2009 annual review of development effectiveness: achieving sustainable development

8/14/2019 2009 Annual Review of Development Effectiveness: Achieving Sustainable Development

1/180


2/180

0::< Ieeuic Pbpdrt de Dpbritmdes Bvicuitmde

Ieeuic Pbvmbw dl Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss 0::


3/180

IEERIC PB\MB[ DL HB\BCDZGBEX BLLBAXM\BEBQQ 0::

Iafmbvmek Qustimei`cb Hbvbcdpgbe

0::=

Xfb [drch @ien

[isfmektde, H.A.fttp?//www.wdrch`ien.drk/mbk


4/180

0::= Xfb Metbreitmdeic @ien ldr Pbadestruatmde ieh Hbvbcdpgbet / Xfb [drch @ien

9696 F Qtrbbt E[

[isfmektde, HA 0:811

Xbcbpfdeb? 0:0-8;1-9:::

Metbrebt? www.wdrchìen.drk

B-gimc? lbbhìanJwdrchìen.drk

Icc rmkfts rbsbrvbh

9 0 1 8 2 90 99 9: :=

Xfms vdcugb, bxabpt ldr tfb Gieikbgbet Pbspdesb ieh tfb Afimrgie's Quggiry, ms i prdhuat dl tfb still dl tfb Mehbpbehbet Bvicuitmde

Krdup dl tfb [drch @ien Krdup. Xfb lmehmeks, metbrprbtitmdes, ieh adeacusmdes bxprbssbh me tfms vdcugb hd edt ebabssirmcy rblcbat tfb vmbws dl

tfb Bxbautmvb Hmrbatdrs dl Xfb [drch @ien dr tfb kdvbregbets tfby rbprbsbet. Xfms vdcugb hdbs edt suppdrt iey kbebric melbrbeabs `bydeh tfb

sadpb dl tfb bvicuitmde, meacuhmek iey melbrbeabs i`dut tfb [drch @ien Krdup's pist, aurrbet, dr prdspbatmvb dvbricc pbrldrgieab.

Xfb [drch @ien Krdup hdbs edt kuirietbb tfb iaauriay dl tfb hiti meacuhbh me tfms wdrn. Xfb `duehirmbs, adcdrs, hbedgmeitmdes, ieh dtfbr

meldrgitmde sfdwe de iey gip me tfms wdrn hd edt mgpcy iey ouhkgbet de tfb pirt dl Xfb [drch @ien Krdup adeabremek tfb cbkic stitus dl iey

tbrrmtdry dr tfb behdrsbgbet dr iaabptieab dl suaf `duehirmbs.

Pmkfts ieh ZbrgmssmdesXfb gitbrmic me tfms pu`cmaitmde ms adpyrmkftbh. Adpymek ieh/dr triesgmttmek pdrtmdes dr icc dl tfms wdrn wmtfdut pbrgmssmde giy `b i vmdcitmde dl

ippcmai`cb ciw. Xfb Metbreitmdeic @ien ldr Pbadestruatmde ieh Hbvbcdpgbet / Xfb [drch @ien beadurikbs hmssbgmeitmde dl mts wdrn ieh wmcc

edrgiccy kriet pbrgmssmde td rbprdhuab pdrtmdes dl tfb wdrn prdgptcy.

Ldr pbrgmssmde td pfdtdadpy dr rbprmet iey pirt dl tfms wdrn, pcbisb sbeh i rbqubst wmtf adgpcbtb meldrgitmde td tfb Adpyrmkft Acbirieab

Abetbr Mea., 000 Pdsbwddh Hrmvb, Hievbrs, GI :9=01, RQI> tbcbpfdeb? =;6-;2:-68::> lix? =;6-;2:-88;:> Metbrebt? www.adpyrmkft.adg.

Icc dtfbr qubrmbs de rmkfts ieh cmabesbs, meacuhmek su smhmiry rmkfts, sfduch `b ihhrbssbh td tfb Dllmab dl tfb Zu`cmsfbr, Xfb [drch @ien, 9696

F Qtrbbt E[, [isfmektde, HA 0:811, RQI> lix? 0:0-200-0800> b-gimc? pu`rmkftsJwdrchìen.drk.

Zfdtd arbhmts? Advbr? Ziuc Ncbb, Hrbig amty, 9=09, 9:< witbradcdur de pipbr de airh`dirh, 8;,2 x 19 ag> Hmb Qiggcuek @brkkrube me hbe

Qtiitcmafbe Gusbbe zu @brcme> Icmeirm/Irt Pbsdurab, E]. Rsbh `y pbrgmssmde dl Irt Pbsdurab, E], ieh tfb Irtmsts Pmkfts Qdambty, E]. Zirt M?

@umchmek irafwiy, Mehmi. Zfdtd `y Aurt Airebgirn, adurtbsy dl tfb [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry. Zirt MM? Aieihmie ldrbst. Zfdtd `y Aurt Airebgirn,

adurtbsy dl tfb [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry.

MQ@E? =;6-:-6091-6912-=

b-MQ@E? =;6-:-6091-691


5/180

vmm I``rbvmitmdes

mx Ianedwcbhkgbets

xm Ldrbwdrh

xmmm Bxbautmvb Quggiry

xmx Gieikbgbet Adggbets

xxv Afimrpbrsdes Adggbets? Adggmttbb de Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss (ADHB)

1 9 Metrdhuatmde

2 ZIPX M? XPIANMEK @IEN ZBPLDPGIEAB

; 0 [drch @ien Zbrldrgieab me Zbrspbatmvb= Zrdobat Zbrldrgieab Pbadvbrbh me 0::6

90 Cdek-Xbrg Zbrldrgieab Qfdws i Acbir Zdsmtmvb Xrbeh

91 Qfmltmek Pbkmdeic ieh Qbatdric Adgpdsmtmde Ms Zirt dl tfb Pbisde ldr

Mgprdvbh Zbrldrgieab

92 [fbe Hmh Zbrldrgieab @bkme td Mgprdvb ieh [fy4

9; Zbrldrgieab Pitmeks dl Aduetry Zrdkrigs? Ed Qmgmcir Rpwirh Xrbeh

9= @ien III Ms Mgpdrtiet ùt Edt Pbkucircy Bvicuitbh

09 Cbvbc dl @ien Ihdptmde dl Pbabet MBK Pbadggbehitmdes Fis @bbe Hbacmemek09 Adeacusmdes

01 1 Xdwirh Gbisuri`cb Pbsucts ieh Mgprdvbh Zbrldrgieab Hiti02 Zrdkrbss Mgpcbgbetmek @ien-[mhb G&B Pbldrgs Ms Bvmhbet ùt Pbgimes

Aficcbekmek

0= @ien-[mhb Pbsucts Gbisurbgbet Qystbg? Ginmek Zrdkrbss, ut tdwirh

Reabrtime Behs

1: Rsb dl Mgpiat Bvicuitmde Ms Krdwmek, ùt Mts @beblmts Irb Edt Luccy

Iafmbvbh

12 Pbic-Xmgb Zrdobat Meldrgitmde? Adetmeubh Dvbrdptmgmsg

16 Badedgma Adst-@beblmt Ieicysms? I Hdrgiet Quòbat

1= Adeacusmdes89 ZIPX MM? IAFMB\MEK QRQXIMEI@CB HB\BCDZGBEXCBQQDEQ LPDG XFB

@IENQ BVZBPMBEAB

81 8 [drch @ien Quppdrt ldr Bevmrdegbetic Qustimei mcmty82 Xfb @iens Ipprdiaf td tfb Bevmrdegbet Fis Bvdcvbh me Pbspdesb td

Afiekmek Ebbhs

2: [drch @ien Quppdrt ldr tfb Bevmrdegbet Fis Pbadvbrbh Qmeab 0::0

21 Gimestrbigmek Bevmrdegbetic Adeabres iardss Qbatdrs Ms Gdrb Ippirbet

tfie Pbic

Adetbets

m m m


6/180

I E E R I C P B \ M B [ D L H B \ B C D Z G B E X B L L B A X M \ B E B Q Q 0 : : =

m v

22 Ieicytmaic [drn Ms Fbcpmek td Aiticyzb Meedvitmvb Bevmrdegbetic Mestrugbets

2; Metbreic ieh Bxtbreic Adestrimets Qfipb ieh Mefm`mt tfb @iens Bllbatmvbebss

2= Giodr Cbssdes


7/180v

A D E X B E X Q

2; 8.2 Dptmgic Iccdaitmde dl Bevmrdegbetic Pbsdurabs Ms Adestrimebh `y

Zdcmtmaic Pbicmtmbs it tfb Aduetry Cbvbc

26 8.< Xfb Mgpdrtieab dl Acmbet Adggmtgbet ieh Qustimebh [drch @ien

Bekikbgbet? Xfb Aisb dl Afmei


8/180

Xi`cbs90 0.9 Ivbrikb Ieeuic Afiekbs me Pitmeks btwbbe 9==1 ieh 0::6

98 0.0 Afiekbs me Zrdobat Adgpdsmtmde Iaaduet ldr i Qgicc Zdrtmde dl

Dvbricc Mgprdvbgbet

19 1.9 Xfb @iens Zrdkrbss me Mgpcbgbetmek MHI92 Pbadggbehitmdes11 1.0 Quggiry dl Hiti Rsbh ldr Bvicuitmek Zrdobat Dutadgbs, y Pbkmde

18 1.1 Quggiry dl Bvicuitmde Xypbs

1; 1.8 Cdw Pitmeks it Zrdobat Gmhpdmet Ldrbsfihdw [drsb Dutadgbs

1; 1.2 Ebircy Ficl dl Zrdobats Irb Rctmgitbcy Pitbh Cdwbr tfie Zrdobatbh it

Zrdobat Gmhpdmet

;9 2.9 Pbcitmdesfmp `btwbbe Badedgma Pitb dl Pbture/Lmeieamic Pitb dl

Pbture ieh BEPG Zrdobats `y Qu`tfbgb

v m



9/180

III Ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry iatmvmtmbs

IMHQ Iaqumrbh Mggueb Hblmambeay Qyehrdgb

IPHB Ieeuic Pbvmbw dl Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss

AIB Aduetry Issmstieab Bvicuitmde

AIQ Aduetry Issmstieab Qtritbky

AIQAP Aduetry Issmstieab Qtritbky Adgpcbtmde Pbpdrt

ABZL Armtmaic Badsystbg Zirtebrsfmp Lueh

HBA Hbvbcdpgbet Badedgmas Krdup

HMGB Hbvbcdpgbet Mgpiat Bvicuitmde Memtmitmvb

BEPG Bevmrdegbet ieh eituric rbsdurab gieikbgbet

BQ[ Badedgma ieh sbatdr wdrn

KHZ Krdss hdgbstma prdhuat

KBL Kcdìc Bevmrdegbet Liamcmty

KZP Kcdìc Zrdkrig Pbvmbw

K[Z Kcdìc [itbr Zirtebrsfmp

FMZA Fbivmcy Mehb`tbh Zddr Aduetrmbs

FM\ Fugie Mgguedhblmambeay \mrus

MIQ Mevismvb icmbe spbambs

M@PH Metbreitmdeic @ien ldr Pbadestruatmde ieh Hbvbcdpgbet

MAP Mgpcbgbetitmde Adgpcbtmde ieh Pbsucts Pbpdrt

MHI Metbreitmdeic Hbvbcdpgbet IssdamitmdeMBK Mehbpbehbet Bvicuitmde Krdup

MLA Metbreitmdeic Lmeieab Adrpdritmde

MQP Mgpcbgbetitmde Qtitus ieh Pbsucts Pbpdrt

M[PG Metbkritbh witbr rbsdurab gieikbgbet

GIP Gieikbgbet Iatmde Pbadrh

G&B Gdemtdrmek ieh bvicuitmde

GMKI Guctmcitbric Mevbstgbet Kuirietbb Ikbeay

EKD Edekdvbregbetic drkiemzitmde

DBAQ Drkiemzitmde dl Bistbre Airm``bie Qtitbs

DZAQ Dpbritmdes Zdcmay ieh Aduetry Qbrvmabs

ZIH Zrdobat Ipprimsic Hdaugbet

ZIPMQ09 Zirtebrsfmp me Qtitmstmas ldr Hbvbcdpgbet me tfb 09st Abetury

ZPDLDP Zrdkrig de Ldrbsts

YIK Yuicmty Issurieab Krdup

PBHH Pbhuamek Bgmssmdes lrdg Hbldrbstitmde ieh Hbkrihitmde

PGQ Pbsucts Gbisurbgbet Qystbg

XI Xbafemaic issmstieab

RELAAA Remtbh Eitmdes Lrigbwdrn Adevbetmde de Acmgitb Afiekb

[@K [drch @ien Krdup

[@M [drch @ien Mestmtutb

[HM [drch Hbvbcdpgbet Mehmaitdrs

I``rbvmitmdes

v m m


10/180

Adttde pciet, I`u Isfbr, Quhie. Zfdtd y Ireb Fdbc, adurtbsy dl [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry.


11/180

Ianedwcbhkgbets

Xfms rbpdrt wis prbpirbh `y i adrb tbig dl Afrms

Kbrrirh, Iehrbw [irebr, Odfe Brmnssde, Ciurbe

Nbccy, Emhfm Nfittrm, ieh @rbtt Cm`rbsad, uehbr tfb

cbihbrsfmp dl Girn Queh`brk. Ihhmtmdeic suppdrt

wis prdvmhbh `y Ieei Ikfugmie, Oivmbr @ibz,

Irup @iebrom, Kiyitrm Hitir, Vmgbei Hbc Airpmd,

Bcimeb Ddm, Hmiei Qicvbgmem, Obssb Xdrrbeab,

Zigbci \bcbz-\bki, ieh Iehrbw [ixgie. Mt wis

prdabssbh `y Hmiei Find`yie ieh ]vbttb

Oirbeamd-Cunìe, wmtf issmstieab lrdg ]bzbei

]mgbr. Xfb rbpdrt wis bhmtbh `y [mccmig Furcùt

ieh Airdcmeb GaBube.

Odfieebs Cmee ieh Qusgmti Hiskupti sbrvbh is

pbbr rbvmbwbrs dl tfb lmeic bvicuitmde rbpdrt.

\icui cb adggbetiry wis icsd prdvmhbh y Girtfi

Imeswdrtf, Fies-Girtme @dbfgbr, Nbe Afdgmtz,

Iprmc Adeebccy, Icm Nfihr, Eicmem Nugir, O.Z. Qmekf,

]dsfmeb Rafmguri, ieh Pmafirh [drhbe.

Xfb bvicuitmde tbig krbitcy ipprbamitbs tfb tmgb

ieh mesmkfts kmvbe y tfb giey mehmvmhuics mesmhb

ieh dutsmhb tfb @ien metbrvmbwbh ldr tfms rbpdrt.

Xfb bvicuitmde `beblmtbh su`stietmiccy lrdg tfb

adestruatmvb ihvmab ieh lbbhìan lrdg giey

still me tfb [drch @ien Krdup.

Xfb bvicuitmde wis adehuatbh uehbr tfb kumhieab

dl Girn Queh`brk, Gieikbr, MBK Adrpdritb ieh

Kcdìc Bvicuitmde ieh Gbtfdhs Remt.

Hmrbatdr-Kbebric, Bvicuitmde? \medh Xfdgis

Hmrbatdr, Mehbpbehbet Bvicuitmde Krdup, [drch @ien? Afbryc Kriy

Gieikbr, Adrpdritb ieh Kcdìc Bvicuitmde ieh Gbtfdhs?Girn Queh`brk

Odmet Xisn Gieikbrs?Iehrbw [irebr, Zirt M, Afrms Kbrrirh, Zirt MM

m x


12/180

Xbrriabh rmab pihhmbs ebir i Pbh _id vmccikb, dutsmhb Qpi, Cid Aim Zrdvmeab, edrtfbre \mbteig. Zfdtd y Xrie Xfm Fdi, adurtbsy dl

tfb [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry.


