2012 National Science Olympiad Anatomy and Physiology Division B

Maximum Team Members: 2

Time Allotted: 50 minutes

Number of Questions: 64

Number of Tie Breaker Questions: 7

DESCRIPTION: This event encompasses the anatomy (structure and function) of the

digestive and respiratory systems and the effects of aging and diseases on them.

EVENT PARAMETERS: Each team may bring only one 8.5” x 11” two-sided page of

notes that contain information in any form from any source and up to 2

nonprogrammable, non-graphing calculators.

Exam Description: The Exam consists of 64 questions of varying types including

multiple choice, true or false, matching, short answer, and labeling. Tie breaker

questions are clearly identified throughout the test. These will only be used in the event

of a tie and failure to answer them will not directly affect your score. Each question has

only one correct answer. Please answer each question as briefly as possible (the short

answer questions do not require essays!).

IMPORTANT NOTICE

Please record your answer to tie-breaker questions on the answer sheet in the labeled

section at the end. You may write on the exam, but only the answer sheets will be

graded. If you have any questions, please feel free to ask the proctor.

Questions 1-10: Label the following structures. BE SPECIFIC

A drawing of the abdominal contents with the wall and parietal peritoneum is shown. The greater

omentum is not reflected, and a window is cut into the lesser omentum, exposing the vessels, tail

of the pancreas, and major ducts of the liver and gallbladder. The structures labeled include the

right and left lobe of the liver, the gall bladder, the pancreas, the duodenum, the fundus, body,

and antrum of the stomach, the spleen, and the greater omentum.

For questions 11-16, identify the labeled structure. Be Specific

Shown is a drawing of the anterior trunk up through the level of the thyroid cartilage. The lungs,

heart, and pleura are visible as a ghost, as well as major abdominal organs. Labeled structures

include the transverse/horizontal fissure of the right lung, the middle lobe of the right lung, the

pleura, the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung, and the trachea.

For Questions 17-20, Please Refer to the Following Story

Mary is a 35 year old female who suffers from severe abdominal pain. The pain often occurs at

night, and also occurs one hour after eating. Endoscopy reveals multiple ulcers in the first

portion of her duodenum. Further evaluation reveals a pancreatic tumor that secretes the

hormone gastrin, leading to the production of excessive amounts of stomach acid. She is first

treated with medications, then a curative surgery that removes the entire tumor.

17. Where is the majority of gastrin normally produced?

18. What cells produce stomach acid?

19. The cells that produce stomach acid also produce a protein required for absorption of a

water soluble vitamin. What is that vitamin?

20. Had tumor cells also been found in Mary’s liver, what blood vessel would have brought

them there?

Tie Breaker #1

Name a potential medication that could have treated Mary prior to her surgery?(Hint: this

condition is usually treated with powerful antacids)

For Questions 21-24, Please Refer to the Following Story

Jack is a 35 year old man who has been plagued with diarrhea and abdominal pain for years.

One day he develops a rash that looks like small blisters and goes to see the doctor. He’s

surprised when the doctor’s first questions are focused on his abdominal pain and diarrhea,

which he didn’t mention. The doctor sends Jack for some blood tests which confirm his

suspicions. Jack is told that his condition is treated by avoiding foods containing gluten.

21. What disease does Jack have?

22. Gluten is a protein found in many foods. Where does protein digestion begin?

23. Jack’s disease is classified as an autoimmune disease. Name another autoimmune

disease that affects the gastrointestinal system.

24. People with Jack’s disease often have difficulty absorbing fat and fat soluble vitamins.

Name two fat soluble vitamins that Jack may be at risk of being deficient in.

Tie Breaker #2

Doctors can test a person’s blood for antibodies that are often produced by people with

Jack’s disease. Name one of those antibodies.**

Questions 25-35: Multiple Choice; Each question has only ONE correct answer

25. During a surgical procedure to remove a tumor of the transverse colon, the surgeon

accidentally severs its major arterial supply. This vessel most commonly arises from

what major artery?

a. Common Hepatic Artery

b. Left Renal Artery

c. Inferior Mesenteric Artery

d. Superior Mesenteric Artery

26. A 19 year old girl is an extremely picky eater and refuses to consume anything but toast

and jelly. She is subsequently diagnosed with Kwashiorkor’s disease, which results when

people eat a normal amount of calories but are deficient in essential proteins. Which of

the following is true about protein digestion?

a. Enzymatic breakdown of protein begins in the mouth

b. Bile produced by the liver is required for the absorption of protein

c. Absorbed protein is first transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein

d. Protein absorption occurs in the small intestine via chylomicrons

27. A premature male infant born at 25 weeks suffers from severe respiratory distress. This

occurs because the infant is unable to produce sufficient surfactant for normal breathing.

