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Medieval High-Mountain Pastures in the Kamnik Alps (Slovenia)

Zusammenfassung

MittelalterlicheAlmen inKamnikerAlpen(Slo-wenien). In dem Beitrag sind die Almen in Kamni-ker Alpen als dynamisches dreiteiliges System vor-gestellt. Die Bestandteile sind Weiden, Stellen dermenschlichen tigkeit (am meisten die Siedlungen

sowohl in den lern wie auch au den Almen) undallesverbindendes Wegenetz.

Mit der Hile von GIS wurde der s.g. vorher-sagende Modell entwickelt, der die Gebiete be-stimmte, die wegen ihrer Naturgegebenheiten alsWeiden benutzt werden knnen. Mit der Hile vonWegenetzanalyse wurden mittels moderne Wegedie ltesten Wege herausgesucht. Als Resultat kamzeitlich-dynamisches System der mittelalterlichenWeidewirtschat heraus. In seinem Rahmen knnensowohl subtile Bercksichtigung der natrlichenGegebenheiten (Struktur) wie auch absichtliche

Entscheidungen der Menschen (Agent) beobachtetwerden. Auch der Beispiel der gut erorschten AlmKrvavec zeigt die zeitliche Dynamik als Verschie-bung der tigkeitstellen. Der Beispiel der groen,zweizelligen sptmittelalterlichen und rhneuzeit-lichen Gebude daselbst zeigt die Sozialdynamik derFundstelle. rotz der anschneidenden Kompliziert-heit der beschriebenen vielltigen Dynamik kannman den Eindruck gewinnen, da beschriebenesVerahren neue Mglichkeiten der Einsicht in diealpinische Almviehzucht im Mittelalter genet.

Izvleek

Srednjeveke planine v Kamnikih Alpah(Slovenija). Planine v Kamnikih Alpah sopredstavljene kot dinamini sistem, ki sestoji iz trehosnovnih sestavnih delov. i so: paniki, sredialovekovih dejavnosti (najpogosteje naselbine, tako

v dolinah kot na planinah) in mrea poti, ki jihpovezuje.

S pomojo GIS-ov je bil izdelan t.i. napovednimodel, s katerim smo izpostavili obmoja, ki jih

je glede na naravne danosti mono uporabljati

kot panike. S pomojo mrene analize smo napodlagi modernih poti poiskali najstareje poti. Kotrezultat smo prepoznali asovno dinamien sistemsrednjevekega panitva, znotraj katerega lahko

opazujemo tako subtilno upotevanje naravnihdanosti (struktura) kot tudi zavestne odloitveposameznikov (agent) znotraj tega. udi primerarheoloko dobro raziskane planine Krvavec kaeasovno dinamiko v smislu premikanja sredidejavnosti. Na primeru pozno srednjeveke / zgodnjenovoveke velike dvoceline stavbe na istem najdiu

pa smo pokazali e drubeno dinamiko znotrajnajdia. Kljub navidezni zapletenosti opisanevekratne dinamike se zdi, da tovrsten pristop k temiodpira nove monosti vpogleda v alpsko planarskoivinorejo v srednjem veku.

Introduction

Te research area is located in the Kamnik-Sav-inja Alps also known by their shorter name o theKamnik Alps. Tis area is a part o the southernlimestone Alps in north Slovenia and on the Austrian

border (gure ). Te name derives rom the town oKamnik and the river Savinja. Tis area is character-ised by the deep valleys cut between the mountainranges and the karstic plateaus with scarce suracewater. Tese characteristics heavily inuenced thetraditional agriculture in the area: small elds arepredominantly located on moderately sloped areason the side exposed to the sun, and to meadows onthe shady slopes. Pastures and orests are locatedhigher in the mountains (Petek 2005, 36).

Te research area extends across approximately90km2. Te average inclination o 32 o and the av-

erage elevation o 362 metres are higher than theaverage in the Eastern-Alpine region (c. Petek 2005,3940). Te requency o each recorded heightshows an even distribution o heights between 650and 250 meters. Tis is the elevation o the largeplateaus as well as an extensive area o secludedarms in the north-eastern part o the research area.Te highest areas o (modern) agricultural use are tobe ound between 550 and 850 meters above sealevel, on average slopes between 3o and 33o (c. Pe-tek 2005, 3640). Tese are the high-mountain pas-tures known asplanina (pluralplanine; ger.Almen)in Slovenian language.