13/180

Ldrbwdrh

Bvbe is tfb kcdìc lmeieamic armsms adesugbs

wdrch ittbetmde, bevmrdegbetic hbkrihitmde

rbgimes igdek tfb ldrbgdst aficcbekbs dl dur

tmgb. Mehbbh, tfb hiekbrs issdamitbh wmtf

acmgitb afiekb fivb rbabetcy `bbe rbadkemzbh,

ùt dtfbr bevmrdegbetic prd`cbgsimr ieh

witbr pdccutmde, sdmc brdsmde ieh hbsbrtmlmaitmde,

witbr sairamty ieh `mdhmvbrsmty cdssadetmeub td

`b ebkcbatbh. Xfb [drch @ien ms uemqubcy

pdsmtmdebh td suppdrt aduetry, rbkmdeic, ieh

kcdìc blldrts td adelrdet tfbsb aficcbekbs me i

wiy tfit prdgdtbs cdek-tbrg badedgma krdwtf

ieh pdvbrty rbhuatmde.

Xfms ybirs Ieeuic Pbvmbw dl Hbvbcdpgbet

Bllbatmvbebss (IPHB) spdtcmkfts tfb @iens rdcb me

fbcpmek aduetrmbs td ihhrbss tfbsb bevmrdegbetic

aficcbekbs. [drch @ien suppdrt ldr bevmrdegbet

prdobats fis rbadvbrbh smeab 0::0 wmtf tfb

suppdrt dl ebw sdurabs dl adeabssmdeic lmeieab.Bevmrdegbetic adeabres fivb rbabmvbh krdwmek

ittbetmde me Aduetry Issmstieab Qtritbkmbs.

Krdwmek eug`brs dl rbkmdeic prdobats irb

ihhrbssmek tfb sfirbh usb dl rbkmdeic `dhmbs dl

witbr suaf is tfb Emcb @isme, Cinb \matdrmi, ieh tfb

@cian ieh Iric Qbis. Ebw pirtebrsfmps ieh liamcm-

tmbs it tfb kcdìc cbvbc irb hbbpbemek @ien mevdcvb-

gbet ieh pdtbetmic mgpiat de acmgitb afiekb.

Dutadgbs dl bevmrdegbet prdobats fivb fmstdrm-

aiccy `bbe wbinbr tfie tfb @iens ivbrikb ldr icc

irbis, ùt fivb sfdwe sdgb mgprdvbgbet me

rbabet ybirs. Xfb @iens hmrbat prdobat suppdrt

ldr tfb bevmrdegbet fis fbcpbh hbvbcdp girnbt-

isbh mestrugbets ldr bevmrdegbetic gieikb-

gbet. Xfb @ien fis icsd iafmbvbh sdgb kimes me

tfb fmkfcy aficcbekmek ùt armtmaiccy tfrbitbebh

irbi dl `mdhmvbrsmty adesbrvitmde, ictfdukf lir

gdrb rbgimes td `b hdeb. Gimestrbigmek tfbsb

ieh dtfbr bevmrdegbetic prdkrigs metd aduetry

stritbkmbs ieh prdkrigs rbgimes i aruamic kip.

Guaf gdrb ebbhs td `b hdeb me gdemtdrmek ieh

bvicuitmde? tfrbb-quirtbrs dl bevmrdegbet-

rbcitbh prdobatstfdsb gieikbh `y sbatdrs

dtfbr tfie tfb bevmrdegbetcian systbgitma

rbpdrtmek dl bevmrdegbetic dutadgbs.

Is ms austdgiry, tfb IPHB icsd rbvmbws tfb

@iens pbrldrgieab me kbttmek rbsucts lrdg tfb

prdobats ieh aduetry prdkrigs mt suppdrts. Xfb

0::6 prdobat pbrldrgieab hiti sfdw mgprdvb-gbet me iafmbvmek hbvbcdpgbet dutadgbs,

ihhmek td beadurikmek bvmhbeab de tfb @iens

cdek-tbrg pbrldrgieab trbehs. @ut tfb rbadrh

de gdemtdrmek ieh rbpdrtmek dl hbvbcdpgbet

rbsucts adetmeubs td pdsb aficcbekbs ldr tfb

mestmtutmde. Xfb blldrts uehbr wiy td hbbpbe tfb

rbsucts ikbehi irb beadurikmek. Lurtfbr prdkrbss

wmcc `b aruamic ldr tfb metbreitmdeic hmsaussmdes

de Metbreitmdeic Hbvbcdpgbet Issdamitmde (MHI)

rbpcbemsfgbet ieh ldr tfb pdst-Nydtd ikrbbgbet

it tfb Adpbefikbe Quggmt.

\medh Xfdgis

Hmrbatdr-Kbebric, Bvicuitmde

x m


14/180

Gie me i lmbch smltmek sbbhs icdek Pbh Pmvbr me edrtfbre \mbteig. Zfdtd y Yuy-Xdie Hd, adurtbsy dl tfb [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry.


15/180x m m m

Xfms ybirsIeeuic Pbvmbw dl Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss (IPHB) ms bmek

wrmttbe ikimest tfb ìanhrdp dl i kcdìc lmeieamic armsms, hbacmemek

krdwtf, ieh gissmvb lmsaic stmgucus blldrts td rbvmticmzb girnbts. Hbgieh

ldr krbitbr hbvbcdpgbet suppdrt lrdg tfb [drch @ien fis krdwe, icdek wmtf

adeabres tfit rbsdurabs b usbh bllbatmvbcy ieh bllmambetcy td iafmbvb tfbmr hb-

vbcdpgbet dòbatmvbs. Xfms IPHB ldausbs de tfb @iens pbrldrgieab rbadrh

me kbttmek rbsucts lrdg mts prdobats ieh aduetry prdkrigs ieh, is ms austdg-

iry, bxigmebs me hbptf deb tdpma rbcitmek td hbvbcdpgbet bllbatmvbebss. Xfb

ldaus dl tfms IPHB ms de tfb @iens suppdrt ldr bevmrdegbetic sustimei`mcmty,

me rbspdesb td i @dirh rbqubst ldr i syetfbsms dl lmehmeks lrdg rbabet Mehb-

pbehbet Bvicuitmde Krdup (MBK) rbpdrts de tfb bevmrdegbet.

Xfb rbpdrt sfdws tfit tfb @iens pbrldrgieab

rbadrh hmspciys i gdhbritbcy strdek upwirh

trbeh dvbr tfb gbhmug tbrg, ieh rbabet

pbrldrgieab fis adetmeubh tfms trbeh. Mt icsd

sfdws tfit tfbrb fis `bbe i gmxbh rbadrh demgpcbgbetmek tfb ikbehi td strbektfbe tfb

@iens drmbetitmde, aipiamty, ieh gdemtdrmek

dl hbvbcdpgbet rbsuctstfb rbsucts ikbehi.

Mestmtutmdeic memtmitmvbs td strbektfbe prdobat-

cbvbc gdemtdrmek ieh bvicuitmde (G&B), td put me

pciab i Pbsucts Gbisurbgbet Qystbg ldr tfb

Metbreitmdeic Hbvbcdpgbet Issdamitmde (MHI),

ieh td mgpcbgbet rbsucts-ìsbh Aduetry

Issmstieab Qtritbkmbs irb it hmllbrbet stikbs dl

hbpcdygbet ieh fivb ybt td hbgdestritb i acbir

mgpiat de dutadgbs.

Xfms ybirs spbamic ldauskbttmek rbsucts ldr

sustimei`cb hbvbcdpgbetrblcbats tfb vmtic rdcb

dl sdueh bevmrdegbetic stbwirhsfmp ldr

hbvbcdpgbet ieh tfb krivb tfrbit tfit meiatmde

pdsbs dl rbvbrsmek kimes me krdwtf ieh pdvbrty

rbhuatmde. Xfb @iens rbadrh me mgpcbgbetmek

tfb 0::9 Bevmrdegbet Qtritbky ieh ihvieamek

tfb rbsucts ikbehi ms qumtb gmxbh. Ebw sdurabs

dl lmeieamek, meacuhmek rbsdurabs ldr kcdìc

blldrts, fivb fbcpbh cbehmek ieh suppdrt ldr tfb

bevmrdegbet td rbadvbr lrdg tfb cdws dl tfb

bircy 0:::s> ieicytma wdrn fis ldstbrbh meedvi-

tmvb ipprdiafbs ieh befieabh bevmrdegbeticiwirbebss> ieh hmrbat suppdrt ldr bevmrdegbetic

prdobats ms sfdwmek mgprdvbh pbrldrgieab, wmtf

tiekm`cb rbsucts. @ut mgpcbgbetitmde dl tfb

stritbky me gimestrbig bevmrdegbetic wdrn

iardss sbatdrs fis `bbe wbin ieh gust `b

strbektfbebh. Zrdobat pbrldrgieab sfdws i acbir

mgprdvmek trbeh.

Zrdobat Zbrldrgieab Qfdws i AcbirMgprdvmek XrbehXfb 0::6 [drch @ien prdobat pbrldrgieab hiti

sfdws mgprdvbgbet me iafmbvmek hbvbcdpgbet

dutadgbs, icciymek adeabres tfit tfb wbinbebh

pbrldrgieab dl 0::; aduch smkeic i ebw

hdwewirh trbeh. Xfb hbacmeb me 0::; wis

gdhbst, ieh pbrldrgieab rb`duehbh me 0::6.

@ien pbrldrgieab ms ritbh de i smx-pdmet saicb,

lrdg fmkfcy sitmsliatdry td fmkfcy uesitmsliatdry

(sbb `dx 0.9 me afiptbr 0 ldr ie bxpcieitmde dl

Bxbautmvb Quggiry


16/180


x m v

MBK ritmeks). Xfb pbrabetikb dl sitmsliatdry

prdobats (tfit ms, tfb tdp tfrbb ritmeks) mearbisbh

me 0::6, adetmeumek tfb upwirh trbeh dl tfb pist

92 ybirs. Ivbrikb pbrldrgieab, wfmaf usbs tfb

lucc smx-pdmet saicb, icsd sfdws mgpdrtietprdkrbss, ùt tfb kimes irb cbss tfie ficl is cirkb

adgpirbh wmtf tfb pbrabet sitmsliatdry gbisurb.

Zbrabet sitmsliatdry tbehs td kmvb fmkf wbmkft td

`drhbrcmeb afiekbstfdsb tfit oust piss dvbr

tfb tfrbsfdch metd tfb gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry

aitbkdry de tfb smx-pdmet saicb. Afiekbs dvbr

tmgb me tfb @iens pdrtldcmd livdrmek `bttbr-

pbrldrgmek Pbkmdes ieh sbatdrs icsd bxpcime i

sgicc pirt dl tfb mgprdvbh pbrldrgieab.

Ieicysms dl tfb hitbs dl tfb giodr tureirduehs me

prdobat pbrldrgieab sukkbsts tfit i adg`mei-

tmde dl `bttbr @ien sbatdr pdcmambs ieh mgprdvbh

aduetry amraugstieabs dutsmhb @ien adetrdc giy

bxpcime guaf dl tfb tureirdueh, ritfbr tfie

metbreic ihgmemstritmvb rbldrgs it tfb @ien,

ictfdukf tfb cittbr giy fivb liamcmtitbh

mgprdvbgbet icrbihy uehbr wiy.

Bvicuitmek tfb rbsucts dl ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry

iatmvmtmbs (III) ms mefbrbetcy hmllmauct. MBK hdbs

edt rbkucircy ritb tfb @iens III, ictfdukf mt

uehbrpmes prdobats ieh iaaduets ldr i`dut deb-tfmrh dl spbehmek de aduetry sbrvmabs. Fdwbvbr,

i rbabet MBK bvicuitmde (MBK 0::6b) mehmaitbs

tfit i`dut twd-tfmrhs dl III ms gdhbritbcy

sitmsliatdry dr `bttbr, ieh deb-tfmrh ms cbss

suaabssluc. Zbrldrgieab pittbres sukkbst tfit

mgpiat ieh rbsucts ldr aduetrmbs hbpbeh de

tbafemaic quicmty, adearbtb ieh aduetry-spbamlma

rbadggbehitmdes, aduetry dwebrsfmp dl tfb

lmehmeks, ieh sustimebh ldccdw-up iltbr tisn

adgpcbtmde. MBK metbehs td pmcdt ie ipprdiaf td

systbgitma III bvicuitmde.

Xfb 0::= Gieikbgbet Iatmde Pbadrh (GIP),

wfmaf trians @ien ihdptmde dl rbabet MBK

rbadggbehitmdes, mehmaitbs tfit ihdptmde cbvbcs

fivb hbacmebh me tfb @ien. MBK ms aurrbetcy

bxigmemek wiys td mgprdvb tfb GIP td arbitb i

gdrb bllbatmvb prdhuat ldr trianmek ihdptmde dl

rbadggbehitmdes ieh td mhbetmly rbisdes ldr tfb

trbeh hbacmeb.

Blldrts td Qtrbektfbe ZbrldrgieabMehmaitdrs Ebbh Qtrdek ieh AdetmeumekQuppdrtMe rbspdesb td tfb metbreitmdeic hrmvb ldr

gbisurbgbet ieh gieikbgbet ldr hbvbcdp-gbet rbsucts, tfb [drch @ien fis ciueafbh giodr

blldrts td mgprdvb pbrldrgieab meldrgitmde me

@ien-suppdrtbh prdobats. Xfb @ien fis gdvbh

td strbektfbe G&B, metrdhuabh i Pbsucts

Gbisurbgbet Qystbg ldr MHI, ieh bxpiehbh

rmkdrdus bvicuitmde dl prdobat metbrvbetmdes.

Xfbsb blldrts irb `bkmeemek td melcubeab mestmtu-

tmdeic prmdrmtmbs ieh ùsmebss priatmabs. Fdwbvbr,

me giey prdobats meldrgitmde ms edt sullmambetcy

rmkdrdus dr adgprbfbesmvb td prdvmhb stinbfdch-

brs wmtf i pmaturb dl wfit rbiccy afiekbh is i

rbsuct dl tfb prdobat.

Zrdobat G&B prdvmhbs ùmchmek `cdans ldr

kbebritmek kddh meldrgitmde de hbvbcdpgbet

dutadgbs ieh fis rbabmvbh mearbismek @ien

ittbetmde me rbabet ybirs. MBK `bkie td issbss

G&B quicmty me 0::< ieh fis ritbh tfb quicmty dl

G&B me prdobats tfit wbrb rbvmbwbh me tfb pist

twd ybirs is gdhbst dr ebkcmkm`cb me tfrbb-lmltfs

dl aisbs. Xfbsb rbvmbws pdmet td sbvbric sfdrt-

adgmeks? mehmaitdrs irb tdd eugbrdus ieh dltbe

gbisurb dutputs ritfbr tfie dutadgbs> ìsbcmebhiti irb melrbqubetcy adccbatbh> lbw prdobats

adccbat tfb hiti tfit wduch `b rbqumrbh td issbss

mgpiat> ieh acmbet lbbhìan sukkbsts rbcuatieab

td ihdpt prdobat G&B priatmabs ieh adesmhbri`cb

lrikgbetitmde dl G&B blldrts. Xfbsb ritmeks aie

decy b issmkebh td prdobats iltbr tfby acdsb, ieh

irb tfbrbldrb cikkmek mehmaitdrs. Xfby prdvmhb i

rblbrbeab pdmet ldr gdemtdrmek luturb trbehs ieh

trianmek wfbtfbr aurrbet blldrts td mgprdvb G&B

wdrn. Xfb cdw G&B ritmeks, fdwbvbr, sukkbst i

adetmeumek ebbh td rbvmsmt tfb meabetmvbs, usb,

ieh rbsduramek dl G&B me @ien-suppdrtbh

prdobats wmtf i vmbw tdwirh smgpcmamty, triati`mcmty,

ieh hbamsmde rbcbvieab.

