diere en swakker prestasie, omdat een van die voordele van meervoudige voedings die egali-sering van deurvloeitempo van die dieet deur die spysverteringskanaal is. Diëetseleksie word ook beperk met meervoudige voedings, mits voldo-ende vreetspasie beskikbaar is, omdat die bakke

feitlik leeg gevreet word voordat die volgende voeding plaasvind. Die gereelde toediening van kleiner porsies van die dieet dien ook as ̀ n natuur-like stimulus vir voerinname, omdat die rantsoen altyd vars is. Met goeie voerbakbestuur word ou kos wat nie goed ingeneem word nie gereeld uit die voerbakke verwyder sodat inname nie beperk word nie.

Waterkrippe moet gereeld skoongemaak word so-dat die water te alle tye skoon en vars is om nie waterinname te beperk nie. Verseker dat geen waterlekkasies voorkom nie, omdat dit `n ideale aanteelplek vir parasiete is. Om doeltreffende dreinering te verseker moet die krale teen `n helling (≥5º) opgerig word sodat diere nie in nat, moddertoestande aangehou word wat siektes (bv. vrotpootjie) kan veroorsaak nie. Nat modderige toestande sal ook prestasie vertraag weens onge-mak en `n verhoogde energiebehoefte van die dier om liggaamstemperatuur te handhaaf.

Indien `n groeistimulant gebruik word, verseker dat die implantaat volgens voorskrifte toegedien word, op die aangewese diere (geslag & massa) en onder gepaste toestande (voerkraal of veld) gebruik word.

Die geweldige impak van siektes op die wins-gewendheid van `n voerkraal is wel bekend. `n Goeie siektevoorkomingsprogram behoort in samewerking met `n veearts geïmplimenteer te word om te verseker dat die diere vry is van in-wendige en uitwendige parasiete en algemene virus- en bakteriese siektes.

Dit is duidelik dat verskeie faktore die wins-gewendheid van `n voerkraal bepaal. Met goeie beplanning, goeie bestuur, `n goeie strategie en die regte besigheidsvennote (veevoer vervaar-diger, voedingkundige, aankopers, abattoir en farmaseutiese verteenwoordiger/veearts) behoort hierdie boerderyvertakking noemenswaardig tot u boerderyinkomste by te dra.

Kontak gerus vir Dr. Joubert Nolte (082 419 6588) vir enige navrae of besoek ons by www.meadow-feeds.co.za.

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Gedurende die laat tagtiger jare het die Departement van Landbou die sogenaamde “Omskakelingskema” in werking gestel. Dit was ‘n subsidiestelsel vir die aanplant van weiding op marginale grond, met die doel om die produksie van mielies te probeer verlaag. Dit het goed gewerk en die verbouing van aangeplante weiding in ‘n ge-mengde boerdery was in daardie stadium winsgewend, indien dit reg bestuur was.

Die vraag is dit nog steeds winsgewend ........ en wat se rol het aangeplante weiding tans nog in ‘n gemengde boerdery te speel? Om eersgenoemde vraag te beantwoord is dit insiggewend om na sekere inset- en uitsetkostes van toe en nou te kyk, soos in Tabel 1 uiteengesit.

in Diereproduksie

Die rol vanSUB-TROPIESE WEIDINGSGEWASSE

Prof Chris Dannhauser &Erika van Zyl

Volgens die gegewens in Tabel 1 het produksiekostes met tussen 11 en 22 keer toegeneem, oor die twintig jaar, terwyl die inkomstes slegs 4 tot 6 keer hoër is. Daar is verder gegaan om diereproduksie-syfers, wat uit verskeie navorsingsprojekte verkry, te verwerk volgens die huidige (2006) ekonomie.

Op Mara Navorsingstasie (Limpopo Provinsie) is verskillende stelsels met mekaar vergelyk, onder andere ‘n aanteel kudde (met hul kalw-ers) op veld regdeur die jaar en ‘n aanteel kudde op veld in die somer en aangeplante weiding in die winter. Hooi is ook vir die winter ge-produseer. Die bemesting en hooiproduksie het in vandag se terme R987-00 per ha gekos. Die bruto marge wat behaal is, was R171-00/ha op veld en R101-00/ha op die veld plus weiding. Vestingskostes is nie ingesluit nie, slegs jaarlikse produksiekostes.

Die ekonomie van ‘n aanteelkudde op Bloubuffelsgras, op die Spring-bokvlakte (Limpopo Provinsie) word in Tabel 2 aangedui.

R/ha 1985 2006

Kunsmis strooi R2-12 R46-76Hooi maak R66-57 R876-39Stikstof (R/kg) R0-72 R7-62Vleis prys (R/kg) R1-50 R8-50 tot R9-25Hooi prys (R/t) R100-00 R350-00 tot R450-00

Tabel 1: Produksie kostes van aangeplante weiding in1985 en 2006

Tabel 2: Die ekonomie van ‘n aanteelkudde op Bloubuffelsgras, op die Springbokvlakte

Inset kostes en inkomste R/ha

74 kg N+ Strooikostes (per ha) R796Hooimaak (per ha) (vir koeie) R876Bruto marge (per ha) - R342

Om so ‘n stelsel in vandag se ekonomiese kimaat te bedryf, blyk onekonomies te wees, veral omdat daar ook nog hooiproduksie by betrokke is. Vir die boer wat wel ‘n oppervlakte aangeplante weiding

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het, blyk die afronding van aangekoopte speenkalwers en veral tollies meer ekonomis te wees, volgens die gegewens in Tabel 3.

Tabel 3: Afronding van speen kalwers & tollies op Bloubuffelsgras

Inset kostes Speen- Speenkalwers: Tollies:en inkomste kalwers: Cenchrus Cenchrus veldKunsmis + strooi - R473 R367Hooimaak - R876 -Bruto marge (/ha) R328 R769 R1455

Die hooi in die speenkalfstelsl is verkoop, terwyl geen hooi in die tolliestelsel geproduseer is nie.

Op die Dundee Naversingstasie (KZN) kon tollies met 358 kg/ha op Smutsvingergras toeneem en 470 kg/ha op Nylgras, in ‘n periode wat die reënval 814 mm per jaar was. Die bruto marges was R1273-00 en R2234-00 per ha vir die twee grasse onderskeidelik. Meer gegew-ens rondom die proef word in Tabel 4 aangedui. Op Potchefstroom, met ‘n laer reënval en ‘n bemesting van slegs 120 kg N/ha, het tollies 360 kg/ha op Smutsvingergras toegeneem en kon ‘n bruto marge van R2099-00/ha realiseer.

