2017 western south dakota hydrology meeting · characterization of the hydrogeologic framework of...

2017 WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA

HYDROLOGY MEETING

Program and Abstracts

April 6, 2017 Rushmore Plaza Civic Center

Rapid City, South Dakota

With optional field seminars/trips April 7, 2017

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Meeting ..................................................................................................... 3

Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................... 3

Program .................................................................................................................... 5

Abstracts

Session 1 – 2017 Theme: Feast and Famine: Floods and Droughts ............... 8

Session 2A – Water Quality (concurrent) ........................................................... 11

Session 2P – Groundwater Modeling (concurrent) ............................................. 18

Luncheon – John T. Loucks Distinguished Lecture ......................................... 24

Session 3A – Agriculture-Related Hydrology (concurrent) ................................. 25

Session 3P – Flood-Related Hydrology (concurrent) ......................................... 30

Session 4A – Land-Use Change Effects (concurrent) ........................................ 35

Session 4P – Climate and Modeling (concurrent) .............................................. 41

Poster Session ..................................................................................................... 47

Field Seminars/Trips……………... ....................................................................... 62

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2017 Western South Dakota Hydrology Meeting This program and abstracts book has been produced in conjunction with the 2017 Western South Dakota Hydrology Meeting (15th annual), held at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center on April 6, 2017. The purpose of this book is to provide summaries of the presentations made during the meeting.

The purpose of the 2016 Western South Dakota Hydrology Meeting is to bring together researchers from Federal, State, University, local government, and private organizations and provide a forum to discuss topics dealing with hydrology in western South Dakota. This meeting provides an opportunity for hydrologists, geologists, engineers, scientists, geographers, students, and other interested individuals to meet and exchange ideas, discuss mutual problems, and summarize results of studies. The meeting consists of four technical sessions, several keynote speakers, the John T. Loucks Distinguished Lecture, and a poster session. The topics of the technical sessions include feast and famine: floods and droughts; water quality; groundwater modeling; agriculture-related hydrology; flood-related hydrology; land-use change effects; and climate and modeling.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Many people have contributed to this meeting. The many presenters are thanked for their contributions. The moderators are thanked for their help in streamlining the technical sessions. The help by many students from the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and South Dakota State University with presentations and lights is greatly appreciated. The distinguished lecturer, Marie Peppler, and keynote speaker, Brad Rippey, are thanked for their time and perspectives. Registration help by Sheri Meier and Misty Mandas (USGS) is greatly appreciated. Josh Lee (USGS) provided computer support for the meeting.

The organizing agencies are thanked for support: National Weather Service, RESPEC, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, U.S. Geological Survey, and West Dakota Water Development District. The West Dakota Water Development District is thanked for sponsoring the John T. Loucks Distinguished Lecture. RESPEC is thanked for being the Executive Sponsor. The many vendors are thanked for their support of the conference. HDR Engineering is thanked for sponsoring the morning break. The chairpersons for this meeting were Melissa Smith (National Weather Service), Lacy Pomarleau (RESPEC), Joanne Noyes (South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources), Scott J. Kenner (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), Kelli McCormick (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), Liangping Li (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), J. Foster Sawyer (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), Mark T. Anderson (U.S. Geological Survey), Janet M. Carter (U.S. Geological Survey), and Daniel G. Driscoll (U.S. Geological Survey).

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2017 WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA HYDROLOGY CONFERENCE PROGRAM

Thursday, April 6, 2017 Alpine/Ponderosa Rooms and Rushmore F and G Rushmore Plaza Civic Center

7:00 – 8:00 a.m. REGISTRATION

8:00 – 9:30 a.m.

Plenary Session 1 in Alpine and Ponderosa Rooms – Feast and Famine: Floods and Droughts (1.5 PDH)

Moderator – Joyce Williamson, U.S. Geological Survey

8:00 – 8:10 a.m. Welcome, general information Joyce Williamson and Daniel Driscoll, U.S. Geological Survey

8:10 – 8:50 a.m. Keynote: Drought and flood monitoring: Finding the missing pieces Brad Rippey, U.S. Department of Agriculture

8:50 – 9:10 a.m. 2016 drought in western South Dakota Laura Edwards, South Dakota State Climatologist, and Melissa Smith, NOAA/National Weather Service, and Darren Clabo, State Fire Meteorologist

9:10 – 9:30 a.m. Multidecadal dry and wet periods in the Black Hills region and implications of a warming world Matt Bunkers, NOAA/National Weather Service

9:30 – 10:10 a.m. REFRESHMENT BREAK in Rushmore G

10:10 a.m. – 12:10 p.m.

Concurrent Session 2A in Alpine Room – Water Quality (2.0 PDH)

Moderator – Greg Delzer, U.S. Geological Survey

Concurrent Session 2P in Ponderosa Room – – Groundwater Modeling

(2.0 PDH) Moderator – Jay Gilbertson, East Dakota Water

Development District

10:10 – 10:30 a.m. Ground water quality in the Precambrian rocks of western Pennington County, South Dakota: A final report – Maribeth Price, Alvis Lisenbee, Arden Davis, Kyle Hazelwood, and Umit Yildiz, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Characterization and comparison of the hydrogeologic framework of the Big Sioux aquifer, Sioux Falls, South Dakota – Kristen O’Connor, Bruce Smith, Curtis Price, Joshua Valder, David Smith, Greg Delzer, and Maryla Deszcz-Pan, U.S. Geological Survey

10:30 – 10:50 a.m. Bioelectrochemical systems for energy from wastes: Mitigating impacts of drought and energy management – Navanietha Krishnaraj and Rajesh Sani, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Integrating geophysical methods to improve a groundwater model near Aberdeen, South Dakota – Bill Eldridge, Colton Medler, and Joshua Valder, U.S. Geological Survey

10:50 – 11:10 a.m.

Modeling uranium attenuation at a former uranium in situ recovery (ISR) facility – Martin Dangelmayr, James Stone, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Raymond Johnson, Navarro Research and Engineering, Paul Reimus, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and J.T. Clay, Power Resources, Inc.

Groundwater-flow model to assess groundwater availability in the uppermost principal aquifer systems in the Williston structural basin – Kyle Davis, U.S. Geological Survey

11:10 – 11:30 a.m. Assessment of shallow groundwater quality in roadside ditches – Alex Boger, Laurent Ahiablame, and Dwayne Beck, South Dakota State University

Assessing temporal variability in stream base-flow estimation in Brown County, South Dakota – Jennifer Bednar, U.S. Geological Survey

11:30 – 11:50 a.m. Answering a Call to Action – A Balanced Plan for the South Platte River Basin – Blaine Dwyer, HDR Engineering The origin of Jewel Cave and its relationship to landscape-

scale processes – Michael Wiles, Jewel Cave National Monument 11:50 a.m. – 12:10 p.m.

Water and biological resources in the Williston Basin – What we do and don’t know –Greg Delzer and Joel Galloway, U.S. Geological Survey

12:10 a.m. – 1:40 p.m.

LUNCH in Rushmore F Room (1.0 PDH) – with accompanying presentations RESPEC: Jason Love John T. Loucks Distinguished Lecture – “The flood water buffet: a delightful spread of USGS recent flood studies and tools” by Marie Peppler, Office of Surface Water and National Flood Inundation Mapping Coordinator for the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA

1:40 – 3:00 p.m. Concurrent Session 3A in Alpine Room –Agriculture-Related Hydrology (1.5 PDH)

Moderator – Joanne Noyes, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Concurrent Session 3P in Ponderosa Room – Flood-Related Hydrology (1.5 PDH)

Moderator – Jay Gilbertson, East Dakota Water Development District

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1:40 – 2:00 p.m. Demonstration of drainage water management in eastern South Dakota – Ashik Sahani, Laurent Ahiablame, South Dakota State University, and Christopher Hay, Iowa Soybean Association

Streamflow, sediment transport, and geomorphic change during the 2011 flood on the Missouri River near Bismarck-Mandan, ND – Rochelle Nustad, Katherine Skalak, Richard McDonald, Adam Benthem, , U.S. Geological Survey, Edward Schenk, National Park Service, and Joel Galloway, U.S. Geological Survey

2:00 – 2:20 p.m.

Using Denitrification Bioreactors and Phosphorus Adsorption Media for Water Quality Improvement in Subsurface Drainage Systems – Utsav Thapa, Laurent Ahiablame, South Dakota State University, Jeppe Kjaersgaard, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, Christopher Hay, Iowa Soybean Association, Guanghui Hua, and Todd Trooien, South Dakota State University

Flood-frequency analysis in a changing world – Karen Ryberg, U.S. Geological Survey

2:20 – 2:40 p.m. Assessing Hydrologic and Water Quality Impacts of Grassland Establishment in Skunk Creek Watershed – Jiyeong Hong, Esther Mosase, and Laurent Ahiablame, South Dakota State University

The Big Sioux River flood model project – Jason Love, Jared Oswald, RESPEC, and Tim Cowman, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources

2:40 – 3:00 p.m. Analysis of water-balance components for agricultural lands in the Red River Basin– Kelsey Kolars and Kevin Vining, U.S. Geological Survey

Effects of Black Hills Geology on Flood Risk, Case Study: FEMA Floodplains within Rapid City – Jonathan Lefers, Advanced Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. (AE2S)

3:00 – 3:30 p.m. REFRESHMENT BREAK in Rushmore G

3:30 – 5:10 p.m.