Qfdrtadgmeks me G&B hbsmke ieh mgpcbgbeti-

tmde giy adetrmùtb td prd`cbgs ldueh me prdobat

supbrvmsmde ieh rbpdrtmek. Ldr ie ivbrikb dl 90

pbrabet dl prdobats biaf ybir, tfbrb ms i

hmsadeebat `btwbbe tfb @iens sbcl-issbssgbets


17/180x v

B V B A R X M \ B Q R G G I P ]

ieh MBK prdobat pbrldrgieab ritmeks. Ldr tfbsb

prdobats, tfb metbreic supbrvmsmde dl prdobat

pbrldrgieab tfrdukf tfb cmlb dl i prdobat

lrbqubetcy ippbirs td `b dvbrcy dptmgmstma ieh

sdgbtmgbs cians aiehdr rbkirhmek rmsns tdhbvbcdpgbet dòbatmvbs. Hbciys me iaauritb

rbpdrtmek cbih td lmeic supbrvmsmde issbssgbets

tfit adgb tdd citb ldr adrrbatmvb iatmde td `b

tinbe.

Ie dutkrdwtf dl tfb MHI ebkdtmitmdes smeab 0::1

fis `bbe hbvbcdpgbet dl i Pbsucts Gbisurbgbet

Qystbg td gbisurb ieh ikkrbkitb hbvbcdpgbet

dutadgbs me i wiy tfit ms rbcbviet td stinbfdch-

brs ieh hdedrs. Xfms ms i adggbehi`cb blldrt td

trian ieh rbpdrt rbsucts me i addrhmeitbh lisfmde.

I `rmbl issbssgbet me ihvieab dl tfb Edvbg`br

0::= MHI Gmhtbrg Pbvmbw, ìsbh de hdaugbe-

tiry bvmhbeab, still metbrvmbws, ieh i survby dl

MHI hdedrs, sukkbsts tfit tfb memtmitmvb fis gihb

prdkrbss, ybt liabs smkemlmaiet aficcbekbs td luccbr

mgpcbgbetitmde.

Mgpiat bvicuitmde ms kimemek guaf krbitbr triatmde

me tfb @ien is i tddc tfit fdchs prdgmsb ldr prdvmh-

mek bstmgitbs dl prdobat bllmaiay ieh mgpiat. Dvbr

02: mgpiat bvicuitmdes irb uehbr wiy me tfb @ien,

giey me tfb Fugie Hbvbcdpgbet Ebtwdrn. Irbvmbw dl rbabetcy acdsbh prdobats me tfb Ikrmauc-

turb, Bevmrdegbet, ieh [itbr Qbatdrs mehmaitbh

tfit lbw adccbatbh bvbe tfb gmemgug meldrgitmde

td issbss rbsucts, ieh prdobats wmtf ìsbcmebs

igbei`cb td ieicysms irb adeabetritbh me tfb Bist

Ismi ieh Burdpb ieh Abetric Ismi Pbkmdes. Xfus

rbqumsmtb meldrgitmde ldr ìsma quietmtitmvb

ieicysms ms stmcc rirb. MBK wmcc memtmitb ieicysms dvbr

tfb adgmek ybir td `bttbr uehbrstieh tfb quicmty,

rbcbvieab, ieh adsts dl tfb aurrbet mgpiat

bvicuitmdes me tfb @ien.

Lmeiccy, badedgma adst-`beblmt ieicysms ms tfb

trihmtmdeic gbtfdh, cdek priatmabh me tfb @ien,

ldr drkiemzmek meldrgitmde de prdobat `beblmts

ieh adsts me i gieebr rbcbviet td hbamsmde

ginmek. Xfb @iens usb dl adst-`beblmt ieicysms

pbinbh me tfb bircy 9=;:s ùt ms edw ippcmbh td

decy i`dut deb-quirtbr dl prdobats. Xfms mehmaitbs

tfit adst-`beblmt armtbrmi irb edw usbh lir cbss is

i ìsms ldr prdobat luehmek hbamsmdes. Ictfdukf

pirt dl tfms afiekb giy `b ittrmùtbh td tfb

sfmltmek eiturb dl hbvbcdpgbet issmstieab, edt icc

dl mt ms. Ie issbssgbet dl tfb usb dl adst-`beblmt

tddcs me bevmrdegbetic prdobats cirkbcy adelmrgstfms adeacusmde. Xfms mssub wmcc `b tinbe up me

krbitbr hbtimc me ie MBK spbamic rbpdrt me lmsaic

ybir 0:9:.

Quppdrt ldr Bevmrdegbetic Qustimei`mcmtyMs Bxpiehmek ùt Ebbhs td Kd GuafLurtfbr

Ihhrbssmek bevmrdegbetic hbkrihitmde ms deb dl

tfb abetric aficcbekbs dl dur tmgb. Xfb @ien ms

uemqubcy pdsmtmdebh td suppdrt aduetry, rbkmdeic,

ieh kcdìc blldrts td ihhrbss bevmrdegbetic

aficcbekbs suaf is acmgitb afiekb, imr ieh witbr

pdccutmde, ieh hbldrbstitmde ieh `mdhmvbrsmty cdss

me i gieebr adgpitm`cb wmtf badedgma krdwtf

ieh pdvbrty rbhuatmde. Krbbemek tfb krdwtf pitf

ebbh edt adgb it tfb bxpbesb dl krdwtf dr dl

fbcpmek tfb pddr. Ldr bxigpcb, tfbrb irb bxtbe-

smvb uetippbh dppdrtuemtmbs td rbhuab krbbe-

fdusb kis bgmssmdes tfrdukf meabetmvbs ldr

krbitbr bllmambeay. Gdrbdvbr, prdvmhmek 0 `mccmde

pddr pbdpcb wmtf ìsma bcbatrmamty iaabss wduch

ihh cmttcb td wdrch krbbefdusb kis bgmssmdes

cbss tfie :.8 pbrabet dl aurrbet bgmssmdes, bvbe mlair`de-metbesmvb gbies irb usbh.

Xfms ybirs IPHB spdtcmkfts tfb @iens iatmvmtmbs

ieh pbrldrgieab me fbcpmek aduetrmbs td ihhrbss

tfbsb bevmrdegbetic aficcbekbs, ìsbh de tfb

lmehmeks dl rbabet MBK bvicuitmdes ieh suppcb-

gbetiry ieicysms. Xfbsb bvicuitmdes meacuhb, ùt

irb edt cmgmtbh td, tfb ldccdwmek?Bevmrdegbetic

Qustimei`mcmty? Ie Bvicuitmde dl [drch @ien

Krdup Quppdrt> Acmgitb Afiekb ieh tfb [drch

@ien Krdup, Zfisb M? Ie Bvicuitmde dl [drch

@ien [me-[me Bebrky Zdcmay Pbldrgs> Xfb

Hbvbcdpgbet Zdtbetmic dl Pbkmdeic Zrdkrigs?

Ie Bvicuitmde dl [drch @ien Quppdrt dl

Guctmaduetry Dpbritmdes> ieh i ldrtfadgmek

rbvmbw dl tfb @iens ldrbstry iatmvmtmbs.

@ien gieikbgbet fis `bkue td memtmitb ebw

stritbkmbs ldr tfb [drch @ien Krdup, meacuhmek

ldr acmgitb afiekb, bebrky, ieh tfb bevmrdegbet.


18/180


x v m

Xfms IPHB rblcbats de tfb lmehmeks dl tfb `dhy dl

MBKs rbabet bvicuitmde wdrn me tfb irbi dl tfb

bevmrdegbet, ùt icsd kdbs `bydeh tfbsb

lmehmeks `y uphitmek tfb pdrtldcmd ieh pbrldrg-

ieab hiti tfrdukf lmsaic ybir 0::6 ieh suppcb-gbetmek gitbrmics lrdg MBKs prdobat, aduetry,

ieh kcdìc bvicuitmde prdhuats.

Xfb @iens bevmrdegbet stritbky, ciueafbh me

0::9, lurtfbrbh tfb sfmlt me tfb @iens stieab

lrdg hd ed firg td iatmvb prdgdtmde dl

bevmrdegbetic kdics, i sfmlt tfit `bkie me tfb

bircy 9==:s. Xfms arbitbh tfb pdtbetmic ldr guaf

krbitbr bllbatmvbebss tfrdukf gimestrbigmek

ittbetmde td tfb bevmrdegbet iardss tfb @iens

prdobat pdrtldcmd ieh aduetry issmstieab stritb-

kmbs. Mt ms tdd bircy td issbss tfb 0::; drkiemzi-

tmdeic afiekbs metbehbh td liamcmtitb gime-

strbigmek ieh adesdcmhitb bevmrdegbet metd tfb

Qustimei`cb Hbvbcdpgbet Ebtwdrn. Zrbcmgmeiry

mehmaitdrs sukkbst tfit gimestrbigmek fis

hbarbisbh me sdgb sbatdrs, suaf is ikrmaucturb,

bebrky, ieh triespdrt, ieh tfit ardss-sbatdr

adcci`dritmde fis bbe pirtmaucircy wbin btwbbe

witbr suppcy ieh fbictf.

Qmeab 0::9, ebw luehmek sdurabsmeacuhmek

air`de luehs, bxpiehbh Kcdìc BevmrdegbetLueh rbsdurabs, ieh ebw trust luehsfivb

adetrmùtbh td i rbadvbry me @ien suppdrt ldr tfb

bevmrdegbet. Xfms luehmek fis icsd sfmltbh tfb

ldaus dl wdrn lrdg trihmtmdeic gimestrbigbh

iatmvmtmbs suaf is pdccutmde gieikbgbet tdwirh

meedvitmvb ipprdiafbs rbcitmek td acmgitb

afiekb. Xfb @ien ms aurrbetcy stbppmek up mts

rdcb me fbcpmek lmeieab sdcutmdes td tdukf mssubs

suaf is acmgitb gmtmkitmde ieh ihiptitmde dr

`mdhmvbrsmty cdssbs, wfbrb tfb mestmtutmde aie

pdtbetmiccy ginb i vmtic hmllbrbeab.

Ictfdukf adestmtutmek decy 2 pbrabet dl tdtic

bevmrdegbetic adggmtgbets, rbkmdeic (guctm-

aduetry) bevmrdegbetic prdobats fivb `bbe i

prdgmsmek irbi dl krdwtf. Pbkmdeic bevmrdegbe-

tic adggmtgbets gdrb tfie hdu`cbh dvbr tfb

pist smx ybirs> tfb cirkbst vdcugb dl adggmtgbets

ms me Ilrmai. Xfb rbkmdeic pmcdt memtmitmvb,

metrdhuabh me MHI98, prdvmhbh ihhmtmdeic kriet

lmeieamek lrdg MHI td fbcp dvbradgb meabetmvbs

tfit wbmkf ikimest gdrb adgpcbx guctmaduetry

prdkrigs.

Ieicytma wdrn fis icsd cbet suppdrt td nby

bevmrdegbetic memtmitmvbs iardss i `rdihspbatrug. Bxigpcbs meacuhb wdrn de mgprdvmek

pdcmambs ieh mestmtutmdes ldr sustimei`cb ldrbst

gieikbgbet ieh de hbvbcdpmek air`de girnbts

ieh prdobat-ìsbh tbafemaic nedwcbhkb tfit fis

fbcpbh hbvbcdpgbet dl metbreitmdeiccy ipprdvbh

gbtfdhs ldr tfb abrtmlmaitmde dl bgmssmdes

rbhuatmdes.

Xfbrb irb irbis dl suaabss, ùt smkemlmaiet

metbreic ieh bxtbreic ldrabs adestrime tfb @iens

bevmrdegbetic pdrtldcmd. [bin aduetry hbgieh

ldr cdies irmsbs lrdg tfb pu`cma kddh eiturb dl

giey bevmrdegbetic metbrvbetmdes. [fbrb tfb

`beblmts aie `b cdaiccy aipturbh, tfb meabetmvb td

iat ms strdekbr, is me tfb aisb dl pdccutmde adetrdc

me Afmei. Zdcmtmaic adgpbtmtmde ieh adrruptmde

surrduehmek rbsdurab rbets giy icsd adestrime

hbgieh. Nedwcbhkb ieh aipiamty adestrimets,

pirtmaucircy wfbrb @ien suppdrt fis wivbrbh

dvbr tmgb, mefm`mt cbehmek. Metbreic nedwcbhkb

kips, meihbquitb tbafemaic ieh dpbritmdeic snmccs

td metbkritb bevmrdegbet adesmhbritmdes metd

mevbstgbet ieh pdcmay rbldrg prdobats, ieh pddrhmssbgmeitmde dl bvmhbeab de bllbatmvbebss

wmtfme tfb @ien mgpbhb bllbatmvbebss ieh cmgmt

krdwtf. Lmeiccy, metbreic still ieh gieikbgbet

meabetmvbs livdr cirkb prdobats, suaf is melristrua-

turb dr pdwbr, wfmaf hmsihvietikbs tfb typmaiccy

sgiccbr bevmrdegbetic prdobats.

Qdgb Edtbwdrtfy Pbsucts Fivb @bbeIafmbvbh, ùt [bin GdemtdrmekAdgprdgmsbs Pbsucts GbisurbgbetXfb dvbricc dutadgbs dl bevmrdegbet prdobats,

cmnb tfb @iens pdrtldcmd is i wfdcb, fivb `bbe

mgprdvmek dvbr tmgb. @ut prdobats gieikbh `y

sbatdrs dtfbr tfie tfb bevmrdegbet, wfmaf

adgprmsb gdst dl tfb @iens suppdrt ldr tfb

bevmrdegbet, kbebriccy cian systbgitma rbpdrtmek

dl bevmrdegbetic dutadgbs.

Xfb @iens hmrbat prdobat suppdrt ldr tfb

bevmrdegbet fis fbcpbh hbvbcdp girnbt-ìsbh

mestrugbets ldr bevmrdegbetic gieikbgbet ieh


19/180x v m m

B V B A R X M \ B Q R G G I P ]

fis bxtbehbh cbssdes de tfb hbsmke dl tfbsb

systbgs tfrdukfdut Citme Igbrmai ieh metd Ilrmai.

Xfb @ien fis icsd iafmbvbh sdgb kimes me tfb

aficcbekmek ùt armtmaiccy tfrbitbebh irbi dl

`mdhmvbrsmty adesbrvitmde. Mt fis `bbe tfb wdrchscirkbst sdurab dl suppdrt ldr `mdhmvbrsmty, meacuh-

mek cbehbh lmeieab lrdg tfb Kcdìc Bevmrdegbet

Liamcmty. Xfms fis prdvmhbh suppdrt ldr i smkemlmaiet

bxpiesmde dl prdtbatbh irbis is wbcc is ldr tfb

sustimei`cb usb dl mdhmvbrsmty dutsmhb tfbsb irbis,

ùt gdrb ittbetmde ebbhs td `b pimh td tfb

bllbatmvbebss ieh sustimei`mcmty dl tfbsb blldrts.

Bevmrdegbetic rbsucts irb edt cmgmtbh td prdobats.

It tfb aduetry cbvbc, bevmrdegbetic adeabres

fivb rbabmvbh krdwmek ittbetmde me issmstieab

stritbkmbs ieh aduetry prdkrig bvicuitmdes, ùt

pbrldrgieab fis `bbe ldueh wietmek. Bevm-

rdegbetic adgpdebets, de ivbrikb, fivb

pbrldrgbh cbss wbcc tfie dvbricc aduetry stritb-

kmbs. Xfb @iens rbadrh de bevmrdegbetic

stbwirhsfmp fis `bbe uebvbe. Ldr bxigpcb, tfb

@ien fis fbcpbh sdgb aduetrmbs rbldrg bebrky

prmamek `y suppdrtmek tfb rbgdvic dl adstcy

su`smhmbs wfmcb prdtbatmek tfb pddr tfrdukf

sdamic silbty ebts, ùt fis decy kmvbe gdhbst

ittbetmde td eitmdeic pdcmambs td prdgdtb bebrky

bllmambeay.