Tabel 4: Die ekonomie van somer aangeplante weiding in Kwa-Zulu-Natal.

Die toename van speenkalwers en tollies op die staandehooi van Smutsvinger- en Nylgras, is natuurlik laer as gedurende die somer-maande, op dieselfde grasse. Dit was egter moontlik om met die reg-te bemesting en bestuur wel ‘n diereproduksie toename te toon, met bruto marges van tussen R246-00 en R774-00, in stede van ‘n verlies soos op veld.

Op die Oostelike Hoëveld, onder normale reënvaltoestande (750 mm/jaar), is dit moontlik om 8 tot 10 t hooi per ha van Oulandsgras te sny, indien met 200 kg N/ha bemes word. Onder sulke toestande is ‘n bruto marge van R2280-00/ha moontlik, met die verkoop van hooi. Navorsing het verder ook getoon dat ‘n lewende massa toename van tot 500 kg/ha op Oulandsgras kan realiseer en dit kan winsgewend wees.

Opsommend

Pasop vir oorbemesting, daar kan geld in die proses gemors word (sien Figuur 1). Hooi moet oordeelkundig gemaak en bestuur word, dit kan ‘n beesvleisproduksie-stelsel kelder (Figuur 1) indien verkeerd aangewend. Staandehooi bied goeie orwinterings moontlikhede vir vleisbeeste. Dit moet egter nie vir die volle groeiseisoen gerus word, voor die winter waarin dit gebruik gaan word nie. Dit verlaag kwaliteit.

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Laat eerder uitgroei vanaf Januarie/Februarie, afhangende van reën-val en benut dit dan in die winter. Hou die aanteelkoeie so ver moont-lik op die veld en gebruik aangeplante weiding vir die speenkalwers. Oorweeg andersins eerder die koop en verkoop van speenkalwers en tollies.

Figuur 1: Hooiproduksie en bemesting

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InbreedingInbreeding is the mating of related animals. This simply means they have one or more ancestor in common. The closer the relationship between two animals, the greater the amount of inbreed-ing in the resulting progeny.

LinebreedingLinebreeding is the mating of closely related animals in an attempt to concentrate desirable characteristics in the progeny. This is sometimes done with outstanding animals trying to fi x or concentrate the genes of that superior animal in its progeny.

Related animals have more genes in common than unrelated animals. As well as having more favourable genes in common, related animals also have more undesirable genes in common.

Most animals carry undesirable genes that re-main hidden and are not expressed in the phe-notype. These genes are referred to as being recessive genes. There are many recessive genes which cause genetic disorders, or adversely af-fect reproduction, survival or overall functional fi tness. Recessive genes only cause problems in animals that carry two copies of the gene (ho-mozygous recessive animals).

Normally animals that express an undesirable trait are culled and therefore removed from the population. This causes the gene frequency for that trait (gene) in the breed to be lowered. Across a breed as a whole, there may be very few animals which are homozygous for a particular gene, but the genes are still there, undetected, in heterozygous or “carrier” animals.

As inbreeding results in an increase in the level of homozygosity, it will increase the risk of the appearance of undesirable eff ects in the phe-notype. These undesirable eff ects (known as inbreeding depression) are generally associated with fertility and survival, and of lesser impor-tance in growth and carcase traits. Inbreeding depression mainly tends to negatively aff ect the traits which are positively aff ected by heterosis (hybrid vigour) as a result of crossbreeding. So, it is helpful to think of inbreeding and inbreed-ing depression as being the opposite of cross-breeding and heterosis respectively. Inbreeding depression can be particularly important if the level of inbreeding increases rapidly. Where the rate of inbreeding increases slowly, culling and strict selection criteria can be used to eliminate undesirable types and poor producers.

Outbreeding (or outcross)Outbreeding is the mating of animals that are less re-lated than the average degree of relationship within the population. It is the opposite of inbreeding, ie. it increases the number of heterozygous (i.e. diff erent) gene pairs.

Is there a place for inbreeding?Because inbreeding can bring desirable genes to-gether, it can be used to produce superior individu-als. Hence it can be benefi cial. However, the risk of this approach is that inbreeding depression occurs or undesirable recessive genes being brought together. The wastage resulting from this strategy could be quite high, as when undesirable genes are expressed in the off spring high culling rates can occur.

Inbreeding may have a place where the aim is to pro-duce a single superior individual (which might be the case in the horse industry if the breeder is solely focussed on producing a Melbourne Cup winner). However, for every superior animal produced there could be many inferior or even deformed off spring.

As the aim of most cattle breeders is more likely to be “to raise the average performance of the herd” rather than to produce a single superior individual, inbreed-ing off ers little economic benefi t to the commercial cattle breeder. Seedstock breeders contemplating the use of inbreeding techniques should have thor-oughly researched and clearly identifi ed objectives in mind before implementing such strategies.

Potential performance reductionthrough inbreedingReports on inbreeding in cattle indicate that for each 10% increase in inbreeding, production of important traits can fall as shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Effect of inbreeding on important production traits

What you need to know!INBREEDING IN CATTLE:

TRAIT INBREEDING DEPRESSION

Growth 5%Milk Yield 3%Calves born 4%Calves weaned 10%

In Holsteins a 10% increase in inbreedinghas been shown to decrease milk productionby about 270kg annually

It is important to realise that the level of inbreeding depression referred to in Table 1 relates to the fi rst generation, not to the progeny of inbred animals. Thus there are no additional dangers associated with breeding from superior performing inbred animals, provided they are not mated to close relatives.

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Full brother-sister mating 25%Half brother sister mating 12.5%Father-daughter 25%Grand dam-grandson 12.5%Common grandparents (cousins) 6.25%

Genetic gain depends on the genetic variation within a population for that trait. Since inbreeding reduces genetic variation it can reduce the potential for fu-ture genetic progress.

Calculating the Inbreeding PercentageThe amount of inbreeding for a particularanimal is measured by its inbreeding coefficient – which is the probability that any pair of specific genes have been inherited from a common ancestor. Computer pro-grams can rapidly calculate inbreeding coefficients for individual animals from their pedigree informa-tion.

Table 2 shows the inbreeding coefficients in progeny resulting from particular types of mating. In the case of a full brother-sister mating there is a 25% chance that a pair of specific genes are identical, because they were both inherited from a common parent.

