2009 04.s10-admin-topics4
TRANSCRIPT
Copyright 2009 Peter Baer Galvin - All Rights Reserved
Solaris 10 Administration Topics Workshop4- Security
By Peter Baer Galvin
For Usenix Last Revision Apr 2009
Saturday, May 2, 2009
Copyright 2009 Peter Baer Galvin - All Rights Reserved
About the SpeakerPeter Baer Galvin - 781 273 4100
www.cptech.com
My Blog: www.galvin.info
Bio
Peter Baer Galvin is the Chief Technologist for Corporate Technologies, Inc., a leading systems integrator and VAR, and was the Systems Manager for Brown University's Computer Science Department. He has written articles for Byte and other magazines. He was contributing editor of the Solaris Corner for SysAdmin Magazine , wrote Pete's Wicked World, the security column for SunWorld magazine, and Pete’s Super Systems, the systems administration column there. He is now Sun columnist for the Usenix ;login: magazine. Peter is co-author of the Operating Systems Concepts and Applied Operating Systems Concepts texbooks. As a consultant and trainer, Mr. Galvin has taught tutorials in security and system administration and given talks at many conferences and institutions.
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Objectives
Explore the new Solaris 10 security features, from an admin point of view
Some app/dev points made to guide developers
Convey their current status, usability, and future functionalityHelp prepare for Solaris 10 deploymentSome pre-Solaris 10 coverage when needed
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Prerequisites
Recommend at least a couple of years of Solaris experience
Or at least a few years of other Unix experience
Best is a few years of admin experience, mostly on Solaris
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About the Tutorial
Every SysAdmin has a different knowledge setA lot to cover, but notes should make good reference
So some covered quickly, some in detailSetting base of knowledge
Please ask questionsBut let’s take off-topic off-line
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Fair Warning
Sites varyCircumstances varyAdmin knowledge variesMy goals
Provide information useful for each of you at your sitesProvide opportunity for you to learn from each other
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Why Listen to Me?
20 Years of Sun experienceSeen much as a consultantHopefully, you've used:
My Usenix ;login: columnThe Solaris Corner @ www.samag.comThe Solaris Security FAQSunWorld “Pete's Wicked World”SunWorld “Pete's Super Systems”Unix Secure Programming FAQ (out of date)Operating System Concepts (The Dino Book), now 8th edApplied Operating System Concepts
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Slide Ownership
As indicated per slide, some slides copyright Sun Microsystems
Feel free to share all the slides - as long as you don’t charge for them or teach from them for fee
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OverviewLay of the Land
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Schedule
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Coverage
Solaris 10 is a moving targetThis tutorial based on FCS (Jan / Mar 05)Plus “Nevada” build 53
How to get Solaris 10Download from SunMedia Kits now shipping
How to get Solaris 10+Join Solaris Express for month releasesOpensolaris.org for “untested” releases
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Outline
OverviewSun OverviewDTrace (lab?)RBAC (lab)PrivilegesNFS V4Flash archives and live upgradeMoving from NIS to LDAPFTP client and server enhancements
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OutlinePAM enhancements Auditing enhancementsBSMSolaris Cryptographic FrameworkSmartcard interfaces and APIsKerberos enhancementsPacket filteringBARTTrusted ExtensionsOverall Solaris 10 SecurityConclusionsReferences
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Your Objectives?
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Lab PreparationHave device capable of telnet on USENIX network
Or have a buddy
Learn your “magic number”
Telnet to 131.106.62.100+”magic number”
User “root, password “lisa”
It’s all very secure
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Lab Preparation
Or...
Use virtualbox
Use your own system
Use a remote machine you have legit access to
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Introduction
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OverviewSolaris 10 includes lots of new security features
Security is important to administrators
It usually annoys users
We’ll look at each new feature, how useful, powerful and annoying it is
Should provide a good roadmap for what to use, when
How can they be used to solve the following problems
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Sun Overview
Quick high-level overview of Sun’s view of Solaris security
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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S10 Security Status
According to Sun:Solaris 10 11/06 is currently in evaluation at EAL4+, one of the highest level of Common Criteria Certification, with three Protection Profiles: Labeled Security Protection Profile (LSPP), Controlled Access Protection Profile (CAPP) and Role-Based Access Control Protection Profile (RBACPP). In addition, Solaris 10 3/05 has completed evaluation at EAL4+ with CAPP and RBACPP.
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Good Security HygieneChecklist #1 - Use before making a change
Is the syntax of the command correct?Is the command the right one to make the change?Is there a better way to make the change?Are the right options entered / selected?Is today Friday? Is today some other day on which it would be exceptionally bad to break something (such as the day before leaving for a vacation or conference)?What are the chances that executing this will break something?If this change would break something, can I undo the action?Is this a documented way to accomplish the task?If this is a new way to make a change, should I document it?And finally, what effect might this action have on security?
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Virtualization and Security
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Virtualization Options
Containers / Zones (more below)
Xen (xVM server) - bare metal hypervisor + guests
Run other OSes (linux, win) with S10+ has the host
Industry semi-standard
Para-virtualization, x86 only
LDOMs - hard partitions, shipped in May 2007
Run multiple copies of Solaris on the same coolthreads chip (Niagara, Rock in the future)
Some resource management - move CPUs and mem
VMWare - solaris as a guest, not a host so far, x86 only
Traditional Sun Domains - SPARC only, Enterprise servers only
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Security ImpactLots of security issues around virtualization
How many “systems” are in a given environment?
Hidden / unknown systems
“System” audit could involve dozens of OSes!
Separately secure
HW - servers, storage, devices, etc
OS - per-os security regardless of HW
Apps
Virtualization infrastructure (ESX management, Solaris server, Hypervisor management, and on and on)
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Zones OverviewThink of them of chroot on steroids
Virtualized operating system services
Isolated and “secure” environment for running apps
Apps and users (and superusers) in zone cannot see / effect other zones
Delegated admin control
Virtualized device paths, network interfaces, network ports, process space, resource use (via resource manager)
Application fault isolation
Detach and attach containers between systems
Cloning of a zone to create identical new zone
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Zones Overview - 2Low physical resource use
Up to 8192 zones per system!
Differentiated file system
Multiple versions of an app installed and running on a given system
Inter-zone communication is only via network (but short-pathed through the kernel
No application changes needed – no API or ABI
Can restrict disk use of a zone via the loopback file driver (lofi) using a file as a file system
Can dedicate an Ethernet port to a zone
Allowing snooping, firewalling, managing that port by the zone
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(From System Administration Guide: N1 Grid Containers, Resource Management, and Solaris Zones)35
Saturday, May 2, 2009
Copyright 2009 Peter Baer Galvin - All Rights Reserved(From the Solaris 10 Sun Net Talk about Solaris 10 Security)
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LDOMsLogical domains
Released April ’07
Only on Niagara and future CMT chips (Niagara II, Rock)
Like enterprise-system domains but within one chip
Slice the chip into multiple LDOMs, each with its own OS root, boot independently, et
Now can run multiple OSes on 1 SPARC chip
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LDOMs - DetailsCan create up to 1 LDOM per thread(!)
Best practice seems to be max one LDOM per core
i.e. 8 LDOMs on Niagara I and II
Nice intro bloghttp://blogs.sun.com/ash/entry/ultrasparc_t2_launched_today
And nice flash demohttp://www.sun.com/servers/coolthreads/ldoms/
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DTrace
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DTrace and Security
New tool has security implicationsDTrace so cool we need to take a quick look
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DTrace OverviewBest tool ever for understanding system behavior
Uses language D, based on C
Fully dynamic, full probing of kernel and user apps
Fully scalable
Enabled in Solaris 10 – no custom kernel or configuration changes needed
Use DTrace today to solve non-S10 problems
Move the “problem” to a test / dev S10 machine, debug, and then back port the solution to the original machine
Way to much to cover here
So I’ll whet your appetite
Got example code available at http://users.tpg.com.au/adsln4yb/dtrace.html
All DTrace resources at http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/content/dtrace/
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DTrace and SecurityDTrace doesn’t “weaken” security model
Root with or without DTrace is God
But with DTrace easier to be a bad God
Watch ssh typing
Watch shell I/O
DTrace disabled in zones by default
As of Nevada build 37 (and probably S10 U2), can give DTrace user and process privileges to a zone
Zone can’t get DTrace kernel priv
Can’t see outside of the zone
# zonecfg -z myzone
zonecfg:myzone> set limitpriv=default,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user
zonecfg:myzone> ^D
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DTrace Example - 1connections.d snoop inbound TCP connections as they are established, displaying the server process that accepted the connection
# ./connections.d UID PID IP_SOURCE PORT CMD 0 254 192.168.001.001 23 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 23 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 79 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 21 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 0 254 192.168.001.001 79 /usr/sbin/inetd -s 100 2319 192.168.001.001 6000 /usr/openwin/bin/Xsun :0 -
nobanner
0 254 192.168.001.001 79 /usr/sbin/inetd -s [...] 44
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DTrace Example - 2
The following script counts number of write(2) calls by application:
syscall::write:entry{@counts[execname] = count();}
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DTrace Example - 4# dtrace -s write-calls-by-app.ddtrace: script 'write-calls-by-app.d' matched 1 probe^C
dtrace 1 login 1 sshd 2 sh 6 telnet 6 w 7 df 12 in.telnetd 25 mixer_applet2 61 gnome-panel 108 metacity 125 gnome-terminal 197#
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DTrace Example - 5
Let’s have a look at the size of the writes to file descriptor 5, per section of user code (!)