Xfb krdwmek `dhy dl rbkmdeic prdobats dllbrs tfb

dppdrtuemty td ihhrbss trieseitmdeic bevmrde-

gbetic aficcbekbs surrduehmek tfb usb dl sfirbh

`dhmbs dl witbr suaf is tfb Emcb @isme, Cinb

\matdrmi, ieh tfb @cian ieh Iric Qbis. Xfb @ien

fis `bbe bllbatmvb me ldstbrmek guctmaduetry

addpbritmde td bsti`cmsf rbkmdeic mestmtutmdes td

ihhrbss rbkmdeic bevmrdegbetic aficcbekbs

tfrdukf ieicytmaic wdrn, prdobat prbpiritmde, ieh

rbsdurab gd`mcmzitmde, ùt mt fis `bbe cbss

bllbatmvb me fbcpmek aduetrmbs rbsdcvb cdek-

stiehmek rbsdurab adelcmats.

It tfb kcdìc cbvbc, tfbrb ms bvicuitmde bvmhbeab

tfit kcdìc prdkrigs irb ihhmek vicub td aduetry

prdkrigs `y prdvmhmek adeabssmdeic lmeieamek

ldr aduetry-cbvbc mevbstgbets tfit fivb kcdìc

bevmrdegbetic `beblmts ieh `y kbebritmek

nedwcbhkb i`dut `bst priatmabs me bevmrdegbe-

tic gieikbgbet. Ebw pirtebrsfmps ieh liamcmtmbs

hbsmkebh td prdgdtb bebrky bllmambeay, acm-

gitb afiekb ihiptitmde, ieh krbbefdusb kis

bgmssmdes rbhuatmde lrdg hbldrbstitmde ieh cieh

hbkrihitmdesuaf is tfb Acmgitb Mevbstgbet

Luehs ieh tfb Ldrbst Air`de ZirtebrsfmpLiamcmtyirb hbbpbemek @ien mevdcvbgbet ieh

pdtbetmic mgpiat de acmgitb afiekb mssubs.

AdeacusmdesZrdobat dutadgbs rbprbsbet i nby ùmchmek `cdan

me iafmbvmek rbsucts tfrdukf [drch @ien suppdrt

td aduetrmbs. Xfbsb dutadgbs fivb sfdwe smkeml-

maiet mgprdvbgbet dvbr tfb pist 92 ybirs. @ien-

wmhb, tfbrb fis `bbe i guaf krbitbr ldaus me

rbabet ybirs de rbsucts, ybt tfbrb rbgimes i cdek

hmstieab td kd td hbgdestritb i rbic afiekb me

gbisuri`cb dutadgbs ieh mgpiats. @baiusb tfb

vdcugb dl @ien cbehmek ms bxpbatbh td mearbisb

me rbspdesb td tfb aurrbet lmeieamic armsms, tfms

ikbehi `badgbs icc tfb gdrb vmtic.

Bevmrdegbetic sustimei`mcmty ms deb dl tfb gdst

adgpbccmek irbis ldr urkbet iatmde ml hbvbcdp-

gbet rbsucts irb td `b hbcmvbrbh it tfb aduetry,

rbkmdeic, ieh kcdìc cbvbcs. @ien suppdrt ldr tfb

bevmrdegbet fis pirtmiccy rbadvbrbh smeab

fmttmek i cdw pdmet me 0::0, ieh tfbrb irb beadur-

ikmek smkes tfit prdobat rbsucts, cdek `bcdw@ien-wmhb ivbrikbs, irb edw mgprdvmek ldr tfb

rdukfcy deb-quirtbr dl bevmrdegbetic prdobats

wfdsb rbsucts irb systbgitmaiccy trianbh. Ldr tfb

dtfbr tfrbb-quirtbrs dl prdobats, wfbrb bevmrde-

gbetic memtmitmvbs irb bg`bhhbh me dtfbr sbatdrs

(triespdrt, witbr ieh siemtitmde, ieh sd de), tfb

prdgmsb dl gimestrbigmek tfit bgbrkbh lrdg

tfb @iens 0::9 Bevmrdegbet Qtritbky fis edt

`bbe rbicmzbh.

Me sdgb mearbismekcy mgpdrtiet ieh meedvitmvb

irbis, suaf is tfb hbvbcdpgbet dl air`de luehs

ieh tfb bxtbesmde dl prdtbatmvb irbis td suppdrt

sustimei`cb ldrbstry ieh `mdhmvbrsmty, tfbrb irb

kips me dur nedwcbhkb dl wfbrb tfb @ien ms

ginmek fbihwiy ieh iafmbvmek rbic rbsucts.

Zrdkrbss wmcc hbpbeh de lir `bttbr gimestrbigmek

dl tfb bevmrdegbet metd @ien hbamsmdes iardss

sbatdrs ieh de ihhrbssmek mssubs dl me-fdusb

snmccs, still meabetmvbs, ieh bxtbreic hbgieh

adestrimets tfit mgpbhb @ien bllbatmvbebss.


20/180


x v m m m

Cddnmek ifbih, armsbs dllbr i rirb afieab ldr

triesldrgitmdeic afiekb, afiekb tfit ms bssbetmic

td iafmbvmek tfb vmsmde ieh pdtbetmic ldr @ien

suppdrt ldr bevmrdegbetic sustimei`mcmty. Xfb

aficcbekb ldr tfb @ien ms td mearbisb ittbetmde td

nby bevmrdegbetic irbis ieh td liamcmtitb gdrb

bllbatmvb hbvbcdpgbet dutadgbs y cbvbrikmek mts

nedwcbhkb, lmeieamic rbsdurabs, ieh adevbemek

iutfdrmty.


21/180

Xfb rmsn, dl adursb, ms tfit tfb @iens bllbatmvb-

ebss is gbisurbh `y MBK me mts bvicuitmdes giy

`b tinbe dut dl tfb adetbxt dl tfb aficcbekbs

mefbrbet me hbvbcdpgbet issmstieab dr adgpirbh

iardss ikbeambs wmtf cbss strdek bvicuitmde

lueatmdes. Xfb IPHB hmllbrs lrdg gdst MBK

dutputs me tfit mt hriws de i wmhb riekb dl bvicui-

tmvb lmehmeks ieh prdvmhbs i suggiry dvbrvmbw.@baiusb dl tfb eiturb dl tfb IPHB, mt hdbs edt

ginb spbamlma rbadggbehitmdes ldr gieikb-

gbet ieh hdbs edt bcmamt spbamlma gieikbgbet

rbspdesbs td mssubs rimsbh me tfb hdaugbet.

Fdwbvbr, gieikbgbet lmehs mt mgpdrtiet td

prdvmhb mts vmbws de IPHB lmehmeks ieh td kmvb ie

dvbrvmbw dl i sbt dl nby gieikbgbet iatmdes tfit

irb hmrbatcy rbcbviet td tfdsb lmehmeks.

Drkiemzitmde dl tfb Adggbets. Xfms edtb lmrst

prdvmhbs adggbets de tfb lmehmeks ieh sukkbs-

tmdes de tfb @iens dvbricc pbrldrgieab me pirt M

dl tfb IPHB. Mt tfbe rbspdehs td wfit MBK puts

ldrwirh me pirt MM de tfb spbamic tdpma ldr tfms

ybir, sustimei`cb hbvbcdpgbet. Xfb lmeic sbatmde

dl tfb edtb prdvmhbs i `rmbl sbt dl adeacusmdes.

Xrianmek @ien ZbrldrgieabGieikbgbet ms beadurikbh td edtb tfb rb`dueh

me tfb quicmty dl @ien-suppdrtbh dpbritmdes

rbpdrtbh `y MBK, wmtf 69 pbrabet dl bxmtmek

prdobats me lmsaic ybir 0::6 ritbh is sitmsliatdry

(gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry, sitmsliatdry, dr fmkfcy

sitmsliatdry) me tbrgs dl gbbtmek hbvbcdpgbet

dòbatmvbs, bxabbhmek gieikbgbets tirkbt dl 6:

pbrabet. Gieikbgbet icsd edtbs tfit tfb IPHB

adelmrgs tfb adetmeumek uehbrcymek pdsmtmvb

trbeh me tfb quicmty dl tfb dpbritmdes suppdrtbh

`y tfb @ien. Xfb IPHB kdbs ìan td 9==1 td cddnit tfb bvdcutmde dl @ien pbrldrgieab> acbircy, tfb

@ien dl tdhiy ms vbry hmllbrbet lrdg tfb @ien me

9==1. Xfb ldaus de rbsucts ms guaf gdrb abetric

edw. Is ie bxigpcb, gdemtdrmek ieh bvicuitmde

(G&B) ms i nby bcbgbet ldr gdemtdrmek prdobats

td iafmbvb rbsucts, ieh tfb IPHB amtbs i wbinebss

me @ien G&B ldr prdobats bxmtmek tfb pdrtldcmd me

lmsaic ybirs 0::; ieh 0::6, prdobats tfit de

ivbrikb betbrbh tfb pdrtldcmd bircy me tfms

hbaihb. Gdrb rbabet bxpbrmbeab ms hmllbrbet? 2=

pbrabet dl ebw MHI prdobats tfit lmcbh supbrvm-

smde rbpdrts ldr tfb lmrst tmgb me lmsaic 0::= fih

ìsbcmeb hiti ldr icc prdobat hbvbcdpgbet

dutadgb mehmaitdrs ieh 62 pbrabet fih ìsbcmeb

hiti ldr it cbist deb. Gieikbgbet bxpbats i

smkemlmaiet afiekb me MBK lmehmeks de G&B wfbe

tfbsb dpbritmdes bxmt tfb pdrtldcmd me tfb adgmek

ybirs. Fdwbvbr, mt ms mgpdrtiet tfit tfb @ien hd

gdrb td ihipt mts wdrn td bei`cb mt td `b gdrb

ikmcb ieh meedvitmvb me suppdrtmek tfb ebbhs dl

`drrdwmek aduetrmbs, me pirtmaucir piymek gdrb

G

ieikbgbet wbcadgbs tfb lmehmeks me tfb 0::=Ieeuic Pbvmbw dl Hb-

vbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss (IPHB) `y tfb Mehbpbehbet Bvicuitmde

Krdup (MBK). Mt ms i krbit strbektf dl tfb @ien tfit mt suòbats mtsbcl

td mehbpbehbet bvicuitmde ieh usbs tfb lmehmeks td befieab mts hbvbcdpgbetbllbatmvbebss `y cbiremek lrdg bxpbrmbeab ieh tfit MBK adesmstbetcy riens is

tfb `beafgirn ldr mehbpbehbet bvicuitmde me tfb hbvbcdpgbet lmbch.

Gieikbgbet Adggbets

x m x


22/180

ittbetmde td mgpcbgbetitmde ieh td ihiptmek

suppdrt qumancy me rbspdesb td ebw meldrgitmde

dr afiekmek amraugstieabs ieh td mgprdvb

pbrldrgieab me cikkmek Pbkmdes ieh sbatdrs.

Ihhrbssmek Cdek-Qtiehmek Mssubstfb @iens

Pbsucts-Ldausbh Pbldrg Blldrts

Xd ihhrbss tfb aficcbekbs dl i afiekmek @ien ieh

td tinb de cdek-stiehmek mssubs, meacuhmek tfdsb

mhbetmlmbh me tfb IPHB, gieikbgbet fis ie

bxtbesmvb rbsucts-ldausbh rbspdesb blldrt uehbr

wiy iardss vmrtuiccy tfb wfdcb spbatrug dl @ien

dpbritmdeic suppdrtlrdg Aduetry Issmstieab

Qtritbkmbs (AIQs) td mevbstgbet cbehmek, hbvbcdp-

gbet pdcmay dpbritmdes, ieh ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry

iatmvmtmbs (III).

AIQs. Hurmek lmsaic 0:9: tfb @ien wmcc mgpcbgbet

i sbt dl iatmdes ìsbh de i rbabet rbvmbw dl

bxpbrmbeab wmtf rbsucts-ìsbh AIQs. Xfbsb

iatmdes meacuhb kumhieab de fdw td ritb @ien

pbrldrgieab uehbr tfb prbabhmek AIQ ieh de

prbpirmek rbsucts lrigbwdrns ldr ebw AIQs. Xfb

AIQ Zrdkrbss Pbpdrt prdabss wmcc `b strbektf-

bebh, prdvmhmek ie bircy dppdrtuemty ldr kiukmek

prdkrbss ieh tfb pdtbetmic ebbh ldr ihoustgbets.

Kumhieab fis icrbihy `bbe mssubh de issbssmek

aduetry stitmstmaic aipiamtyie mssub amtbh `yMBK is mgpdrtiet ldr tfb rbsucts ikbehi.

Xfb Mevbstgbet Cbehmek Pbldrg Zrdkrig. Qbvbric dl

tfb mssubs rimsbh `y tfb IPHB irb debs tfit

gieikbgbet ms ihhrbssmek tfrdukf mevbstgbet

cbehmek rbldrg ([drch @ien 0::=). Qpbamlmaiccy,

tfbsb rbldrgs irb imgbh it ihiptmek ieh hmllbr-

betmitmek tfb mevbstgbet cbehmek gdhbc td `bttbr

lmt tfb nmeh dl suppdrt tfit tfb @ien prdvmhbs me

sbatdrs suaf is fbictf ieh pu`cma sbatdr gieikb-

gbet, wfbrb tfbrb ms ed bekmebbrmek `cubprmet

dr wiy td aicaucitb i arbhm`cb bxpbatbh badedgma

ritb dl rbture, ùt i ebbh ldr i gdrb lcbxm`cb

hbsmke ieh gdrb bgpfisms de suppdrt td

pirtebrs hurmek mgpcbgbetitmde. Xfb abetric

tbebt dl tfb rbldrgs ms i strdekbr ldaus de i

acbircy hblmebh sbt dl rbsucts tfb prdobat ms

hbsmkebh td iafmbvb (wmtf wbcc-hblmebh gdemtdr-

mek mehmaitdrs), adg`mebh wmtf tfb mhbetmlmaitmde

dl tfb nby rmsns td iafmbvmek tfdsb dòbatmvbs ieh

i rbkucir rbbvicuitmde dl tfbsb rmsns tfrdukfdut

mgpcbgbetitmde. Xfdsb afiekbs, wfmaf wmcc

ldaus gieikbgbet ieh still ittbetmde gdrb de

mgpcbgbetitmde, irb hbsmkebh td dvbradgb tfb

prd`cbg dl dvbrdptmgmsg amtbh `y MBK.

Zrdobat Pbstruaturmek. MBK amtbs tfb mssub dl ie

ippirbet rbcuatieab td rbstruaturb prdobats tfit

irb edt gbbtmek hbvbcdpgbet dòbatmvbs. I nby

pirt dl mevbstgbet cbehmek rbldrg ms i rbwdrnmek

dl tfb adelusmek kumhbcmebs ldr prdobat rbstrua-

turmek, wfmaf still amtb is i giodr liatdr me

hbciybh rbstruaturmeks. @ien bxbautmvb hmrbatdrs

wmcc `b isnbh me tfb adgmek gdetfs td ipprdvb i

smgpcmlmbh rbstruaturmek prdabss.