Concurrent Session 4A in Alpine Room – Land-Use Change Effects (1.5 PDH)

Moderator – Joanne Noyes, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Concurrent Session 4P in Ponderosa Room – Climate and Modeling (1.5 PDH)

Moderator – Melissa Smith, NOAA/National Weather Service

3:30 – 3:50 p.m. Modeling the hydrological impact of land cover change for the current Black Hills mountain pine beetle outbreak – Patrick Shaw, Scott Kenner, James Stone, and Heidi Sieverding, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Climate change and fisheries production: Modeling the long-term effects of water availability on angler use in Lake Oahe, South Dakota – Steve Chipps, U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Unit, and Mark Fincel, South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks

3:50 – 4:10 p.m.

Comparisons between EROS continuous change detection classification system and USFS forest health technology mapping for the current Black Hills mountain pine beetle outbreak – Patrick Shaw, Scott Kenner, James Stone, and Heidi Sieverding, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, and Galen Hoogestraat, U.S. Geological Survey

Storm total quantitative precipitation estimates: Finding from the KUDX Radar during the 2014 convective season (with updates from 2015 and 2015) – Melissa Smith and Stephen Trimarchi, National Weather Service

4:10 – 4:30 p.m.

Quantitative and Fluorescence Analyses of Dissolved Organic Carbon Emanating from Mountain Pine Beetle-Impacted Watersheds of Upper Rapid Creek – Jesse Punsal, James Stone, and Heidi Sieverding, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (SDSM&T), Chuck Rhoades, U.S. Forest Service, and Lisa Kunza, SDSM&T

Current development of the National Hydrologic Model – Parker Norton, U.S. Geological Survey

4:30 – 4:50 p.m. Implications of Drought-Induced Ecological Disturbance on Forest Water Quality – Chuck Rhoades, U.S. Forest Service, T.P. Covino, Colorado State University, A.T. Chow, Clemson University, R.M. Hubbard, and K. Elder, U.S. Forest Service

Modeling low impact developments (LIDs) using storm water management model (SWMM) – Jason Phillips, Jennifer Benning, and Scott Kenner, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

4:50 – 5:10 p.m. Municipal watershed wildfire hazard mitigation assessments – Megan Burke, RESPEC, Cory Foreman, HDR, and Chris White, Anchor Point Group

Evolution of meteorological timeseries development for hydrologic modeling – Chris Lupo and Erin Walter, RESPEC

5:10 – 7:30 p.m. POSTER SESSION AND EVENING SOCIAL (with refreshments) in Rushmore G Moderator – Janet Carter, U.S. Geological Survey

Macroecological riverine comparisons in a mountain steppe ecoregion of the continental U.S. – John Costello and Scott Kenner, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Modeling temperature to examine potential thermal refuges in Rapid Creek – Michaela Halvorson and Lisa Kunza, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Glacier area change in the Wind River Range using remote sensing techniques – Colton Medler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Mapping waterbodies in the Limpopo River Basin, Southern Africa using remote sensing Landsat data – Esther Mosase and Laurent Ahiablame, South Dakota State University

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Characterization of the Hydrogeologic Framework of the Big Sioux Aquifer, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, using Airborne Electromagnetic Data – Kristen O’Connor, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology and U.S. Geological Survey, Bruce Smith, Curtis Price, Joshua Valder, Greg Delzer, and Maryla Deszcz-Pan, U.S. Geological Survey

Determining the presence of bacterial genes encoding antibiotic resistance in selected areas of the Big Sioux River – Ashley Preston, Linda DeVeaux, and Lisa Kunza, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Performance of woodchip bioreactors in eastern South Dakota: Impact assessment of rainfall intensity and duration – Sami Shokrana, Laurent Ahiablame, Rachel McDaniel, Todd Trooien, and Hua Guanghui, South Dakota State University

Nutrient Uptake in the Kootenai River & Koocanusa Reservoir – E.K. Stickney and L.A. Kunza, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination in the Madison Aquifer, near Rapid City Area – Thomas Stasiak and Liangping Li, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Inverse modeling of groundwater flow and transport using Ensemble Kalman Filter – Zhendan Cao and Liangping Li, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Subsurface void detection in Wind Cave National Park using microgravity techniques – Colton Medler and William Eldridge, U.S. Geological Survey

Modeling hydrologic parameters in High Plains aquifer units with an artificial neural network – Lilly Jones, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Impacts of droughts, floods and cold waves on fish and fisheries resources in Uttarakhand Himalayas, India – Muthiah Muruganandam, Fulbright Scientist to South Dakota State University and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), India, and Steven R. Chipps, U.S. Geological Survey

Management of streams and rivers by watersheds vis-à-vis fisheries management – Muthiah Muruganandam, Fulbright Scientist to South Dakota State University and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), India, and Steven R. Chipps, U.S. Geological Survey

Optional Field Seminars/Trips Friday, April 7, 2017

Times Field Seminar/Trip

8:30 – 10:00 a.m. Tour of Mid Continent Testing Labs – Dean Aurand, Mid Continent Testing Labs (1.5 PDH)

9:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m. Gilt Edge Mine Superfund site, Lead, South Dakota – Mark Lawrenson, South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources (2.0 PDH)

8:30 – 11:30 a.m. Smarter stormwater: thinking outside the box (culvert) for urban drainage management – Ken Steinken, Trinity Eco Prayer Park, Jason Phillips, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, and Galen Hoogestraat, U.S. Geological Survey (2.5 PDH)

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THURSDAY, APRIL 6, 2017

SESSION 1 8:00 – 9:30 A.M.

2017 THEME: FEAST AND FAMINE: FLOODS AND DROUGHTS

(ALPINE/PONDEROSA ROOMS)

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2016 DROUGHT OF WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA

Laura Edwards State Climatologist, SDSU Extension 13 2nd Ave SE, Aberdeen, SD 57401 email: [email protected]

Melissa Smith

Hydrologist, National Weather Service 300 E. Signal Drive, Rapid City, SD 57701

email: [email protected]

Darren Clabo State Fire Meteorologist, SD School of Mines & Technology

501 East St. Joseph, Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

The 2016 drought in western South Dakota was due to a combination of above average temperatures and rainfall deficit during the growing season. Annual temperatures ranged one to over five degrees above average for the year. June 2016 was the warmest June since 1988. Annual precipitation was variable, but most of the region was 50 to 90 percent of average for the 2016 calendar year. Fire danger was elevated during much of the warm season, due in part to fuel loads that had accumulated in previous wet years. The fire season was punctuated by the Cottonwood Fire that burned 41,360 acres in October to make it the fifth largest fire in South Dakota history. A review of the climate of 2016, how the drought compared to recent historical droughts in the region, fire season information, and drought impacts will be presented.

mailto:[email protected]



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MULTIDECADAL DRY AND WET PERIODS IN THE BLACK HILLS REGION AND IMPLICATIONS OF A WARMING WORLD

Matthew J. Bunkers

NOAA/National Weather Service 300 East Signal Drive

Rapid City, South Dakota 57701 email: [email protected]

Multidecadal dry and wet periods (potentially tied to ocean circulations) tend to be cyclical in the Black Hills region, with roughly a 10-yr duration to these periods (i.e., a 20-yr cycle). This presentation provides an update to the one given at this conference in 2005, and shows that this cyclical pattern basically has continued—consistent with past studies of decadal-scale dry and wet periods. Using the past as a guide for the future, the odds may be tilted toward the Black Hills region heading into another 5–10-yr drought. Climate variability, and specifically human-caused warming over the past 25–50 yr, can accentuate these dry and wet periods. Paradoxically, a warming world can lead to both (1) more intense droughts and (2) more intense precipitation. These seemingly contradictory impacts can be explained by increased evapotranspiration and subsequent stress to vegetation and water resources (leading to a more rapid drought onset with greater severity), whereas there is increased moisture potential in a warmer atmosphere (lending itself to more intense rainfall rates and severe flooding, especially during the wet periods).


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SESSION 2A 10:10 A.M. – 12:10 P.M.