Te numerous archaeological nds in the Kam-nik Alps demonstrate that people have been re-quenting this seemingly inhospitable mountainous

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world since prehistoric times (Horvat 2006). Nowa-days this area is predominantly used or eco-armingand sustainable tourist activities. Te latter remainsthe only successul economic use o cultural herit-age within the areas o outstanding natural beauty(e.g. Breznik 2006, 6567).

In recent decades the Kamnik and Julian Alpshave been the main ocus o Slovenian mountainarchaeology. In the case o the Kamnik Alps the re-search ocus is due to the well preserved ethnologi-cal heritage on one hand and the large destructiveinterventions into the landscape (ski resorts) on theother hand. However, most o the research ocusmust be credited to the dedicated work carried outby Dr. one Cevc (984; 997; 2000; 2006a).

Te oldest use o this environment was ocusedon the plateaus above the orest line. Additionalpastures have been cleared rom the orest duringthe middle ages (c. Cevc 2006a). For example, in theJulian Alps this process was well underway in theth and 2th century (tular 2006a). It is assumed

that the use o the pastures was relatively stable dur-ing the post-medieval period. Fortunately, the high-mountain pastures in the Kamnik Alps have beenpartially documented at the time o use (erek949), already beore the large scale abandonment inthe 950s took place (Petek 2005, 5253). Tereore,although some o the last used locations are known,a signicant share o the sites has been orgotten.

Te presented study originates rom the re-search carried out within two projects that aimedto combine the cultural heritage management andsustainable economic development.

Te Krvavec cultural heritage project (No. L6-9233-068-06) and Sustainable development in areas o out-standing natural beauty project (No. V5 0298).

Figure 1: Te research area ( author; sources used: DMV 12,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and MappingAuthority o the Republic o Slovenia).

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Te Big Picture: Using GIS to Predict PastureSystems

Te main aim o this article is to perceive themedieval high-mountain pastures in the KamnikAlps as a dynamic system. Te dynamics pertain totemporal, cultural and natural dynamics. Unortu-nately, the latter has been included only marginally

so ar due to the lack o data specic to this area.

Our study is mainly based on the previous ar-chaeological research in the area (or an overviewsee Horvat 2006) and the GIS analysis (tular 2006a;tular 2008). o be more precise the GIS analysis inquestion was the so called predictive modelling.

In order to ully appreciate the results a shortmethodological introduction o predictive model-ling in archaeology is necessary (e.g. Stani, Vel-

janovska 998; Church, Brandon, Burgett 2000;tular 2006b, see cited literature). In archaeology a

predictive model is dened as a hypotheses or setso hypotheses which simpliy complex observationwhilst ofering a largely accurate predictive rame-work structuring these observations (Clarke 968,32). Te simpler correlative predictive modellingdiers rom explanatory predictive modelling. Teormer are intended to detect the positive relationsbetween the known agents within the landscapewhilst the latter strive to explain these relations(Church, Brandon, Burgett 2000, 48-53).

Te most common mistake made by practi-tioners o predictive modelling is that they dependon modern analogies. For example, the least efortstructure is one o the most important ones in capi-talist society: achieving something with the leastpossible eort maximises the prot. However, this

was not necessarily the case in all cultures through-out history. For example, there are ways to build acrypt with less eort than the Egyptian pyramids.Another recurrent method is the (mis)use o re-lie variables such as solar exposure, slope or watersource remoteness. Tese actors are the measure-ments o relie and were indeed oten the key actorsto inuence human behaviour; however it would be

a mistake i one was to understand them as the envi-ronment itsel (Church, Brandon, Burgett 2000).

Synoptic predictive modelling can be used toavoid the above described problem. Tese are de-ned as a regional combination o variables relevantto archaeological site locations rather than specic

site locations (Custer 986). However, it is impor-tant to use paleo-environmental data and not datapertaining to the modern environment (Church,Brandon, Burgett 2000, 36-38). Explanatory pre-dictive modelling uses the landscape perspectivein order to search or the processes that govern the

correlations among various landscape agencies. Teexpected end result is the understanding o thesecorrelations as best possible.

Each predictive modelling exercise stand oralls on the quality o the input data. Te exact in-uence the methodology has on the nal result isnegligible compared to the quality and quantity othe data used. Tereore, in this case study specialcare was devoted to extracting the input data and tothe transparency o the metadata (gure 2).