Hbvbcdpgbet Zdcmay Dpbritmdes. Xfb lrigbwdrn ldr

hbvbcdpgbet pdcmay dpbritmdes wis gdhbremzbh

me lmsaic 0::2. Xd hitb, rbsucts lrdg sbcl- ieh

mehbpbehbet bvicuitmde fivb `bbe rdùst (is

rbadelmrgbh me tfb IPHB). Pbabet sbcl-bvicuitmde

fis mhbetmlmbh wiys td lurtfbr strbektfbe

pbrldrgieab. Me lmsaic 0:9:, gieikbgbet wmcc

prdvmhb strdekbr kumhieab td still de suppdrtmek

`drrdwbrs de tfb hbsmke dl hbvbcdpgbet pdcmay

dòbatmvbs (meacuhmek me tfb adetbxt dl odmet

ùhkbt suppdrt wmtf dtfbr hdedrs) ldr hbvbcdp-

gbet pdcmay dpbritmdes ieh me adesdcmhitmek kddh

priatmab de pdvbrty ieh sdamic mgpiat ieicysms.

Adst-@bebt Ieicysms ieh Mgpiat Bvicuitmde. Xfb

IPHB amtbs tfb hbarbisbh usb dl adst-`beblmt

ieicysms ieh tfb pdtbetmic dl mgpiat bvicuitmde.

Gieikbgbet cddns ldrwirh td wdrnmek wmtf MBK

de mts upadgmek me-hbptf rbvmbw, edti`cy de

wfbe adst-`beblmt ieicysms ms gdst ipprdprmitb

ieh fdw usbluc mt ms rbcitmvb td dr icdek wmtf

ictbreitmvb tddcs ldr ipprimsic, gdemtdrmek, ieh

bvicuitmde iardss tfb spbatrug dl mevbstgbet

prdobats suppdrtbh `y tfb @ien. Gieikbgbet

ikrbbs wmtf MBK tfit mgpiat bvicuitmde aie `b i

vicui`cb tddc ieh fis rbabetcy bxpiehbh mts usb

iardss sbatdrs ieh Pbkmdes me dpbritmdes wfbrb

mt ms gdst ipprdprmitb ieh adst-bllbatmvb ieh

dwebh `y tfb acmbet aduetry. Ikime, gieikbgbet

cddns ldrwirh td wdrnmek wmtf MBK me 0:9: de mts

mgpiat bvicuitmde ieicysms.

III. Gieikbgbet ms tinmek de rbldrgs td mts

rbsucts lrigbwdrn ldr III me tfb adetbxt dl mts

x x



23/180

wdrn de i ebw nedwcbhkb ikbehi. Xfb ipprdiaf

ms td cddn it III me i gdrb prdkriggitma lisfmde,

is dppdsbh td mehmvmhuic prdhuats. Gieikbgbet

ms iatmvbcy wdrnmek wmtf MBK de tfb ebw III

rbsucts lrigbwdrn, `baiusb i adggde ipprdiafieh uehbrstiehmek ms abetric td strdek sbcl- ieh

mehbpbehbet bvicuitmde. Xfbsb irb sbqubeabh ldr

citbr me tfb rbldrg prdkrig tmgbti`cb. (Me kbebric,

gieikbgbet wduch edtb tfb mgpdrtieab dl

sbqubeamek tfbsb rbldrgs td nbbp tfbg wmtfme

stillmek ieh uhkbt adestrimets.)

Xfb Pbsucts Ikbehi Kdmek Ldrwirh. Xd adesdcmhitb

icc dl tfb i`dvb, gieikbgbet ms wdrnmek td

bsti`cmsf i rbsucts gdemtdrmek pcitldrg td

strbektfbe gdemtdrmek ieh rbpdrtmek de tfb

dutadgbs dl @ien-suppdrtbh iatmvmtmbs. Deb nby

stbp ms tfb ihdptmde dl adrb sbatdr mehmaitdrsi

lbw stiehirhmzbh mehmaitdrs ldr biaf sbatdr tfit

irb adgpiri`cb ieh ikkrbki`cb it tfb mestmtu-

tmdeic, aduetry, dr sbatdr cbvbc, wfmaf wmcc liamcm-

titb rbpdrtmek de iatmvmty dutputs ieh dutadgbs,

bspbamiccy uehbr tfb MHI Pbsucts Gbisurbgbet

Qystbg (MHI PGQ). Xfb adrb mehmaitdrs ldr tfb

rdih triespdrt, witbr suppcy, bhuaitmde, ieh

fbictf sbatdrs wbrb ciueafbh me Oucy, tdkbtfbr

wmtf ie mgprdvbh hiti systbg ldr adccbatmek ieh

trianmek quietmtitmvb hiti. Adrb mehmaitdrs ldrdtfbr sbatdrs (urìe, bevmrdegbet, gmard, sgicc,

ieh gbhmug betbrprmsbs, ieh sd de) irb icsd

uehbr prbpiritmde. Xfbsb mehmaitdrs (gimecy

dutput ieh dutadgb mehmaitdrs ipprdprmitb ldr

trianmek it tfb prdobat cbvbc), tdkbtfbr wmtf tfb

aduetry- dr sbatdr-cbvbc mehmaitdrs ivimci`cb lrdg

dtfbr sdurabs (ldr bxigpcb, Xmbr 9 mehmaitdrs),

wmcc mgprdvb dur i`mcmty td ldaus de rbsucts. Me

ihhmtmde, tfb ebw rbsucts pcitldrg dllbrs still ieh

gieikbrs tddcs ldr gdemtdrmek aduetry pdrtldcmd

rbsucts ieh ldr ginmek gdrb stritbkma ieh

bllbatmvb usb dl mgpiat bvicuitmdes wfbrb tfbsb

irb ipprdprmitb. MHI it [drn eirritmvbs irb icsd

`bmek bxpiehbh, wmtf ie bgpfisms de tfbgitma

ieh aduetry cbvbc rmbls.

Aduetry Aipiamty. Gieikbgbet ikrbbs wmtf MBK

de tfb mgpdrtieab dl ùmchmek aduetry G&B

aipiamty, `dtf is i kdic me mtsbcl ieh td bei`cb us

td `bttbr uehbrstieh dur dwe hbvbcdpgbet

bllbatmvbebss. Ldr bxigpcb, me pirtebrsfmp wmtf

dtfbr hdedrs, tfb @ien ms ciueafmek i ebw Qtitms-

tmas ldr Pbsucts Liamcmty td fbcp tfb pddrbst

aduetrmbs ùmch aipiamty td mearbisb tfb ivimci`mc-

mty dl hbvbcdpgbet stitmstmas, stirtmek wmtf tfdsb

tfit irb gdst urkbetcy ebbhbh ldr tfb mgpcbgbe-titmde dl stritbkmbs ldr pdvbrty rbhuatmde ieh

eitmdeic hbvbcdpgbet. Gdrb `rdihcy, aduetry

aipiamty ùmchmek fis icwiys `bbe pirt dl @ien

iatmvmtmbs, bspbamiccy smeab Iaari> ldr bxigpcb, tfb

@ien-wmhb bgpfisms de krbitbr usb dl aduetry

systbgs icsd meacuhbs i krbitbr rbcmieab de ieh

hbvbcdpgbet dl aduetry G&B systbgs. (MBK ms

icsd iatmvb me tfms irbi tfrdukf iatmvmtmbs td ùmch

bvicuitmde aipiamty). Fdwbvbr, wb rbadkemzb tfit

tfms ms i cdekbr-tbrg blldrt.

Cikkmek Pbkmdes ieh Qbatdrs

MBK, wfmcb adggbehmek tfb @ien de tfb

mearbisb me dpbritmdeic quicmty, edtbs i fmstdry dl

pddr pbrldrgieab me abrtime Pbkmdes ieh

sbatdrs. [drn ms dekdmek td ihhrbss tfms mssub. Me

pirtmaucir, gieikbgbet fis tinbe de twd, tfb

Ilrmai Pbkmde ieh tfb fbictf sbatdr, is i prmdrmty.

Xfb Ilrmai Pbkmdes Yuicmty Befieabgbet Zrdkrig.

Xd mgprdvb dutadgbs dl tfb dpbritmdes mt

suppdrts, tfb Ilrmai Pbkmde fis tinbe tfb

ldccdwmek iatmdes?

(m) Pbstruaturmek tfb wbinbst-pbrldrgmek pdrt-

ldcmds (FM\/IMHQ, rbkmdeic metbkritmde, lrikmcb

stitbs)

(mm) Zrdvmhmek oust-me-tmgb dpbritmdes ieh G&B

suppdrt td aduetry ieh tisn tbigs td mg-

prdvb tfb rbsucts lrigbwdrns ieh besurb bt-

tbr adgpcmieab wmtf MHI92 gdemtdrmek

rbqumrbgbets

(mmm) Xrimemek tisn tbig cbihbrs me tfb hbvbcdpgbet

dl rbsucts-ldausbh dpbritmdes ieh prdkrigs

ieh rbsucts-ìsbh G&B systbgs

(mv) Hbvbcdpmek sbatdr rbsucts afimes td fbcp mg-

prdvb tfb uehbrcymek aiusic cdkma me hbsmkemek

dpbritmdes

(v) Hbvbcdpmek tfb Ilrmai Pbsucts Gdemtdrmek Qys-

tbg (IPGQ), wfmaf ms edw `bmek rdccbh dut

is i @ienwmhb systbg td trian rbsucts ldr MHI

arbhmts. Xfb IPGQ betimcs tfb hbvbcdpgbet

dl acbir ieh rbicmstma dutadgb-ìsbh prdobat

hbvbcdpgbet dòbatmvbs is wbcc is stiehirh-

G I E I K B G B E X A D G G B E X Q

x x m


24/180

mzbh ieh gbisuri`cb mehmaitdrs. Mt wmcc fir-

gdemzb ieh liamcmtitb rbsucts rbpdrtmek.

Xfb IPHB prdvmhbs ie bircy mehmaitdr dl prdkrbss.

Mt amtbs lmsaic 0::6 hiti sfdwmek ;; pbrabet dlprdobats me tfb Ilrmai Pbkmde is sitmsliatdry

(gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry, sitmsliatdry, dr fmkfcy

sitmsliatdry) me tbrgs dl gbbtmek tfbmr hbvbcdp-

gbet d`obatmvbs, up sfirpcy lrdg lmsaic 0::;.

Xfb Fbictf Qbatdr. Xfb @iens Fbictf Ebtwdrn fis

tinbe iatmde td mgprdvb tfb dutadgbs dl aduetry

fbictf sbatdr dpbritmdes mt suppdrts. @isbh de

tfb lmehmeks dl ie MBK bvicuitmde dl tfb fbictf

sbatdr, mt hbvbcdpbh i pdrtldcmd-quicmty mgprdvb-

gbet pcie ieh ciueafbh mt me lmsaic 0::=. Mt ms

rbkucircy gdemtdrbh `y sbemdr gieikbgbet td

besurb tfit mt stiys de trian.

Xfb Gieikbgbet Iatmde Pbadrh (GIP)

Is edtbh i`dvb, gieikbgbet vicubs mehbpbeh-

bet bvicuitmde ieh tinbs mt vbry sbrmduscy. Is i

rbsuct, mt tinbs sbrmduscy tfb rbadggbehitmdes

tfit adgb dut dl MBK bvicuitmdes. Icc Hrilt

Gieikbgbet Pbspdesbs irb hmsaussbh `y

bxbautmvb hmrbatdrs (edrgiccy it tfb @dirhs

Adggmttbb de Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss

ADHB). Xfbsb hdaugbets meacuhb ie memtmic GIPtfit sbts dut wfit gieikbgbet adggmts td hd is

i rbsuct dl tfb MBK rbadggbehitmdes. Kmvbe tfb

mgpdrtieab dl tfbsb adggmtgbets, wfmaf dltbe

fivb rbsdurab mgpcmaitmdes, tfby irb vbttbh ieh

acbirbh `y sbemdr gieikbgbet. Gieikbgbet

tfbe rbvmsbs tfbsb adggmtgbets me cmkft dl tfb

ADHB hmsaussmde. Gieikbgbet rbpdrts ieeuiccy

td MBK de prdkrbss ikimest mts adggmtgbets.

[fmcb tfms systbg ms vicui cb ieh ebabssiry is ie

iaadueti`mcmty tddc, gieikbgbet ikrbbs wmtf MBK

tfit mt ms tmgb ldr i rbbvicuitmde.

Zdssm`cb Mgprdvbgbets td tfb GIP. Xfb `mkkbst

mssub ms tfit me mts ieeuic gdemtdrmek dl prdkrbss,

MBK stirts wmtf mts rbadggbehitmdes, ritfbr tfie

wmtf tfb pirt dl tfb gitrmx tfit sbts dut

gieikbgbets adggmtgbetstfb iatmdes

gieikbgbet ikrbbh td uehbrtinb ieh ldr wfmaf

mt aie `b fbch iaadueti`cb. Xfit ipprdiaf dltbe

cbihs td hmsikrbbgbets dvbr ritmeks de prdkrbss,

edti`cy wfbe gieikbgbet ikrbbh decy pirtmiccy

wmtf i rbadggbehitmde, dr wfbe, is me tfb aisb

dl tfb MBK bvicuitmde dl ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry

sbrvmabs, gieikbgbet edtbh tfit mt wduch ebbh

td sbqubeab giey dl tfb iatmdes citbr me tfb

dvbricc rbldrg blldrt. Iedtfbr nby mssub ms tfbsfbbr eug`br dl rbadggbehitmdes ieh su`rba-

dggbehitmdes. Xfb aurrbet GIP adetimes


25/180

bevmrdegbetic gimestrbigmek rbsucts ieh wmcc icsd

issbss td wfit bxtbet, iltbr decy twd ybirs, tfb

gbrkbr dl tfb twd @ien ebtwdrns metd tfb Qustime-

i`cb Hbvbcdpgbet Ebtwdrn ms cbihmek td strdekbr

gimestrbigmek dutadgbs. Gieikbgbet ms adetme-umek td strbektfbe tfb i`mcmty dl still me tfb irbis

dl ldrbstry, eituric rbsdurab gieikbgbet, ieh

bebrky td hbcmvbr metbkritbh acmgitb afiekb

ìsbh ihvmab td acmbets `y suppdrtmek cbiremek

gdhucbs de acmgitb afiekbrbcitbh tddcs ieh

gbafiemsgs, suaf is badsystbg-ìsbh ihiptitmde

ieh Pbhuamek Bgmssmdes lrdg Hbldrbstitmde ieh

Hbkrihitmde (PBHH).

Gbisurmek ieh Iafmbvmek Zrdobat, Aduetry, ieh

Kcdìc Pbsucts. Xfb IPHB bgpfismzbs tfit me tfb

ebw Bevmrdegbet Qtritbky, tfb @ien sfduch

meacuhb i ldaus de `bttbr gdemtdrmek ieh rbpdrt-

mek dl bevmrdegbetic dutadgbs it tfb prdobat

ieh aduetry cbvbcs. Me tfb MHI92 PGQ bxbramsb,

gieikbgbet ms ginmek prdkrbss me arbitmek

bevmrdegbetic dutadgb mehmaitdrs ldr biaf

bevmrdegbetic su`tfbgb, icc dl wfmaf wmcc `b

ikkrbkitbh iardss sbatdrs. Aduetry-cbvbc bevmrde-

gbetic rbpdrtmek ms uehbr hbvbcdpgbet me i

krbbe hiti sbts rbpdrtmek ldrgit. Gieikbgbet

ikrbbs de tfb mgpdrtieab dl bxpiehmek bevmrde-

gbetic pirtebrsfmps, bspbamiccy ldr strbektfbe-mek bevmrdegbetic kdvbreieab, iardss icc

rbcbviet mestmtutmdeic iatdrs, bspbamiccy it tfb

aduetry cbvbc. Xd tfms beh, tfb prbpiritmde dl tfb

Bevmrdegbet Qtritbky 0:9: wmcc mevdcvb bxtbesmvb

adesuctitmdes wmtf suaf bxtbreic stinbfdchbrs is

kdvbregbets, tfb prmvitb sbatdr, amvmc sdambty, ieh

hbvbcdpgbet pirtebrs. Xfb adesuctitmdes wmcc

sbbn td mhbetmly nby irbis me wfmaf tfb [drch

@ien Krdup sfduch bekikb td suppdrt mts acmbets

me gdrb bllbatmvbcy ihhrbssmek bevmrdegbetic

prmdrmtmbs ieh gdvmek tdwirh krbitbr bevmrde-

gbetic sustimei`mcmty ieh wmcc fbcp meldrg tfb

hbvbcdpgbet dl i rbsucts lrigbwdrn ldr gbisur-mek prdkrbss me prmdrmty irbis. Me ihhmtmde, tfb

stritbky wmcc ihhrbss fdw tfb [drch @ien Krdup

aie `bttbr suppdrt acmbet aduetrmbs me tfbmr

blldrts td strbektfbe tfb bevmrdegbetic mestmtu-

tmdes ieh kdvbreieab gbafiemsgs tfit irb

aruamic ldr sustimei`cb hbvbcdpgbet.