Table 2: Level of inbreeding in the progeny aris-ing from mating of related animals (in all these ex-amples it is assumed that the parents are not already inbred).

ConclusionPedigree analyses of the Australian Angus seed-stock population (conducted by Dr. Peter Parnell) has shown that the average level of inbreeding is still relatively low, with an average inbreeding coef-ficient of only about 2% among current generation calves. However, due to the widespread use of popu-lar AI sires across the breed in recent years there is the potential for rapid build up of inbreeding unless breeders actively avoid the mating of closely related animals. Breeders should be aware of the potential undesirable consequences of inbreeding and are encouraged to consider these consequences when making mating allocations.

The following practical examples of inbreeding dem-onstrate the points above.

Case Study 1.

Using a Design Plus son over 323 grand-daughters

Question: Client A has a line of heifers by a son of B/R New Design 323 and is contemplating joining them to a PARB Design plus son from your sale catalogue. He is concerned that this might create inbreeding problems and asks you for advice. (NB. Both 323 and PARB Design Plus are by B/R New Design 036 but have different mothers.)

Reply: The level of inbreeding in the progeny would be 3.125% (heifers have 036 as their great grandfather and the PARB Design Plus son has 036 as his grandfa-ther). This is a relatively low level of inbreeding and is unlikely to cause any noticeable inbreeding depres-sion provided you have not used other bulls with common ancestors in the last 3 generations.

Case Study 2.

Using an 036 grand-son over 036 daughters

Question: Client B has been looking for a bull to join to a line of 036 daughters and has found one in your catalogue that she likes the look of.

However, whilst he is by OB45 (a bull whose blood-lines she hasn’t used previously) his dam is by 036. This means the calves she breeds will have a mater-nal sire and paternal grandsire in common. Should she be worried about this level of inbreeding?

Reply: The calves would have an inbreeding coeffi-cient of 6.25%. This is usually regarded as a moder-ate level of inbreeding but still quite acceptable pro-vided you have not used other bulls with common ancestors in the last 3 generations.

Case Study 3.

Mating half brothers-sisters

Question: Client C a seedstock breeder seeking a high indexing sire to use over 036 daughters settles on B/R New Frontier 095 (an 036 son). What are the benefits or dangers associated with such a mating?

Reply: The progeny of such a half brother-sister mat-ing would have an inbreeding coefficient of 12.25%. Inbreeding at this level is often referred to as Line Breeding and is usually only recommended if used as part of a well planned breeding program designed to increase prepotency by concentrating desirable genes in a particular family line. The danger how-ever, is that there could be some loss of fertility and growth (up to 10% fewer calves weaned and a 5% re-duction in growth rate have been reported from in-breeding at this level.) Put another way, 10% to 20% of the calves could suffer inbreeding depression to some extent so some economic loss is probable. A small percentage of the progeny might also exhibit genuinely superior performance.

Case Study 4.

Using a bull from a father/daughter mating

Question: Client D is looking for a new stud sire and is keen on a high indexing son of OB45 that you have catalogued for sale. There has been widespread com-ment about the bull around the sale ring because, although he is an impressive individual, he is out of an OB45 daughter (ie. The result of a father/daughter mating). Is it safe to use an inbred bull like this as a stud sire?

Reply: This bull has an inbreeding coefficient of 25% (or to put it another way - there is a 25% chance that any specific pair of genes are identical). Hence some animals possessing this degree of inbreeding will have some deleterious recessive genes paired up and therefore be expressed phenotypically. This is most likely to manifest itself in the form of reduced fertil-ity and survival attributes or through poorer growth. However, If the bull in question is structurally sound, has good growth relative to his contemporaries, and has been semen tested and seen to serve naturally, there should be no adverse inbreeding consequenc-es from the use of this bull over unrelated females.

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Days to Calvingi n B R E E D P L A N

David Johnston

Days to calving is an important trait

One of the most economically important traits in a beef cattle opera-tion is the ability of a cow to get in calf every year, preferably early in the season. Days to calving is one of the fertility traits available in BREEDPLAN that enables breeders to select for fertility. Days to calving is a genetic indicator of fertility that is easy to measure under paddock mating in a beef herd. The trait is relatively easy to record on a total female inventory system and its value in a breeding program has been shown to be high (AGBU TECH NOTE l/1994). In general, days to calving EBVs can be used to identify sires whose daughters are more fertile and tend to calve earlier in the season.

The following note describes recent enhancements in the analysis of days to calving in BREEDPLAN and also some points on what infor-mation breeders need to record to ensure high quality data.

How do we measure days to calving?

Days to calving is the time interval, in days, between when a cow is fi rst exposed to a bull, under paddock mating, to when she subse-quently calves (see Figure 1). Cows or heifers that conceive shortly after they are exposed to the bull will have shorter days to calving records than those that conceive late in the joining period.

Figure 1: Calculation of days to calving

Days to calving EBV

Estimated breeding values (EBVs) for days to calving are calculated using only bull joining records. Importantly cows that don’t calve are assigned a penalty days to calving record. Up to 6 records for days to calving on an individual cow are used to increase the accuracy of the EBVs. A low or negative days to calving EBV is desirable.

Resent research

Modelling

It is important to identify and account for non-genetic effects that affect days to calving so that genetic differences between animals can be

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Brangus 2006

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Brangus 2006

determined. A series of analyses were undertaken to investigate the best way of defining the joining management group and to account for the effects of age and lactation prior to the prediction of EBVs.

The final joining management group definition includes all cows in a herd joined to the same bull in the same year and month. In addition, maiden (one year olds) heifers are grouped separately as are 2 year olds (second calf heifers) which are further split according to their lactation status (wet versus dry). The effects of differences in age and lactation status (in older cows) on days to calving are adjusted.

Inclusion of non-calvers

What do we do with cows that don’t calve? These cows represent potentially the poorer fertility animals and therefore it is important to include these in a genetic evaluation. To include them requires giv-ing them a penalty days to calving record. In the past BREEDPLAN simply gave all these animals a days to calving record of 380 days. However a better method has now been developed where BREED-PLAN assigns non-calvers a penalty record on an individual joining management group basis (see Figure 2). The new method has more desirable statistical properties and also allows for differences in the length of the joining period between groups.

Figure 2: Calculation of days to calving for non-calvers

Genetic correlations

The heritability and repeatability of days to calving is 8% and 19%, re-spectively. These parameters indicate that benefits exist from includ-ing several records in the prediction of days to calving EBVs. However it is important that repeat measures are in fact the same trait. Recent AGBU research has shown the genetic correlation between days to calving records from different parities is close to unity. This means that a days to calving record from heifers is the same trait as days to calving at a later parity. This is very important as it means firstly, that days to calving records can be obtained early from maiden heifers and secondly, repeat days to calving records of a cow increase the accuracy of the EBVs.