In the ollowing exercise deductive weightedpredictive modelling was used. Te ormer pertainsto a priori assumptions regarding the variables suchas solar radiation, slope, etc. Te latter pertains toweights o each variable, such as the adequacy o the

Input Data Layer SourceDigital elevation model DMV 2,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o

the Republic o SloveniaHydrology Vector DK 25, water Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o the

Republic o Slovenia

Hill-shaded relie DMV 2,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority othe Republic o SloveniaSlopes DMV 2,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o

the Republic o Slovenia; Petek 2005, 384

Above sea level heights DMV 2,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority othe Republic o Slovenia; Petek 2005, 3637

Mountain-hiking paths Cadastre o mountain-hiking paths PZS; DK 25 Te Surveying andMapping Authority o the Republic o Slovenia

Mountain-hiking paths starting-points

Cadastre o mountain-hiking paths PZS; Vector DK 25, road network Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o the Republic o Slovenia

Known archaeological sites ARKAS (Internet source 3); Horvat 2006

Registered cultural heritage Register nepremine kulturne dediine (Internet source 4)Figure 2: Data used in the GIS analysis, so called metadata.

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made the same calculation or the known areas othe Bled high-mountain pastures. Tere the mini-mum value was 0 kWh/m, the maximum value.00 kWh/m, the median value 786 kWh/m andthe average value 79 kWh/m. Te latter has beenused as a reerence value to calculate the weighted

variables (gure 3).Te 1st model was calculated using the present-

ed variables: height, slope and solar radiation. Sincethe primary importance o both height and slope isas an eliminating actor - i.e. there are no pastureshigher than 2000 metres or on slopes steeper than35 degrees - the importance o these two as positiveactors has been halved. Tereore, the used ratio othe weights was height : slope : solar radiation at ascale : : 2. Te results were categorized into 4classes (gure 4).

Te above described predictive model is meth-odologically rather simplistic due to the lack o suit-able data (geology, pedology) on one hand and thedemanding environment (transparent eliminatingactors) on the other. However, excellent data or in-dependent statistic verication was available.

One set o verication data was acquiredthrough a historic geographic research that mappedthe high-mountain pastures (erek 949, 86) andhad been carried out beore the rst wave o high-mountain pastures desertion in the 950s (c. Petek2005,7880). Te second data set was acquired bymapping place-names planina. Tis place-nametypically denotes both the herders settlements aswell as the high-mountain pastures (c. Melik 950,22228). In the Bled region this name was predom-inantly used or younger planine that were clearedbelow the orest line in high medieval times (c.

Figure 4: Te frst predictive model showing the potential or high-mountain pastures in the Kamnik Alps ( author;used sources: DMV 12,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o the Republic o Slovenia).

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Te model accuracy was encouraging: 85 % othe historically documented, 83 % o the mappedplace-names and 72 % o all known archaeologicalsites were ound within the predicted area. Regard-ing the somewhat lower percentage o correspond-ing archaeological sites it should be mentioned that

we included all sites with Palaeolithic cave-sites, sin-gular object nds, etc. Sites with proven pastoral-related use all all within the predicted area. Alas,these are too scarce to be o any statistic validity.

For the next independent test o the model theVelika planina (translates as the big high-mountainpasture) area was used. Tis well researched high-mountain pasture (c. Horvat, this volume) is situat-ed on the edge o the study area. Tanks to the idealconditions large portions are still in use today. Usingthe same criterion as or the research area the pas-tures documented in the late 940s (erek 949,

86) almost completely coincide with the predictive

tular 2006a, 234). Last, but not least, all conrmedarchaeological sites (Cevc 997; Horvat 2006) weremapped.

Figure 5: Te percentage o each category or the frst(lighter columns) and the second (darker columns) pre-dictive model.

Figure 6: Te second predictive model that includes the proximity to water variable ( author; sources used: DMV12,5, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o the Republic o Slovenia).

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model.

Te distribution o the area within each weight-class shows the basic bell curve (gure 5), thus con-rming the validity o the chosen weights.

However, the quality o any predictive model isnot measured merely by its accuracy, but also byits capability to narrow down the potential area asmuch as possible. I the accuracy o at least 83 % isabove average, the predicted area - 50.6 km or 27 %o the studied area - was larger than desired.