AdeacusmdesGieikbgbet ipprbamitbs tfit su`gmttmek tfb

@ien td tfb cbiremek ieh iaadueti`mcmty hmsampcmeb

dl mehbpbehbet bvicuitmde ms i strbektf tfit sbts

mt ipirt lrdg giey dtfbr hbvbcdpgbet mestmtu-

tmdes, edti`cy kmvbe MBKs ianedwcbhkbh stiehmek

is `bst igdek mts pbbrs. Mt ms adelmhbet tfit tfb

`beblmts irb wdrtf tfb adsts dl `bmek fbch td tfms

fmkf stiehirh, wmtf tfb rbsuctmek gmsuehbrstieh-

meks tfit aie irmsb. Bvbe me i ìcieabh rbpdrt cmnb

tfms deb, tfb pdsmtmvb dutadgbs rmsn `bmek

dvbrcddnbh rbcitmvb td tfb cbss pdsmtmvb lmehmeks.

Gieikbgbet iaabpts tfb dvbricc gbssikb lrdg

tfb IPHBi lmehmek dl kbebriccy kddh ieh

mgprdvmek quicmty me tfb dpbritmdes tfb @ien

suppdrts, ùt icsd i strdek aficcbekb td hd bvbe`bttbr, edti`cy me suppdrtmek i rbsucts aucturb me

pirtebr aduetrmbs ieh me tfb @ien ieh strbektf-

bemek @ien suppdrt ldr sustimei`cb hbvbcdpgbet.

Xfbsb irb prmdrmtmbs tfit gieikbgbet fis tinbe

de me mts lmsaic 0:9: wdrn prdkrig ieh `bydeh,

edti`cy me i sbt dl iatmdes tfit ihhrbss sdgb cdek-

stiehmek mssubs ldueh `y `dtf sbcl- ieh

mehbpbehbet bvicuitmde.

G I E I K B G B E X A D G G B E X Q

x x m m m


26/180

Zbdpcb kitfbrbh uehbr i trbb, Emkbrmi. Zfdtd y Aurt Airebgirn, adurtbsy dl tfb [drch @ien

Zfdtd Cm`riry.


27/180x x v

Zirt M? Xrianmek @ien Zbrldrgieab

Dvbricc Quggiry

Xfb hmsaussmde ldccdwbh tfb prdpdsbh Afimrgies

Mssubs Edtb de hbvbcdpgbet dutadgbs dl @iensuppdrt> mgpcbgbetitmde dl tfb rbsucts ikbehi>

ieh stitus dl tfb Gieikbgbet Iatmde Pbadrh

(GIP). Lmrst, de hbvbcdpgbet dutadgbs, tfb

Adggmttbb tddn edtb dl tfb @iens upwirh

pbrldrgieab rbadrh. Hurmek tfb hmsaussmde sdgb

qubstmdes wbrb rimsbh de MBKs ritmek systbg ieh

gbtfdhdcdkmbs. Qbadeh, de tfb rbsucts ikbehi,

tfb Adggmttbb strbssbh tfb ebbh ldr tfb @ien td

fivb i rblmebh ieh smgpcb bvicuitmde gdhbc>

ihbquitb meabetmvbs td gdemtdr hbvbcdpgbet

rbsucts> adst-`beblmt ieicysms wfbrb ipprdprmitb is

i `isms ldr prdobat hbamsmdes> ieh ipprdprmitb

stillmek ieh lmeieamic rbsdurabs. Xfmrh, tfb ebbh td

mgprdvb tfb adetbxt ieh struaturb dl tfb GIP

rbsdeitbh igdek giey spbinbrs kmvbe tfb

hbacmeb me tfb cbvbc dl ihdptmde dl MBK

rbadggbehitmdes. Xd befieab tfb ldccdw-up dl

MBK rbadggbehitmdes, mt wis sukkbstbh tfit

ADHB sfduch pciy i adestruatmvb rdcb wfbrb

hmllbrbeabs dl dpmemde bgbrkb `btwbbe MBK ieh

gieikbgbet de spbamlma rbadggbehitmdes. Me

ihhmtmde, gbg`brs bcmbvbh tfit MBK ieh gieikb-

gbet sfduch wdrn tdkbtfbr de wiys td mgprdvb

tfb aurrbet GIP struaturb. Dvbricc, tfb Adggmt-

tbb lbct tfit tfb IPHB is wbcc is dtfbr MBK rbvmbws

prdvmhb i vicui`cb adetrm`utmde td ADHBsdvbrsmkft rdcb.

Pbadggbehitmdes ieh Ebxt Qtbps

Xd befieab tfb mgpcbgbetitmde dl tfb rbsucts

ikbehi, ADHB rbadggbehbh tfb ldccdwmek?

Qtrbektfbe gbisurbgbet blldrts it tfb prdobat,

sbatdr, ieh aduetry cbvbcs.

Mgprdvb addrhmeitmde `btwbbe MBK ieh gie-

ikbgbet de tfb hbsmke dl ie bllbatmvb [drch

@ien Krdup ipprdiaf.

Ebxt stbps irb?

Xfb IPHB wmcc `b adesmhbrbh `y tfb @dirh de

Qbptbg`br 9:, 0::=.

I ADHB gbbtmek de MBK gbtfdhdcdkmbs wmcc

`b safbhucbh me hub adursb.

MBK wmcc su`gmt td ADHB dr ADHB Qu`-

adggmttbb ie bvicuitmde de badedgma

ieicysms me prdobats me Giraf 0:9:.

Afimrpbrsdes Adggbets?

Adggmttbb de HbvbcdpgbetBllbatmvbebss (ADHB)

De Oucy 92, 0::=, tfb Adggmttbb de Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss gbt td

adesmhbr tfbIeeuic Pbvmbw dl Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss (IPHB) 0::=?Iafmbvmek Qustimei`cb Hbvbcdpgbet, prbpirbh `y tfb Mehbpbehbet

Bvicuitmde Krdup (MBK), tdkbtfbr wmtf Hrilt Gieikbgbet Adggbets. Xfms rb-

pdrt td tfb @dirh ldccdws tfb struaturb dl tfb rbpdrt pirt M? Xrianmek @ien

Zbrldrgieab, ieh pirt MM? Iafmbvmek Qustimei`cb Hbvbcdpgbet.


28/180


x x v m

Ldr ebxt ybir, ADHB prdpdsbh adesdcmhit-

mek tfb hmsaussmde dl MBKs IPHB tdkbtfbr

wmtf tfb Ieeuic Pbpdrt de Zdrtldcmd Zbr-

ldrgieab (IPZZ) prbpirbh `y Yuicmty Is-

surieab Krdup (YIK).

Xfb ldccdwmek gime mssubs wbrb rimsbh it tfb

gbbtmek?

Hbvbcdpgbet Dutadgbs. Gbg`brs adggbehbh

gieikbgbet de tfb upwirh trbeh me pbrldrg-

ieab me rbabet ybirs ùt edtbh tfit tfbrb wbrb

cikkmek Pbkmdes ieh sbatdrs ieh rddg ldr

mgprdvbgbet. Yubstmdes wbrb rimsbh de tfb

ihbquiay dl tfb aurrbet ritmek systbg, pirtmau-

circy ldr hmllmauct dr adgpcbx prdobats, ieh MBK

gbtfdhdcdkmbs. Xfbrb wbrb rbadggbehitmdes

ldr gdrb me-hbptf ieicysms dl aiusicmty td

uehbrstieh tfb mgpiat dl tfb @iens prdobats,

systbgitma bvicuitmde dl ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry

iatmvmtmbs (III), wfmaf giy adetrmùtb td tfb

nedwcbhkb ikbehi, ieh metbkritbh rbpdrtmek de

hbvbcdpgbet dutadgbs it tfb [drch @ien Krdup

cbvbc. MBK fmkfcmkftbh tfb hmllmauctmbs me fivmek

deb rbpdrt advbrmek tfb tfrbb mestmtutmdestfb

@ien, MLA, ieh GMKI.

Pbsucts Ikbehi. Gbg`brs tddn edtb dl tfb gmxbhrbadrhs mhbetmlmbh `y MBK me mgpcbgbetmek tfb

rbsucts ikbehi, wfmcb ianedwcbhkmek tfb

aficcbekbs dl rbldrgmek tfb gdemtdrmek ieh

bvicuitmde (G&B) systbg. Me tfms rbkirh, tfb

mgpdrtieab dl adst-`beblmt ieicysms dl prdobats,

wfmaf sfduch prdvmhb rbcbviet meldrgitmde ldr

hbamsmde ginmek, wis uehbrcmebh. Gbg`brs

qubrmbh tfb ihbquiay dl fugie ieh lmeieamic

rbsdurabs ieh tfb meabetmvb systbgs ldr still ieh

acmbets td strbektfbe G&B dl hbvbcdpgbet rbsucts.

Yubstmdes wbrb icsd rimsbh de fdw td gbisurb

tfb bllbatmvbebss dl tfb @iens issmstieab me

rbcitmde td dtfbr liatdrs (suaf is aduetry amraug-

stieabs) it tfb prdobat ieh aduetry cbvbcs> fdw td

`b sbcbatmvb ieh adesdcmhitb G&B blldrts> ieh fdw

td strbektfbe iaadueti`mcmty wfmcb ihhrbssmek

dvbrdptmgmsg me rbpdrtmek prdobat pbrldrgieab

hurmek mgpcbgbetitmde.

GIP. Gbg`brs rimsbh adeabres i`dut tfb

hbacmeb me tfb cbvbc dl ihdptmde dl MBK

rbadggbehitmdes. Me tfms rbkirh, tfby strbssbh

tfb ebbh td bxigmeb fdw td mgprdvb tfb adetbet

ieh struaturb dl tfb GIP, issbss tfb rbcbvieab

ieh tmgmek, prmdrmtmzb rbadggbehitmdes, ieh

gdemtdr prdkrbss, ictfdukf deb spbinbraiutmdebh ikimest arbitmek ueebabssiry ùrbiu-

ariay. Xd tfms beh, tfby rbadggbehbh tfit MBK

ieh gieikbgbet wdrn tdkbtfbr td befieab tfb

GIPs bllbatmvbebss. Me tfms rbkirh, sdgb

gbg`brs rimsbh qubstmdes i`dut ADHBs

dvbrsmkft rdcb, meacuhmek gdemtdrmek dl tfb GIP.

Dtfbr Mssubs. Xfbrb wbrb adggbets de tfb

mgpdrtieab dl rbadesmhbrmek tfb rdcb dl pirt MM dl

tfb IPHB, meacuhmek rbvmbwmek smgmcir bvicui-

tmdes uehbrtinbe `y dtfbr guctmcitbric ikbeambs

ieh rbadesmhbrmek tfb tfbgb sbcbatmde, dr

hrdppmek mt ictdkbtfbr.

Zirt MM? Iafmbvmek Qustimei`cbHbvbcdpgbet

Dvbricc Quggiry

Qdgb gbg`brs wdehbrbh wfit tfb vicub ihhbh

wis td hmsaussmek sustimei`cb hbvbcdpgbet is

pirt MM dl tfb IPHB, kmvbe tfb bxtbesmvb advbrikb

dl tfms tdpma `y MBK rbvmbws ieh gieikbgbet

rbpdrts hmsaussbh rbabetcy `y ADHB ieh tfb@dirh. MBK rbpcmbh tfit tfb afdmab wis i

rbspdesb td i @dirh rbqubst td cddn it rbabet MBK

rbpdrts de bevmrdegbet ieh syetfbsmzb tfbmr

lmehmeks bldrb gieikbgbets ebw bevmrdegbet

stritbky wis prbpirbh. Gbg`brs qubstmdebh tfb

rbic gbiemek dl gimestrbigmek bevmrdegbetic

wdrn ieh tfb ippcmaitmde dl bxmstmek tddcs. Qdgb

gbg`brs aiutmdebh ikimest dvbrbgpfismzmek

tfb tbesmde `btwbbe eitmdeic prdkrigs ieh

bevmrdegbet, is tfb cittbr icsd lbiturbs strdek

eitmdeic ieh cdaic hmgbesmdes. Xfby strbssbh tfb

mgpdrtieab dl hbvbcdpmek iwirbebss ieh

cbvbrikb de eitmdeic ieh cdaic mestrugbets ieh

pdcmambs. Xfby icsd qubrmbh MBKs lmehmeks i`dut

wbinebssbs me tfb systbg ieh cbss tfie

ihbquitb mgpcbgbetitmde dl gimestrbigmek

ieh gieikbgbets adggbet de tfb gbtfdhdc-

dky usbh td bvicuitb bevmrdegbetic

gimestrbigmek> tfit ms, usmek i sbadeh-`bst

mehmaitdr tfit rbcitbs prdobats wmtf ie

bevmrdegbetic tfbgb td sbatdr `dirh gippmek.


29/180x x v m m

A F I M P Z B P Q D E Q A D G G B E X Q ? A D G G M X X B B D E H B \ B C D Z G B E X B L B A X M \ B E B Q Q ( A D H B )

Pbadggbehitmdes ieh Ebxt Qtbps

Xfb Adggmttbb mevmtbh MBK td fivb prbcmgmeiry

adesuctitmde de tfb tfbgitma tdpma dl pirt MM dl

ebxt ybirs IPHB td kime i `rdihbr suppdrt ldr

tfb sbcbatbh dptmde.

Xfb ldccdwmek mssubs wbrb rimsbh me pirt MM dl tfb

gbbtmek?

Bevmrdegbetic Qustimei`mcmty. Qdgb gbg`brs

strbssbh tfb mgpdrtieab dl i hbgieh-hrmvbe

ipprdiaf ieh ihbquitb gbisurbgbet systbgs.

Xfby rimsbh qubstmdes i`dut fdw td metbkritb

eitmdeic prdkrigs ieh kcd`ic pu`cma kddhs ieh

sfdrt-tbrg ebbhs wmtf cdekbr-tbrg d`obatmvbs>

ieh fdw td dpbritmdeicmzb bevmrdegbetic pdcmambs

gdrb bllbatmvbcy. Me ihhmtmde, tfby uehbrsadrbh

tfb ardss- sbatdric eiturb dl bevmrdegbetic sup-

pdrt (ldr bxigpcb, de witbr, bebrky, ieh cieh

gieikbgbet).

@iens Pdcb. Gbg`brs lbct tfit tfb @ien sfduch

fivb ie metbkritbh ipprdiaf, stirtmek lrdg tfbprdobat adeabpt ieh hbsmke, td besurb i gdrb

bllbatmvb mgpcbgbetitmde dl bevmrdegbetic prdo-

bats. Me tfms rbkirh, mt wis uehbrcmebh tfit

wbinebssbs me still trimemek ieh meabetmvbs giy

mefm`mt tfb mgpiat dl @iens wdrn me tfms lmbch.