syscall::write:entry/execname == "sshd" && arg0 == 5/{@[ustack()] = quantize(arg2);}
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DTrace Example - 6bash-2.05b# dtrace -s write-sshd-fd-5.d
dtrace: script 'write-sshd-fd-5.d' matched 1 probe
^C
libc.so.1`_write+0xc
sshd`atomicio+0x2d
805b59c
sshd`main+0xd59
805b1fa
value ------------- Distribution ------------- count
8 | 0
16 |@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ 1
32 | 0
libc.so.1`_write+0xc
sshd`packet_write_poll+0x2e
sshd`packet_write_wait+0x23
sshd`userauth_finish+0x19f
805f42e
sshd`dispatch_run+0x49
sshd`do_authentication2+0x7c
sshd`main+0xdc7
805b1fa
value ------------- Distribution ------------- count
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DTrace Example - 7#!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s
#pragma D option flowindent
pid$1::$2:entry
{
self->trace = 1;
}
pid$1:::entry, pid$1:::return, fbt:::
/self->trace/
{
printf("%s", curlwpsinfo->pr_syscall ?
"K" : "U");
}
pid$1::$2:return
/self->trace/
{
self->trace = 0;
}
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DTrace Toolkit
DTrace Toolkit with lots (> 90) of great scripts
Includes scripts for Python, Perl, Java, PHP, Ruby, Tcl, Javascript
Best starting point for learning DTrace
Means you don’t have to be DTrace expert to use DTrace (for good or evil)http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/dtrace/dtracetoolkit/
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DTrace Toolkit Hits
dexplorer - run a lot of tools for a few seconds and log output to a file
Other key scripts include
dtruss, dvmstat, execsnoop, hotkernel, hotuser, errinfo, iopattern, iosnoop, iotop, opensnoop, procsystime, rwsnoop, rwtop, statsnoop
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DTrace One-LinersSnarfed from http://www.solarisinternals.com/wiki/index.php/DTrace_Topics_One_Liners
Processes * New processes with arguments, dtrace -n 'proc:::exec-success { trace(curpsinfo->pr_psargs); }'Files * Files opened by process name, dtrace -n 'syscall::open*:entry { printf("%s %s",execname,copyinstr(arg0)); }' * Files created using creat() by process name, dtrace -n 'syscall::creat*:entry { printf("%s %s",execname,copyinstr(arg0)); }'Syscalls * Syscall count by process name, dtrace -n 'syscall:::entry { @num[execname] = count(); }' * Syscall count by syscall, dtrace -n 'syscall:::entry { @num[probefunc] = count(); }' * Syscall count by process ID, dtrace -n 'syscall:::entry { @num[pid,execname] = count(); }' * Read bytes by process name, dtrace -n 'sysinfo:::readch { @bytes[execname] = sum(arg0); }'I/O * Write bytes by process name, dtrace -n 'sysinfo:::writech { @bytes[execname] = sum(arg0); }' * Read size distribution by process name, dtrace -n 'sysinfo:::readch { @dist[execname] = quantize(arg0); }' * Write size distribution by process name, dtrace -n 'sysinfo:::writech { @dist[execname] = quantize(arg0); }'Physical I/O * Disk size by process ID, dtrace -n 'io:::start { printf("%d %s %d",pid,execname,args[0]->b_bcount); }' * Disk size aggregation dtrace -n 'io:::start { @size[execname] = quantize(args[0]->b_bcount); }' * Pages paged in by process name, dtrace -n 'vminfo:::pgpgin { @pg[execname] = sum(arg0); }'
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More DTrace One-linersMemory * Minor faults by process name, dtrace -n 'vminfo:::as_fault { @mem[execname] = sum(arg0); }'User-land * Sample user stack trace of specified process ID at 1001 Hertz dtrace -n 'profile-1001 /pid == $target/ { @num[ustack()] = count(); }' -p PID * Trace why threads are context switching off the CPU, from the user-land perspective, dtrace -n 'sched:::off-cpu { @[execname, ustack()] = count(); }' * User stack size for processes dtrace -n 'sched:::on-cpu { @[execname] = max(curthread->t_procp->p_stksize);}' Kernel * Sample kernel stack trace at 1001 Hertz dtrace -n 'profile-1001 /!pid/ { @num[stack()] = count(); }' * Interrupts by CPU, dtrace -n 'sdt:::interrupt-start { @num[cpu] = count(); }' * CPU cross calls by process name, dtrace -n 'sysinfo:::xcalls { @num[execname] = count(); }' * Trace why threads are context switching off the CPU, from the kernel perspective, dtrace -n 'sched:::off-cpu { @[execname, stack()] = count(); }' * Kernel function calls by module dtrace -n 'fbt:::entry { @calls[probemod] = count(); }'
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DTrace Lab (!)
Try some one-linersWhich work in a non-global zone?
Try some of the scripts in /usr/demo/dtraceHow useful is non-global zone DTrace?
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RBAC
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RBAC
Been in Solaris since release 8Basis for access control on SolarisA bit, um, complicatedQuick review here
How many of you are using RBAC?Let’s take the nickel tour to get up to speed:
http://mediacast.sun.com/share/bartbl/blog-5cent-rbac-tour.mov
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RBAC TerminologyAdministrative Roles – (or just “roles”) for grouping authorizations, profiles and commands together as a common set of functions. Think of these as special user accounts to which profiles are assigned.Profiles -- (also known as "execution profiles" or "rights profiles") a collection of authorizations, commands, and/or other profiles that together provide for performing a set of administrative tasks.
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RBAC Terminology - 2
Authorizations – permissions that grant access to restricted actions that are otherwise prohibited by the security policy. These are typically assigned in a profile, but can also be assigned to a user or a role. Think of this as tokens that can be checked by RBAC-aware programs. Rather than checking if UID=0 to allow an action, such programs can check if, for example, the user has authorization token “solaris.admin.diskmgr.read”.
Privileged program – a program with security attributes that enables special functions depending on a check of user-id, group-id, privileges, or authorizations. These are setuid or setgid programs, or programs with assigned privileges.
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RBAC UseUser assumes a role - placed in a special profile-understanding shell
pfcsh, pfksh, and pfsh
Shells know how to read through the various config files in /etc/security (and /etc/user_attr)
Determines the rights profiles of the role and the components of those profiles, enforces them
I.e., if a role had the Name Service Security rights profile, then user would be allowed to run /usr/bin/nischown with the effective user-id of 0 (from /etc/security/exec_attr)
The administrator creates a profile of authorizations and privileged commands for task or tasks
Can be assigned directly to a user or to (better) a role
Without authorizations, user is prevented from executing a privileged application, or prevented from performing operations within a privileged application
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RBAC Use - 2
Easiest RBAC admin is to use the Solaris Management Console (smc)User is allowed to assume zero or more roles by knowing the password of the roles
Similar to using the su command
When the user assumes a role, the capabilities of the role are available
List of roles available to that user is displayed by the roles command
User su’s to an available role to accomplish privileged tasks
No default roles
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/etc/security/exec_attr
# head exec_attr
Application Server Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/appserver/bin/asadmin:
Software Installation:suser:cmd:::/usr/bin/pkgparam:uid=0
Network Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/in.named:uid=0
File System Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/mount:uid=0
Software Installation:suser:cmd:::/usr/bin/pkgtrans:uid=0
Name Service Security:suser:cmd:::/usr/bin/nisaddcred:euid=0
Mail Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/makemap:euid=0
FTP Management:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/ftprestart:euid=0
File System Management:solaris:cmd:::/sbin/mount:privs=sys_mount
Software Installation:suser:cmd:::/usr/sbin/install:euid=0
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RolesTypical types of roles:
primary administrator - the traditional superuser, with all privileges, system administrator – an administrator without security-modification privileges,operator – an administrator with a limited, specific set of privileges,advanced user – a user with privileges to debug and fix her own system or programs
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Solaris Privileges
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PrivilegesReally known as “least privilege”
Only the minimum privileges to get a job done should be available
Alternative to being root or no one
Done at the API levelSetUID programs can dictate fine grain access to kernel features
Can limit what privs children have
Should further help can buffer overflows and other privilege escalation methods
Done at the user or role levelAll specific users to perform specific operations regardless of the programs being run
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Privileges - 2New level of management of rights within a Solaris 10 systemFine-grained privileges that can be assigned to entitiesThe kernel enforces the new requirement that, to perform a special function, the entity must have the privilege to do so. Can work in parallel with traditional superuser functionality for backward compatibility.