WATER QUALITY (ALPINE ROOM)

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GROUND WATER QUALITY IN THE PRECAMBRIAN ROCKS OF WESTERN PENNINGTON COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA: A FINAL

REPORT

Maribeth H. Price South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

Alvis Lisenbee

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


Arden D. Davis Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and

Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

Kyle T. Hazelwood

Department of Geology and Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology 501 East St. Joseph Street Rapid City, South Dakota 57701


Umit Yildiz and Andrew Clift South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701

This project analyzed water quality from aquifers from Precambrian aquifers in western Pennington County from 2013-2015. Samples were collected from private water wells and analyzed for hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrate, arsenic, and sulfate, and total/fecal coliform bacteria. Analyses were performed by Midcontinent Testing Laboratories Inc. in Rapid City and the results were provided free-of-charge to study participants. A total of 273 samples from 262 private wells were analyzed and compared to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water standards for public wells. Testing found that 36 (14%) of the wells exceeded the EPA standard levels for arsenic (0.010 mg/L), 81 wells (31%) exceeded the EPA recommended limit for iron (3.0 mg/L), eight wells (3%) exceeded the EPA standard for nitrate (10 mg/L), and four wells (1.5%) exceeded the recommended limit for sulfate (250 mg/L). Total coliform bacteria were detected in 97 wells (37%) and fecal coliform bacteria were detected in 17 wells (6%). The EPA does not specify a recommended limit for hardness, but 49% of samples exceeded 180 mg/L. Sampling results were combined with data from public wells to map water quality issues and their relationship to geologic features. High values of arsenic are predominantly located in the area of mineralization between Hill City and Keystone, south of the Empire/Keystone fault system. High iron values are distributed over the entire study area. Both arsenic and iron occurrence appear complexly controlled by structural features and mineralized zones rather than associating with specific rock units, and arsenic/iron values may change abruptly over distances of a kilometer or less. Although high values occur more frequently in certain areas, not every well in an area will have elevated values. Detailed “report cards” and interactive maps showing the occurrence of each constituent are available at http://www.sdsmt.edu/aquifers.





http://www.sdsmt.edu/aquifers

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BIOELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS FOR ENERGY FROM WASTES: MITIGATING IMPACTS OF DROUGHT AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

R. Navanietha Krishnaraj

National Institute of Technology Durgapur, West Bengal, India, and South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street

Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

Rajesh Sani

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street Rapid City, SD 57701


Incidence of the disasters are increasing rapidly. The technologies are improving at a rapid speed but it is quite difficult to predict and prevent disasters. Literature suggest that drought leads to significant decrease in electricity production as well as yields of bioenergy crops. The use of Bioelectrochemical Energy Systems (BES), which convert wastes to bioelectricity, are promising. BES can be coupled with waste treatment plants and can help in cutting down costs, disposing the wastes and meeting the energy demands during drought. BES can either produce electricity from the organic wastes as in the case of microbial fuel cell or hydrogen by applying electrical current as in the case of microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). BES also play crucial roles in the several processes such production of biogas and biodiesel. BFS have several advantages over the conventional energy systems because of its low cost, ecofriendly nature, high conversion efficiency and wide operating conditions.

Herein we report the design and operation of novel Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) for treatment of glucose containing wastewater. The electrodes were also functionalized using polyhydrohydroxybutyrates (PHAs),

and these engineered electrodes were characterized for its biocompatibility and electron transfer characteristics for MFC applications. The effect of the functionalized bioelectrodes on the electron

transfer characteristics were analyzed using electroanalytical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The amperometry studies of bioelectrodes showed the electrodes functionalized with PHAs increased the current from 0.08 mA to 0.40 mA. This seems to be a promising technology to support the conventional energy systems for disaster management. The developed bioelectrochemical system will be

useful for the bioelectricity production from different wastewaters. This talk will discuss i) design and development of novel BES for bioelectricity production of wastewater ii) tailoring the surface architecture

of the bioelectrodes using polyhydroxybutyrates for enhancing the electrochemical characteristics for bioelectrocatalytic applications iii) treatment of lignocellulosic wastes into bioelectricity. In addition,

biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic wastes using thermophilic microorganism will be discussed. The BES will be useful to supplement the conventional bioenergy sources to meet the shortage during

disasters. The use of wastewater is BES will not only help to cut down operation costs but also minimize the usage of energy in the wastewater treatment plants.



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MODELING URANIUM ATTENUATION AT A FORMER URANIUM IN SITU RECOVERY (ISR) FACILITY

Martin Dangelmayr

PhD Candidate, Colorado School of Mines and Technology, Research Scientist, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology


James J. Stone

Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


Raymond H. Johnson Geochemist/Contaminant Hydrogeologist, Navarro Research and Engineering

US. Department of Energy, Office of Legacy Management 2597 Legacy Way, Grand Junction, CO 81503

Paul Reimus

Staff Scientist IV, Earth & Environmental Sciences Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 57544


J.T. Clay Power Resources, Inc.

Smith-Ranch-Highland Operations

We present 9 column studies to assess the uranium sorption behaviors of soils collected from the Smith-Ranch Highlands (WY) in situ recovery facility. Core was collected downgradient of the mining zone to determine the attenuation capacity of the aquifer. Five sections from various depths were characterized by BET, XRF, and XRD to determine dominant sorption mechanisms. Soil columns were then injected with a uranium slug at varying water chemistries to simulate various post-restoration geochemical conditions. Uranium transport was modeled with PHREEQC using a generalized composite surface complexation (GC SC) model with two generic surface sorption sites. A parameter fitting program (PEST) was used to obtain best fits between model outputs and experimental results with sorption site densities being the primary adjustable parameter. Site parameters were kept consistent with literature data for uranium sorption onto metal oxides. Three column experiments were completed at different alkalinities to investigate the effect of uranyl speciation on uranium transport. Sorption site densities obtained for the columns were compared to parameters derived from prior batch experiments to test whether results from batch experiments can be used to model uranium behavior under flow conditions. Uranium breakthrough was delayed by a retardation factor ranging from 1.47 to 4.2 in all columns. A higher influent alkalinity resulted in accelerated uranium transport due to the formation of calcium-uranyl-carbonate ternary complexes. Fitted sorption site densities were consistent with literature results for clay-poor, iron-oxide-dominated systems, which suggests that uranium sorption to iron oxides played a dominant role in this study. Calcite saturation was shown to be a controlling factor for uranium desorption in one experiment as changes in pH and alkalinity re-mobilized previously sorbed uranium at twice the influent concentrations. This study demonstrates the potential of GC SC models with laboratory derived sorption parameters to predict uranium transport at the Smith-Ranch Highland ISR site, but it also highlights the need for further research to understand the role of soil clay composition and calcite saturation with respect to subsurface uranium transport processes.



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ASSESSMENT OF SHALLOW GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN ROADSIDE DITCHES

Alex R. Boger

M. S. Student, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006


Laurent M. Ahiablame Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,

South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006 email: [email protected]

Dwayne L. Beck

Manager/Professor, Dakota Lakes Research Farm, South Dakota State University, 21310 308th Ave., P.O. Box 2, Pierre, SD 57501

email: [email protected] Roadside ditches are an integral part of the drainage network in the United States, with the water contained therein directly affecting the quality of receiving water bodies. Very few studies have investigated water quality in roadside ditches, creating the need to increase understanding of water quality in these ditches. The objectives of this study are to (1) Characterize pollution levels of shallow groundwater in roadside ditches; and (2) Evaluate the impact of warm and cool season grasses on roadside ditch water quality. Shallow groundwater sampling wells were installed at two experimental sites along highways in South Dakota, and water grab samples were taken following major rainfall events. The samples are being analyzed for a number of environmental pollutants including dissolved phosphorous, nitrate, nitrite, and metals (e.g. lead and copper). Results from this study would be useful for future research, and selection and placement of BMPs along roadways.




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ANSWERING A CALL TO ACTION – A BALANCED PLAN FOR THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN

Blaine N. Dwyer, P.E.

Vice President, HDR Engineering 1670 Broadway, Suite 3400, Denver, CO 80202

email: [email protected] As Colorado faced increasingly complex water management challenges resulting from widely differing regional positions and escalating competition for water across the agricultural, municipal, oil and gas, environmental, and recreational use sectors, Colorado’s Governor, John Hickenlooper, issued an Executive Order directing the development of Colorado’s Water Plan (CWP). When this order was issued almost four years ago, people throughout the State knew that the “elephant in the room” would be addressing the looming water supply gap in the South Platte River Basin. This basin, extending from the Continental Divide on the west to the Denver metropolitan area on South to the borders with Wyoming and Nebraska on the north and east, is not only the most populous river basin in the state, but also the most agriculturally productive. Following the Governor’s order, the basin embarked on developing a plan to align competing interests with the goal of developing a unified vision for the future. To do so, it tackled issues common to many river basins in the western U.S. including the:

• Effects of population and industrial growth on the agricultural economy and ways to lessen the impact of agricultural water transfers

• Opportunities for more effective conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies

The South Platte Basin’s wide-ranging environmental and recreational attributes are also important to the basin, the state, and the country. From Rocky Mountain National Park at the basin’s headwaters to the endangered species recovery goals of the Platte River Recovery Implementation Program, addressing non-consumptive water needs and enhancement of water-based ecosystems was viewed with equal importance. The South Platte Basin Implementation Plan formulates eleven strategies to achieve the ambitious goal of reliably supplying water to the basin, and, by extension, help sustain the economy of the state of Colorado through 2050.