The genetic correlation between days to calving and calving success (1=calved, 0=didn’t calve) is also very high. This is encouraging as it shows that days to calving is a measure of calving success but has the added benefit of being able to distinguish between early and late calvers. The very low heritability of calving success means that culling open cows will make less progress than using days to calving EBVs. What makes good data ? Record all joinings of every cow in your herd, especially maidens (even if joined to another breed). Details listed below are required for each joining event for a cow in a mating season. (Note: there could be more than one joining event eg. Al fol-lowed by mop-up):

- Type of mating: natural, hand, Al or ET.

- Accurate bull-in or Al date and birth dates - approximates are no good.

- Identification of the joining sire.

- Correct disposal and trans-fer codes - particularly cows culled for infertility eg. PTNIC or didn’t calve this is recorded as culled infertile even if not sold for slaughter.

- Record cows leaving the in-ventory eg. those deregis-tered to commercial herd. Other considerations - It is important for breeders to also measure scrotal circumfer-ences on all yearling bulls. This provides data for culling and will also contribute to the accuracy of days to calving EBVs.

- Selection for increased fertil-ity in your herd will be rela-tively slow however with re-peat calvings the benefits will be cumulative over time.

- Accuracy’s on the days to calving EBVs will be low until a large number of daughters have records.

- Other fertility tests (eg. serv-ing capacity) can be impor-tant to lift your phenotypic calving rate.© AGBU, This article may be reproduced entirely or in part with full ac-knowledgment to AGBU

A bit ofear putsmore inthe rear

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Inheritance of polledness,horns and scurs in beef cattle

By B C Allison, McDowell County Center, Bull-O-Gram Beef Newsletter

In beef cattle of European ancestry the trait of being polled or having horns is determined by one pair of genes. One gene in the pair is inherited from the dam and the other from the sire.

The polled gene (P) is dominant to the horned gene (p). If an animal has two polled genes (PP), homozygous, or one polled and one horned gene (Pp), heterozygous, it will be polled. However, if it is heterozygous polled (Pp) it may pass either the polled or horned gene on to its offspring. The only situation when an animal will he horned is when it possesses two recessive horned genes (pp), homozygous horned. Table 1 illustrates the expression of polledness or horns and what genes and traits can be expected to be passed to the offspring from the various matings.

If an animal of European breeding, not of Zebu ancestry, has horns then you can determine from visual observation that it is homozygous for the recessive horned gene. However, if the animal is smooth polled or scurred it is impossible to determine from visual observation if it is genetically homozygous polled (PP) or heterozygous polled (Pp). The homozygous polled bull with two polled genes will sire only polled calves. Only through the offspring produced can the number of polled genes be determined. The best test of a bull for bred to horned cows is to mate the polled bull in question to horned cows. A polled bull bred to horned cows that produce one or more horned calves is heterozygous polled (one recessive gene for horns), regardless of how many polled calves are produced. Table 2 gives the probability of a polled bull being homozygous polled if no horned calves are produced from matings with horned cows.

There are additional genes that affect horn-like growth, scurs, on an animal’s head. Scurs are incompletely developed horns which are generally

loose and movable beneath the skin, not attached to the skull.

They range in size from small scab-like growths to occasionally almost as large as horns. Because the gene for scurs is transmitted separately it has no effect on the presence or absence of horns. Not all horned cattle carry the gene for scurs and not all polled cattle lack scur gene.

The gene for scurs is expressed differently from the gene for polledness/horns. The way the gene for scurs

Table 1. Genetic Expression of Polledness or Horns and Expected Inheritance by Offspring

Sire Dam Calves

Homozygous polled Homozygous polled 100% Homozygous polled (PP) (PP) (PP)

Homozygous polled Homozygous polled 50% Homozygous polled (PP) (PP) (PP)

50% Heterozygous polled (Pp)

Homozygous polled Homozygous polled 100% Heterozygous polled (PP) (PP) (Pp)

50% Homozygous horned (pp)

Heterozygous polled Heterozygous polled 100% Homozygous polled (PP) (PP) (PP)

50% Heterozygous polled (Pp)

25% Homozygous horned (pp)

Table 2 Probability of a Polled Bull being Homozygous Polled if no Horned Calves are Produced

No. of Polled Calves from Probability of Bull being Horned Cows Homozygous Polled

2 75.00%

3 87.50%

4 93.75%

5 96.88%

6 98.44%

7 99.22%

8 99.61%

10 99.90%

12 99.98%

14 99.99%

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is expressed depends on the sex of the animal. In males the scur gene is dominant, meaning that if only one of the two genes is for scurs the bull will be scurred. Therefore, it is easy to detect the scur gene in the bull and eliminate it from the herd.

In females the scur gene is recessive, meaning that she must possess both genes for scurs in order for the cow to be scurred. If the cow possesses only one scur gene she will not have scurs herself but has a 50 percent chance of passing the scur gene on to her calf. The smooth polled cow may have the recessive scur gene, resulting in much more difficulty in identifying/eliminating the scur gene from the herd. Table 3 depicts the scurred inheritance patterns. The presence of the scur gene is indicated by Sc and the absence of the scur gene by Sn. These gene patterns are for polled animals, as the horn growth will cover up any scurred condition if it exists.

Another factor that complicates the inheritance of polledness/horns is that in cattle with Zebu ancestry, like Brahman, Santa Gertrudis and others there is an additional gene that affects the inheritance of horns. Inheritance of horns in Zebu-type cattle is different from that observed in the British breeds. The polled gene (P), and the scur gene (Sc) can both be present in American cattle with Zebu ancestry. However, another gene, the African horn gene (Af) also affects inheritance of horns in these animals. The absence of this gene is expressed by the symbol (An).

Geneticists are reasonably certain that the way the Af gene is expressed is dependent on the sex of the animal, much like the way scurs are expressed. In males the Af gene is dominant to the polled gene, An. This means that a single Af gene will result in a bull being horned, even if he is heterozygous or homozygous polled. In females the Af gene is recessive to the polled gene An. In heterozygous polled females two of the Af genes must be present for the animal to have horns.