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Privilege Sets
E - Effective privilege set – the current set of privileges that are in effectI - Inheritable privilege set – the set of privileges that a process can inherit across an exec()P - Permitted privilege set - the set of privileges that are available for useL - Limit privilege set – the outside limit of what privileges are available to a process and its children
Used to shrink the “I” set when a child is created, for example
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Privileges Example
traceroute is now privilege enabled$ ls -l /usr/sbin/traceroute-r-sr-xr-x 1 root bin 35392 Jul 3 14:42 /usr/sbin/traceroute
$ /usr/sbin/traceroute 1.2.3.4 &[2] 7841# pcred 78417841: e/r/suid=101 e/r/sgid=14
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Privileges Example - 2# ppriv -v 78417841: /usr/sbin/traceroute 1.2.3.4flags = PRIV_AWAREE: file_link_any,proc_exec,proc_fork,proc_info,proc_session
I: file_link_any,proc_exec,proc_fork,proc_info,proc_session
P: file_link_any,net_icmpaccess,net_rawaccess,proc_exec,proc_fork,proc_info,proc_session
L: none
Note exploit needs to execute fully in the context of traceroute to make use of its privileges because the "Limit“ set is empty
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Privileged Daemon Example
# ppriv `pgrep rpcbind`153: /usr/sbin/rpcbindflags = PRIV_AWARE E: basic,!file_link_any,net_privaddr,!proc_exec,!proc_info,!proc_session,sys_nfs
I: basic,!file_link_any,!proc_exec,!proc_fork,!proc_info,!proc_session
P: basic,!file_link_any,net_privaddr,!proc_exec,!proc_info,!proc_session,sys_nfs
L: basic,!file_link_any,!proc_exec,!proc_fork,!proc_info,!proc_session
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RBAC and PrivilegesUse RBAC to assign specific privs to roles or users
By default, all non-setuid processes have the “basic” set of privileges assigned
Create a role with that privilege and then allow the user to assume that role
The list of available privileges is available in the privileges(5), and via the all important ppriv command (the “-lv” options)
Divided into categories, including file, ipc, net, proc, and sys privileges
For example, enable users in role “test” to do process management and use DTrace features
Create “test” role in /etc/user_attr
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RBAC and Privileges - 2# roleadd -u 201 -d /export/home/test -P \ "Process Management" test
# rolemod -K \defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,\dtrace_kernel test# grep test /etc/user_attrtest::::type=role;defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dtrace_kernel;profiles=Process Management
# passwd testNew password:Re-enter new password:# mkdir -p /export/home/test
The user would need to switch to the role “test” to use
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RBAC and Privileges - 3$ ppriv $$
10897: -bash
flags = <none>
E: basic
I: basic
P: basic
L: all
$ dtrace -s bitesize.d
dtrace: failed to initialize dtrace: DTrace requires additional privileges
$ su - test
password:
Roles can only be assumed by authorized users
su: Sorry
# usermod –R test pbg
(then login as pbg)
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RBAC and Privileges - 4$ roles
test
$su test
password:
$ ppriv $$
11022: pfsh
flags = <none>
E: basic,dtrace_kernel,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user
I: basic,dtrace_kernel,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user
P: basic,dtrace_kernel,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user
L: all
$ dtrace –s bitesize.d
. . .
Alternately, privileges can be directly assigned to users, as in:
pbg::::type=normal;roles=primary_administrator,test; \
defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dtrace_kernel
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Privilege Assignment
To add a privilege to a specific user, use the usermod command to add the privilege to the user’s default privileges, as in
# usermod –K defaultpriv=basic,proc_clock_high_res jdoe
Unfortunately, to be able to assign a specific privilege to a specific command, the command must be written to be privilege aware
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Privilege Assignment - 2Currently, native system programs are becoming privilege aware and having a limited set of privileges assigned to them
Includes most setuid-root and network daemons
API available with privileges to allow Solaris programmers to write privilege aware programs
ppriv command can be used on a program that is failing due to a lack of privilege, to determine exactly the privileges that the program needs to succeed
Appropriate privileges can be assigned to the program, or assigned to a role or user to allow that program to run properly when the appropriate set of users runs it
Good white paper by Sun about privilege-enabling an arbitrary set-UID program: http://www.sun.com/blueprints/0406/819-6320.pdf
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Final Privilege Notes
ppriv allows examination of a command to determine what privileges it would need$ ppriv -e -D cat /etc/shadowcat[418]: missing privilege "file_dac_read" (euid = 21782),needed at ufs_access+0x3ccat: cannot open /etc/shadowppriv -l lists all available privileges-v does so with details
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/etc/passwd# cat /etc/passwd
root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
daemon:x:1:1::/:
bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:
sys:x:3:3::/:
adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:
lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:
uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:
nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico
smmsp:x:25:25:SendMail Message Submission Program:/:
listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:
gdm:x:50:50:GDM Reserved UID:/:
webservd:x:80:80:WebServer Reserved UID:/:
nobody:x:60001:60001:NFS Anonymous Access User:/:
noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:
nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x NFS Anonymous Access User:/:
pbg:x:101:14::/export/home/pbg:/bin/bash
test:x:201:1::/export/home/test:/bin/pfsh
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/etc/user_attr# cat /etc/user_attr
#
# Copyright (c) 2003 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
#
# /etc/user_attr
#
# user attributes. see user_attr(4)
#
#pragma ident "@(#)user_attr 1.1 03/07/09 SMI"
#
adm::::profiles=Log Management
lp::::profiles=Printer Management
root::::auths=solaris.*,solaris.grant;profiles=Web Console Management,All;lock_after_retries=no
test::::type=role;defaultpriv=basic,dtrace_proc,dtrace_user,dtrace_kernel;profiles=Process Management
pbg::::type=normal;roles=test
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LabsCreate new user “foo”
Create new role “operator”
Find list of profiles
Add some profiles to role “operator”
Add user foo to role “operator”
Find list of privileges
Add some privileges to role “operator”
Add some privileges to user “foo”
Test user foo in role “operator”
Test user “foo” privileges
Explore the system to find all of the changes associated with the new user and role
What file would you need to look in during an audit to check a user for more privileges?
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NFS V4
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NFS V4 OverviewStateful rather than stateless
All traffic uses one port number (2049)
Can negotiate security authentication protocol, including using Kerberos (SEAM) and DES
The /etc/default/nfs file uses keywords to control the NFS protocols that are used by both the client and the server
Uses the string representations to identify the owner or group_owner via the nfsmapid daemon
Supports mandatory locking (multiple lock types)
When you unshare a file system, all the state for any open files or file locks in that file system is destroyed
Servers use a pseudo file system to provide clients with access to exported objects on the server
Server provides a view that just includes the exported file systems
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NFS V4 Overview - 2Supports client and server recovery from a crash
Supports client fail-over between multiple replicated copies of a file system on different servers
Supports volatile file handles
Delegation, a technique by which the server delegates the management of a file to a client, is supported on both the client and the server.
I.e. the server could grant either a read delegation or a write delegation to a client.