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WATER AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE WILLISTON BASIN – WHAT WE DO AND DON’T KNOW

Gregory C. Delzer

U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center 1608 Mountain View Road, Rapid City, SD 57702


Joel Galloway U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center

821 E. Interstate Avenue, Bismarck, ND 58503 email: [email protected]

An abundance of information related to the water and biological resources within the United States portion of the Williston Basin recently was synthesized. This was completed in response to rapid unconventional oil and gas development from the Bakken and Three Forks formations. Water resource data included physical hydrology (major hydrogeological units and flow characteristics), water quality (groundwater, streams/rivers, lakes/reservoirs, and produced water), and water use. Biological resource data focused, in part, on ecosystems and species of concern within the Williston Basin. This effort was completed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Bureau of Land Management as part of a multi-agency collaboration that recognized a need for a scientific report focusing on baseline status and trends in the Bakken region and Williston Basin. This presentation will provide an overall summary of this effort wherein key findings and information needs will be presented.



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THURSDAY, APRIL 6, 2017 SESSION 2P

10:10 A.M. – 12:10 P.M.

GROUNDWATER MODELING (PONDEROSA ROOM)

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CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARISON OF THE HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE BIG SIOUX AQUIFER, SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH

DAKOTA

Kristen O’Connor U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,

Rapid City, SD 57702, email: [email protected]

Bruce Smith U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center,

Federal Center, Box 25046, MS 964, Denver, CO, 80225-0046, email: [email protected]

Curtis Price U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


Joshua F. Valder U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


David V. Smith U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center,


Gregory C. Delzer U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


Maryla Deszcz-Pan U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center,


A groundwater modeling project in cooperation with the City of Sioux Falls is currently being conducted in by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Dakota Science Center and the USGS Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center. The City of Sioux Falls initiated the study to assess its available water resources as it plans for long-term management of sustainable groundwater supplies. The first step in developing a groundwater model is determining the vertical and horizontal extents of the aquifer, which are typically determined by interpreting geologic information from drillers’ logs and surficial geology maps. However, well and bore-hole data only provide hydrogeologic information for a single location. Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys offer nearly continuous (every 3 meters on average) geophysical data along flight lines which can be related to hydrogeologic conditions. AEM data, coupled with and constrained by well and bore-hole data, can substantially improve the accuracy of the aquifer hydrogeologic framework. More accurate hydrogeologic maps result in better groundwater models. Airborne data were acquired using the RESOLVE frequency-domain AEM system to map the Big Sioux aquifer in the region where the City of Sioux Falls operates a well field. The survey acquired more than 870 line-kilometers of AEM data collected over a total area of approximately 145 square kilometers, primarily over the floodplain of the Big Sioux River between the cities of Dell Rapids and Sioux Falls. The USGS inverted the survey data to generate resistivity-depth sections that are used in two-dimensional (2D) maps and in three-dimensional (3D) volumetric visualizations of the earth resistivity distribution. Contact lines were drawn using a geographic information system to delineate interpreted geologic stratigraphy. The contact lines were converted to points, and then transformed into a 3D surface. This presentation describes the methods used for the development of a 3D model of the Big Sioux aquifer and comparison to previously described hydrogeologic framework.








20

INTEGRATING GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO IMPROVE A GROUNDWATER MODEL NEAR ABERDEEN, SOUTH DAKOTA

William G. Eldridge

U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road, Rapid City, SD 57702, email: [email protected]

Colton Medler


Joshua F. Valder


The City of Aberdeen, South Dakota, requires an expanded and sustainable supply of municipal water to meet current demand and to support future economic development and population growth. A groundwater model published by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2012 included the streams and aquifers used by the City for its current water supply. A follow-up study by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Aberdeen was initiated in 2013 to incorporate additional data into the previously published groundwater model. Integrating data collected from geophysical surveys taken in 2013, 2014, and 2015, improved the model’s usefulness for analyzing potential water supplies and the effects of hypothetical future groundwater development on streamflow and aquifer storage. Two geophysical surveys were completed as part of this follow-up study. The first survey included more than 200 microgravity measurements at sites north of Aberdeen near existing and potential future water supply sites. These measurements were used to create a gravity variation map that highlighted subsurface changes in density likely corresponding to variations in aquifer thickness. The second geophysical survey included seismic measurements at 73 sites. The seismic survey utilized a passive sensor that measured microtremors in the subsurface caused by wind and human activity. The survey’s data were analyzed using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method. This method uses three components of ambient seismic noise to determine the depth of unconsolidated material. To better estimate aquifer thickness and depth, the results from the seismic survey were integrated with geological information from well drillers’ logs. Additionally, recharge, water level, and streamflow estimates from 2007 to 2015 were added to the model. With these preliminary updates, model simulations executed prior to final calibration resulted in improved model output. For example, modifications to the model’s Deep James aquifer boundaries reduced the average difference between observed and simulated water levels from 1.1 feet to 0.8 feet.




21

MODELING AN EXTENSIVE TRANS-BOUNDARY AQUIFER SYSTEM – GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY AND FLOW PROCESSES IN THE

WILLISTON BASIN, UPPER GREAT PLAINS

Kyle W. Davis U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


Joanna N. Thamke U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, 3162 Bozeman,

Helena, MT 59601, email: [email protected]

Andrew J. Long U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Water Science Center, 934 Broadway,

Tacoma, WA 98402, email: [email protected]

Timothy Bartos U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center, 521 Progress Circle,

Cheyenne, WY 82007, email: [email protected]

The recent oil and gas development in the Williston Basin in the Upper Great Plains provides an opportunity to examine the groundwater and energy nexus in this region. A substantial amount of water is needed for energy development in these basins, and the primary groundwater sources are glacial sand and gravel aquifers and the lower Tertiary and Upper Cretaceous bedrock aquifer systems. The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a groundwater availability study of these regional aquifer systems, which includes steady-state and transient numerical models of groundwater flow. The hydrogeologic framework and conceptual model was published as USGS-series reports that included a three-dimensional framework, a lithostratigraphic correlation chart that spans the Williston Basin, potentiometric surfaces, a description of groundwater flow processes, and quantification of recharge and discharge components for parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming in the United States and Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada. The published information was used to develop inputs for a numerical model of groundwater flow for the Williston Basin, which includes initial and boundary conditions, aquifer geometries, and calibration targets. A calibrated steady-state model was used to estimate hydraulic properties and initial conditions for a transient simulation spanning 1961–2005. The steady-state simulation was calibrated to average hydraulic-head measurements and stream base flow. The transient simulation was calibrated to time-varying values of hydraulic head, stream base flow, and discharge to flowing artesian wells for 1961–2005. The transient model will be used to simulate aquifer responses to potential increases in groundwater withdrawals and hypothetical scenarios with temperature and precipitation variations. The overall study will provide an assessment of how the groundwater resources have changed over time, estimates of groundwater-flow directions and inter-aquifer connection, and estimates of the possible effects of potential future environmental and anthropogenic stresses on groundwater in the Upper Great Plains. Project web site: http://wy-mt.water.usgs.gov/projects/WaPR/



http://wy-mt.water.usgs.gov/projects/WaPR/

22

ASSESSING TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN STREAM BASE-FLOW ESTIMATION IN BROWN COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

Jennifer M. Bednar

U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road, Rapid City, SD 57702,

and South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. St. Joseph St., Rapid City, SD 57701, email: [email protected]

This study is being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the City of Aberdeen and seeks to understand the long-term and seasonal trends in base-flow estimation methods and associated uncertainties in the analysis of hydrologic and climatic data. Stream base flow is a key component in understanding the interaction of groundwater and surface-water systems. Characterizing the stream base flow can better assist water and natural resource managers in understanding the hydrologic and ecologic impacts of changing hydrologic and climatic conditions. This study focused on estimating stream base flow in Brown County, South Dakota and determining calibration values for use in a groundwater model being concurrently developed. Streamflow data was obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey’s National Water Information System (NWIS) (https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/sw) and stream base flow was estimated using multiple methods from the U.S. Geological Survey’s Groundwater Toolbox (https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwtoolbox/) software. The climatic variables of temperature and precipitation were also compared to stream base-flow estimates to better understand the effects of climate on stream base flow and to strengthen the certainty associated with calibration targets for the groundwater model. Increases in stream base flow was found to have strong correlation to increases in precipitation in the basin, although a greater amount of uncertainty was directly correlated with those estimates. This is part of a larger study to characterize the controls of stream base flow and to better estimate base flow and gaining and losing stream systems. The overall study area is located in the northern Great Plains, including sites in North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska.


