2012 Quantum Entanglement Research Highlights(With Possible Applications to Mars Missions)

Gary V StephensonSeculine Consulting2014 ISDC, 17 May 2014_________________S_E_C_U_L_I_N_E_____C_O_N_S_U_L_T_I_N_G_________________

Why a Quantum Entanglement talk?And why 2012?? Because 2012 was a revolutionary year for quantum entanglement experimentsIncluded in this talk are three experiments:1) Canary Island Long Range Quantum State Teleportation 2) Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in Herbertsmithite3) Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted BeamsBecause it is fun and instructive to speculate on which applications may be possible and which are not possibleIncluded in this talk are three possible applications:1) Frequency Time Standard delivery at a distance2) Communication at a distance3) Power coupling at a distanceAction at a distance applications will all hinge on the extent to which coherence can be maintained and utilized

Part 1: A Summary of Recent Quantum Entanglement ExperimentsPart 1, A Summary Report of Recent Quantum Entanglement Experiments:What is Quantum Entanglement?Experiment #1: Canary Island Long Range Quantum State TeleportationExperiment #2: Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in HerbertsmithiteExperiment #3: Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams

What is Quantum Entanglement?1) A coupled set of quantum statesCan be a large enough set of coupled states to result in a macroscopic effect2) A source of quantum coherenceCan lead to novel behavior such as super conductivity and super fluidity3) An example of non-localitySpace-time coordinates are not relevant to coupled statesCredit: http://www.daviddarling.info/images/quantum_entanglement.gifNotional two state entanglement example:No decay Live catDecay Dead catA quantum state hereAffects a quantum state hereCredit: http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/Harrison/SchrodCat/SchrodCat.htmlBoth part of same qubit

Experiment #1: Canary Island Long Range Quantum State Teleportation What was the experiment? Attempt to teleport a quantum bit (qubit) from one island to anotherWhat was the result? When the quantum state of one photon was altered, the quantum state of the second photon was altered instantaneously, faster than the speed of light, without even the smallest of delays. Proof of quantum state teleportation across distances useful in space.What is the significance? A record distance of 143 kilometers (89 miles) Photo credit: Ref [3]Diagram credit:X-S Ma et al. Nature 000, 1-5 (2012) doi:10.1038/nature11472

Experiment #2: Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in HerbertsmithiteWhat was the experiment? Used neutron scattering to measure spin states present within the Herbertsmitite crystalWhat was the result? Positively confirmed coherent spin state structure within the crystalWhat is the significance? Measurement of macroscopic liquidquantum entanglementInelastic neutron scattering from the spin excitations, plotted in reciprocal space: ac, Measurements were made at T = 1.6K on a single-crystal sample of ZnCu3(OD)6Cl2. Figure 1 from Reference [1]Herbertsmitite, Photo Credit: Tianheng Han / MIT

Experiment #3: Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted BeamsWhat was the experiment? Attempt to entangle Orbital Angular Momentum states of photon pairs (+OAM with OAM)What was the result? Successful conversion of polarization entangled photons into OAM entangled photons to very high OAM numbersWhat is the significance?It is now practical to couple macroscopic angular momentum (e.g. via an optical spanner) to entangled photon statesPhoto credit: Fibre-optic spanner (macro version of EO spanner), http://images.gizmag.com/hero/fiber-opticspanner.jpg Laguerre-GaussianMode OAMEntangled PhotonOutputFalse-color image of a laser beam exhibiting a superposition of 10right-handed and 10left-handed quanta of orbital angular momenta, making 10 + 10 = 20bright spots on the inner ring. Photons in such modes rotate simultaneously clockwise and anticlockwise. (Courtesy: Robert Fickler, University of Vienna) [2] Entangled Polarization Photon Pair InputPolarization converted to angular momentum using SLMCredit:http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2012/10/31/338.6107.640.DC1/Fickler.SM.pdf

Part 1 Summary1) Canary Island Long Range Quantum State Teleportation demonstrates a new record for the longest separation of a qubit between two entangled photons: 143 km.2) Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in Herbertsmithite demonstrates macroscopically entangled liquid spin states in a solid crystal3) Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams demonstrates a light beam with a macroscopic quantity of entangled angular momentum, and a conversion mechanism from entangled polarization photons

Quantum Entanglement and quantum coherence may enable new applications not previously thought possible.

