©2008 armstrong international, inc. steam basics
TRANSCRIPT
©2008 Armstrong International, Inc.
Steam BasicsSteam Basics
2“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Steam Basics - OverviewSteam Basics - Overview
• What is Steam?What is Steam?
• Why is Steam Used?Why is Steam Used?
• How Do We Create Steam?How Do We Create Steam?
• How Do We Identify Steam Properties?How Do We Identify Steam Properties?
2“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
3“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
This Is Not Steam!This Is Not Steam!
• Steam is a vapor form of water, and is colorless, tasteless, and odorless
What is Steam Used For?What is Steam Used For?
Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location to Energy From One Location to
AnotherAnother
Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Steam is Used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location to Energy From One Location to
AnotherAnother
4“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Why Use SteamWhy Use SteamWhy Use SteamWhy Use SteamSteam is an
efficient heat transfer medium
Steam is easily
controlled
We have a lot of knowledge concerning
steam
We have already developed the equipment and
expertise to design and install steam systems for many
different applications
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
How We Create SteamHow We Create Steam
• Steam is created by adding Heat Energy to water.
• Heat Energy is expressed in Btu’s.
• 1 Btu is the amount of Heat Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1F.
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
How We Create SteamHow We Create Steam
The Heat Energy required to create steam has two forms:
Sensible HeatSensible Heat
Latent HeatLatent Heat
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
• Sensible Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required to raise the temperature of water from 32°F to the boiling point (saturated liquid) at a given pressure– Sensible Heat raises the temperature of the water and
can be sensed with a thermometer
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
O PSIG
212 F.
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
1 lb. Water1 lb. Water
HEAT
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater at at Atmospheric Pressure Contains Atmospheric Pressure Contains 180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
10“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
15 PSIG
HEAT
250 F.
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater at at 15 PSIG Contains 15 PSIG Contains 218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
Adding Heat Energy – Sensible HeatAdding Heat Energy – Sensible Heat
11“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
60 PSIG
HEAT
308 F.
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater at at 60 PSIG Contains 60 PSIG Contains 277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
12“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Latent HeatHeat Energy – Latent Heat
• Latent Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required to transform water at the boiling point (saturated liquid) to steam– Adding Latent Heat does not raise the temperature –
saturated liquid and steam have the same temperature for a given pressure
13“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
O PSIG
212 F.
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
1 lb. Steam1 lb. Steam
HEAT1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at Atmospheric at Atmospheric Pressure Contains Pressure Contains 970 Btu’s of Latent Heat970 Btu’s of Latent Heat
14“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
15 PSIG
HEAT
250 F.
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 15 PSIGat 15 PSIGContains 945 Btu’s of Contains 945 Btu’s of Latent HeatLatent Heat
15“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
60 PSIG
HEAT
308 F.
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 60 PSIG at 60 PSIG Contains 904 Btu’s of Contains 904 Btu’s of Latent HeatLatent Heat
16“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What is the Effect of Pressure?What is the Effect of Pressure?
Increased Pressure:
– Decreases the amount of Latent Heat
– Increases the amount of Sensible Heat
17“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What is the Effect of Pressure?What is the Effect of Pressure?
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
LatentHeat
BTU/lb
SensibleHeat
BTU/lb
0 psig
15 pig
50 psig
18“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What Is The Effect Of Pressure?What Is The Effect Of Pressure?
• Increased Pressure:– Decreases the Specific Volume
26.8
13.8
5.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
Specific Volume vs. Pressure (cu. ft / lb) (psig)
0 PSIG
15 PSIG
60PSIG
19“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What Is The Effect Of Pressure?What Is The Effect Of Pressure?
• Increased Pressure:– Increases the Steam Temperature
212 250308
0
100
200
300
400
1
Steam Temperature vs. Pressure (Deg. F) (psig)
0 PSIG
15 PSIG
60PSIG
20“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
The Pressure / Temperature / Volume RelationshipThe Pressure / Temperature / Volume Relationship
La
ten
t H
ea
t
Se
ns
ible
He
at
Sp
ecif
ic V
olu
me
Ste
am P
res
su
re
Ste
am T
em
pe
ratu
re
21“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Identifying Steam PropertiesIdentifying Steam Properties
Steam Tables
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Steam tables allow us to identify all of the important properties of steam, given
either the steam temperature or the steam pressure
Example: Steam at 250oF is at 15 psig, with 945 Btu’s/lb of Latent Heat Steam at 5 psig is at 228oF, with 196 Btu’s/lb of Sensible Heat
24“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Now That We’ve Made SteamNow That We’ve Made Steam
What Do We Do With ItWhat Do We Do With It
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Since Steam is used to Transfer Heat Energy From One Location
to Another . . .
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It only makes sense that we take It only makes sense that we take the heat energy back out and the heat energy back out and
use it to do work.use it to do work.
27“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Removing Latent HeatRemoving Latent Heat
Atmospheric Pressure
Btu's
32
180212
9701150
212
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 lb. of Steam at 212F, with a TOTAL HEAT content of 1150 Btu/lb. – 970 Btu’s of LATENT HEAT
= 1 lb. of boiling water (Saturated Liquid) at 212F with a heat content of 180 BTU’s/lb.
Remember:Remember:
The Latent Heat added at the boiler is what we have available to do work in our equipment
BUT . . .
When we remove Latent Heat we create Condensate
28“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
29“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Latent Heat can be removed Latent Heat can be removed intentionally, in a piece of heat intentionally, in a piece of heat
exchange equipment, or exchange equipment, or unintentionally, from unintentionally, from radiationradiation
heat loss in pipingheat loss in piping
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
What does this Unintentional Heat Loss Mean to your Steam System?What does this Unintentional Heat Loss Mean to your Steam System?
100 psig 337.9F
50.3 psig 297.97F
PRV
Trap
TrapTrap
Trap
TrapTrap
Vent
Condensate Steam Vapor
31“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:It Means:
The Steam System is Constantly Being Filled With Water (Condensate)
32“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:It Means:
Your Steam System is Subject to Corrosion
Subcooled Condensate + CO2 Forms Carbonic Acid
( CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 )
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:It Means:
Your Steam System is Subject to Water Hammer
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:It Means:
Your Heat Exchange Equipment is Less Efficient
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:It Means:
Your System Must Be Properly Piped
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David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:It Means:
Your Equipment Must Be Properly TrappedYour Equipment Must Be Properly Trapped
37“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Armstrong PromiseArmstrong Promise
We provide intelligent system solutions that improve utility performance, lower energy consumption, and reduce environmental emissions . . . while providing
an “enjoyable experience”!
Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
37“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®
38“Expect many enjoyable experiences!”
David M. Armstrong
®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
©2008 Armstrong International, Inc.