https://waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/sw

https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/gwtoolbox/

23

THE ORIGIN OF JEWEL CAVE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LANDSCAPE-SCALE PROCESSES

Michael E. Wiles

Jewel Cave National Monument 11149 U.S. Highway 16, Custer, SD 57730

email: [email protected] Purpose With over 185 miles (298 km) of mapped passages, Jewel Cave is the third longest cave in the world. Previous work documents an intimate relationship between the cave and present-day geologic structure, contacts, topography, and broader landscape features. This paper continues the exploration of possibilities regarding how and when the cave might have formed. Results Over 15,000 ellipsoidal quartzite clasts have been mapped across the western and southern flanks of the Black Hills. They cross-cut sedimentary rocks from the Deadwood Sandstone through the upper Lakota Formation, although no local source has been discovered yet. The clasts appear to have been deposited on a planar erosional surface prior to uplift at the Jewel Cave Fault, and may have entered large fractures during that event. This can be used as an important timing element, because at least one clast was emplaced before dissolution of the cave. Apparently, dissolution occurred around the clast, and ceased with the precipitation of calcite spar (upon the clast), around 14.7 Ma. Additionally, new evidence suggests renewed uplift along the Jewel Cave Fault, subsequent to deposition of the spar. Faulting was primarily normal and vertical, but lateral displacement along horizontal and vertical planes have recently been discovered inside the cave. The uplift may have enhanced draining of the cave to the level of the newly-discovered subterranean lakes. Preliminary calculations indicate a 4.5% gradient at the Madison Aquifer. Conclusions These observations continue to support a geologically recent framework for cave development. More work is needed to determine the source, transport method, and timing of the quartzite clasts. Initial fracture sizes should be estimated. The Jewel Cave Fault is much more complex than commonly believed, and should be mapped more completely to better understand the timing of events. Three new “cave lakes” present exciting new opportunities for study of the Madison Aquifer.

24


LUNCHEON 12:10– 1:40 P.M.

JOHN T. LOUCKS DISTINGUISHED LECTURE:

MARIE PEPPLER “THE FLOOD WATER BUFFET: A DELIGHTFUL SPREAD OF USGS RECENT FLOOD

STUDIES AND TOOLS” (RUSHMORE F ROOM)

25


SESSION 3A 1:40 – 3:00 P.M.

AGRICULTURE-RELATED HYDROLOGY

(ALPINE ROOM)

26

DEMONSTRATION OF DRAINAGE WATER MANAGEMENT IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA

Ashik Sahani

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006,



South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, email: [email protected]

Christopher Hay

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006,

Iowa Soybean Association, 1255 SW Prairie Trail Pkwy, Ankeny IA 50023, email: [email protected]

Subsurface drainage, a common water management practice in Midwest United States, has been linked to downstream water quality problems. This study is part of a multi-institutional team research project, the Transforming drainage (TD) project, which seeks to secure water for crop production through adequate drainage while protecting downstream water quality. The TD project sites foster the use of practices such as drainage water recycling, saturated buffers, and drainage water management (DWM). In South Dakota, two adjacent experimental plots, 4 acres for conventional drainage and 4.9 acres for DWM, were installed and instrumented at South Dakota State University Southeast Research Farm near Beresford. Various field data on soil hydrology, crop production, drainage flow, and water quality are being collected to develop a better understanding of DWM in the state. Results showed higher drainage outflow in the conventionally drainage plot compared to the DWM plot in 2015 while the opposite was recorded in 2016. Soil moisture, nitrate concentration, and dissolved phosphorus concentration near the outlet and middle of the plots showed varying results in both DWM and conventional drainage plots.




27

USING DENITRIFICATION BIOREACTORS AND PHOSPHORUS ADSORPTION MEDIA FOR WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS

Utsav Thapa Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University,

1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, email: [email protected]

Laurent M. Ahiablame Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota

State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006, email: [email protected]

Jeppe Kjaersgaard

Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 625 Robert Street N, St. Paul, MN 55155, email: [email protected]

Todd Trooien

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, email: [email protected]

Christopher Hay

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, Iowa Soybean Association, 1255 SW Prairie

Trail Pkwy, Ankeny IA 50023, email: [email protected]

Guanghui Hua Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, email: [email protected]

Todd Trooien

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006


Nutrient losses from subsurface drainage (tile) systems are major contributors to downstream water quality problems. This calls for simple technologies that can help reduce exports of excess nutrients from subsurface drainage systems. Phosphorus (P) can be removed from subsurface drainage water with low-cost industrial by-product adsorption media, while nitrate (N) can be removed with woodchip bioreactors. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of woodchip bioreactors; (2) develop a relationship between bioreactor performance and catchment characteristics for eastern South Dakota; and (3) design, install and evaluate the field-scale phosphorus removal bed. Four woodchip bioreactors were installed in eastern South Dakota between 2012 and 2014 near Baltic, Montrose, Arlington, and Hartford. A phosphorus removal bed was installed downstream of the woodchip bioreactor near Baltic in 2015. Field monitoring showed good performance of the practices with nitrate reduction ranging from 7 to 100% and removal rates ranging from 0.89 to 6.34 g Nm-3d-1 across the four bioreactors. Phosphorus reduction ranges from 10 to 96% and removal rates ranges from 0.0064 to 0.9686 g Pm-3d-1 with the adsorption media. The model developed in this study can be used to predict the performance of the bioreactor with similar field characteristics. This study provides some insight into best management practices for conservation drainage in eastern South Dakota.








28

ASSESSING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS OF GRASSLAND ESTABLISHMENT IN SKUNK CREEK WATERSHED

Jiyeong Hong

M. S. student, Department of Agricultural Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006


Esther Mosase PhD student, Geospatial Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University,

101 Medary Avenue, Wecota Hall, Brookings, SD 57007 email: [email protected]

Laurent M. Ahiablame

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006


Grassland is a valuable natural resource with many environmental benefits, including soil erosion control, wildlife habitat promotion, water quality conservation, and flood prevention. Recent rapid conversion of grassland to cultivated cropland in the Western Corn Belt states have been linked to concerns over environmental quality. The goal of this study is to assess hydrologic and water quality implications of grassland establishment, conversion, and management in a large watershed in South Dakota. The specific objectives are to (1) quantify the impacts of grassland conversion and management on hydrology and water quality, and (2) determine the optimum location for grassland establishment to attain maximum water quality benefits in Skunk Creek watershed. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to evaluate “what if” scenarios to simulate streamflow, sediment, nitrate, and dissolved phosphorus at the outlet of the study watershed. Skunk Creek watershed has 35% of corn, 29% of soybean, and 14% of grassland. SWAT was calibrated and validated at monthly time step from 2005 to 2014 and from 1996 to 2000, respectively, with performance statistics that range from 0.43 to 0.81 for Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and from 0.64 to 0.86 for coefficient of determination (R2). Preliminary results from this study indicate that grassland reduces volumes of runoff, suspended sediment, nitrate, and dissolved phosphorus compared to the existing land use condition in the watershed.




29

ANALYSIS OF WATER-BALANCE COMPONENTS FOR AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE RED RIVER BASIN

Kelsey A. Kolars

U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 821 E. Interstate Ave., Bismarck, ND 58503, email: [email protected]

Kevin C. Vining

U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 821 E. Interstate Ave., Bismarck, ND 58503, email: [email protected]

As flooding and wet soils have increased across North Dakota in recent years, agricultural programs may be assessed for their efficacy to control floods by controlling soil moisture storage. During wetter periods, certain land uses may allow for increased transpiration thereby leading to reduced soil moisture, while concurrently improving soil structure, water infiltration, and water-holding capacity. Increased soil water-holding capacity from improved land use practices is often implied, but the improvement in water storage is often not quantified. To address these needs the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Natural Resource Conservation Service, initiated a study in 2016 with objectives to, 1) characterize the growing-season water-balance components for selected grass and croplands within the Red River Basin using remote sensing, field monitoring, and modeling techniques, and 2) quantify the effects of these land practices on reducing soil water content and increasing potential soil water storage for future snowmelt or rainfall events. The development of a simplified mass-based water-balance model, using remotely sensed evapotranspiration (ET) data estimated through the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model, will be discussed and its use in estimating the available water storage (AWS) shown. Comparisons in the AWS between various vegetation types (grassland, cropland – sugar beet, wheat) and soils over the 2016 growing season will be presented along with comparisons of remotely sensed ET (30-m resolution) over various the vegetation/soil types.

30


SESSION 3P 1:40 – 3:00 P.M.