Drkiemzitmdeic Qtruaturb.I lbw gbg`brs rimsbh

adeabres i`dut MBKs lmehmek dl ie i`sbeab

dl bevmrdegbetic tfbgbs me fbictf prdobats,

wfmaf sbbgs td rblcbat pddr adgguemaitmde ieh

pirtebrsfmp `btwbbe tfb Qustimei`cb Hbvbcdp-

gbet Ebtwdrn ieh tfb Fugie Hbvbcdpgbet

Ebtwdrn.

Kmdvieem Gioedem, Afimrgie


30/180


31/180

Afiptbr 9


32/180

Qafddc`dys me Mehmi. Zfdtd y Aurt Airebgirn, adurtbsy dl tfb [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry.


33/180

Dl adursb, mt ms hmllmauct td nedw ml ie mestmtutmde ms

iafmbvmek tiekm`cb rbsucts uecbss rbsucts irbgbisurbh ieh adgpirbh iardss ikbeambs,

sbatdrs, dr prdobats. Xfms ms wfy, ictfdukf

gbisurbgbet ieh bvicuitmde irb hucc tdpmas ldr

gdst pbdpcb, tfby irb it tfb fbirt dl ieswbrmek

wfbtfbr tfb lmeieabs irb `bmek triesldrgbh metd

iatmdes tfit ginb i hmllbrbeab me pbdpcbs cmvbs.

Xfms gittbr fis `bbe fdtcy hbìtbh hurmek tfb

aurrbet armsms ieh bgbrkbeay rbspdesbs. Afmebsb,

Igbrmaie, dr @rizmcmie amtmzbes wiet td nedw

wfbtfbr stmgucus luehs irb `bmek prdpbrcy usbh

ieh irb bllbatmvb me kbttmek tfb kcdìc badedgy

krdwmek ikime. Xfb @iens list-trian cdies td

kdvbregbets irb smgmcircy uehbr sarutmey. Yuman

ieswbrs irb edt ivimci`cb `baiusb bvicuitmde

tinbs tmgb ieh ms, y mts eiturb, ianwirh cddnmek.

@ut cbiremek lrdg bvicuitmde aie dltbe kumhb

blldrts td mgprdvb rbsucts me tfb luturb.

I fmhhbe rmsn dl tfb sfdrt-tbrg lmeieamic armsms ms

tfit mt giy hmvbrt ittbetmde lrdg i vmtic bcbgbet dl

tfb hbvbcdpgbet ikbehi ieh i abetric aficcbekb

td kbttmek rbsucts? bevmrdegbetic sustimei`mcmty.Qdueh bevmrdegbetic stbwirhsfmp ms nedwe td b

pmvdtic ldr sustimei`cb hbvbcdpgbet ieh ms deb dl

dur krbitbst adccbatmvb aficcbekbs. Ebkcbatmek mt

giy pdsb tfb krbitbst tfrbit td hbvbcdpgbet `y

uerivbcmek kimes me krdwtf ieh pdvbrty rbhuatmde.

@ut iafmbvmek ieh gdemtdrmek bevmrdegbetic

rbsucts ms bxabbhmekcy adgpcbx `baiusb dl mts

ardss-sbatdric eiturb, mevdcvmek fbictf, melristrua-

turb, bhuaitmde, ieh bebrky, igdek dtfbr ade-

abres. Gimestrbigmek bevmrdegbetic wdrn ieh

trianmek rbsucts iardss suaf hmvbrsb @ien-

suppdrtbh metbrvbetmdes wis ie bxpcmamt dòbatmvb

dl tfb @iens 0::9 Bevmrdegbet Qtritbky ([drch

@ien 0::9). Fdwbvbr, tfms abetric stritbky dl

gimestrbigmek fis `bbe wbincy mgpcbgbetbh,

ieh eugbrdus metbreic ieh bxtbreic ldrabs fivb

adestrimebh tfb @iens i`mcmty td iafmbvb `bttbr

rbsucts.

Xfb gbtfdhs ieh systbgs ldr gbisurmek rbsucts

irb mgpbrlbat. Zrd`mek metd tfb rbpdrtmek `y imh

Xfms ybirs Ieeuic Pbvmbw dl Hbvbcdpgbet Bllbatmvbebss (IPHB) ms

i`dut iafmbvmek rbsucts lrdg @ien suppdrtms mt fippbemek, ieh fdw

hd wb nedw tfit mt ms4 Xfb sbiraf ldr hbvbcdpgbet rbsucts ms it tfb abe-

tbr dl tfb hbìtb dvbr imh bllbatmvbebss. Mt ms hrmvmek afiekbs me tfb metbrei-

tmdeic imh irafmtbaturb, meacuhmek i sfmlt iwiy lrdg guctmcitbric ikbeambs tdwirh

vbrtmaic luehs ieh birgirnmek dl issmstieabtfrdukf kcdìc luehs, ede-

kdvbregbetic drkiemzitmdes (EKDs), ieh hdedr ikbeambs, is wbcc is bir-

girnbh guctmcitbric afieebcs tfit tixpiybrs ieh pfmcietfrdpmsts tfmen wmcc bei`cb

tfbmr gdeby td ymbch gdrb tiekm`cb rbsucts.9

Metrdhuatmde

1


34/180

8


ikbeambs, EKDs, ieh kcdìc hbvbcdpgbet luehs

de wfit tfby fivb iaadgpcmsfbh, deb sdde lmehs

tfit tfbrb ms cmttcb prbamsmde i`dut fdw tfby

gbisurb tfbmr rbsucts ieh wfbtfbr tfb gbisurb-

gbet ms iaauritb, dr bvbe gbiemekluc. Xfms rbpdrtimgs td ihvieab hbìtb de tfb [drch @iens

adetrmùtmde me tfms irbi.

Xfb 0::= IPHB fis twd pirts. @dtf pirts issbss

@ien pbrldrgieab me ihvieamek hbvbcdpgbet

bllbatmvbebss tfrdukf hmllbrbet pbrldrgieab

cbesbs. Zirt M cddns lmrst it @ien pbrldrgieab usmek

adevbetmdeic trianmek gbisurbs. Xfb stdry ms

`rdihcy pdsmtmvb? pbrldrgieab, gbisurbh is tfb

sitmsliatdry iafmbvbgbet dl hbvbcdpgbet dut-

adgbs tfit irb tirkbtbh me @ien-suppdrtbh

prdobats, ms fmkf ieh fis bbe krihuiccy mgprdvmek

ldr tfb pist 92 ybirs. Zirt M tfbe bxigmebs blldrts

td mgprdvb pbrldrgieab hiti. Fbrb tfb prdkrbss

ms gmxbh? tfb aficcbekb dl triesldrgmek prdobat

gdemtdrmek ieh bvicuitmde (G&B) priatmabs metd

gbiemekluc tddcs ldr gieikbgbet ieh rbsdurab

iccdaitmde rbgimes hiuetmek. @ien-wmhb rbsucts

gbisurbgbet tddcs irb stmcc `bmek hbvbcdpbh ieh

fivb edt ybt `bbe tbstbh. Dtfbr pbrldrgieab

bvicuitmde tddcs (suaf is mgpiat bvicuitmde, adst-

beblmt ieicysms, ieh rbic-tmgb gdemtdrmek) ippbirtd `b usbh spdrihmaiccy, ictfdukf gdrb me-hbptf

issbssgbet ms dekdmek.

Zirt MM dllbrs ie issbssgbet dl @ien pbrldrgieab

me tfb armtmaic irbi dl sustimei`cb bevmrdegbetic

rbsucts, pirtmaucircy @ien suppdrt smeab 0::9. Fbrb

tdd tfb rbadrh ms gmxbh? tfb pdrtldcmd fis `bbe

krdwmek, ieh aiticytma irbis dl bxabccbeab ldr

bevmrdegbetic memtmitmvbs irb bvmhbet, ùt bxpbrm-

beab wmtf gimestrbigmek ieh gdemtdrmek rbsucts ms

wbin. Qbrmdus blldrts td gdvb tfb bevmrdegbetic

ikbehi ldrwirh ieh td fbcp hbcmvbr de tfb kcdìc

fdpbs ieh ispmritmdes dl tfb 0::= Adpbefikbe

Quggmt wmcc fmekb me pirt de rbebwbh blldrts td

strbektfbe bevmrdegbetic gimestrbigmek ieh td

ihhrbss `dtf @ien ieh kdvbregbet hmsmeabetmvbs

td beadurikmek krbitbr ardss-sbatdr adcci`dritmde.


35/180

ZIPX M

Xrianmek @ien Zbrldrgieab


36/180


37/180

Afiptbr 0

Bvicuitmde Fmkfcmkfts

Zrdobat pbrldrgieab fis sfdwe

stbihy mgprdvbgbet dvbr tfb pist 92

ybirs.

Zrdobat pbrldrgieab rbadvbrbh me

0::6 td 69 pbrabet sitmsliatdry, hrmvbe

`y strdek pbrldrgieab me tries-

pdrtitmde ieh witbr ieh me Ilrmai,

Qdutf Ismi, ieh Citme Igbrmai.

Qdamic hbvbcdpgbet, bevmrdegbet,ur`ie hbvbcdpgbet, ieh sdamic prd-

tbatmde fivb sfdwe strdek mg-

prdvbgbets dvbr tfb pist tfrbb

ybirs.

Ebw bvmhbeab sukkbsts tfit mg-

prdvbgbets me prdobat pbrldrgieab

dvbr tfb cdek tbrg wbrb me pirt tfb

rbsuct dl @ien sbatdr pdcmambs ieh

bxtbreic adehmtmdes.

@bttbr bvicuitmde dl tfb quicmty ieh

mgpiat dl ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry ia-tmvmtmbs ms krbitcy ebbhbh.


38/180

Gbe lmsfmek me Adcdg`mi. Zfdtd y Bhwme Fullgie, adurtbsy dl tfb [drch @ien Zfdtd Cm`riry.


39/180

=

[drch @ien Zbrldrgieabme Zbrspbatmvb

Xfms afiptbr usbs tfbsb gbisurbs td bxigmeb

rbabet pbrldrgieab ieh td issbss wfbtfbr tfb

hdweture mhbetmlmbh cist ybir rbprbsbetbh i ebwhbacmemek trbeh. Mt icsd pciabs rbabet pbrldrg-

ieab me ie fmstdrmaic pbrspbatmvb `y bxigmemek

cdekbr-tbrg hrmvbrs dl pbrldrgieab ieh bvbets

issdamitbh wmtf tfb giodr tureirdueh me

pbrldrgieab. Lmeiccy, tfb afiptbr prbsbets i

hmsaussmde dl tfb pbrldrgieab dl tfb @iens

ieicytma ieh ihvmsdry iatmvmtmbs (III).

Zrdobat Zbrldrgieab Pbadvbrbh me 0::6Xd ritb prdobat pbrldrgieab, MBK usbs prdobat-

kbebritbh hiti td hbtbrgmeb tfb bxtbet td wfmaf i

prdobat fis gbt (dr ms cmnbcy td gbbt) mts stitbh

dòbatmvbs. @dx 0.0 prdvmhbs mccustritmdes dl wfit

sitmsliatdry ieh uesitmsliatdry gbie me i prdobat

adetbxt. Xfb dòbatmvbs dl prdobats irb mgpdrtiet

td hbvbcdpgbet dutadgbs suaf is krdwtf, pdvbrty

rbhuatmde, ieh dtfbr sdamic ieh bevmrdegbetic

kdics, dr mehmrbat adetrmùtdrs td tfbsb dutadgbs.9

Igdek @ien-suppdrtbh prdobats tfit acdsbh me

lmsaic 0::6, 0 69 pbrabet wbrb ritbh sitmsliatdry.

Xfb hrdp me prdobat ritmeks `btwbbe

0::< ieh 0::; dl ebircy ; pbrabetikb

pdmets (tfb sfirpbst hrdp smeab MBK`bkie trianmek pbrldrgieab) rbabmvbh

ittbetmde me cist ybirs ieeuic rbpdrt

ieh rimsbh adeabre i`dut i tureirdueh trbeh.

@ut pbrldrgieab rbadvbrbh me 0::6, is sfdwe me

lmkurb 0.9.1

Zrdobat pbrldrgieab

rbadvbrbh me 0::6,

icciymek adeabres dvbrtfb 0::; hrdp.

Xfb Mehbpbehbet Bvicuitmde Krdup (MBK) fis trihmtmdeiccy trianbh [drch@ien pbrldrgieab usmek i smgpcb gbtrma dl tfb pbrabetikb dl prdobats

ritbh sitmsliatdry (gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry, sitmsliatdry, ieh fmkfcy sit-

msliatdry) is dppdsbh td uesitmsliatdry (gdhbritbcy uesitmsliatdry, uesitmsliatdry,

ieh fmkfcy uesitmsliatdry) lrdg icc prdobats tfit fivb acdsbh me tfb prbabhmek

ybir (`dx 0.9). @ien-suppdrtbh aduetry prdkrigs irb ritbh y i smgmcir gbtrma.

MBK ritbs prdobat dutadgbs iaadrhmek td tfb bxtbet td wfmaf tfb prd-

obats giodr rbcbviet dòbatmvbs wbrb iafmbvbh, dr irb bxpbatbh td biafmbvbh, bllmambetcy. Zdssm`cb ritmeks irb?

9. Fmkfcy sitmsliatdry? tfbrb wbrb ed sfdrtadgmeks me tfb dpbritmdes

iafmbvbgbet dl mts dòbatmvbs, me mts bllmambeay, dr me mts rbcbvieab.

0. Qitmsliatdry? tfbrb wbrb decy gmedr sfdrtadgmeks.

1. Gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry? tfbrb wbrb gdhbritb sfdrtadgmeks.

8. Gdhbritbcy uesitmsliatdry? tfbrb wbrb smkemlmaiet sfdrtadgmeks.

2. Resitmsliatdry? tfbrb wbrb giodr sfdrtadgmeks.


40/180

MBK ritbs prdobat dutadgbs iaadrhmek td tfrbb armtbrmitfbmr rbc-

bvieab, bllmaiay, ieh bllmambeay. Me kbebric, sitmsliatdry prdobatsluccy hbcmvbr de tfbmr hbvbcdpgbet d`obatmvbs, ippbir cmnbcy td b

sustimebh, ieh kbebritb acbir `beblmts me ie bllmambet gieebr.

Qdgb bxigpcbs fbcp td mccustritb.

@urnmei Lisd

Me @urnmei Lisd, tfb @ien pirtmiccy lmeieabh i $0;: gmccmde witbr

suppcy prdobat me Duikihdukdu. Xfb prdobat wis ritbh fmkfcy sit-

msliatdry, luccy gbbtmek mts hbvbcdpgbet d`obatmvbs dl mearbismek rb-

cmi`mcmty dl, ieh iaabss td, acbie hrmenmek witbr ldr


41/180

Lmkurb 0.0? Zbrabet Qitmsliatdry Dutadgb Pitmeks `y Pbkmde ieh Qbatdr,

0::


42/180

92-ybir afiekb me

Ivbrikb ieeuic afiekb pbrabetikb pdmetsme pbrabetikb pdmets Qtiehirh brrdr X-ritmd (9==10::6)

Fmkfcy sitmsliatdry :.96 :.:6; 0.:8 0.;

Qitmsliatdry :.:02 :.92 :.9;

Gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry :.=; :.98


43/180

9 1

[ D P C H @ I E N Z B P L D P G I E A B M E Z B P Q Z B A X M \ B

tdry). Guaf dl tfb dvbricc mearbisb me pbrldrgieab

aigb tfrdukf i hrdp me uesitmsliatdry ritmeks.