Quantum Entanglement Research HighlightsPart 2: Possible Applications to Mars Missions

Gary V StephensonSeculine ConsultingISDC 2013, 24 May 2013_________________S_E_C_U_L_I_N_E_____C_O_N_S_U_L_T_I_N_G_________________

Part 2: Possible Applications of Quantum EntanglementPart 2, A Summary Possible Quantum Entanglement Applications

Part 2A: The No-No Theorems define what you may not doNo Teleportation TheoremNo Communication TheoremNo Cloning Theorem

Part 2B: Possible action-at-a-distance applications - what you might be able to doApplication #1: Using Long Range Quantum State Teleportation to couple atomic clock frequency time reference at a distance Application #2: Using Herbertsmithite Quantum Spin Liquids to couple communication signals at a distanceApplication #3: Using Quantum Entangled Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams to couple power at a distance

The No Teleportation TheoremDescription of theorem: A classical information channel can not transmit quantum information. (By transmit, we mean transmission with full fidelity.) [4]Counter-example: Quantum teleportation schemes may utilize both resources to achieve what is impossible for either alone, per reference [4], as demonstrated by X-S Ma et al. Nature 000, 1-5 (2012) doi:10.1038/nature11472.

The No Communication TheoremDescription of theorem: No communication can be achieved only via a shared entangled state. Therefore shared entanglement alone can not be used to transmit any information. [4]Counter-example: Peacock and Hepburn, Begging the Signaling Question, arXiv:quant-ph/9906036v1, as referenced in [4]

The No Cloning TheoremDescription of theorem: No perfect quantum copies of arbitrary quantum states are possible. Therefore you cannot clone states. [4]Counter-example: L.-A. Wu, D. A. Lidar, and S. Schneider, Long-range entanglement generation via frequent measurements, PHYSICAL REVIEW A 70, 032322 (2004), Ref. [6]

Application #1:Frequency Time Standard at a distanceApply long range teleportation of quantum states to the transmission of a reference timing signal for a remote frequency time standardSource could be a GPS conditioned atomic clock ensemble on EarthUser would be at an arbitrary location such as Mars or a Mars bound spacecraftAdvantages include less launch mass and higher accuracyAtomic Clock signal coupled to spin up/down transitions of entangled photons2) Down/up spin transitions are replicated remotely via quantum entanglement, reproducing clock signal(action at a distance)

Application #2:Communication at a distance Applying Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in coupled pieces of Herbertsmithite Crystal to interplanetary Communication:Dont we now have Instantaneous, Faster Than Light (FTL), Duplex Communication between Earth and Mars?Y(t)Y (t)1) Entangle QSL in Xtal1:2) Entangle QSL in Xtal2:3) Cleave Xtal1 and send half to Mars4) Cleave Xtal2 and send half to Mars5) Modulate QSL1 spin with magnetic field:6) Readout QSL1 spin with neutron scattering7) Modulate QSL2 spin with magnetic field8) Readout QSL2 spin with neutron scattering

Application #3:Power Coupling at a distanceCouple entangled polarization photon pairs into a first pool of Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL)Remotely locate a second pool of QSL entangled with the firstUse second pool of QSL to drive an entangled photon pair outputUse entangled photon pair output to create an OAM twisted photon beamOAM twisted photon beam drives a generator via angular momentum couplingVery inefficient: exercise to the reader to think of more efficient quantum entanglement coupling schemes that are capable of coupling power(action at a distance)1) Entangled Polarization Photon Pair Input2) Polarization converted to angular momentum using SLM3) OAM couples to QSL4) QSL couples to OAM5) OAM twisted beam rotates generator

Parts 1&2 Conclusions & SummaryExperiments in 2012 show it is possible to:Demonstrate Long Range Quantum State TeleportationMeasure a Quantum Spin Liquid (QSL) in HerbertsmithiteEntangle Photons in Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) Twisted Beams

Some applications are not possible, but one must be careful in how the No-No Theorems are applied and NOT over-apply them

Action-at-a-distance applications that may be possible:Frequency Time Standard delivery at a distanceCommunication at a distancePower Transfer at a distance

Much, much more research must be performed to development methods for coherence maintenance and to understand the boundaries of quantum entanglement application

References[1] Tian-Heng Han et al., Fractionalized excitations in the spin-liquid state of a kagome-lattice antiferromagnet, Nature, 2012, DOI: 10.1038/nature11659, at website: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v492/n7429/abs/nature11659.html, accessed 2/17/2013 [2] http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/nov/01/spooky-action-with-twisted-beams, accessed 2/17/2013[3] http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/135561-new-quantum-teleportation-record-paves-the-way-towards-a-worldwide-quantum-network, accessed 2/17/2013[4] QE & No-Go Theorems: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_communication_theorem, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-cloning_theorem, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_teleportation_theorem, all accessed 2/17/2013[5]http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Quantum_Entanglement_Science_and_Technology_%28QUEST%29.aspx, accessed 2/17/2013[6] L.-A. Wu, D. A. Lidar, and S. Schneider. Long-range entanglement generation via frequent measurements PHYSICAL REVIEW A 70, 032322 (2004)[7] http://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/print/volume-41/issue-12/features/photonics-frontiers-entangled-photons-lsquospooky-actionrsquo-works-at-a-distance.html, accessed 2/17/2013