FLOOD-RELATED HYDROLOGY

(PONDEROSA ROOM)

31

STREAMFLOW, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AND GEOMORPHIC CHANGE DURING THE 2011 FLOOD ON THE MISSOURI RIVER NEAR

BISMARCK-MANDAN, ND

Rochelle A. Nustad U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 821 E Interstate Ave, Bismarck, ND

58503, email: [email protected]

Katherine J. Skalak U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192


Richard R. McDonald U.S. Geological Survey, 4620 Technology Dr. 413, Golden, CO 80403, email: [email protected]

Adam J. Benthem

U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 430, Reston, VA 20192, email: [email protected]

Edward R. Schenk

National Park Service, 129 Grand Canyon, AZ 86023, email: [email protected]

Joel Galloway U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 821 E. Interstate Avenue, Bismarck, ND

58503, email: [email protected]

A quasi-3-dimensional flow model of a 29-km reach of the Missouri River near Bismarck-Mandan, ND, was calibrated and tested using streamflow and water-surface elevation data for the flood of 2011. This model was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the North Dakota State Water Commission, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, North Dakota Department of Transportation, North Dakota Game and Fish, North Dakota Department of Health, Burleigh County Water Resource Board, City of Bismarck, City of Mandan, Morton County Water Resource Board, and Lower Heart River Water Resource Board. Using shear stress output from the model, spatial patterns of sediment mobility were determined for streamflow simulations on the rising limb, peak, and falling limb of the flood hydrograph. Sediment mobility was determined by comparing the total boundary shear stress output from the model with the dimensionless critical shear stress for mobilizing sand particles to determine the maximum transportable grain size for a given streamflow. Maximum mobile grain size was predicted reasonably well on the peak and falling limb of the flood when results are compared to direct measurements of sediment particle size in transport. For the peak flow simulation, potential areas of erosion occurred in pools downstream from bridges while accumulation occurred on extensive islands. Results from the model provide a snapshot of sediment mobility patterns for a prolonged duration (months), high-magnitude streamflow event. These results are interpreted within the context of the ongoing geomorphic adjustments related to dam management downstream from the Garrison dam along the Missouri River. An analysis of the longitudinal patterns in the maximum mobile grain size between the peak and receding limb flood flows indicates that at higher flows, the channel is behaving more like a single-thread meandering channel and at lower flows, the channel has higher variation in shear stress and grain size mobility, which was inferred to be related to overall channel complexity. Previous work found that dam operation has resulted in net accumulation and channel complexity within this segment, which has occurred over managed (or lower) flows. Islands and sand bars likely contribute to the behavior observed at higher flows.







32

FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN A CHANGING WORLD

Karen Ryberg U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center,

821 E. Interstate Avenue, Bismarck, ND 58503 email: [email protected]

In recent decades, concerns about the effects of potential climate and land-use changes, as well as a better understanding of long-term climatic persistence, have caused a reexamination of the assumption of stationarity, which is fundamental to traditional flood-frequency analysis. This presentation 1) examines ways to identify nonstationarities, 2) presents case studies applying some suggested methods for nonstationary analysis, and 3) includes a discussion of the effect of including paleodata. Nonstationarities, such as serial correlation, trends, and changepoints, in annual peak streamflow series violate assumptions underlying traditional flood-frequency analysis. Case studies are used to highlight these nonstationarities and compare differences in the confidence intervals for floods with an annual exceedance probability of 1 percent using methods suggested for nonstationary analysis, such as 30-year windows, recent post-breakpoint periods, adjusting earlier events to current events, and mixed population analysis. To further enhance the information in the streamflow record, historic and paleodata are included and their effect on the flood confidence intervals is shown. Paleodata can create a larger dataset and thereby reduce sampling error; however, the best way to include paleodata is not clear for all potential methods suggested for nonstationary analysis and those challenges are discussed.


33

THE BIG SIOUX RIVER FLOOD MODEL PROJECT

Jason Love Senior Vice President, RESPEC Water & Natural Resources

3824 Jet Drive, Rapid City, SD 57703 email: [email protected]

Jared K. Oswald

Manager, Water Resource Engineer, RESPEC Water & Natural Resources 3824 Jet Drive, Rapid City, SD 57703


Tim Cowman Natural Resources Administrator, Geological Survey Program

SD Dept. of Environment & Natural Resources Akeley-Lawrence Science Center, Vermillion, SD 57069


The Big Sioux River Basin has historically experienced repeated flooding. A major flood in the lower basin in 2014 revealed the lack of understanding of how this area behaves hydrologically during flood events. Available data are not adequate to enable state and local authorities to prepare for imminent flood events. State and local governments need an accurate hydrologic and hydraulic model of the basin in order to predict the severity of flood events under a range of climatic events and implement appropriate defenses. This project will fund a hydrologic and hydraulic study that will provide state and local entities with information necessary to better prepare for future flood events. The data and model generated from this study will allow the state to predict the impacted areas for a range of flood scenarios. This will allow state and local entities to implement appropriate protection strategies in advance of flood waters. The Big Sioux River flood model will be patterned after a similar system maintained by the Iowa Flood Center (IFC). The Iowa Flood Information System (IFIS) is a one-stop web-platform to access community-based flood conditions, forecasts, visualizations, inundation maps, and applications. Real-time and historical water levels, discharge data, and rainfall conditions will be available in the interface by streaming data from automated bridge sensors, USGS stream gauges, NEXRAD radars, and NWS forecasts. The system will include a rainfall-runoff forecast model to provide a flood risk estimate at critical locations throughout the basin to supplement and support NWS forecasts. The system will also provide the user with a relative understanding of the current and forecasted conditions in relation to flood response action levels specific to the location. It will also allow select users to run scenarios such as raising or breeching levees, to assess impacts of flood management strategies. The project is being completed for the South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources by a RESPEC-assembled team of local and national experts, including Banner and Associates (Brookings, SD); David Ford Consulting Engineers, Inc. (Sacramento, CA); and the Iowa Flood Center (Iowa City, IA). The project is expected to be completed by December of 2018. This presentation will provide an overview of the system and work completed to date.




34

EFFECTS OF BLACK HILLS GEOLOGY ON FLOOD RISK CASE STUDY: FEMA FLOODPLAINS WITHIN RAPID CITY

Jonathan D. Lefers

Advanced Engineering and Environmental Services, Inc. (AE2S), 620 Pine Street, Madison, WI 53715


In 2013, FEMA developed new Base Flood Elevations along numerous urban drainages throughout Rapid City. Among those drainages that FEMA re-mapped were the Haines Avenue, Robbinsdale Drain, and South Canyon Creek watercourses. While the analysis to support the re-mapping effort is recent, the quality was lacking for both the hydrologic and hydraulic analysis that defined the floodplain elevations. Of particular concern for the City was that FEMA had estimated a peak discharge at the mouth of each of these drainages and applied that discharge to the entire watercourse, which drastically over predicted the discharge at the upstream end. A critical aspect of accurately defining flood risk in Western South Dakota is accounting for the complex hydrology and hydrogeology of the Black Hills. Using conventional estimates of soil runoff potential based on both land use and soil types in the South Canyon Creek watershed (6.7 square miles at the mouth) created a peak discharge of over 5,000 cfs. Based on the size of existing road culverts, a lack of any channel definition in places along the creek, and no observations of severe past flooding along the drainage, it was clear that the estimate based on a conventional analysis approach was not accurate. A review of several USGS studies indicated that the Black Hills geology can create extensive losses in surface runoff along drainages. In addition, the USGS had a small period of flow records on South Canyon Creek. Using these data sources, AE2S was able to work with the City and FEMA to obtain approval of more realistic discharge estimates along the three drainages, and ultimately create a better tool for the City to understand and manage flood risk.


35


SESSION 4A 3:30 – 5:10 P.M.

LAND-USE CHANGE EFFECTS

(ALPINE ROOM)

36

MODELING THE HYDROLOGICAL IMPACT OF LAND COVER CHANGE FOR THE CURRENT BLACK HILLS MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE

OUTBREAK

Patrick H. Shaw PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


Scott J. Kenner Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota

School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

James J. Stone



Heidi L. Sieverding Research Scientist, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


The response of streamflow characteristics to land cover changes due to mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation within the Black Hills of western South Dakota is being investigated. The upper Rapid Creek watershed study area includes three USGS stream gage stations with 40 years of data. This rainfall-dominated watershed land uses are in flux as a result of MPB, fire, and forest management. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation Systems Data Center (EROS) National Land Cover Datasets (NLCD) from 1992, 2001, 2006, and 2011 were correlated with United States Forest Service (USFS) MPB, burned vegetation, and managed forest areas to create a land cover change composite dataset for 2009 through 2014. Land cover changes were used to dynamic parameterize the Hydrological Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF) to hydrologic simulate the effects of land use change over an extended time period. Streamflow variations were linked to periods of high and low precipitation and land cover change over time. A modeling tool is being developed to aide in the time-variable hydrologic parameterization of land cover change for input into HSPF. throughout these watersheds, including several projects that leverage watershed model applications to explore how frequency, duration, and magnitude of low and peak flows are influenced by changing land use, forest condition and composition, and climate/changing weather patterns and the implications of these changes for water users.