Me ihhmtmde, sdgb dl tfb rmsb me tfb pbrabet sitmslia-

tdry aitbkdry adgbs lrdg tfb rbcitmvbcy sgicc stbp`btwbbe tfb twd `drhbrcmeb su`aitbkdrmbs (lrdg

gdhbritbcy uesitmsliatdry td gdhbritbcy sitmslia-

tdry). Ie ictbreitmvb pbrldrgieab gbtrma ms td tinb

tfb ivbrikb dvbr icc smx aitbkdrmbs, issmkemek vicubs

lrdg 9 (ldr fmkfcy uesitmsliatdry) td < (ldr fmkfcy

sitmsliatdry). Xfms gbisurb kmvbs bquic wbmkft td

mgprdvbgbets dr hbtbrmdritmdes. Afirtmek tfb

afiekb dvbr tmgb smeab 9==1 (tfb lmrst ybir tfb smx

aitbkdrmbs wbrb wmhbcy usbh `y MBK) rbvbics i rmsb

me pbrldrgieab dl 6 pbrabet `y 0::


44/180

B. Bllbat dl

afiekb deI. Qfirb dl @. Qfirb dl A. Afiekb, H. Bstmgitbh dvbricc @iendpbritmdes dpbritmdes 9==10::6 bllbat/ pbrldrgieab

\irmi`cb me 9==1h me 0::6 (@ I) mgpiata (A H)

]bir (tmgb trbeh) 92 :.:09 :.19 mgprdvbh kdvbreieab wis i nby liatdr ldr

icc tfrbb. Hurmek tfb cittbr ficl dl tfb rbvmbw pbrmdh, me pirtmaucir,

tfb kdvbregbet uehbrtddn mgpdrtiet iatmdes, meacuhmek arbitmek

ie dmc surpcus iaaduet, mgprdvmek pu`cma lmeieamic gieikbgbet,

ieh hbbpbemek tfb prmvitmzitmde prdkrig. Xfb @ien prdvmhbh mg-

pdrtiet issmstieab, hbspmtb mts rbcitmvbcy sgicc lmeieamic adetrmù-

tmde. @ut tfbrb wis cmttcb prdkrbss me tiancmek nby struaturic

wbinebssbs. Xfb @ien wis suaabssluc me suppdrtmek tfb mg-

prdvbgbet dl kdvbreieab (tfdukf edt me rbhuamek adrruptmde) it

tfb lbhbric cbvbc, ut cmttcb fis bbe iaadgpcmsfbh it tfb stitb cbvbc.

Qmgmcircy, tfbrb wis cmttcb prdkrbss me mgprdvmek guemampic witbr

ieh urìe melristruaturbtfb gime irrmbrs td ede-dmc krdwtf. Ieh

tirkbts ldr mgprdvmek fbictf ieh bhuaitmde dutadgbs wbrb gmssbh

hub td tfb cian dl ldaus de ùmchmek mestmtutmdes it tfb stitb cbvbc,

wfmaf airrmbs prmgiry rbspdesm`mcmty ldr sdamic sbrvmab hbcmvbry.

KbdrkmiXfb @iens prdkrig me Kbdrkmi wis ritbh gdhbritbcy sitmsliatdry.

Xfb prdkrig ldausbh de giardbadedgma sti`mcmzitmde, kdvbreieab,

prmvitb sbatdr hbvbcdpgbet, ieh fugie hbvbcdpgbet btwbbe 9==1

ieh 0::;. Xfbrb wbrb i eug`br dl sbvbrb sbtìans btwbbe 9==6

ieh 0::1, meacuhmek pddr tix adccbatmde, i ebir adccipsb dl ie bcba-

trmamty sbatdr figpbrbh y adrruptmde, ieh wdrsbemek iaabss td kddh

fbictf airb. @ut iltbr tfb Pdsb Pbvdcutmde me 0::1, tfb @ien qumancy

rbadkemzbh tfb pdtbetmic ldr afiekb ieh bxtbehbh mts suppdrt td tfb

ebw kdvbregbet. Xix rbvbeubs mearbisbh lrdg 98 pbrabet td 02 pbr-

abet dl krdss hdgbstma prdhuat (KHZ)> ie ietmadrruptmde aigpimke

suaabssluccy cbh td igbcmdritmde dl adrruptmde mehmaitdrs> bcbatrma-

mty suppcy sti`mcmzbh> ieh i wbcc-hbsmkebh sdamic issmstieab tirkbt-

mek prdkrig wis mgpcbgbetbh, wfmcb pdvbrty ritbs scdwcy hbacmebh.

Aficcbekbs rbgimemeacuhmek fbcpmek lirgbrs td iaabss arbhmt

ieh umchmek ouhmamic mehbpbehbeabùt tfb prdkrigs gmhadursb

adrrbatmde cbh td sbvbric sitmsliatdry dutadgbs.

@dx 0.8? [fit Hd Gdhbritbcy Qitmsliatdry ieh Resitmsliatdry Aduetry Zrdkrigs Cddn Cmnb4

Qdurabs? MBK ldrtfadgmek i, 0::6m.

vicmhitmde dl tfb @iens AIQAPs. @dtf

tfb AIBs ieh tfb AIQAP Pbvmbws ritb

dutadgbs it tfb aduetry cbvbc wmtfdut

msdcitmek tfb sbpiritb adetrmùtmdes dl

tfb @ien ieh tfb aduetry.

Ldr gdst aduetrmbs, tfbe, tfrbb hmllbrbet nmehs dl

dutadgb ritmeks aduch `b usbh ldr tfb @iens

wdrn? tfb twd sdurabs dl aduetry ritmeks hbsarm`bh

i`dvb, wmtf tfb ihhmtmde dl i tfmrh, adestruatbh

lrdg tfb ivbrikb dl tfb ritmeks kmvbe td icc dl tfb

@ien-suppdrtbh prdobats, is hbsarm`bh bircmbr me

tfms afiptbr. Fdwbvbr, `baiusb tfb bxpbatbh

dutadgbs dl aduetry prdkrigs hmllbr lrdg tfdsb

dl prdobats, tfbrb ms ed prbsugptmde tfit tfb

ritmeks sfduch `b tfb sigb> me liat, tfb

aduetry ritmeks tbeh td `b cdwbr. Iardss

icc aduetrmbs tfb ivbrikb ritmek ldr tfb

aduetry bvicuitmdes smeab 9==1 fis

`bbe 1.; de i smx-pdmet saicb. Xfms ms

scmkftcy cdwbr tfie tfb ivbrikb ritmek ldr icc

prdobats dl 8.:.

MBK hiti sfdw i gmxbh pmaturb dl aduetry

prdkrig ritmeks me rbabet ybirs. AIBs, wfmaf

rblcbat i cdekbr tmgb lrigb (dltbe spieemek

badedgma ieh pdcmtmaic sfdans iardss ihgmemstri-

tmdes) hd edt sfdw ie upwirh trbeh, ùt fivbrbgimebh cbvbc dr hbacmebh scmkftcy. AIQAP

ritmeks, metrdhuabh me 0::0 ieh advbrmek guaf

sfdrtbr @ien issmstieab pbrmdhs, fivb mgprdvbh

is tfb ebw rbsucts ldaus fis kimebh triatmde. Me

0::;:6, fdwbvbr, tfb pbrldrgieab trbeh

lcittbebh, wfmaf giy gbrmt lurtfbr ieicysms me

ebxt ybirs IPHB (lmkurb 0.


49/180

9 =

[ D P C H @ I E N Z B P L D P G I E A B M E Z B P Q Z B A X M \ B

quicmty ieh rbcbvieab dl tbafemaic issmstieab ieh

ieicytma wdrn tfit giy edt `b pirt dl iey spbamlma

prdobat. [fbtfbr tfb dòbatmvbs me tfb AIQ irb

iafmbvbh dltbe hbpbehs de dtfbr hdedrs, de

rbkucitdry afiekbs, dr de bxdkbedus hbvbcdp-gbets suaf is eituric hmsistbrs dr lmeieamic armsms,

ieh edt sdcbcy de tfb suaabss dr limcurb dl tfb

prdobats suppdrtbh y tfb @ien.

Xfb Yuicmty Issurieab Krdups (YIK) L]:;

Ieeuic Pbvmbw dl Zdrtldcmd Zbrldrgieab

(IPZZ), usmek bvmhbeab lrdg MBK bvicuitmdes,

amtbh bllbatmvb pdcmay hmicdkub ieh wbin hbsmke

dl aduetry prdkrigs is giodr rbisdes ldr

hmvbrkbeab. Me aduetrmbs wmtf pddr dutadgbs,

prd`cbgs abetbrbh de smkemlmaiet dgmssmdes,

wbin ieicytmaic uehbrpmeemek, i limcurb td

iaaduet ldr me-aduetry aipiamty, ieh i cian dl

adfbrbeab iardss dpbritmdes. Gdrbdvbr, is

edtbh me tfb 0::6 IPHB ieh tfb 0::; IPZZ,

syebrkmbs `btwbbe ieh igdek tfb @iens

cbehmek, nedwcbhkb sbrvmabs, ieh pdcmay hmicdkub

wbrb edt icwiys luccy bxpcdmtbh, ieh sdgb

prdobats wbrb edt rbcbviet td tfb aduetrys adrb

hbvbcdpgbet aficcbekbs. Ebvbrtfbcbss, prdobat

pbrldrgieab ms pirt dl tfb dvbricc aduetry bvicui-

tmde, sd tfbrb ms mebvmti`cy sdgb adrrbcitmde.

@ien III Ms Mgpdrtiet ùt Edt PbkucircyBvicuitbh

III fis `badgb i krdwmek pirt dl tfb @iens

ihgmemstritmvb bxpbehmturbs. Mt iaaduetbh ldr ic-

gdst i tfmrh dl tfb @iens spbehmek de aduetry

sbrvmabs me lmsaic 0::6 (icdek wmtf wdrn de ebw

cbehmek ieh supbrvmsmde dl bxmstmek prdobats). Mt

fis icsd krdwe is i sfirb dl tfb @iens dpbritmdeic

spbehmek`y i`dut < pbrabetikb pdmets btwbbe

lmsaic ybirs 0::8 td 0::6.

It mts `bst, ieicytmaic wdrn ms vicubh ieh

hbgiehbh `y aduetrmbs is i giodr sdurab dl

nedwcbhkb i`dut rbldrgs ieh kcdìc nedwcbhkb.

Mt fis `bbe gdst bllbatmvb wfbe fmkf tbafemaic

quicmty ms adg`mebh wmtf sustimebh bekikbgbet

wmtf acmbets ieh stinbfdchbrs.

MBKs bvicuitmde dl III lrdg 0::: td 0::< (MBK

0::6b) issbssbh tfb bxtbet td wfmaf III iafmbvbh

dòbatmvbs dl meldrgmek cbehmek, meldrgmek pdcmay,

ùmchmek aipiamty, stmgucitmek pu`cma

hbìtb, ieh liamcmtitmek nedwcbhkb

bxafiekb. Mt ldueh tfit usbrs dl III

ritbh iafmbvbgbet dl tfbsb dòbatmvbs

ivbrikb dr fmkfbr.99 Mt icsd ldueh tfit mlfmkf tbafemaic quicmty, aduetry dwebrsfmp, ieh

@ien ldccdw-up irb prbsbet, III ms cmnbcy td fivb

ie mgpiat.

Xbafemaic quicmty, tfb rbpdrt ldueh, wis tfb gdst

mgpdrtiet dl tfb tfrbb mekrbhmbets cmstbh i`dvb. Me-

aduetry stinbfdchbrs ritmeks dl tbafemaic quicmty

strdekcy adrrbcitb wmtf tfbmr ritmeks dl tfb bxtbet td

wfmaf bvbry dòbatmvb fis bbe gbt. Xfb tbafemaic

quicmty dl tfb @iens III ms kbebriccy kddh. I

rbvmbw `y mehbpbehbet spbamicmsts dl i

sigpcb dl III prdhuabh ldr gmhhcb-

meadgb aduetrmbs ldueh tfit icc tfb

rbpdrts me tfb sigpcb rblcbatbh auttmek-

bhkb nedwcbhkb me tfbmr sbatdrs, ieh 2 ldr bhuaitmde prdobats, cbiremek

ittimegbet.Iaauriay rblbrs td quicmty me tbrgs dl

ìsma prmeampcbs dl gbisurbgbet is wbcc is rmkdr,

wfbe rbqumrbh, me tfb issbssgbet dl mgpiat.

Hbamsmde-rbcbvietrblbrs td wfbtfbr tfb meldrgi-

tmde ms sullmambetcy adgprbfbesmvb td uehbrpme

mgpdrtiet hbamsmdes, suaf is wfbtfbr tfb pirtmau-

cir prdobat dr iatmvmty sfduch `b hdeb ikime, sfduch

`b saicbh up, dr sfduch b pursubh me iedtfbr wiy.

Xfbrb irb, dl adursb, @ien-suppdrtbh prdobats

tfit hbcmvbr bxabccbet meldrgitmde de rbsucts, ut

tfbrb ms `rdih iaabptieab tfit tfms hdbs edt

fippbe lrbqubetcy bedukf. Xfb @ien ms gdvmek

tdwirh kbebritmek `bttbr meldrgitmde tfrdukf

sbvbric memtmitmvbs. Xfms afiptbr rbvmbws lmvb irbis

td issbss tfb prdkrbss `bmek gihb?

Xfb gdemtdrmek ieh bvicuitmde memtmitmvbs

Xfb MHI92 Pbsucts Gbisurbgbet Qystbg Mgpiat bvicuitmde memtmitmvbs

Pbic-tmgb prdobat meldrgitmde

Badedgma adst-`beblmt ieicysms.

Biaf dl tfbsb lmvb irbis `birs de sdgb ispbat dl

tfb kdics dl gbiemekluc, iaauritb, ieh hbamsmde-

rbcbviet pbrldrgieab meldrgitmde, ieh tfms

afiptbr rbvmbws blldrts td mgprdvb pbrldrgieab

meldrgitmde me biaf.

Zrdkrbss Mgpcbgbetmek @ien-[mhb G&B

Pbldrgs Ms Bvmhbet ùt PbgimesAficcbekmekMgprdvmek G&B ms i pbrbeemic adeabre tfit ms

rimsbh me MBK rbpdrts ieh hmsaussbh me tfb @ien.

Xfb @ien fis dllbrbh kbebric beadurikbgbet,

hbtimcbh kumhbcmebs, ieh spbamlma rbqumrbgbets

imgbh it tfms kdic ldr dvbr i hbaihb. MBK, ldr mts

pirt, fis hriwe ittbetmde td meihbquitb G&B me

eugbrdus sbatdric bvicuitmdes ieh me mts ieeuic

rbvmbws, meacuhmek tfb 0::6 IPHB. Afiptbr 8

Xfb sitmsliatdry/uesitmsliatdry ritmeks hmsaussbh me afiptbr 0 `baigb

wmhbcy usbh, pirtcy `baiusb suaf i ritmek systbg wis lcbxm`cb bedukf

tfit mt aduch b ippcmbh td i wmhb virmbty dl dpbritmdes, wfmaf gihb dp-

britmdes bismcy adgpiri`cb. Fdwbvbr, tfbrb irb mearbismek aiccs ldr gdrb

gbiemekluc, iaauritb, ieh hbamsmde-rbcbviet meldrgitmde de pbrldrgieab,

`dtf it tfb [drch @ien ieh me tfb dvbricc metbreitmdeic hbvbcdpgbet adgguemty,

uehbr tfb gieikmek ldr rbsucts ikbehi.

Xdwirh Gbisuri`cb Pbsucts iehMgprdvbh Zbrldrgieab Hiti

0 2


56/180

0 survby hiti de

rbcitbh mehmaitdrs> ieh meldrgitmde de metbrgbhmitb dutadgbstd issbss

wfbtfb

2009 annual review of development effectiveness: achieving sustainable development

Documents