Which of the following is true about surfactant production in the lungs?

a. Type I pneumocytes are responsible for the majority of surfactant production

b. Surfactant is produced by ciliated cells in the bronchi

c. Type II pneumocytes are responsible for the majority of surfactant production

d. Surfactant is not needed for the normal function of the lungs

28. A 27 year old male is involved in a skiing accident and breaks three ribs. When he

arrives to the emergency room, he is taking short, rapid breaths but is unable to meet his

metabolic demand for lung function. Which of the following terms correctly describes

this man’s breathing?

a. Eupnea

b. Hyperventilation

c. Hypoventilation

d. Apnea

29. Failure of the left ventricle to adequately pump blood leads to increased fluid in the lungs

that interferes with breathing, particularly when the person lies down. Which of the

following terms most accurately describes shortness of breath that occurs when lying

down?

a. Dyspnea

b. Orthopnea

c. Eupnea

d. Hypopnea

30. People with broken ribs have severe pain when attempting to breathe. The pain limits

their ability to expand their chest and take a normal breath. With this in mind, what can

we conclude about chest wall mechanics in patients with broken ribs that cause pain

severe enough to limit expansion?

a. ↑Chest wall compliance, ↓Chest wall elasticity

b. ↓Chest wall compliance, ↓Chest wall elasticity

c. ↓Chest wall compliance, ↑Chest wall elasticity

d. ↑Chest wall compliance, ↑Chest wall elasticity

31. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is a restrictive lung disease that leads to increased elasticity

of the lung tissue, limiting its ability to expand. In terms of lung volumes, what would

we expect to find in a person with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis relative to normal?

a. ↑Total lung capacity, ↔ Tidal volume

b. ↑Total lung capacity, ↓ Tidal volume

c. ↑Total lung capacity, ↑ Tidal volume

d. ↓Total lung capacity, ↓ Tidal volume

32. Aspirin is an acid that is capable of increasing the acidity of blood. Following ingestion

of a large volume of aspirin, what would be an appropriate respiratory response to the

increased acid load?

a. Decrease ventilation to increase arterial CO2 and decrease blood pH

b. Decrease ventilation to increase arterial CO2 and increase blood pH

c. Increase ventilation to decrease arterial CO2 and increase blood pH

d. Increase ventilation to increase arterial CO2 and decrease blood pH

For questions 33-35, please refer to the following micrograph

The tissue type shown in the section below is a thin, single layer of cells. It is not adipose tissue.

(A surface photomicrograph of simple squamous epithelium is shown)

33. What type of tissue is this?

a. Simple squamous epithelium

b. Stratified squamous epithelium

c. Simple columnar epithelium

d. Transitional epithelium

e. None of the above

34. Where is this tissue type normally found in the respiratory system?

a. Walls of the trachea

b. Walls of the pharynx

c. Walls of the larynx

d. Walls of the alveoli

e. This tissue type is not found in the respiratory system.

35. Where is this tissue type normally found in the digestive system?

a. Lips

b. Walls of the esophagus

c. Duodenum

d. Ilium

e. This tissue type is not found in the digestive system.

For Tie-Breaker Questions 3 & 4, Please Refer to the Following Light Micrographs of the

Trachea

Tie Breaker #3

What part of the trachea is the arrow pointing to?

Tie Breaker #4

What type of material makes up the structure at the arrow?

For questions 36-37, please refer to the following photomicrograph of respiratory

epithelium

36. What type of epithelium lines the respiratory system?

37. What cellular structure is identified by arrow A?

Tie Breaker #5

What is the effect of cigarette smoking on the structures identified by arrow A?**

Tie Breaker #6

What type of cell is identified by arrow B?**

Questions 38-42: Short Answer

38. A 40 year old man from Africa has been experiencing a mild fever, cough, night sweats,

and weight loss for the past few months. He is diagnosed with a bacterial pulmonary

disease. What is the most likely bacterial species responsible for this man’s disorder?

For question 39 & 40 please refer to the following photograph of a lung

A photograph of the right lung is shown

39. Which lung is pictured above (right or left)?

40. Why do you think it is the right or left lung?

41. (Please refer to the picture below)

The arrows below are pointing to one of three bands that run the length of the colon.

What are those bands called?

A drawing of the abdominal organs with the teniae coli labeled on the ascending, transverse, and

descending colon is shown.

42. Which of the muscles labeled in the following picture is MOST IMPORTANT for

FORCED EXHALATION?