Table 3. Scurred Inheritance Patterns

Genetic Makeup of Animal Cows Bulls

ScScPP Scurred Polled Scurred Polled

ScSnPP Smooth Polled Scurred Polled

SnSnPP Smooth Polled Smooth Polled

Table 4. African Horn Gene Inheritance Patterns

Genetic Makeup of Animal Cows Bulls

AfAfPP Horned Horned

AfAnPP Polled Horned

AnAnPP Polled Polled

In animals possessing the Af gene in addition to the polled gene (homozygous or heterozygous) the inheritance patterns shown in Table 4 can be expected.

Like scurs, the presence of the African horn gene is easy to detect in males since the presence of only one Af gene results in the male having horns. Therefore, progeny testing for the Af gene is malesis unnecessary. If the bull is polled he does not possess the Af gene. If he is horned when his genetic ancestry shows that he should be polled, the reason may be that he possesses an Af gene. Cattle producers should also keep in mind that a proven homozygous bull will produce some horned calves if he is bred to horned or polled cows that carry the African horn gene.

As you can see there are ultimately three pair of genes that may determine if cattle have horn-like tissue on their head in the form of horns or scurs.

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Parasiete is deel van alle lewendehawe produksi-estelsels. In hierdie artikel word daar gekyk na watter effek parasiete (interne en eksterne par-asiete) op die speenkalf kan hê en die gevolge daarvan in die Voerkraal.

Die parasiete wat ‘n wesenlike effek op produksie kan hê en in hierdie artikel na verwys word, is interne parasiete soos wurms en lewerslak. Die eksterne parasiete waarna verwys word is die bo-sluise, myte en luise. Die effek wat parasiete op melkproduksie, besettings syfers van koeie, ens het, word nie hier betrek nie.

Dit is algemeen bekend dat diere wat ‘n hoê para-siet belading het, ‘n negatiewe effek op produksie toon. Navorsing in Suid-Afrika sowel as elders in die wêreld, het getoon dat selfs sub-kliniese beladings ‘n effek op produksie het. Hier word veral verwys na verswakte voeromset, laer groei tempo(GDT), en swakker gradering.

Die behandeling van speenkalwers (produk van primêre produsent) teen inwendige parasiete sal dus veroorsaak dat die voorspeense groei geopti-maliseer word. Die genetiese potensiaal word dus tot die uiterste gebruik. As gevolg van die optimale voorsiening van voedingstowwe in ‘n wurmvrye speenkalf, is daar geen skade op interne organe en/of nadelige effekte op die metabolisme nie. Die voordeel vir die boer is die lewering van ‘n produk wat die beste massa/produksie toon, tot en met verkope. Die primêre produsent/boer bemark sy produk (die speenkalf) aan die volgende lid in die produksie ketting, naamlik die Voerkraal.

Die Voerkraal is aangewese op die groei van die speenkalf. Namate die Voerkraal gewig op die kalf kan aansit, plaas dit hom in ‘n posisie om meer vleis vir die verbruiker te produseer. Die Voerkraal is absoluut afhanklik van die voeromsettingsver-moë van elke dier. Dit is veral hier waar interne parasiete die grootste impak het. Volgens navors-ers in Amerika het interne parasiete ‘n 68% effek op voeromset, 17% op gewigstoename en 15 % op die karkas. Dit is belangrike faktore waarop die Voerkraal steun. Die effek op die karkas (kwali-tatief en kwantitatief) is dalk nog nie te bekend in Suid-Afrika nie, maar moet sonder twyfel in ag geneem word. Die interne parasiete verlaag die immuniteit van die besmette dier. Reaksie teen die entstowwe wat algemeen by die Voerkraal

produksie en voerkraal eindprodukDr. Andy Hentzen. Veterinêre Voerkraal Konsultant

toegedien word is dus swakker, en suboptimale beskerming word verkry.

Eksterne parasiete se effek is meer direk. Hulle veroorsaak vrektes en draertoestande. Speenkal-wers wat met bosluise besmet is terwyl hulle aan ‘n stresvolle situasie blootgestel word, is geneig tot bosluis-oordraagbare siektes. Draertoestande veroorsaak ook vrektes as die diere aan stres blootgestel word en/of dien as bron vir besmet-ting in die Voerkraal. Toerusting soos naalde, oor-plaatjies, tange, ens kan verantwoordelik wees vir oordraging van bosluissiekte van een bees na ‘n ander. Die kanse is gering, maar word in die Voer-kraal opgemerk waar diere na 8 of meer weke skielik met galsiekte geidentifiseer word.

Bosluisbytplekke veroorsaak skade aan die huid, wat ‘n belangrike inkomste vir die Voerkraal is. By-tende luise en myte veroorsaak ook direkte skade aan die huid. Die jeuk en gepaardgaande krap, veroorsaak egter die grootste skade.

Parafilaria word ook onder eksterne parasiete geklasifiseer. Hierdie parasiete veroorsaak groot skade aan die vel, asook aan die karkas. Val-skneusing word op die karkas waargeneem, en groot gedeeltes word dan van die karkas verwy-der. Dit neem onsettend lank (tot 90 dae en selfs langer) om te herstel. Die tradissionele versprei-ding van die parasiet (Noordelike Provinsie, Lim-popo) is besig om te verander. Insidente word deesdae oor ‘n baie wyer gebied gerapporteer.

Dit is dus duidelik dat interne- en eksterne para-siete ‘n ernstige nadelige effek op die speenkalf en op die karkas het. Vir optimale en winsgewende produksie moet daar teen beide inwendige asook uitwendige parasiete behandel word. Die verant-woordelikheid berus dus op die boer, sowel as die Voerkraal om parasietbeheer met doeltreffende en beproefde middels toe te pas, om sodoende die beste produk, ekonomies aan die verbruiker te lewer.

Parasietbeheervir beter

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Beesteling en seleksie het reeds met sukses die soge-naamde DNA-era betree. Deur die moderne tegnolo-gie te gebruik kan kundiges telers vandag bystaan om ‘n eiesoortige bees met spesifieke kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe kenmerke te teel. Hierdie kenmer-ke sluit in vleisgehalte (marmering en sagtheid) en melkproduksie en -gehalte (Kappa Casien en Beta Laktoglobulien). Voeg daarby ander kenmerke soos horingloosheid (Polled), kleur (swart, rooibruin, sil-wer en wit) en dubbel bespiering, dan raak dit amper moontlik om beeste op bestelling te teel.

Verskeie enkelgeen genetiese siektes soos Pompe se siekte, BLAD, CVM en ander kan ook reeds met behu-lp van seleksie en teling uit ‘n kudde elimineer word.