Does not use the following daemons:
lockd
mountd
nfslogd
statd
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NFS V4 Use
Enable it via NFS_CLIENT_VERSMIN and NFS_CLIENT_VERSMAX in the /etc/default/nfs file
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Solaris Flash Archives
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System Build Technology
What does it have to do with security?Capture state of system just after virgin buildFast restoreUseful for comparisonAlso good for DR / BC
This is available pre-Solaris 10, but generally under-utilized
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Flash ArchivesCreate master system – single reference installationThen replicate master to clone systems
Initial install overwrites all filesystems on target cloneUpdate only includes differences between two system images (on master and clone)Differential update changes only specified files of a clone based on a master
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Flash Archives Initial InstallInstall master server however you’d like
(Optional) Prepare customization scripts to reconfigure or customize the clone system before or after installation
Create the Solaris Flash archive. The Solaris Flash archive contains a copy of all of the files on the master system, unless you excluded some nonessential files
Install the Solaris Flash archive on clone systems
Master and clone system must have the same kernel architecture
Can run scripts to customize clone or install extra packages using custom jumpstart
(Optional) Save a copy of the master image
If you plan to create a differential archive, the master image must be available and identical to the image installed on the clone systems
Note – best to start from Entire Plus OEM install image to get all drivers clones might need
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Flash Archives DeploymentCreate archive after full master install but before software configuration
I.E. No Solaris Volume Manager config
Master should be as inactive as possible
Create archive with flar create –n name options path/filename
Save it to disk or tape
Make a copy for differential archive creation
Can keep multiple archives – just costs disk
Can compress archives
To install from an archive, select Solaris Flash installation during standard installation procedures
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Updating Clone with Flash Differential Archive
1. Start from master identical to clone
2. Prepare the master system with changes
3. (Optional) Prepare customization scripts to reconfigure or customize the clone system before or after installation
4. Mount the directory of a copy of the saved-unchanged master image
1. Second image is to be used to compare the two system images
2. Mount it from a Solaris Live Upgrade boot environment
3. Mount it from a clone system over NFS
4. Restore from backup using the ufsrestore command
5. Create the differential archive with the -A option of the flar create command
6. Install the differential archive on clone systems with custom JumpStart
1. Or, use Solaris Live Upgrade to install the differential archive on an inactive boot environment
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Moving from NIS to LDAP
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Why Move?NIS is old, limited, not secure
Weak authentication
Not much encryption
Nonstandard
NIS+ is complicated and EOL
Sorry if you already moved to it
Don’t move to NIS+ if you haven’t already
LDAP is the wave of the future
“Standard”
Full features
Expandable, flexible, interoperable
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NIS to LDAP OverviewThe NIS–to–LDAP transition service (N2L service) replaces existing NIS daemons on the NIS master server with NIS–to–LDAP transition daemons
The N2L service also creates a NIS–to–LDAP mapping file on that server
Specifies the mapping between NIS map entries and equivalent Directory Information Tree (DIT) entries in LDAP
A transitioned server is called an N2L server
Slave servers do not have an NISLDAPmapping file, so they continue as usual
The slave servers periodically update their data from N2L server
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NIS to LDAP Overview - 2Behavior of the N2L service is controlled by the ypserv and NISLDAPmapping configuration files
A script, inityp2l, assists with initial setup of configuration files.
Once N2L server has been established, you can maintain N2L by editing configuration files
The N2L service supports:
Import of NIS maps into LDAP DIT
Client access to DIT information with speed and extensibility of NIS
When using N2L LDAP directory is source of authoritative data
Eventually, all NIS clients can be replaced by Solaris LDAP naming services clients
Many gory details in SysAdmin Guide to Naming and Directory Services
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FTP Server Enhancements
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FTP Server EnhancementsThe sendfile() function is used for binary downloads
New capabilities supported in the ftpaccess file
flush-wait controls the behavior at the end of a download or directory listing
ipcos sets the IP Class of Service for either the control or data connection
passive ports can be configured so that the kernel selects the TCP port to listen on
quota-info enables retrieval of quota information
recvbuf sets the receive (upload) buffer size used for binary transfers
rhostlookup allows or disallows the lookup of the remote hosts name
sendbuf sets the send (download) buffer size used for binary transfers
xferlog format customizes the format of the transfer log entry
-4 option which makes the FTP server only listen for connections on an IPv4 socket when running in standalone mode
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FTP Server Enhancements - 2
ftpcount and ftpwho now support the -v option, which displays user counts and process information for FTP server classes defined in virtual host ftpaccess filesThe FTP client and server now support Kerberos
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PAM Enhancements
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PAM EnhancementsPluggable Authentication Module (PAM) framework enhancements
The pam_authtok_check module now allows for strict password checking using new tunable parameters in the /etc/default/passwd file. The new parameters define:
A list of comma separated dictionary files used for checking common dictionary words in a password
The minimum differences required between a new password and an old password
The minimum number of alphabetic or nonalphabetic characters that must be used in a new password
The minimum number of uppercase or lowercase letters that must be used in a new password
The number of allowable consecutive repeating characters
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PAM Enhancements - 2The pam_unix_auth module implements account locking for local users. Account locking is enabled by the LOCK_AFTER_RETRIES parameter in /etc/security/policy.conf and the lock_after-retries key in /etc/user_attr
The pam_unix module has been removed and replaced by a set of service modules of equivalent or greater functionality. Many of these modules were introduced in the Solaris 9 release. Here is a list of the replacement modules:
pam_authtok_checkpam_authtok_getpam_authtok_storepam_dhkeyspam_passwd_authpam_unix_accountpam_unix_authpam_unix_credpam_unix_session
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PAM Enhancements - 3
The functionality of the pam_unix_auth module has been split into two modules. The pam_unix_auth module now verifies that the password is correct for the user. The new pam_unix_cred module provides functions that establish user credential information.Additions to the pam_krb5 module have been made to manage the Kerberos credentials cache using the PAM framework.
A new pam_deny module has been added. The module can be used to deny access to services. By default, the pam_deny module is not used
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/etc/default/passwd$ cat /etc/default/passwd
#ident "@(#)passwd.dfl 1.7 04/04/22 SMI"