In order to improve the results a ourth vari-able was added, i.e. proximity to a water source. Teimportance o water or animal herding is obvious.Due to the predominantly limestone bedrock (seeabove) the water sources in this area are scarce dur-ing the summer months. However, the case o the

Bled and Bohinj Alps inorms us that alternative wa-ter sources were available. Te predominant type owater supply was represented by the so called kali,i.e. water-tight holes in the ground. Tese can oc-cur naturally, can be altered by humans or they canbe entirely manmade. Te best water source or akal is a natural spring, however rainwater is alsocommonly used. For the purposes o our predictivemodel these dierences were not considered to beimportant and all water sources were mapped us-ing the available mapped data (DK 25 map TeSurveying and Mapping Authority o the Republico Slovenia; scale : 25.000).

Te water variable is problematic or two reasons.Te rst problem is the unreliability o the availabledata that can be neither inuenced nor controlled.Te only spring that we know o that was the solewater source o the large planina on Krvavec, orexample, has not been charted. Te second problemis the issue o the maximum distance to which theherdsmen and their herds could travel daily in orderto obtain their water supply. Te maximum distanceo a hour walk has been chosen rather arbitrary.It was calculated using the tested PD 13algorithm(tular 2006c). Tis variable has been weighted with

the inverse distance algorithm (gure 3).Tis, the 2nd model (gure 6), achieved the pri-

mary goal o reducing the predicted area to an ac-ceptable 40 km or 2 % o the study area. However,as expected, the accuracy deteriorated. 63 % o bothhistorically documentedplaninas and place-nameswere within the predicted area, however they in-cluded a mere 50 % o the archaeological sites. Te63 % accuracy is still close to the most commonlydesired 66.6 % (e.g. Dalla Bona 2000, 8-87). Also,the distribution o the area within each weight-classonce again shows the desired bell shape (gure 3).

o summarise, the proximity o water sourcesseems very promising or any urther model im-provements, however precise eld mapping o the

water sources would be necessary. At this stagethe interpretation is based on the rst model usingmerely the three variables - height, slope and solarradiation.Pathways

Te aorementioned Bled high-mountain pas-tures study was based on the assumption that thepastures above the orest line are older than theones below that line. Tis asserted hypothesis wasurthered by the recognition that younger pastureswere cleared in the vicinity o the paths leading romthe valley settlements towards the oldest pastures(tular 2006a). Tis was used as hypothesis A.

In archaeology there are several ways o mod-elling ancient and historical pathways using GIS.Modelling optimal pathways or perorming networkanalysis on a known path network are the two most

common (e.g. Conolly, Lake 2006, 234-256). Basedon the available data or this study we have opted orthe second method.

Te path network to be examined was the mod-ern hiking path network (gure 7). Once again,this decision was based on the assumption that theroughness o the mountainous terrain does not al-low or numerous possibilities when travelling rompoint A to point B. Tereore it was our hypothesisB that some sections o the ubiquitous modern hik-ing paths coincide with the oldest paths. Or, rom adierent perspective, that the modern path network

is based on (pre)historic paths. As sufcient exter-nal data is available the oldest paths can be oundwith the use o network analysis.

Te network analysis was airly straight orward:i both hypotheses are correct than the high-moun-tain pastures situated below the tree line must beplaced in the vicinity o the paths that lead rom the

valley settlements towards the high-mountain natu-ralpastures situated above the tree line.

Te result or the Kamnik Alps study area (g-ure 8) proves that both hypotheses are correct. Us-

ing the results obtained by predictive modelling 3high-mountain pastures above the tree line (at 800meters) have been determined. Each o these pas-tures is connected to the valley with a path that in-cludes a group o pastures (gure 8: a, b, c) bellowthe tree line. Te majority o the lower pastures thatdo not correspond to these groups can be explainedas either located in the proximity o the valley settle-ments (gure 8: d, e) or belonging to a high-moun-tain pasture system with the core area outside theresearched area (gure 8: f) - in this case Velika

planina.

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Te Particularities: Krvavec

Beore turning to the interpretation a short in-

troduction o one o the most thoroughly researchedsites in the area - the Krvavec site (c. Pleterski, this

volume) - will be presented. So ar the use o thisarea has been documented in at least our periods:the middle Bronze Age, early medieval, high - latemedieval and modern. Te remains that can be ar-chaeologically documented, i.e. settlements andkali, shited locations throughout the past (gure9).

In this article a late medieval/early post-medi-eval building will be presented. An exceptionallylarge building has been archaeologically document-ed among several smaller buildings in the middle oa relatively at plateau (gure 0).