Die unieke DNA “bloudruk” of profiel van elke dier kan verder ook gebruik word vir identifikasie doeleindes en om teling te bevestig by veelvaar teelprogramme.

Om DNA-gebasseerde toetse te verstaan moet die eienskappe van die molekule van lewe, DNA, kort-liks bespreek word. Deoksie-ribonukleiensuur (DNA) is ‘n dubbel heliks struktuur, saamgestel uit ‘n suiker molekule, ‘n fosfaat groep en 4 verskillende stikstof basisse, nl. Adenine (A), Timien (T) Goanien (G) en Si-tosien (C).

Hierdie stikstofbasisse word in ‘n baie spesifieke vol-gorde liniêr langs die DNA “ruggraat” gebind. Drie spesifieke basisse gee ‘n kode vir ‘n amminosuur en ‘n aantal aminosure aanmekaar gekoppel vorm ‘n pro-teïen met ‘n spesifieke funksie. Indien ‘n verandering in die volgorde van die stikstofbasisse plaasvind (mu-tasie), verander die kode vir een of ‘n aantal amino-sure wat weer ‘n verandering in die proteïen produk en / of funksie tot gevolg het. Hierdie veranderings lei dan tot variasie in genetiese eienskappe wat deur die teler benut kan word.

DNA tegnologie kan aangewend word vir hulp met stamboektelingvalidasie en ook vir seleksie doeleindes.

Stamboek en identifikasie doeleindes:

DNA gebasseerde ouerskaptoetse maak gebruik van spesifieke volgordes van die stikstofbasisse in die DNA melokule, bekend as tandem herhalings of mi-krosateliete.

As voorbeeld kan ‘n CA mikrosateliet bestaande uit 10 herhalings gebruik word.

(TCAGGTACACACACACACACACACACACATGCTTATG-TACT...)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Binne die DNA genoom van ‘n dier kom daar duisende soortgelyke volgordes voor.

Die aantal tandem herhalings in ‘n gegewe mikros-ateliet verskil tussen individuele diere net soos hul voorkoms sal verskil. Hierdie variasie op ‘n genetiese vlak word gebruik vir identifikasie doeleindes, foren-siese toepassings en ouerskaptoetse.

Elke dier het twee variasies of allele van ‘n spesifieke mikrosateliet waarvan een van die koei en een van die bul oorgeërf word.

Vir ouerskapbepalings word 11 verskillende mikros-ateliete gekies wat die grootste moontlike variasie by beeste sal gee. Hierdie mikrosateliete word sinte-ties vervaardig vanaf DNA by diere, geïsoleer deur ‘n proses bekend as die “polymerase ketting reaksie” of PKR. Die produkte van hierdie proses word volgens grootte geskei op ‘n Genetiese analiseerder en die aantal tamdem herhalings van elke mikrosateliet met behulp van ‘n rekenaarprogram verwerk.

‘n DNA profiel van elke dier bestaande uit twee allele van 11 mikrosateliete, dus 22 allele, word vergelyk met mekaar en ouerskap bevestig of uitgesluit.

Voordele van DNA profiel analise sluit die volgen-dein:

1. Permanente rekord vir individuele identifikasie

2. Definitiewe bewys van ouerskap en stamboek registrasie

3. Veelvaarteling kan toegepas word

4. Definitiewe identifikasie by diefstal( karkas identi-fikasie.

5. In kommersiële kuddes wat hoofsaaklik diere vir vleisproduksie lewer, kan die beste teellyn identi-fiseer word.

DNA toetse vir seleksie

Daar is twee doelstellings by hierdie tipes DNA toe-tse:

(i) Sifting vir genetiese siektes

(ii) Sifting vir kwalitatiewe eienskappe wat waarde kan toevoeg

Ontwikkeling op molekulêre genetika vlak vind so vinnig plaasvind dat daar amper daagliks nuwe ge-netiese siektes is waarmee rekening gehou kan word bv.

Holstein beeste ( CVM, BLAD, DUMPS ens

Brahman beeste ( Pompe se siekte, CMS

Die rede vir ‘n toename in toetse vir genetiese siektes

Deur Dr Marx, Unistel

Die gebruik vanDNA in vleisbeesteling

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is dat spesifieke oorsake vir probleme deur wetens-kaplikes identifiseer word. Van hierdie probleme is in die verlede toegeskryf aan “bad luck” of swak bestu-ur.

Meeste van die genetiese siektes is ressesief wat beteken dat draers van die defektiewe gene gesonde diere geen tekens van die siekt toon of ondervid. By teling met twee draer diere vir ‘n siekte bv. Pompe se siekte, kan daar ‘n ekonomiese verlies wees. ‘n Kruising van twee draers lei tot die volgende moont-likhede:

Draer x Draer

Nageslag AA Aa Aa aa

25% 50% 25%

Dus, daar is ‘n moontlikheid dat 25% van die nageslag verloor kan word (aa) as gevolg van die siekte.

Ideaal sou mens dus nie twee draer diere kruis nie. Teling moet liefs met ‘n draer en ‘n “skoon” dier of tus-sen 2 nie-draers geskied.

Daar moet onthou word dat ‘n dier wat as ‘n draer van ‘n genetiese siekte identifiseer is, vele ander goeie eienskappe dra wat voordelig is vir nageslag. Dit is dus belangrik dat sulke diere nie summier tot niet gemaak word nie. Telers moet eerder hulle kuddes só bestuur dat diere se goeie eienskappe ook benut word. Draer diere kan uitgeskuif word na kommer-siële kuddes terwyl skoon diere met die verlangde eienskappe binne stoetverband behoue bly. Toetsing vir genetiese siektes maak die volgende moontlik:

1. Kennis van die samestelling van kuddes word ver-kry

2. Oorsake van probleme kan verklaar word

3. Korrekte seleksie en telings kan gedoen word

4. ‘n Gesonde “skoon” stoet kan geteel word.

DNA siftingstoetse vir kwalitatiewe eienskappe

Kwalitatiewe genetiese eienskappe kan omskryf word as eienskappe wat waarde tot ‘n bees kan to-evoeg, hetsy vir teling of produksie. Gene wat vir’n vleis- en melkgehalte is reeds bekend en variante van hierdie gene kan getoets word bv. GeneSTAR toetse vir Marmering en Vleissagtheid, toets vir die Leptin geen betrokkel by marmering, toetse vir poens by die kontinentale rasse nl. Limousin, Simmental ens

Marmering word toegeskryf aan allele van die tiro-globulien geen en word aangedui as 1 STER, 2 STERRE of 0 STERRE.

