2007 08 26 dc keynote keizer

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1/58, © FAODr. Johannes Keizer, Knowledge Exchange and Capacity Building Division

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

helping to build a world without hunger

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World Food Summit 1996

Reducing Hunger and Poverty in the World by 50% in 2015

"The Rome Declaration calls upon us to reduce by half the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015 .... If each of us gives his or

her best I believe that we can meet and even exceed the target we have set for ourselves.""The Rome Declaration calls upon us to reduce by half the number of chronically undernourished people on the Earth by the year 2015 .... If each of us

gives his or her best I believe that we can meet and even exceed the target we have set for ourselves.“

"We have the possibility to do it. We have the knowledge. We have the resources. And with the Rome Declaration and the Plan of Action, we've

shown that we have the will."

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Information and Knowledge Management at FAO• The First Article of the FAO Constitution:

“The Organization shall collect, analyse, interpret and disseminate information relating to nutrition, food and agriculture.”

• A specific objective of FAO’s Strategic Framework– In response to the World Food Summit (1996)– “improve decision-making through the provision of

information and assessments and fostering of knowledge management for food and agriculture.”

• A new focus on FAO as a “Knowledge Organization” as approved by the FAO Council

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AGMES – Application ProfilesBuilding Blocks for a Semantic Web Space in Food

and Agriculture

Gauri [email protected]

http://www.salokhe.com

Johannes [email protected]

http://www.johanneskeizer.com

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Starting Points in 2000

•AGRIS (FAO Documentation)•AGROVOC

• And there was a question: Is there any need to invest in metadata and

vocabularies in the age of electronic information?

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……. we went 2001 to Ottawa to participate the first time in the Dublin Core meetings

...... since then we are knitting the semantic web in our area

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Resources we are dealing with..

• Document – Like Information Objects (DLIOs)

• Learning resources

• Organizations

• Projects

• News and Events

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Document – Like Information Objects - About

• Starting point was the AGRIS Database, which gathers bibliographic information from over 200+ centres from across the world

• It currently contains 2.5 million bibliographic records.

• Before the year 2000, participating centers were forced to use a proprietary software or complicated format conversions were necessary at the central database

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center3

center1

center2

center4

service2

common exchange layer

serviceetc.

center2

center1 center3

center4

services

...our starting point was simple: exchange of bibliographical data between different repositories

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Document – Like Information Objects – Our Proposal

• The AGRIS Application Profile (AGRIS AP) is a metadata standard created specifically to enhance the description, exchange and subsequent retrieval of agricultural Document-Like Information Objects (DLIOs).

• It is a metadata schema which draws elements from well known Metadata standards such as – Dublin Core (DC), – Australian Government Locator Service Metadata

(AGLS), and – Agricultural Metadata Element Set (AgMES)

namespaces.

• It allows sharing of information across dispersed bibliographic systems and provides guidelines on recommended best practices for cataloguing and subject indexing.

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Document – Like Information Objects – the metadata

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Implementation of the AGRIS AP

……. many discussions

main points:- too many elements- too complicated

but we did not surrender

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CitationFor example, the citation information using AGRIS AP is displayed as: <ags:citation> <ags:citationTitle>Journal of Agricultural Research and Extension

(Thailand)</ags:citationTitle> <ags:citationTitle>Warasan Wichai Lae Songsoem Wichakan

Kaset</ags:citationTitle> <ags:citationIdentifier scheme="ags:ISSN">0125-8850</ags:citationIdentifier> <ags:citationNumber>18(2) p.1-12</ags:citationNumber> <ags:citationChronology>Apr-Sep 2001</ags:citationChronology></ags:citation>

The dumbing down process would result in the information being merged into various fields and presented as:

<dc:relation> Journal of Agricultural Research and Extension (Thailand); Warasan Wichai Lae Songsoem Wichakan Kaset; 18(2) p.1-12; ISSN: 0125-8850; Apr-Sep 2001</dc:relation>

RelationFor example, the relation information using AGRIS AP is displayed as: <dc:relation> <dcterms:isVersionOf>http://www.fao.org/agris/agmes/DC1-FAO1.doc

</dcterms:isVersionOf > <ags:relationHasTranslation>ftp://ftp.fao.org/fao/W8270c.pdf

</ags:relationHasTranslation></dc:relation>The dumbing down process would result in the information being merged into various

fields and presented as: <dc:relation> http://www.fao.org/agris/agmes/DC1-FAO1.doc</dc:relation> <dc:relation> ftp://ftp.fao.org/fao/W8270c.pdf </dc:relation>

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Document – Like Information Objects

• Now all active AGRIS Centres are sending data in AGRIS AP XML format.