#
# Copyright 2004 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved.
# Use is subject to license terms.
#
MAXWEEKS=
MINWEEKS=
PASSLENGTH=6
# NAMECHECK enables/disables login name checking.
# The default is to do login name checking.
# Specifying a value of "NO" will disable login name checking.
#
#NAMECHECK=NO
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/etc/default/passwd - 2
# HISTORY sets the number of prior password changes to keep and
# check for a user when changing passwords. Setting the HISTORY
# value to zero (0), or removing/commenting out the flag will
# cause all users' prior password history to be discarded at the
# next password change by any user. No password history will
# be checked if the flag is not present or has zero value.
# The maximum value of HISTORY is 26.
#
# This flag is only enforced for user accounts defined in the
# local passwd(4)/shadow(4) files.
#
#HISTORY=0
#
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/etc/default/passwd - 3
# Password complexity tunables. The values listed are the defaults
# which are compatible with previous releases of passwd.
# See passwd(1) and pam_authtok_check(5) for use warnings and
# discussion of the use of these options.
#
#MINDIFF=3
#MINALPHA=2
#MINNONALPHA=1
#MINUPPER=0
#MINLOWER=0
#MAXREPEATS=0
#MINSPECIAL=0
#MINDIGIT=0
#WHITESPACE=YES
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/etc/default/passwd - 4
### passwd performs dictionary lookups if DICTIONLIST or
DICTIONDBDIR# is defined. If the password database does not yet
exist, it is# created by passwd. See passwd(1), pam_authtok_check(5)
and# mkdict(1) for more information.##DICTIONLIST=#DICTIONDBDIR=/var/passwd
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Stronger Password Crypto
Modify /etc/security/policy.conf to use stronger password crypto
CRYPT_DEFAULT=md5Passwords less likely to be “crack”ed if found encrypted
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BSM
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BSM
Solaris Basic Security ModuleAlso known as Solaris auditingPart of Solaris for a while, but little usedVery detailed accounting of system / user activitiesCan be too much – watch your disk spaceGood article at http://www.deer-run.com/~hal/sysadmin/SolarisBSMAuditing.html
Except for disk space, not very resource intensive
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BSM Setup
BSM not enabled by defaultbsmconv configures BSMCreates files in /etc/securityaudit_startup runs at startup, configuring auditing via auditconfig commands
/usr/bin/echo "Starting BSM services."/usr/sbin/auditconfig -setpolicy +cnt/usr/sbin/auditconfig -conf/usr/sbin/auditconfig -aconf
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BSM Setup – contaudit_control is primary config file
dir:/var/auditflags:minfree:20naflags:lo
flags defines audit events to pay attention tonaflags defines non-attributable events to pay attention to
audit_event can fine-tune auditing (defines events and divides them into classes)audit_class defines masks for accessing classes
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BSM Setup - contRun audit –n out of cron to cycle the (otherwise infinite) log file:
0 * * * * /usr/sbin/audit –n
Compress and move the audit log to secure storage
Do so rapidly on security-conscious machines (i.e. web servers)
auditreduce can extract specific info from and audit log
praudit can dump native audit binary data for readability
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BSM Tuning Recommended auditing settings for more security-conscious systems from http://www.cisecurity.com/bench_solaris.html
Generated via this awk script:awk 'BEGIN { FS = ":"; OFS = ":" }
($4 ~ /fm/) && ! ($2 ~ /MCTL|FCNTL|FLOCK|UTIME/) \
{ $4 = $4 ",cc" }
($4 ~ /p[cms]/) && \
! ($2 ~ /FORK|CHDIR|KILL|VTRACE|SETGROUPS|SETPGRP/) \
{ $4 = $4 ",cc" }
{ print }' audit_event >audit_event.new
And associated audit_control configuration:dir:/var/auditminfree:20flags:lo,ad,ccnaflags:lo,ad,ex
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Auditing Enhancements
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Auditing EnhancementsCan use the syslog utility to store audit records in text format
Enable and configure in /etc/security/audit_control
dir:/var/audit
flags: lo,ad,-fm
minfree:20
naflags:lo,ad
plugin: name=audit_syslog.so;p_flags=lo,+ad;\
qsize=512
Add audit.notice /var/adm/auditlog to /etc/syslog.conf
touch /var/adm/auditlog
Use logadm to manage the logs
The praudit –x creates output formatted in XML
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Auditing Enhancements - 2
Audit metaclasses provide an umbrella for finer-grained audit classes
The bsmconv command no longer disables the use of the Stop-A key
The Stop-A event can be audited
The timestamp in audit records now displays in ISO 8601 format
Three audit policy options have been added:public – Public objects are no longer audited for read-only events, reducing the audit log size
perzone – A separate audit daemon runs in each zone
zonename – The name of the Solaris zone in which an audit event occurred can be included in audit records
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Auditing Enhancements - 3
Five audit tokens have been added:The cmd token records the list of arguments and the list of environment variables that are associated with a commandThe path_attr token records the sequence of attribute file objects that are below the path token objectThe privilege token records the use of privilege on a processThe uauth token records the use of authorization with a command or actionThe zonename token records the name of the non-global zone in which an audit event occurred
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Solaris Cryptographic Framework
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Crypto FrameworkProvides common store of crypto algorithms and PKCS #11 libraries optimized for SPARC and x86
PKCS #11 – public key crypto standard defining technology-independent API for crypto devices
Currently provides IPSec and Kerberos to kernel, libsasl and IKE to users via plugins:
User-level plugins – Shared objects that provide services by using PKCS #11 libraries, such as pkcs11_softtoken.so.1
Kernel-level plugins – Kernel modules that provide implementations of cryptographic algorithms in software, such as AES
Hardware plugins – Device drivers and their associated hardware accelerators i.e. Sun Crypto Accelerator 1000 board
Framework implements a standard interface, the PKCS #11, v2.11 library, for user-level providers. Can be used by third-party applications to reach providers
Third parties can add signed libraries, signed kernel algorithm modules, and signed device drivers to the framework
plugins are added when the pkgadd utility installs the third-party software
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Figure 8–1 Overview of the Solaris Cryptographic Framework
(From Solaris 10 Solaris Security for Developers Guide)
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Crypto Framework AdminAdministration via cryptoadm command:
$ cryptoadm list
user-level providers:
/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pkcs11_kernel.so
/usr/lib/security/$ISA/pkcs11_softtoken.so
kernel software providers:
des
aes
arcfour
blowfish
sha1
md5
rsa
swrand
kernel hardware providers:
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Crypto Framework User Commands
digest– Computes a message digest for one or more files or for stdin. A digest is useful for verifying the integrity of a file. SHA1 and MD5 are examples of digest functions.
mac – Computes a message authentication code (MAC) for one or more files or for stdin. A MAC associates data with an authenticated message. A MAC enables a receiver to verify that the message came from the sender and that the message has not been tampered with. The sha1_mac and md5_hmac mechanisms can compute a MAC.
encrypt – Encrypts files or stdin with a symmetric cipher. The encrypt -l command lists the algorithms that are available. Mechanisms that are listed under a user-level library are available to the encrypt command. The framework provides AES, DES, 3DES (Triple-DES), and ARCFOUR mechanisms for user encryption.
decrypt – Decrypts files or stdin that were encrypted with the encrypt command. The decrypt command uses the identical key and mechanism that were used to encrypt the original file.
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Key GenerationFor MAC and encryption, need symmetric key
Determine algorithm to use and length of key needed
$ encrypt -l
Algorithm Keysize: Min Max (bits)
------------------------------------------
aes 128 128
arcfour 8 128
des 64 64
3des 192 192
$ mac -l
Algorithm Keysize: Min Max (bits)
------------------------------------------
des_mac 64 64
sha1_hmac 8 512
md5_hmac 8 512
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EncryptingUse a random number generator, or dd to create a key
Note that bs is in bytes, so divide bits by 8
$ dd if=/dev/random of=keyfile bs=n count=1
Protect the key in the keyfile$ chmod 400 keyfile
Example for AES:$ dd if=/dev/random of=$HOME/keyf/05.07.aes16 bs=16 count=1
$ chmod 400 ~/keyf/05.07.aes16
Now use the key to create an MD5 MAC:$ mac -v -a md5_hmac -k $HOME/keyf/05.07.mack64 email.attach md5_hmac (email.attach) = 02df6eb6c123ff25d78877eb1d55710c % echo "md5_hmac (email.attach) =
02df6eb6c123ff25d78877eb1d55710c" \ >> ~/mac.daily.05.07
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Decrypting and verifying
Example - Use AES for encryption using a keyphrase
$ encrypt -a aes -i ticket.to.ride \
-o ~/enc/e.ticket.to.ride
Enter key: <Type passphrase>
The opposite of encrypt is decrypt:$ decrypt –a aes –i ~/enc/e.ticket.to.rideEnter Key:<decrypted message is output>
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Labs
Pick an encryption algorithm and key length and encrypt and decrypt a sample messageHow do we use the MAC shown in the above slides?Compute a MAC or digest, modify a sample message, and then recompute
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Kerberos Enhancements
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Kerberos EnhancementsThe KDC software, the user commands and applications now support TCP
Support for IPv6 was added to kinit, klist and kprop commands. Support for IPv6 addresses is provided by default. There are no configuration parameters to change to enable IPv6 support. No IPv6 support is available for the kadmin and kadmind commands.
A new PAM module called pam_krb5_migrate has been introduced. Helps in the automatic migration of users to the local Kerberos realm, if they do not already have Kerberos accounts.
The ~/.k5login file can now be used with the GSS applications ftp and ssh
The kproplog utility has been updated to output all attribute names per log entry
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Kerberos Enhancements - 2
Kerberos protocol support is provided in remote applications, such as ftp, rcp, rdist, rlogin, rsh, ssh, and telnetThe Kerberos principal database can now be transferred by incremental update instead of by transferring the entire database each time
Increased database consistencies across serversThe need for fewer resources (network, CPU, and so forth)Much more timely propagation of updatesAn automated method of propagation
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Kerberos Enhancements - 3
A new script to help automatically configure a Kerberos clientSeveral new encryption types have been added to the Kerberos service
The AES encryption type can be used for high speed, high security encryption of Kerberos sessions. The use of AES is enabled through the Cryptographic Framework.
ARCFOUR-HMAC provides better compatibility with other Kerberos versions.
Triple DES (3DES) with SHA1 increases security. This encryption type also enhances interoperability with other Kerberos implementations that support this encryption type.
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Kerberos Enhancements - 4
A new -e option has been included to several subcommands of the kadmin command. This new option allows for the selection of the encryption type during the creation of principals.
Additions to the pam_krb5 module manage the Kerberos credentials cache by using the PAM framework.
Support is provided for auto-discovery of the Kerberos KDC, admin server, kpasswd server, and host or domain name-to-realm mappings by using DNS lookups
A new configuration file option makes the strict TGT verification feature optionally configurable on a per-realm basis
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Kerberos Enhancements - 5
Extensions to the password-changing utilities enable the Solaris Kerberos V5 administration server to accept password change requests from clients that do not run Solaris software.