Daar word rapporteer dat die teenwoordigheid van tiroglobulien allele geassosieer met marmering, ab-solute marmering met 16% - 19% verhoog. Die teen-woordigheid van een STER kan marmering met 4% - 7% verhoog.

‘n Onafhanklike studie het getoon dat twee sterre marmering diere ‘n 17% - 18% beter kans het om as keur karkasse na slagting geklasifiseer te word. Een ster diere het omtrent ‘n 7% beter kans om as keur-graad karkasse gekeur te word. Hierdie toetse iden-tifiseer diere met ‘n hoë marmeringspotensiaal wat weer die moontlikheid verhoog om ‘n hoër gradeerde

karkas te lewer.

Wetenskaplikes beraam dat 30% van die verskil in vleissagtheid toegeskryf kan word aan genetiese in-vloede. Die grootste genetiese bydra word gemaak deur die Calpain 1 geen. GeneSTAR toets vir twee verskillende vorme van die geen, nl. die sogenoemde Tenderness 1 en Tenderness 2 geentoetse. Teling met STER belaaide diere kan ‘n groot bydrae lewer tot die produksie van sagte vleis.

In Kanada word beesvleis volgens marmering gegradeer. ‘n Boer probeer dus diere teel vir ‘n AAA gradering aangesien bonusse betaal word vir lewer-ing van hierdie kwaliteit vleis. Leptin is ‘n hormoon in die vetmetabolisme wat marmering sterk beïnvloed. Navorsing het getoon dat ‘n enkelbasis in die leptin-geen geassosieer word met die graad van marmer-ing. Hier word ‘n T vervang met ‘n C. Daar is bewys dat diere wat die CC in die genotype het, minder marmering en maarder vleis produseer as diere met ‘n TT of CT genotipe. Bulle met ‘n TT genotipe sal dus verseker dat alle nageslag ‘n beter kans het om ge-halte vleis te lewer.

Hoewel hierdie kwalitatiewe toetse ‘n genetiese by-drae kan lewer tot produksie van ‘n beter gehalte vleis, speel ander omgewingsfaktore ‘n baie groter rol. Dink veral aan die invloed van stres voor slagting, voeding, bevriesing van vleis ens.

Ander kwalitatiewe genetiese eienskappe is van be-lang by melkproduksie en sluit in Kappa Caseïn en Beta-lactoglobulien

Beide is enkelgeen kenmerke met ‘n invloed op melk-produksie en gehalte waar die B alleel van Kappa Caseïn koagulasie, dus gehalte wei beïnvloed. Die B alleel van Beta-lactoglobulien is weer voordelig vir vet en caseïn belangrik vir in kaas produksie. Aan die ander kant is die A alleel van Beta-lactoglobulien voordelig vir melk volume.

Diere met die BB genotipe vir Kappa Caseïn produ-seer ‘n groter volume melk met meer proteïen as di-ere met die AB of AA genotipe terwyl diere met die AA genotipe vir Beta-lactoglobulien ‘n groter volume melk lewer as ‘n koei met die AB en BB genotipe. Deur seleksie en teling kan melkkoeie geteel word wat ‘n hoër volume melk met beter koagelasie-eienskappe en beter wei produseer. Hierdie genetiese eienskappe kan dus waarde toevoeg tot melk beeste.

Hoewel hierdie kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe ken-merke ‘n genetiese bydrae kan lewer tot produksie van ‘n beter gehalte vleis en melk, speel ander omgewingsfaktore ‘n groot rol. Dink veral aan die invloed van stres voor slagting, bevriesing van vleis, voeding ens. Die ideaal sal dus wees om genetiese eienskappe en omgewingsinvloede só te bestuur dat die grootste geleentheid geskep word om smaaklike, sagte vleis van ‘n hoë gehalte en groot volumes gehalte melk te produseer.

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Junior Champion Red Bull & Breedplan Brangus Bull

Grand Champion Red Bull

Senior Champion Black Brangus BullJunior Champion Red Brangus Heifers

Senior Champion Black Cow Junior & Grand ChampionBlack Brangus Cow

Junior Champion, Grand Champion Brangus Bull & Supreme Champion of the show

Senior & Grand Champion Red Brangus Cow

Bruljant CO3 8Deltaque 99 370

CFH 03 22BG 98 102

CFH 02 403CFH 04 371

MASTER V5 0391 WILJADE 02 5

NASIONALE SKOU 2005Beoordelaars: Willem Pretorius & Jan de Jongh

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Het u geweet?• Die Brangus Internet funksies kan deur kommersiële kliënte, bulkopers, afslaers, stoettelers, amptenare en

studente wêreldwyd gebruik word.• Dat alle Internet funksies heeltemal GRATIS is.• Internasionaal het die gebruik van Internet funksies alreeds die 1.5 miljoen merk oorskry. • Alle diere, stambome, kontakbesonderhede en prestasie-inligting word weergegee.

In hierdie deel sal daar aan Brangustelers die funksionaliteit gedemonstreer word wat deur enige iemand wat oor ‘n Internet konneksie beskik, gebruik kan word. Daar sal ook spesifi ek gekyk word na die funksies met betrekking tot die gebruiker se eie afl aai gedeeltes.

Stap 1 – Waar vind ek die Internet funksies?

Gaan na http://www.brangus.org.za

Internet funksie word geopen deur op die betrokke navraag blokkie te kliek.

Stap 2 – Kliek op “Animal Enquiry, EBV Enquiry, Members Enquiry, Member Login, Sale Catalogues” of “Semen Catalogues”.

BrangusInternet FunksiesInternet FunksiesInternet Funksies

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“Member enquiry”:• Enige lid se kontakbesonderhede kan gevind word deur slegs hul van, stoetvoorvoegsel of stoetnaam in

te vul.

• Alle lede in ‘n sekere provinsie kan ook gelys word deur die Provinsie te kies en dan op “Search” te kliek.

Gestel u soek ‘n teler wie se van met “d” beging, sal die eerste 15 telers op die eerste skerm vertoon word. Kliek op “next” om die volgende skerms te wys.

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Deur op enige van die telers te kliek, word alle kontakbesonderhede van die betrokke teler gewys.