37

COMPARISONS BETWEEN EROS CONTINUOUS CHANGE DETECTION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM AND USFS FOREST HEALTH

TECHNOLOGY MAPPING FOR THE CURRENT BLACK HILLS MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE OUTBREAK

Patrick H. Shaw

PhD Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701




James J. Stone





Galen Hoogestraat U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center,

1608 Mountain View Road, Rapid City, SD 57702 email: [email protected]

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center currently is developing a Continuous Change Detection Classification (CCDC) land cover tool to assess temporal surface changes from 1984 to present based on Landsat images. Tiled images are geographically stacked and calibrated to allow users to temporally analyze the remotely sensed data on a pixel-by-pixel (30m by 30m) basis within the Landsat library. The CCDC incorporates mathematical models to produce a raster file of the changed pixels called ChangeMAP. The “change” occurs when the pixel value is outside of two standard deviations of the mathematical model’s fitted trend line for three consecutive images. A tile encompassing the upper Rapid Creek watershed in the Black Hills of western South Dakota was chosen as a ‘learning’ area for the tool’s land use classification algorithm. The region often experiences multi-year periods of drought and flooding as well as land surface change from forest fires, forest management practices, and mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infestation. The forest fires, management practices, and MPB infested areas have been mapped digitally from aerial photography by the United States Forest Service (USFS). A regression analysis was performed on twelve subbasins within the upper Rapid Creek watershed with similar progressions of MPB damage, management, soils, geology, aspect, and slope. Results demonstrated a significant correlation between the CCDC ChangeMAP to the USFS shapefiles for MPB and managed areas. The CCDC model detects forest changes from mechanical and natural elements, and therefore in the future can be used to create maps for the changed forested areas.






38

QUANTITATIVE AND FLUORESCENCE ANALYSES OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON EMANATING FROM MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE-

IMPACTED WATERSHEDS OF UPPER RAPID CREEK

Jesse Punsal M.S. Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota


James J. Stone





Chuck C. Rhoades Research Biogeochemist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service

240 West Prospect Road, Ft. Collins, CO 80526 email: [email protected]

Lisa A. Kunza

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


Understanding the sources of surface water pollution and contamination is a crucial step in the formation of effective watershed management policy. Organic matter resulting from the decomposition of mountain pine beetle (MPB) (Dendroctonus ponderosae) infested trees can impair surface water quality. Surface water sampling sites within upper Rapid Creek watershed in Black Hills of South Dakota were selected based on varying MPB progression. Organic matter characterization of impacted and unimpacted areas was performed by measuring ultraviolet absorption (SUVA), non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) concentration, and excitation emission matrix (EEM) spectra, as well as a suite of colorimetric general chemistry analyses. Preliminary results indicate an increased presence of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) within MPB sub-watersheds, with increased levels of humic- and fulvic-CDOM signatures. In this presentation, preliminary results from these on-going field and laboratory analysis efforts will be discussed.






39

IMPLICATIONS OF DROUGHT-INDUCED ECOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE ON FOREST WATER QUALITY

Chuck C. Rhoades

Research Ecologist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service 240 West Prospect Road, Ft. Collins, CO 80526


Tim P. Covino Assistant Professor, Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526 email: [email protected]

Alex T. Chow

Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry and Environmental Conservation Clemson University, Georgetown, SC 29442


Robert M. Hubbard Research Biogeochemist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service

240 West Prospect Road, Ft. Collins, CO 80526 email: [email protected]

Kelly J. Elder

Research Hydrologist, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Forest Service 240 West Prospect Road, Ft. Collins, CO 80526


Recent droughts in the Western United States have contributed both to severe bark beetle and wildfire activity. The degree of forest mortality and associated biophysical changes caused by these disturbances have important implications for clean water delivery from headwater catchments. Such events are projected to become more frequent under warmer, drier climates, yet the upland and aquatic processes that regulate nutrient retention and release following ecological disturbances are poorly understood. Here we compare long-term water quality implications of the largest wildfire and the largest bark beetle outbreak in Colorado history. Both disturbances caused significant overstory tree mortality, but their influences on stream nutrients and other water quality indicators differed dramatically. Our earlier work after the 2002 Hayman Fire showed that headwater catchments that experienced extensive, high-severity forest fires had elevated stream nitrate, temperature, and turbidity for five post-fire years. Our recent work conducted 13 and 14 years after the fire shows that stream nitrate remains an order of magnitude above pre-fire levels in catchments with extensive high-severity wildfire. Stream temperature and total dissolved nitrogen concentration also remained higher in those catchments compared to unburned streams. In contrast, a severe bark beetle outbreak that took place between 2000 and 2010, had very little effect on stream nitrate losses from subalpine watersheds at the Fraser Experimental Forest. Change in stream nitrogen export was greater in watersheds dominated by old-growth forest with large-diameter lodgepole pine trees and severe overstory mortality than in watersheds containing both regenerating stands of smaller-diameter trees and old-growth forest. The general change in nitrogen export following bark beetles was small relative to increases after fire, equivalent to <2% of annual nitrogen deposition. The biogeochemical responses to both events are related to disturbance severity and subsequent changes in nutrient retention in soils, streams and residual vegetation.






40

MUNICIPAL WATERSHED WILDFIRE HAZARD MITIGATION ASSSESSMENTS

Megan Burke

Hydrologist, RESPEC Water & Natural Resources, P.O. Box 725, Rapid City, SD 57709,


Cory Foreman HDR

703 Main Street, Suite 200, Rapid City, SD 57702 email: [email protected]

Chris White

Anchor Point Group 2131 Upland Avenue, Boulder CO 80304

Catastrophic wildfires burn vegetation and alter soil properties, causing rainfall to run-off rather than soak in to the soil. With the loss of vegetation and root systems, landscapes can easily erode. Consequently, in burned watersheds, rainfall often produces floods that carry debris, sediment, ash, and contaminants. This has implications for water supply. Sediment can fill reservoirs, decreasing storage capacities. Debris, sediment, ash and contaminants can lower water quality, making water more difficult to treat and causing unwanted tastes and odors. (Santa Fe, NM and Denver, CO have spent 9 and 26 million dollars, respectively, to treat impacted drinking water following wildfires in their municipal reservoirs’ watersheds.) To address potential wildfire impacts on Wyoming’s water supply, Governor Matt Meade commissioned Municipal Watershed Wildfire Hazard Mitigation Assessments (HMAs) for the cities of Cheyenne and Buffalo, which rely on surface water reservoirs in forested, fire-prone watersheds. The HMAs identified locations for site-specific forest management treatments that can minimize impacts to municipal water sources and facilities following forest fires. The HMAs focused on technical analyses of expected wildfire impacts (i.e., FLAMMAP fire behavior modeling) and post-fire hydrologic response (NOAA/USGS Debris Flow Task Force regression models) to identify areas that present a risk to municipal water supply. A prioritization matrix was developed to prioritize potential treatment locations based on the hazard analyses as well as factors related to project implementation (e.g. permitting, habitat, operability). Results from the HMAs are currently being incorporated into forest management planning. The HMAs were funded through the Governor’s office, administered by Wyoming Water Development Office, and executed by the RESPEC/Anchor Point Group project team. Collaborating entities included but were not limited to the following: Cheyenne Board of Public Utilities, City of Buffalo, Wyoming State Forestry Division, Wyoming Game and Fish Division, US Forest Service, and US Bureau of Land Management.



41


SESSION 4P 3:30 – 5:10 P.M.

CLIMATE AND MODELING

(PONDEROSA ROOM)

42

CLIMATE CHANGE AND FISHERIES PRODUCTION: MODELING THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY ON ANGLER USE IN

LAKE OAHE, SOUTH DAKOTA

Steve R. Chipps U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit

Department of Natural Resource Management South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007


Mark J. Fincel South Dakota Department of Game, Fish & Parks

20641 SD Hwy 1806, Ft. Pierre, SD 57532 email: mark.fincelstate.sd.us

Variable climate conditions combined with increasing demands for water, impose important challenges to managing fisheries resources. In this study, we developed a model for predicting angler hours in Lake Oahe, SD based on long-term creel data and climactic conditions. We used the model to simulate effects of water availability on annual fishing effort in Lake Oahe. Significant model parameters included a harvest regulation index, mean condition of harvested Walleyes, mean prey abundance in the reservoir (Rainbow Smelt), and summer water surface elevation in Lake Oahe. Time-series data showed greater variability in water surface elevation from 1987 to 2014 (recent) than from 1968-1986 (historic). Moreover, mean surface elevation in recent decades was about ten feet less than that averaged during historic decades. Using variation in surface elevation from these two time periods, we used a stochastic model to simulate effects of water level variation on future fishing effort in Lake Oahe (2015-2065). Using historic water surface elevations, angler hours generally increased over the next 50 years at a rate of about 0.16 %/y based on model simulations. In contrast, recent trends in water surface elevation showed that angler hours decreased by about -0.12 % /y over the next 50 years. While uncertainty about climate change effects are inherent in modeling future outcomes, water availability is an important driver of fish production in many large reservoir systems. In Lake Oahe, long-term trends in variable, decreasing water levels could have negative effects on fish production, angler hours, and the associated economic impacts of recreational fishing.