The default location of the replay cache has been moved from RAM-based file systems to persistent storage in /var/krb5/rcache
The GSS credential table is no longer necessary for the Kerberos GSS mechanism
The Kerberos utilities, kinit and ktutil, are now based on MIT Kerberos version 1.2.1
The Solaris Kerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC) is now based on MIT Kerberos version 1.2.1
Note that Kerberos V5 support means that (theoretically) NFS traffic can now be encrypted
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Packet Filtering
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Packet Filtering Overview
Solaris used to have nothing, then SunScreen was commercial, then SunScreen was included, now ipfilter is standardSolaris IP Filter is a host-based firewall that is derived from the open source IP Filter code, developed and maintained by Darren Reed
Based on version 4.0.33 of the open source IP FilterUses the STREAMS module, pfil, to intercept packetsBy default, pfil is not autopushed onto network interface cards (NICs). Autopush of pfil is disabled for all drivers
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Packet Filtering Overview - 2
Provides packet filtering and network address translation (NAT), based upon a user-configurable policy
Rules are configurable to filter either statefully or statelessly
Command line interface only
ipf for loading or clearing packet filter rules
ipnat for loading or clearing NAT rules
ippool for managing address pools associated with IP rules
ipfstat for viewing per-interface statistics
ipmon for viewing of logged packets
Good info at http://www.obfuscation.org/ipf/
Only works in the global zone (so far)
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ipfilter DetailsCan match on the following IP header fields
Source or destination IP address (including inverted matches)
IP protocol
TOS (Type of Service)
IP options or IP security classes
Fragment
In addition it can:
Distinguish between various interfaces
Return an ICMP error or TCP reset for denied packets
Keep packet state information for TCP, UDP, and ICMP packet flows
Keep fragment state information for any IP packet, applying the same rule to all fragments in that packet
Use redirection to set up true transparent proxy connections
Provide packet header details to a user program for authentication
Provide temporary storage of pre-authenticated rules for passing packets
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ipfilter Details - 2Special provision is made for the three most common Internet protocols, TCP, UDP and ICMP. Can match based on:
TCP or UDP packets by port number or a port number range
ICMP packets by type or code
Established TCP packet sessions
Any arbitrary combination of TCP flags
Note IPMP only supports stateless packet filtering
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Enable ipfilterDisabled by default
Assume a role that includes the Network Management rights profile, or become superuser
Edit /etc/ipf/pfil.ap
Uncomment the interface(s) to filter on
Put filter rules in /etc/ipf/ipf.conf for automatic use at boot
Put NAT rules in /etc/ipf/ipnat.conf for automatic use at boot
Put config info in /etc/ipf/ippool.conf for pooling of interfaces at boot time
Reboot or run svcadm restart pfil
Activate filtering via svcadm enable ipfilter
unplumb and replumb the interface(s) to filter (or reboot)
Now enable ipfiltering
Enable filtering: ipf –E
Activate filtering: ipf -f filename
Activate NAT if wanted: ipnat –f filename
Monitor with ipfstat
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/etc/ipf/ipf.confRules processed top to bottom
Entire ruleset is run, not just until a match
Last matching rule always has precedence
“quick” rule option says to stop processing if matchpass in quick on lo0 all
pass out quick on lo0 all
block in log all
block out all
pass in quick proto tcp from any to any port = 113 flags S keep state
pass in quick proto tcp from any to any port = 22 flags S keep state
pass in quick proto tcp from any port = 20 to any port 39999 >< 45000 flags S keep state
pass out quick proto icmp from any to any keep state
pass out quick proto tcp/udp from any to any keep state keep frags
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/etc/ipf/ipnat.conf
Very feature rich translation of address and portsSome examples:
map eri1 192.168.1.0/24 -> 20.20.20.1/32 map eri1 192.168.1.0/24 -> 0/32 portmap tcp/udp auto map eri1 192.168.1.0/24 -> 20.20.20.1/32 proxy port ftp
ftp/tcp rdr eri1 20.20.20.5/32 port 80 -> 192.168.0.5,
192.168.0.6, port 8000
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/etc/ipf/ippool.conf
Pool of addresses used by ipfilterUsed for defining a single object that contains multiple IP address / netmask pairs
Then rule can be applied to a poolipf rule: pass in from pool/100 to any
table role = ipf type = tree number = 100
{ 1.1.1.1/32, 2.2.0.0/16, !2.2.2.0/24 };
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ipfilter status
ipfstat –io shows current filter rulesipfstat shows the current state tableipfstat –s shows state statisticsipfstat –t shows top-like status informationippool –s shows pool statisticsipnat –s shows NAT statisticsndd -get /dev/pfil qif_status shows pfil statistics in the kernelipmon –a shows the ipfilter log
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ipfilter Lab (only for Global Zone)
Install ipfiltersBuild a rule to allow everything but finger inModify the rule to allow everything but ftp outTest the rulesExamine the firewall stateExamine the log files
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BART
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BARTBasic Auditing and Reporting ToolQuick and easy way to collect info on filesystem object and attributes
Then use to look for changes
Much like tripwire, but integral to Solaris 10
Create and compare modesCreate
Entire system, specific dirs, subset of files, or specific rules based
Creates manifest
CompareTake two manifests and optional rules and output comparison information
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BART
Good info on centralizing, securing, and
automating use of BART from http://blogs.sun.com/roller/page/gbrunett/20041001#automating_solaris_10_file_integrity
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BART – Set up Accounts
First create non-login, profile shell account to collect file system info and create BART manifests
# mkdir -p /export/home # useradd -d /export/home/bartadm -m -s /bin/pfsh bartadm# passwd -N bartadm
passwd: password information changed for bartadm
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BART Setup Security AccessConsider setting up a “manager” system and doing key and BART manifest management there
$ ssh-keygen -t dsa
Generating public/private dsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/export/home/bartadm/.ssh/id_dsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /export/home/bartadm/.ssh/id_dsa.
Your public key has been saved in /export/home/bartadm/.ssh/id_dsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is: 42:ca:d7:fa:ab:1c:f8:c0:5b:2c:7b:56:28:85:dc:65 bartadm@manager
Now copy public key (id_dsa.pub) from manager to client system and rename it to “authorized_keys”
And limit SSH via that key to run only one command, add to beginning of “authorized_keys”:
command="/usr/bin/bart create -r -" <key>
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BART Create Rights Profile
Allows “bartadm” user to run BART with sufficient privsAdd to /etc/security/prof_attr
File Integrity:::File Integrity Management: Add to /etc/security/exec_attr:
File Integrity:solaris:cmd:::/usr/bin/bart\:privs=file_dac_read,file_dac_search
Enable the File Integrity right to user “bartadm”# usermod -P "File Integrity" bartadm
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Configure and Run BART
Create client.rules file on manager to tell BART what to doThis example checks /usr/sbin:
/usr/sbin CHECK all
Now run BART from manager to client$ cat ./client.rules | ssh -T -l bartadm client > ./
client.manifest.1
Periodically rerun that command and BART the differences:$ bart compare -r ./client.rules ./client.manifest.1 ./
client.manifest.2 . . .
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BART Next Steps
Information on tying BART together with the Solaris Fingerprint Database (available for free from SunSolve - http://www.sun.com/blueprints/0501/Fingerprint.pdf ) to find changes to files shipped by Sun available fromhttp://www.securitydocs.com/library/2693
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Trusted Extensions
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Overview
Used to be Trusted SolarisSome of that baked into “standard” Solaris 10Some now available as Trusted ExtensionsReimplementation of Trusted Solaris 8 based on new security features in Solaris 10Renamed because delivered as an optional set of extensions to SolarisExtends Solaris security by enforcing a mandatory access control (MAC) policyMeets requirements of Common Criteria Labeled Security Protection Profile (LSPP) and Role-Based Access Protection Profile (RBAC)
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ComponentsConsists of a set of label-aware services that are derived from Trusted Solaris 8
Labeled NetworkingLabel-aware Filesystem Mounting and SharingLabeled PrintingLabeled Desktops
Java Desktop SystemCommon Desktop Environment
Label Configuration and TranslationLabel-aware System Management ToolsLabel-aware Device Allocation
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ImplementationNo app changes, file system changes neededBuilt on zone technology
For each label, entire app environment virtualized within a containerCan be multiple instances of each resource and service at each labelVery efficient
Labels made up of classifications (levels) and compartments (categories)Classifications are hierarchical, compartments disjoint At least 256 of each allowedLabels can be specified as rangesAdmin roles can assign label ranges to users, network attribs, workstations, and devices via the Trusted Path
All zones administered from protected global zone to manage Trusted Computing Base (TCB) known as Trusted PathZones share an LDAP directory containing network-wide policy
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Implementation - contIPSec is used for source IP authentication and data encryptionLoop back mounts and NFS mounts allow for file sharingZones with matching labels can share r/w accessZone with lower-level label has r/w access, higher label-zone has r/o accessOne-way guards for tamper-proof logging possible via named pipe loop-back mounted to higher-level zoneMounts automatically labeled by kernel based on zone and host labelsLeast Privs can be used to modify abilities of zones and processes in zonesUser interface is CDE or Java DS
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administrator. Figure 1–4 shows a typical multilevel Trusted Extensions session on a system that isconfigured to display labels. The labels and trusted stripe are indicated.