“Animal Enquiry”Daar kan op enige bladsy na enige van die navrae skerms gegaan word. Gestel u gaan na die “Animal Enquiry” skerm. Enige dier op die stelsel kan opgesoek word deur die Naam van die dier (Animal Name) of die ID te gebruik. Diere kan ook gesoek word m.b.t. jaar van kalf (Calving year), Provinsie (Province) en tipe (Type). Gestel u was nie heeltemeal seker van die dier se naam nie, maar weet dat die dier se ID met TX begin en dat die dier in 2000 gebore is. Deur “TX0%” in te tik (die % is belangrik aangesien dit na alle diere wat begin met TX00 sal soek) by die “Animal ID” skerm, sal die eerste 100 diere wat met TX00 begin gewys word. U kan nou die “next” knoppie gebruik om met die lys af te gaan.

Enige skerm kan maklik bereik

word

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Diere kan met ‘n foto vertoon word (telers hoef slegs hul foto’s vir die Genootskap te stuur sodat dit opgelaai word). Telers met ‘n logo kan hulle logo op elke skerm vertoon. Hierdie logo kan dan gekoppel word aan die teler se eie webwerf. Die diere bladsy het verskeie inligting wat weergegee word nl.:

• Stamboom inligiting• Nageslag inligting• Die getal nageslag per kudde, aantal speengewigte aangeteken en aantal dogters

Deur op enige van die blou knoppies te kliek kan inligting verkry word. Kom ons gestel u wil die stamboom van die dier bestudeer.

Die betrokke dier se prestasie

grafi ek

Kliek op “View” langs “Pedigree” om die stamboom van die

dier te sien

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Soektog na diere wat aan sekere prestasie kriteria voldoenVir baie telers is hierdie die belangrikste funksie op die Internet sisteem. Om hierdie funksie te gebruik moet daar na die “EBV enquiry” skerm gegaan word. Op hierdie skerm kan u diere selekteer wat aan sekere prestasie criteria voldoen. Byvoorbeeld, u kan na bulle soek wat nageslag gaan produseer wat bo-gemiddelde groei, melk en skrotumomvang het, maar steeds onder-gemiddelde geboortegewigte. Die kriteria word eenvoudig in die toepaslike kolomme in getik. Dit is egter belangrik dat u soektog spesifi eke kriteria (byvoorbeeld 200 dae gewig) by die “sort by” blokkie insluit aan die onderpunt van die skerm.

Deur op “view” langs “ebv graph” te kliek kan ‘n grafi ek van die dier se teelwaardes gesien word.

Indien die teler sy logo hier wil ver-toon moet hy dit stuur aan kantoor

Indien die teler die dier se foto hier wil vertoon moet hy dit stuur aan

kantoor

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Gebruik die “select if” blokkie om u

soektog akkurater te maak

U MOET volgens enige van die onderstaandekriteria soek

Ë

Vul uvereistes in

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Hierdie lys vertoon al die diere wat aan u vereistes voldoen. Hierdie diere sal dan byvoorbeeld nageslag produseer met goeie groei, dogters met genoeg melk en kalwers wat nie te swaar is by geboorte nie (afhangende van die kriteria wat deur u ingesleutel is).

Semen catalogue

Kliek op “semen catalogue”

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BCongratulations!Green H Brangus (Middledale), the oldest Brangus Stud in South Africa attained the Champion animal at the Van Reenen, Bergville and Ladysmith Fat Stock Show Sales in 2005 as well as various group classes.

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Brangus 2006

BBREEDPLAN/Landbouweekblad Kompetisie2005

Koeigroep van die JaarTeler van die JaarTeelbul van die Jaar

õ

õõ

Congratulations Congratulations Congratulations Congratulations

The Brangus Society congratulates Mr Tstotsetsi, a Brangus and Jersey breeder on winning this prestigious award.

Mr Tstotsetsi bought a bull from Reinette Meyer of Bloemfontein in 2005, that he uses on Drakens-berger type cows.

Emerging Farmerof the Year 2005

Geluk aan Mnr Ferdi Naude van V5 Brangus Stoet met sy oorwinnings.

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Op 1 Augustus 2002 is die eerste Na-mibiese Brangus stoet by die Suid-Afri-kaanse Brangus Beestelersgenootskap geregistreer. Kleinberg Brangus stoet het begin met ‘n skamele 19 diere.

In 2003 tydens ‘n vergadering op Nama-tubis gasteplaas naby Outjo is die Na-mibiese Brangus Beestelersgenootskap gestig.

Op 24 Maart 2004 is die eerste Bran-gusse by die N.S.V. geregis-treer en van daar het alles begin spoed optel.

Tydens 2005 was daar reeds 4 ak-tiewe telers in Namibie geregis-treer met amper 200 diere. Die Brangus ras is in 2005 ook die eerste keer op die Windhoek skou verteenwoordig deur 17 diere van 1 Namibiese teler en 4 Suid-Afrikaanse telers.

Op die Windhoek skou veiling is 13 diere (5 bulle en 8 verse) te koop aangebied en het die Brangus ras dan die hoogste veilings gemiddeld sowel as die duurste bul van alle rasse op hierdie veiling behaal. Daar was baie belangstelling en alle kopers kon nie geholpe raak nie, ’n baie goeie teken vir ons jong ras se toekoms.

Vandag in 2006 spog die Genootskap reeds met 6 aktiewe lede en nagenoeg 267 geregistreerde diere. Ons sien uit na ‘n wonderlike jaar verder en nog beter resultate op die Windhoek skou hierdie komende Oktober. Graag wil ons van hierdie geleen-theid gebruik maak om welkom te heet aan ons nuwe lede, die OOSTHUIZEN gesin (hiernaas) van Grootfontein en ook die VAN DER WATH gesin van Stampriet, baie welkom by die Brangus familie en ons hoop die boerdery gee julle net plesier.

Vir navrae oor die ras kan mnr Thunis Cocklin by tel. 0811276791 gekontak word.

Brangusin Namibia

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Windhoek veiling Gemmiddeld HoogsteBrangus bul R19 875-00 R26 500-00Brangus vers R 7 166-67 R 9 750-00

Windhoek skou

Hoogste gemiddelde prys vir die veiling asook hoogste prys bul op die Windhoek veiling.

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KI Bulle AI Bulls

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Popeye

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KI Bulle AI Bulls

Not recomended for heifers

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Whiskey

Choclate

Semenavailable

soon

Trait leader

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2006 brangus journal

Documents

opbouende kritiek word

n mens ervaar

kalwers 12die rol

bewering bevestig egter

uitsluitlik net dink

aangespreek moet word

nageslagddie bewering

nuwe bloed