• FAO has converted the central database to XML

• The standard has been adopted by: – Global Forestry Information System (GFIS)– Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

Year AGRIS records

2000 66,186

2001 57,058

2002 43,012

2003 38,476

2004 51,873

2005 24,994

2006 28,859

2007 (June) 25,090

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http://oai.bibsys.no/repository?verb=listRecords&metadataPrefix=agris&set=agris

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Figure 3. The Data Providers : open archives. A data provider can export metadata in different metadata formats (Figure 3). The Unqualified Dublin Core is the basic metadata format for OAI Protocol, but the function of DC is basically to facilitate the exchange of metadata at cross-domain level, to enable the communication outside of the specific communities. For AGRIS Community, as other subject networks, it is necessary the use of a richer metadata format. For that AGRIS Iniative will encourage the export in AGRIS AP in order to guarantee a high level in the quality of description of agricultural information resources.

Data Management

Data Management

ArchivalStorage

ArchivalStorage

AccessAccess

DescriptionDescription

CataloguingCataloguing

MetadataExport

MetadataExport

Dublin Core Unqualified

Dublin Core Unqualified

MARC21MARC21

AGRIS APAGRIS AP

Self-archivingSelf-archiving

The AGRIS—AP now underpins the new model of the AGRIS network

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Home

Figure 2. Agris Network: Content Management. The Figure 2 shows the main elements in the workflow for AGRIS Network and their connections following the new architecture. Conceptually, the workflow is divided in two principal actions: content management and exposing metadata.

InformationManagement

Specialist

InformationManagement

Specialist

Metadata+

Full text

Metadata+

Full text

SoftwareSoftware

AGRISWebsite

AGRISWebsite

AgrisService

Providers

AgrisService

Providers Standards

Standards

UsersUsers

ResearcherOpen Access

ResearcherOpen Access

ExternalService

Providers

ExternalService

Providers AgrisData

Providers

AgrisData

Providers

ContentManagement

ContentManagement

Self ArchivingSelf Archiving

KnowledgeExchange

KnowledgeExchange

DirectoriesDirectories

MethodsMethods

Internet

The AGRIS—AP now underpins the new model of the AGRIS network

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DLIO - Tools

• Metamaker

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DLIO – Services (http://www.fao.org/agris/search)

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Services – Navigation of objects

• Cross-searching of objects using AGROVOC Keywords

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Services – One click re-query of Data

• Cross-searching of objects using AGROVOC Keywords

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Document – Like Information Objects – Next Steps

»AGRIS Ontology Project

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Learning resources - About

• The United Nations General Assembly recognizes the crucial role of capacity building for achieving the Millennium Development Goals

• It has called upon the United Nations organizations to increase their support to developing countries’ own efforts.

• Capacity and institution building is a core function of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

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Learning resources – Our Proposal

• In order to provide structured access to FAO’s agricultural learning resources and capacity and institution building services, the “Capacity and Institution Building Portal” project was started in 2006.

• A metadata standard was needed to assure that each resource will be described appropriately.

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Learning resources - the metadata

• (DC) Title– (AGS) Supplement Title

• (DC) Creator• (DC) Subject

– (AGS) subjectCategories– (AGS) subjectThesaurus

• (DC) Description– (DCTERMS) Abstract– (AGS) Notes

• (DC) Publisher • (DCTERMS) Date• (DC) Type• (DC) Format-Type• (LOM) Aggregation Level

• (LOM) Size• (DC) Identifier• (DC) Language• (DC) Relation• (DCTERMS) Coverage • (DC) Rights• (LOM) Cost• (LOM) Intended End User

Role• (LOM) Context• (LOM) Interactivity Level• (LOM) Typical Learning

Time

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Learning resources – Next Steps

• The “Capacity and Institution Building Portal” will be made available to FAO staff and member countries towards the end of the year

• Approximately, 300+ records have been identified in FAO as learning resources. Metadata for these resources is being created according to the Learning Resources AP

• Strong collaboration with the CGIAR Learning Resource Initiative

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Organizations - About

• Information on agricultural organizations is available from many different information services with independent databases.

• Very few of these systems share data among themselves and in no case do they coherently integrate data.

• This translates into three major difficulties: 1. maintenance is costly; 2. similar (but incomprehensive) information is

available from several sources; 3. visibility in all the existing databases requires

submitting the same data to multiple databases.

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Organizations – Our Proposal

1. Provide a web-based tool that allows everyone to create metadata about their organization.

2. The tool will come with guidelines on "how-to" create the metadata file.

3. The XML file will be stored on institutes’ webserver and the URL will be registered in a central server

• The central server can be exploited to create other value-added services as desired.

• Periodic update requests will be sent out to all the organizations.