Trusted Path menu
Trusted symbol Workspace label
Windowlabel stripe
Front panel
Window iconlabel stripe
Trusted stripe
FIGURE 1–4Typical Solaris Trusted Extensions (CDE) Session
Containers and LabelsTrusted Extensions uses containers for labeling. Containers are also called zones. The global zone isan administrative zone, so is not available to users. Non-global zones are called labeled zones.Labeled zones are used by users. The global zone shares some system files with users.When thesefiles are visible in a labeled zone, the label of these files is ADMIN_LOW.
Network communication is restricted by label. By default, zones cannot communicate with eachother because their labels are different. Therefore, one zone cannot write into another zone.
However, the administrator can configure specific zones to be able to read specific directories fromother zones. The other zones could be on the same host, or the zones could be zones on remotesystems. For example, a user’s home directory in a lower-level zone can bemounted by using theautomount service. By convention, the pathname convention for such lower-level homemountsincludes the zone name:
/zone/name-of-lower-level-zone/home/username
Trusted Extensions ProvidesMandatoryAccess Control
Chapter 1 • Introduction to Solaris Trusted Extensions Software 19
(From Solaris Trusted Extensions User’s Guide)
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Enabling Trusted Solaris Extensions
Built into Solaris 10 11/07 and beyondDisabled by default in S10, enabled via one bit, then
Sensitivity labels are automatically applied to all sources of data (networks, filesystems, windows) and consumers of data (user and processes)Access to all data is restricted based on the relationship between the label of the data (object) and the consumer (subject)
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Example - Secure Browsing Laptop
Install latest Solaris 10Create a file system called “zone” Enable TX via install DVD commands
Solaris_10/ExtraValue/CoBundled/TrustedExtensions
or Solaris_11/ExtraValue/CoBundled/TrustedExtensionsIn those dirs (read the instructions) and either
Double-click the wizard.class file in the CDE File Manageror Open a terminal window and type:
# java wizardDownload http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/laptop/downloads/inetmenu-1.9.pkg.gz and http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/security/projects/tx/tx-laptop-install/inetmenu-tx.tar for ease of network re-configuration (i.e. laptop use)
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Example - Configure Networking
Unconfigure your system's network identityRemove any network interface configuration files, such as /etc/hostname.* and /etc/dhcp.*
Update your /etc/hosts and /etc/inet/ipnodes as follows: 127.0.0.1 localhost loghost 10.1.2.3 your-hostname
Create the /etc/nodename file# hostname >/etc/nodenameAdd the following entry to the /etc/security/tsol/tnrhdb file:10.1.2.3:cipsoSpecify the virtual network interface (VNI) for your system by adding the following to /etc/hostname.vni0# echo `hostname` all-zones >>/etc/hostname.vni0Add to LOCAL DEFINITIONS section of /etc/security/tsol/label_encodings:Default Label View is Internal;(Optional) If your system has NIS enabled, disable it by doing the following:# cp /etc/nsswitch.files /etc/nsswitch.conf# mv /var/yp /var/yp.saveReboot the systemThe system is running the Solaris Trusted Extensions software
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Example - Configure Trusted Extensions
1. Log in to Trusted Extensions CDE as superuser
2. Open a terminal window
3. Verify that the VNI interface is up and that the all-zones option is specified
# ifconfig -a
4. IP address for the vni0 interface should be same as inthe hosts and ipnodes files
vni0 interface should include the all-zones option
5. Start the Solaris Management Console via # smc &
6. From the Toolboxes menu, select the entry for your system that shows Scope=Files, Policy=TSOL
Click Open
7. Add yourself as a normal user
From the Navigation bar, select System Configuration, and then double-click the Users icon
The login window opens
Log in as root
Click User Accounts, and then select Add User With Wizard from the Action menu
Follow the instructions to add the user
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Example - Configure Trusted Extensions (cont)
8. After your account is created, double click your user icon to modify settings
Open the Trusted Extensions Attributes tab and modify these items:
Set the Clearance value to CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED
Set the Lock Account After Maximum Failed Logins value to No
Set the Idle Time value to Forever
Click OK
9. Edit the /etc/user_attr file to append the following to your user entry:
;roles=root
(temporary workaround until you have verified that your system is working correctly. At that time, you should configure root as a role)
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Example - Configure Trusted Extensions (cont)
10. Create security templates for the public and internal zones
From the Navigation bar, select System Configuration, and then double-click the Computers and Networks icon
Click Security Templates, and then choose Add Template from the Action menu
Specify the template name as public
Set the default label to PUBLIC
Set the Domain of Interpretation value to 1
Click OK
Choose Add Template from the Action menu
Specify the template name as internal
Set the default label to CONFIDENTIAL : INTERNAL USER ONLY
Set the Domain of Interpretation value to 1
Click OK
11. Manually update the kernel cache with trusted networking parameter values
# tnctl -T /etc/security/tsol/tnrhtp
12. Exit the Solaris Management Console
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Example - Configure Labeled Zones
1. Run the txzonemgr script and follow each of these steps (You must click OK each time to continue)
2. Create a new zone called public
Select Create A New Zone and click OK
Specify the zone name of public
Choose Select_Label and click OK
Choose PUBLIC
Choose Install to install the public zone
A window opens to show you the progress of the zone installation process
Choose Initialize to initialize the public zone
Choose Zone_Console to open the zone console window
Choose Boot to boot the zone
The public zone is rebooted automatically
The public zone will reboot again automatically
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Example - Configure Labeled Zones (cont)
3. From the zone terminal console window, log in as superuser and run the following commands:
Run these commands on a Solaris 10 11/06 system:
# rm /etc/auto_home_public
# netservices limited
# svcadm disable auditd
# svcadm disable cde-login
# exit
Run these commands on a Solaris Express system:
# rm /etc/auto_home_public
# svcadm disable auditd
# svcadm disable cde-login
# exit
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Example - Configure Labeled Zones (cont)
4. From txzonemgr, create the internal, needtoknow, and restricted zones
Choose Halt to halt the public zone
Choose Create_Snapshot to create a snapshot of the public zone
Choose Boot to boot the public zone
Choose Select Another Zone and click OK
Choose Create A New Zone and click OK
Name the new zone internal
Choose Select_Label and specify a value of CONFIDENTIAL : INTERNAL USE ONLY
Choose Clone and select zone/public@snapshot
Choose Zone_Console to open the zone console for the new zone
Choose Boot to boot the new zone
Repeat Steps d-j for the needtoknow and restricted zones, which use labels CONFIDENTIAL : NEED TO KNOW and CONFIDENTIAL : RESTRICTED, respectively
Choose Exit to exit the txzonemgr program
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Example - Install and Use inetmenu
1. Caution - The inetmenu program might be replaced with another utility in the future
2. Become superuser
2. Change to the /opt/tx directory
4. Unzip and install the inetmenu software
# gunzip inetmenu-1.9.pkg.gz
# pkgadd -d inetmenu-1.9.pkg
5. Apply the Trusted Extensions modifications to inetmenu
# cd /; tar xvf /opt/tx/inetmenu-tx.tar
6. Run inetmenu
# inetmenu
7. Select the DHCP-NoNIS option
Now, your network should be up with PUBLIC as the default label. You can run the txnetmgr command to verify that it is all-zones.