Te building has two archaeologically docu-

mented phases. Te older (st) phase - roughly dat-ed with the use o pottery to the end o the MiddleAges2 - can be interpreted as rubble and/or reuse

rom the previous building that stood on the samelocation and or which the ground plan can not beidentied. Te younger (2nd) phase was dated withthe use o early post-medieval pottery (gure ).

Disregarding the loose dating at this stage o theresearch we would like to draw attention to the 2ndphase archaeological remains discovered within thebuilding. Te distribution o the nds plotted againstthe ground plan (gure 0) is unambiguous. Te di-

vision o the building into two areas, one with largepottery shards and one without them, is clearly vis-ible. Tese two areas are divided by the only struc-ture within the building, in the proximity o which aconcentration o smaller shards was discovered. Te

2 Te C4 dates were not available at the time o print.

Figure 7: Te network o modern hiking paths within the research area ( author; sources used: DMV 12,5 andDK 25, November 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o the Republic o Slovenia).

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largest concentration o small and medium shardswas located just outside the building. Te area o the

building with more pottery also houses a larger con-centration o horseshoe nails.

It seems that these remains can be very convinc-ingly interpreted as belonging to a two-cell house.Te eastern part was used as a stable. o be moreexact, at least in one part or in one period this wasa horse stable. Te western room was used as theliving quarters and was equipped with a clay-and-stone-built low replace. Te room has been keptclean (no medium or large pottery shards), at leastwhen compared to the stable. Following the com-parison with some ethnological analogies (Cevc984, 05) and the interpretation o the early medi-eval houses on the same site (Pleterski, this volume)we can assume that the entrance was parallel to theslope, on the east side where the reuse is situated.

It can be argued that it is too early in the re-search to issue even an outline o the interpretation.

However it is undisputable that we are dealing withan unusually large two cell building. A building othis size suggests that this was a higher status build-ing. Te likely connection with horse-herding deep-ens this notion that is urther supported by the ndo a table knie in the st phase deposits. Te higherstatus late medieval/early post-medieval building onKrvavec is in contrast to both early medieval (c. Pl-eterski, this volume) and ethnologically documentedmodern settlements (Cevc 984). Tese seem to besmall and highly unctional single cell buildings thatcan be picturesquely described as modest herds-mens huts.

Tereore, an important conclusion that can bedrawn rom the particularities o the case study isthat without specic knowledge only the general ar-

Figure 8: Paths leading rom the valley settlements towards the natural high-mountain pastures located above thetree line. Te pasture groups a - are described in the text ( author; sources used: DMV 12,5 and DK 25, Novem-ber 2005 Te Surveying and Mapping Authority o the Republic o Slovenia).

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eas o the activity ocus (the pastures) can be mod-elled, since the exact locations (settlements, etc.)o human activities are dynamic through time - inregards to the activity and in regards to the socialstatus.

Conclusion: Medieval High-Mountain Pasturesin the Kamnik Alps

In the rst part o this article the medieval high-mountain pastures in the Kamnik Alpswere approached as a system consisting o threemajor entities: pastures, human activity ocalpoints(predominantly settlements, both in the val-ley and in the mountains) and the connecting pathnetwork. Tis approach enabled us to recognize the

temporal dynamics o the system. Once the inputdata will be improved the interpretations regardingthe everyday decisions reached by medieval peoplecan be discussed. However, already at this stage othe research we have ascertained that some areasconvenient or pastures have been utilised while

others, urther removed rom the original paths,were not (gure 8). Tus not only natural conditions- simulated with the predictive model - but also thehuman agency behind the decision making processis recognized. Methodologically speaking this is ashit rom the correlative towards synoptic predic-tive modelling.

Te Krvavec medieval archaeological site willbe ully understood only once the data is thoroughlyanalysed. At this point we would like to stress the

Figure 9: Archaeological sites at the Krvavec high-mountain pasture: 1 - bronze age, 2 - Early Medieval, 3 - HighMedieval, 4 - Late Medieval / Early Post-medieval, 5 - Modern ( author; sources used: DOF Te Surveyingand Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia).