Tie Breaker #7: please refer to the following surgical photograph

What structure is identified by the question mark (it is being compressed by a surgical

instrument; both arrows are labeling the same structure)?

Questions 43-46: Calculations

Doctors use spirometery to measure lung volumes and lung capacities in assessing

disease states of the respiratory system. The following data were collected on a patient

suspected of having COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)

- Quiet breathing at rest: 500 mL

- Maximum volume exhaled following deepest possible inhale: 2500 mL

- Volume exhaled at end of normal breath: 1500 mL

Using the above data, calculate the:

43. Vital Capacity (VC)

44. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

45. Tidal Volume (TV)

46. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

47. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Questions 47-51: True or False

48. The epiglottis is part of the nasopharynx.

49. There are 35 cartilaginous rings in the trachea.

50. Short thick membranes in the vocal cords produce low pitched sound.

51. The three anatomical regions of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and

the palatopharynx.

52. The trachea bifurcates into left and right primary bronchi.

Questions 52-57: Matching; Please choose the letter corresponding to the disease described

in the question. There are no doubles.

a. Long-term obstruction of airflow and substantial reduction in pulmonary

ventilation

b. Allergies trigger the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that

lead to intense bronchoconstriction

c. Alveolar walls are broken down by enzymes that reduce the surface area of the

lung

d. An inherited disorder that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and

other organs such as the pancreas

e. The common cold

f. Inflammation of the vocal cords

53. Asthma

54. Cystic Fibrosis

55. COPD

56. Laryngitis

57. Emphysema

58. Acute Rhinitis

Questions 60-64: Matching; Please choose the letter corresponding to the disease described

in the question. There are no doubles.

a. Stomach Ulcers

b. Lactose Intolerance

c. Hepatitis

d. GERD

e. Crohn’s disease

f. Diarrhea

59. Inflammation of the liver

60. Loose, watery, and/or frequent stools

61. Caused by failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to prevent movement of acid into the

esophagus

62. Lack of a brush border enzyme leads to diarrhea, gassiness, and abdominal discomfort

following ingestion of dairy products

63. Autoimmune disorder of the digestive tract

64. Lesions of the gastric mucosa frequently associated with the bacterium Helicobacter

pylori

1. __Left lobe of the Liver__

2. __Right lobe of Liver_____

3. __Gall Bladder_________

4. __Pancreas____________

5. __Pylorus of the Stomach_

6. __Duodenum__________

7. __Fundus of the Stomach_

8. __Spleen______________

9. __Body of the Stomach__

10. Greater Omentum_(1/2

point for Transverse_

Colon)____________

11. __Trachea_____________

12. Horizontal or Transverse

Fissure_______________

13. Middle lobe of right lung_

14. ___Pleura (parietal is still

correct; visceral is not)__

15. Superior Lobe of Left Lung_

16. Inferior Lobe of Left

Lung__________________

17. __Stomach____________

18. ___Parietal Cells_______

19. __B12________________

20. __Portal Vein__________

21. __Celiac Disease_________

22. __Stomach_____________

23. _Many answers_________

24. _A, D, E, or K_(two)______

25. _____D_______________

26. _____C_______________

27. _____C_______________

28. _____C______________

29. _____B_______________

30. _____C_______________

31. _____D_______________

32. _____C_______________

33. _____A_______________

34. _____D_______________

35. _____E________________

36. Ciliated Pseudostratified

Columnar_____________

37. ___Cilia_______________

38. ___Tuberculosis________

39. __Right Lung___________

40. _3 Lobes or 2 Fissures____

41. _Tinea Coli___________

42. _____B_______________

43. ____2500 mL__________

44. ____1500_mL___________

45. ____500 mL____________

46. ____1000_mL___________

47. ___Cannot be Calculated_

48. _____F________________

49. _____F_______________

50. _____T________________

51. _____F________________

52. _____T________________

53. _____B________________

54. ______D______________

55. ______A_______________

56. ______F_______________

57. ______C_______________

58. ______E_______________

59. ______C_______________

60. ______F_______________

61. ______D_______________

62. ______B_______________

63. ______E_______________

64. ______A_______________

Tie Breakers

1. _Proton Pump Inhibitors

(end in -prazole), H2-

antagonists (end in itidine),

Tums or other basic

substances (half credit)

2. gliadin, reticulun, or

endomysial____

3. Cartilaginous Ring______

4. _Hyaline Cartilage_______

5. _Prevents them from

functioning __________

6. _Goblet Cell____________

7. _Gall Bladder___________

For Question 23, correct answers

include, but are not limited to:

pernicious anemia, celiac disease,

crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis,

and autoimmune hepatitis.