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Organizations – the metadata

• (AGS) organizationName– (AGS)

fullOrganizationName– (AGS)

organizationAcronym• (AGS) address

– (AGS) streetAddress– (AGS) country

• (AGS) telephone• (AGS) fax• (AGS) telex• (AGS) email• (DC) identifier (scheme

“dcterms:URI”)

• (DC) description• (DC) subject

– (AGS) subjectThesaurus

• (AGS) organizationType• (DC) relation

– (DCTERMS) isPartOf (sugg: scheme “dcterms:URI”)

– (DCTERMS) replaces (sugg: scheme “dcterms:URI”)

• (DC) date– (DCTERMS) created– (DCTERMS) modified

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Organizations – Next Steps

• The “metamaker” is under construction

• The registry is being developed by our partner organization the Global Forum on Agricultural Research (GFAR)

• Data will be collected by targeting the partner organizations (CGIAR, GFIS etc.)

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Projects - About

• Repositories of Project metadata exist but...

1.maintenance is costly; 2.similar (but incomprehensive)

information is available from several sources;

3.visibility in all the existing databases requires submitting the same data to multiple databases.

• Promote data sharing

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Projects – Our Proposal

• To develop core data standard for enable sharing of project metadata describing projects by evaluating existing standards;

• Provide user friendly documentation on the list of fields used to describe and share project information and best practices on encoding them; and

• To provide machine-readable encoding (such as eXtensible Markup Language) to allow automatic validation of shared information.

• Partner organization (WIS International), with FAO, is developing a proposal for the metadata standard.

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Projects – the metadata

• Project Name• Project Code : What is

on the document• Project Description• Project Objectives• Project Subject

– subject categories (ASC)

– keywords (AGROVOC)• Project Budget• Project Duration

– start date– end date– extension date

• Project identifier (URL)

• Project status • Project coverage.spatial • Donor(s)• Participating

organizations : Organizations that have received funding and are carrying out the project.– name– acronym– address (City,

Country)• Coordinator

– Contact name– Contact organization– Contact email– Contact telephone

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Projects – Next Steps

• Get an agreement from partners on the elements

• Provide a XML DTD for validation of the metadata files

• Promote the standard as a possible “means” for sharing project information without going into too many details.

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News and Events - About

• An event is defined here as “something that happens at a given place and time.” An event can be broken into different ‘subsets’, for example by day or session. In this document, it will be the larger entity that will be addressed.

• For example, some of the events in FAO are: – Eighth AOS Workshop -- 7 years of AOS:

Achievements and Next Steps, Rome, Italy. 21-22 September 2007

– Special Session on Agricultural Metadata & Semantics : 2nd International Conference on Metadata and Semantics Research (MTSR'07), Greece, October 11-12, 2007

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News and Events - About

• At present, the sharing is done in a ad-hoc manner, leading to specialized formats and incompatible exchange models.

• Systems such as NEMS in FAO store and provide possibilities to access this information using RSS feeds. However, the exports are done without using a standard set of elements.

• Such a standard would facilitate the efficient exchange of news and more importantly event information, and the creation of better tools to support event management.

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News and Events – Our Proposal

• In the case of News, we use standard RSS news format. The basic requirements are elements provided by the RSS standard: <link>, <title>, and <description>

• In the case of Events, an expanded metadata set was proposed.

• RSS feeds that comply with the

proposal can be registered at www.agrifeeds.org

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News and Events – the metadata

• (AGS) dateStart• (AGS) ags:dateEnd• (AGS) location

– (AGS) locationCity– (AGS) locationCountry

• (DC) type• (AGS) organizer

<ags:dateStart schema="dcterms:W3CDTF">2007-09-21</ags:dateStart> <ags:dateEnd schema="dcterms:W3CDTF">2007-09-22</ags:dateEnd> <ags:location> <ags:locationCity>Rome</ags:locationCity> <ags:locationCountry schema="dcterms:ISO3166">ITA</ags:locationCountry> </ags:location><dc:type>Workshop</dc:type> <ags:organizer>Food and Agriculture Organization</ags:organizer>

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News and Events – Next Steps

• Agrifeeds will be launched in September 2007

• The “metamaker” is under construction (GFIS)

• Data will be collected by targeting webmasters (CGIAR, GFIS etc.)

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News and Events – Tools

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The architectural model

Shared layer of interoperability


Common exchange layer (using common structure and XML format)

Value-addedInformation

Services


Services

Aggregated

Database View

Aggregated

Database View

Subject-specific Portals


Open URL or OAI based

services


services

Information System

(n)

Information System

(n)

Web Services

Web Services

DistributedDatasets

DistributedDatasetsDatabase

Database...