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Figure 10: Plan o the archaeological remains o the

building with the plotted distribution o fnds ( EdisaLozi).

temporal dynamics also on other observation scales.Te shit o the settlement and activities within thepasture can indicate dierent building techniques(early medieval houses are deliberately built onsteep slopes, whereas the late medieval builderspreerred relatively at areas) or dierent activities(Bronze Age activities do not seem to be connectedto the pastoral economy that is central to medievaland modern activities).

When we consider an even smaller scale ob-servation and observe individual buildings we areonce again aced with temporal dynamics. It wouldseem that the big late medieval/early post-medievalbuilding was used as a horse stable and above-aver-age-status dwelling. In this case the changing socialstatus o the users o the high-mountain pasturescan be observed.

At rst glance it may appear that recognising themultiple dynamics serves merely in order to list theinsurmountable hurdles. However, we strongly be-lieve that once a proper methodology is applied andthe necessary analysis is perormed we are alreadyin possession o sufcient data to urther our under-standing ar beyond the current state o knowledge.

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Figure 11: Pottery rom the Krvavec 2009 excavation (scale 1:3, Dragica Knifc-Lunder).

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Ljubljana.Ogrin, M. 2006: Arheoloke raziskave v Julijskih Alpah.Bohinj in Blejski kot (Archologische Erorschungender Julischen Alpen. Bohinj und Bleder Winkel). -lovek v Alpah. Desetletje (19962006) raziskav onavzonosti loveka v slovenskih Alpah (Der Mensch inden Alpen. Zehn Jahre (1996-2006) Forscungen ber die

Anwesenheit des Menschen in den slowenischen Alpen),pp. 96-09, ZRC publishing, Ljubljana.

Petek, F. 2005: Sprememba rabe tal v slovenskemalpskem svetu. - Geograja Slovenije , Ljubljana.

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preitki (Die upa Bled. Entstehung, Entwicklungund Relikte). - Dela / Slovenska akademija znanostiin umetnosti, Razred za zgodovinske in drubene vede(Opera / Academia scientiarum et artium Slovenica,Classis I: Historia et sociologia) 30, Intitut zaarheologijo (Institutum archaeologicum) 4, Ljubljana.

Pleterski, A. 2006: Zgodnjesrednjeveka poselitev naBleku pod planinskim domom na Krvavcu. Predhodnoporoilo o arheologiji povedke (FrhmittelalterlicheBesiedlung von Na Bleku unterhalb der Berghtteau dem Krvavec. Prliminarbericht ber einearchologische Erzhlung). - lovek v Alpah. Desetletje(19962006) raziskav o navzonosti loveka v slovenskih

Alpah (Der Mensch in den Alpen. Zehn Jahre (1996-2006) Forscungen ber die Anwesenheit des Menschenin den slowenischen Alpen), 50-70, ZRC publishing,Ljubljana.

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Stani, Z., Veljanovska . 998: Arheolokinapovedovalni modeli in GIS (Archaeologicalpredictive models and GIS). - M. Krevs et al. (eds.),Geograski inormacijski sistemi v Sloveniji 1997-1998,pp. 75-85, Ljubljana.

tular, B. 2006a: Prostor Blejskih planin v srednjem

veku (Raum der Bleder Almen im Mittelalter). -lovek v Alpah. Desetletje (19962006) raziskav onavzonosti loveka v slovenskih Alpah (Der Menschin den Alpen. Zehn Jahre (1996-2006) Forscungen berdie Anwesenheit des Menschen in den slowenischen

Alpen), pp. 230-24, ZRC publishing, Ljubljana.

tular, B. 2006b: Napovedovanje preteklosti Bistrikeravni (History o Bistrica Area). -Kamniki zbornik8,Kamnik.

tular, B. 2006c: Analiza gospodarskega zaledja varheologiji krajin (Site catchment analysis in landscapearchaeology). - D. Perko et al. (eds.), Geograskiinormacijski sistemi v Sloveniji 2005-2006, pp. 99-20, Ljubljana.tular, B. 2008, Vloga kulturne dediine pri trajnostnemrazvoju varovanih obmoij na primeru arheolokedediine v Kamniko-Savinjskih Alpah (Te role ocultural heritage in the long-term development oprotected areas: the example o archaeological

heritage in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps). - D. Perko etal (eds.), Geograski inormacijski sistemi v Sloveniji2007-2008, pp. 34-353, ZRC Publishing, Ljubljana.

Dr. Benjamin tularInstitut za arheologijo / Institute o archaeologyZRC SAZU / SRC SASA

Novi trg 200 Ljubljana

[email protected]

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