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Resources
http://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/security/projects/tx/TrustedExtensionsArch.pdfhttp://docs.sun.com/app/docs/coll/175.12http://opensolaris.org/os/community/security/projects/tx/tx-laptop-install/
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JASS / SST
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JASS Solaris Security ToolkitAdd-on Security tool to harden Solaris
Can be automated
Free
Supported with support contract
Solaris > = 8, but probably works < 8
The Solaris Security Toolkit 4.2 documentation is now available at:
http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/coll/sstoolkit4.2
You can also find extensive Sun BluePrints articles at:
http://www.sun.com/software/security/blueprints/index.html
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JASS DetailsUnderstands containers, LDOMS, System controllers, SMF, Secure by Default
Backs-up every file before it modifies the file
Can automatically undo all changes
Can be run to determine the state of a system compared to a secured state
Can be run periodically to reset a system to a secured state
Been around for a while (i.e tested and well used)
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JASS InstallationGet SUNWjass-4.2 (or current version)
pkgadd -d . SUNWjass
Tools now in /opt/SUNWjass
Lots of scripts, each to harden one aspect of the system
Put into use via “drivers”
Important safety tip - have a root connection to the system before running any driver
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JASS UseLook in /opt/SUNWjass/Drivers
Find a driver matching your desires
Change the driver to meet your requirements
Execute the driver via#cd /opt/SUNWjass/bin/ #jass-execute <your>.driver
Can undo what was just done#jass-execute -u
Consider creating a .driver for each class of system, using jumpstart to create the systems, and using JASS to harden each class of systems
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Overall Solaris 10 Security
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Secure By Default
Shipped in S10 8/07Default set of SMF services configure default hardened state, local-only operation (ssh only default enabled service)netservices command to broadly change network services statushttp://www.opensolaris.org/os/community/security/projects/sbd/
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Securing an S10 SystemUse knowledge from tutorial to secure a general purpose portable system
See the security Sun Blueprints: http://www.sun.com/blueprints
See especially the Solaris 10 Benchmark published by the Center for Internet Security: http://www.cisecurity.org/bench_solaris.html
From Glen Brunette blog http://blogs.sun.com/gbrunett/category/Solaris+10+Security
See also Clingan’s approach at http://blogs.sun.com/jclingan/?entry=securing_my_x2100
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Solaris Security Toolkit
Solaris Security Toolkit at http://www.sun.com/software/security/jass/
Tool that can automate system security changesFor Solaris 8, 9, 10Supported if you have a Solaris support contractDownload the tool and a patch to update for latest Solaris 10
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Security Settings - 1
Consider automating much of this with SST / JASSDisable ssh - now no services
% pfexec svcadm disable ssh% svcs sshSTATE STIME FMRIdisabled 21:30:12 svc:/network/ssh:default
Enable ipfilterUncomment or add the network interfaces to /etc/ipf/pfil.ap
Install a firewall configuration (next slide) into /etc/ipf/ipf.conf
Enable firewalling et al
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Security Settings - 2## ipf.conf## IP Filter rules to be loaded during startup## See ipf(4) manpage for more information on# IP Filter rules syntax.
pass out quick all keep state keep frags
# Drop all NETBIOS traffic but don't log it.
block in quick from any to any port = 137 #netbios-nsblock in quick from any to any port = 138 #netbios-dgmblock in quick from any to any port = 139 #netbios-ssn
# Allow incoming IKE/IPsec
pass in quick proto udp from any to any port = ikepass in quick proto udp from any to any port = 4500pass in proto esp from any to any
# Allow ping
# pass in quick proto icmp from any to any icmp-type echo
# Allow routing info
# pass in quick proto udp from any to port = route# pass in quick proto icmp from any to any icmp-type 9 # routeradvert# pass in quick proto igmp from any to any
# Block and log everything else that comes in
block in log allblock in from any to 255.255.255.255block in from any to 127.0.0.1/32
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Security Settings - 3
Change the default crypt algorithm in /etc/security/policy.conf
% cat /etc/security/policy.confCRYPT_DEFAULT=md5
Enable core dump notifications and store them in protected directory:
# coreadm global core file pattern: /var/core/core_%n_%f_%u_%g_%t_%p global core file content: default init core file pattern: core init core file content: default global core dumps: enabled per-process core dumps: disabled global setid core dumps: enabled per-process setid core dumps: disabled global core dump logging: enabled
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Security Settings - 4
Set the following parameters, create log files, disable login on serial ports
# grep "noexec_user_stack" /etc/systemset noexec_user_stack = 1set noexec_user_stack_log = 1
# grep nfs_portmon /etc/systemset nfssrv:nfs_portmon = 1
# grep TCP_STRONG_ISS= /etc/default/inetinitTCP_STRONG_ISS=2
# ls -l /var/adm/loginlog-rw------- 1 root sys 0 Sep 3 21:16 /var/adm/loginlog# ls -l /var/adm/debug-rw------- 1 root sys 0 Sep 3 21:16 /var/adm/debug
# pmadm -d -p zsmon -s ttya# pmadm -d -p zsmon -s ttyb
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Security Settings - 5Change system banners to warn away unauthorized usersChange root's home directory, convert root to be a Solaris role, and assigned the rights to assume root to only my local account:
$ getent passwd rootroot:x:0:0:Super-User:/root:/sbin/sh
$ grep "^root:" /etc/user_attrroot::::type=role;[...]
$ rolesroot
(Have a look in /etc/user_attr to determine if other users have privileges / roles that they shouldn’t.)Enable and configured Solaris auditing and BART for activity monitoringAlso secure BIOS and GRUB
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Security Settings - AuditCheck /etc/user_attr et al for security holesDoes the system have zones / containers?
Audit each of thoseDoes the system have LDOMS?
Audit each of thoseDoes the system have a service processor, ILOM, ALOM?
Audit each of those
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Solaris Security Benchmark
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Solaris Security Benchmark
Published by Center for Internet Security (CIS)Document describing recommended security stepsAppendix describing more advanced security stepsTool to test Solaris system and give it a security score (i.e. the “benchmark”)Note other benchmarks for other OSes
http://www.cisecurity.org/bench_solaris.html
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Yet Another Security ToolChecklist #2 - Use before trying a new tool
Do I already have a better tool?Is it multi-platform or one-off?Does it work, or just cause more work?Is it kept up-to-date?Does it change too-often (causing more work)?How much does it cost?Do I already know it or is it at least easy to learn?Is it likely to break or break something? (Go back to checklist #1.)
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First StepsFor Solaris 10 11/06 and 8/07, the best starting place is CIS_Solaris_Benchmark_v4.0
Benchmark document containing recommendationsAppendix with an overview of Solaris 10 security controlsInput from many security expertsFor each recommendation
information about what hardware platforms it pertains to if it is the OS defaultif the change applies to zones or just the global zoneif the Solaris Security Toolkit can be used to make the change
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Odds and EndsZFS “dataset” is hidden from the global zone - be sure to check each zone for dataNew install cluster – reduced networking software group – SUNWCrnet
Takes ~ 160MBProvides good core for minimal networked SolarisUse pkgrm to remove packages to avoid them being patched (sendmail et al)More details at http://www.securitydocs.com/pdf/2644.PDF
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Lab
Try these changes in your containerWhat else should be done to secure a system?
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Conclusions
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ConclusionsLots of new security features in Solaris 10Zones possibly most powerful for adminsPrivileges most powerful for system softwareMoves to become more industry-compatible
ipfilterKerberosNIS to LDAP
Powerful new APIsSolaris Crypto Framework
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Conclusions - 2
SMF allows fine grain service control, debuggingStill use security best practices (host lockdown, good passwords, etc)Not new, but be sure sendmail is preventing relaying
http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/features/articles/config_sendmail.html
Trusted Extensions complex, powerful, evolvingSecure by default mode makes our lives easierOther interesting features not covered here
Smart Card APISASL
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Copyright 2009 Peter Baer Galvin - All Rights Reserved
ReferencesSun Security Home Page
http://www.sun.com/securitySolaris Patches & Finger Print Database
http://sunsolve.sun.com/Sun Security Coordination Team
http://sunsolve.sun.com/securitySun BluePrints for Security
http://www.sun.com/blueprintsDeveloping a Security Policy
Trust Modelling for Security Arch. Development
Building Secure n-Tier Environments
How Hackers Do It: Tricks, Tips and Techniques
Solaris OE Security
http://www.sun.com/solarishttp://www.sun.com/security/jass
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Copyright 2009 Peter Baer Galvin - All Rights Reserved
ReferencesTrusted Solaris OE
http://www.sun.com/solaris/trustedsolaris
Java Securityhttp://java.sun.com/security
Network and Security Productshttp://www.sun.com/servers/entry/checkpoint
http://www.sun.com/networking
http://docs.sun.com Solaris 10 collection
Sun security blogs portal: http://blogs.sun.com/security/category/general
Privilege Bracketing in Solaris 10http://www.sun.com/blueprints/0406/819-6320.pdf
Some slides copyright Sun Microsystems, all rights reserved199
Saturday, May 2, 2009