DatabaseDatabase Websites

Websites

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The Common Exchange Layer




Services


Services

Aggregated

Database View

Aggregated

Database View




services


services

Information System

(n)

Information System

(n)

Web Services

Web Services

DistributedDatasets

DistributedDatasets

DatabaseDatabase

...Database

Database WebsitesWebsites

Metadata ontologies (Application Profiles)Subject ontologies

XML BusXML Bus

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©Berners-Lee

.........the big picture

… and this came somewhat later

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Some Words on Subject Vocabularies/Ontologies

AGROVOC

NAL Thesaurus

CABI Thesaurus

Dedicated KOSs

Non-dedicated KOSs

e.g., ASFA thesaurus

e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus

e.g., the Sustainable Development

website classification

e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS

GEMET

Other thematic thesauri

Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)

Common concepts are not declared

No or very limited interoperability

Insufficient subject + language coverage

Severe maintenance problems

Very limited machine readability

Only very simple encoding of semantic relations

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Investing in AGROVOC

• In 2000 AGROVOC was available in 3 languages and mainly used by AGRIS centres

• In 2007 AGROVOC is available in 16 languages (and many pipeline projects)

• AGROVOC is also basis for many projects related to improving semantics in agricultural information

• The mapping between AGROVOC and NAL was done by an EU project of which existence we only got knowledge in the concluding phase

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Concept Terms String

Concept

Relationshipsbetweenconcepts

Lexicalization/Term

String

Relationshipsbetweenstrings

Relationshipsbetweenterms

designated by

manifested asOther information:language/culture

subvocabulary/scopeaudiencetype, etc.

Note

annotation relationship

Relationship

RelationshipsbetweenRelationships

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USE/UF

Conceptc_167term

i_en_buffaloes_syncerus

Buffaloes (syncerus)

termi_en_african_buffaloes

termi_es_búfalo_africano

Búfalo africanoAfrican buffaloes

has_lexicalization

Conceptc_1040

subclassofConceptc_3182

RTs....

termi_zh_ 非洲水牛

非洲水牛

rdfs:label:

termi_ja_ アフリカ水牛

アフリカ水牛

termi_es_búfalo_syncerus

Búfalo (syncerus)

has_synonymhas_translation

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GR

OV

OC

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Agrovoc Conceptserver Workbench: Overall design

.doc, .pdf, .xml, etc.

Concept Hierarchy

ipun

t

AOS/CS Workbenchconcordance pattern-matchingmultilingual

text corpus

input

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• SKOS discussions(Our model too complicated)

• Some weeks ago Alistair Miles from W3 working group send out a proposal for Label relations

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Fishery Ontology (1)• Ontologies built from existing classifications schemas and thesauri.– Biological species: 44,100

• 11000 species, 4 langs, taxonomic and ISCAAP codes

– Water bodies: 1,500• 300 water division, 5 codes

– Land areas: 25,000 • 250 territories, 5 langs, 2

names, 4 codes. • economic regions, geographical

regions, organizations– ASFA thesaurus: 22,000

• 11000 entries, code– AGROVOC thesaurus - Fisheries:

42,000• 7000 terms, 6 languages

– Commodities: 6,000• Over 150 interesting resources

identified in D7.2.1. Around 30 can be really useful and will be detailed.

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Fishery Ontology (2)

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Geo-Political Ontology

• Class Area:– Groups:

• EconomicRegion• GeographicalRegion• Organization• SpecialGroups

– Territory: • Disputed• NonSelfGoverning• Other • SelfGoverning

• isValidFrom (in years)• isValidUntil (in years)• isSuccessorOf • isPredecessorOf • hasOfficialName (string)

– sub properties for all languages • hasShortName (string),

– subproperties for all languages• hasCode

– sub properties for all classifications • hasBorderWith• dependsOn (domain: non-self-governing territories, range: self-governing-territories)

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Conclusion

• The semantic web starts with existing data applications• semantic standards promise to:

– be an effective approach to resolving the problems posed by semantic heterogeneity

– help users find and discover information efficiently and effectively

• The richer the semantics, the greater the possibilities for developing smart applications.

• investment in the enhancement of relations between vocabularies, both metadata and domain-specific, yields a relatively large return on investment

• not a semantic web, but semantic webspaces for communities of practice

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Thank you

Johannes Keizer {[email protected]}Stefano Anibaldi {[email protected]}

Marta Iglesias {[email protected]}Gudrun Johannsen {[email protected]}Stefka Kaloyanova {[email protected]}

Irene Onyancha {[email protected]} Gauri Salokhe {[email protected]}

Margherita Sini {[email protected]}Imma Subirats {[email protected]}

and credits to our network of collaborators: Dagobert Soergel, Anita Liang, Boris Lauser, Chang Chun, Asanee Kawtrakul, Caterina Caracciolo, Maria Grazia Bovo, Wang Zhong, Ze Li, Jai Haravu,

ARD Prasad, Jayanta Chatterjee, and many others

Organizations directly involved:

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Wageningen International, Globa Forum on Agricultural Research , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hungary Agricultural University,

2007 08 26 dc keynote keizer

Business