43

STORM TOTAL QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION ESTIMATES: FINDINGS FROM THE KUDX RADAR DURING THE 2014 CONVECTIVE

SEASON (WITH UPDATES FROM 2015 AND 2016)

Melissa Smith National Weather Service, 300 Signal Drive, Rapid City, SD 57701


Stephen Trimarchi National Weather Service, 300 Signal Drive, Rapid City, SD 57701

email: [email protected] On October 19, 2012 the KUDX radar located in New Underwood, SD, received a significant upgrade—dual polarization (dual-pol) capabilities. The dual-pol radar capability sends and receives both horizontal and vertical pulses, providing a two-dimensional picture of water and ice particles in the atmosphere. This allows for a better identification of rain, hail, snow, or other objects in the atmosphere. The Rapid City NWS conducted a local study to determine what differences exist between the new dual-pol precipitation estimates versus the legacy estimates. In this study, all the rain events from May 2014 through August of 2014 were collected and analyzed to determine the “best radar estimate.” In addition, other precipitation events were analyzed from the summers of 2015 and 2016 to refine the conclusions derived from the 2014 study. The main findings from this study indicate the dual-pol quantitative precipitation estimates tend to perform better when precipitation type is mainly rain or when rain is mixed with large hail. It was also found that radar estimates derived from both precipitation algorithms were valid in weaker, non-severe convective storms when compared to ground truth reports.



44

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL HYDROLOGIC MODEL

Parker Norton U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


The U.S. Geological Survey is developing a National Hydrologic Model (NHM) to support consistent methods of hydrological modeling across the conterminous United States. Nationally consistent, local-scale characterization of hydrologic processes, including all components of the water balance, is essential to efficient, sustainable, and informed management of water resources as well as continued expansion of hydrologic knowledge. The Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) is a component of the NHM that simulates daily hydrologic and energy processes at the watershed scale. We present an update on the status of the NHM including: (1) calibration strategies and challenges, (2) development of a model evaluation framework, and (3) software developed to facilitate extraction of model subsets from the NHM in support of modeling at local scales.


45

MODELING LOW IMPACT DEVELOPMENTS (LIDS) USING STORM WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL (SWMM)

Jason D. Phillips



Jennifer L. Benning Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota


Scott J. Kenner

Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


As urban development continues to impact water resources, many communities are implementing low impact development (LID) best management practices (BMPs) to protect urban waters before they become impaired. Funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Urban Waters Small Grant program, this project is promoting LID BMPs through a collaborative design process focused on a proposed large development, including the Rural America Initiatives (RAI) 8-acre site, in Rapid City. This project includes partnerships between the South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, the developers, the City of Rapid City, South Dakota Department of Environmental and Natural Resources, engineers, landscape architects, RAI, and others. It also seeks to demonstrate the benefits to Box Elder Creek’s water quality through the implementation of LIDs and provide associated education and public outreach. Currently, the Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) is being applied to the proposed development to analyze the existing conditions, the proposed development conditions, and alternative LID BMPs. Modeling of the RAI’s 8-acre site within the larger development is in progress. Preliminary results indicate that for a 100-year, two-hour storm event, the pre-development conditions will produce a peak runoff of 33 cfs; the post-development conditions will produce a peak runoff of 55 cfs. The implementation of LIDs, including rainwater harvesting, green roofs, vegetative swales, bio-retention cells, and disconnection of impervious surfaces have also been modeled. The models indicate that these LID practices will significantly reduce the peak runoff. For example, the elimination of curb and gutter with the disconnection of impervious surfaces runoff would reduce post-development peak flows by 34 percent. Future work will include the modeling of stormwater quality using SWMM for RAI’s site. It is anticipated that the implementation of LIDs will reduce the size of on-site detention ponds, improve the overall quality of stormwater, and potentially save the developer/municipality money.




46

EVOLUTION OF METEOROLOGICAL TIMESERIES DEVELOPMENT FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELING

Chris Lupo

Water Resource Engineer, RESPEC Water & Natural Resources, 3824 Jet Drive, Rapid City, SD 57703


Erin Walter Hydrologist, RESPEC Water & Natural Resources,

3824 Jet Drive, Rapid City, SD 57703 email: [email protected]

One of the main advancements in hydrologic modeling stems from the progression of meteorological data storage and products. Data usage has evolved from using point data, supplementing point data with daily gridded precipitation data, to incorporating hourly gridded data for all meteorological constituents. The quantity and quality of available data for hydrologic and hydraulic analyses coupled with improvements in spatial and temporal resolution of meteorological data have increased the accuracy of real-time forecasting and model predictions. Some of these datasets include Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM), National Centers for Environmental Precipitation (NCEP) Stage IV rainfall data, and North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) hourly precipitation. Innovative tools were created for processing large meteorological datasets in Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), and other monitoring or forecasting applications, such as Benton County’s Irrigation Management Assistant (IMA), and the Big Sioux River Flood Model Development Project. These tools have increased the efficiency in developing models, monitoring resolution, and forecasting changes in watershed functionality. An overview of meteorological applications in hydrologic modeling and the advancements in additional datasets will be discussed.



47


POSTER SESSION AND EVENING SOCIAL 5:10 – 7:30 P.M.

(RUSHMORE G ROOM)

48

MACROECOLOGICAL RIVERINE COMPARISONS IN A MOUNTAIN STEPPE ECOREGION OF THE CONTINENTAL US

John J. Costello IV

Masters Student, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology 501 E. Saint Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701




This project focuses on characterization of hydro-geomorphology to relate to riverine ecology through Functional Process Zones (FPZs) as defined by Thorp, et al. (2006). This information will be used to compare riverine mountain steppe ecoregions along basins, between basins and between continents. The overall project is a comparison between Continental United States and Mongolia, within Mountain Steppe and Temperate Steppe Ecoregions. Our role is to support the work of other teams within the project by acquiring geomorphologic and hydrologic data in coinciding areas to other teams. Data was collected using adapted EPA Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) (McDonald et al., 2002) and Physical Habitat (PHAB) protocols to provide characterization of the reaches through the Schumm and Rosgen classifications. With the information acquired through these protocols sites can be compared based on PHAB data, which represents the physical characteristics of the riverine ecology. The data can also be used to compare FPZ characterization to geomorphologic characterization through cluster analysis from which there should be a relationship between FPZs and the geomorphology of the reaches. References: Thorp, J. H., M. C. Thoms, and M. D. Delong. 2006. The riverine ecosystem synthesis: Biocomplexity in river networks across space and time. River Research and Applications 22:123-147. Michael E. McDonald, Steven Paulsen, Roger Blair, et al. 2002. Research Strategy, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. Environmental Protection Agency Archive



49

MODELING TEMPERATURE TO EXAMINE POTENTIAL THERMAL REFUGES IN RAPID CREEK

Michaela A. Halvorson



Lisa A. Kunza Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences Program in Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,


Rapid Creek has developed a spatial temperature gradient increasing from the tail waters of Pactola Dam through Rapid City. In addition, low flow conditions and high temperatures during the summer months can create stream temperatures that may critically influence organisms. Both extremely high temperatures and variability in temperature may shift macroinvertebrate assemblages and fisheries. Our objective is to examine whether pools can provide adequate thermal refuge for fish and quantify the resources available. We will create a temperature model for Rapid Creek from below Pactola Dam through Rapid City. Quantifying macroinvertebrates gives an estimate of composition and relative abundance to gauge resource availability for fish and indicator of water quality.



50

GLACIER AREA CHANGE IN THE WIND RIVER RANGE USING REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES

Colton J. Medler



Wyoming’s Wind River Range has the largest glacier complex in the American Rocky Mountains with 63 glaciers. Of the 63 glaciers within the range, 46 glaciers were analyzed in this study using a Landsat 5 TM scene from 1985 and a Landsat 8 OLI scene from 2016. Both scenes were downloaded from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center. The analysis consisted of comparing the effectiveness and accuracy of automated glacier mapping methods against conventional manual digitization. Burns and Nolin (2013) presented a comparison of three common automated glacier mapping methods. All three methods were tested on the Landsat imagery used in this study and the most effective method was developed by Jacobs et al. (2013). Using the Jacobs et al. (2013) method, the total area of the 46 glaciers was calculated for 1985 and 2016 and the results were then compared to the results of manual digitization for 1985 and 2016. The results show that the Jacobs et al. (2013) method underestimated glacier area compared to manual digitization because the method misclassifies debris covered glacial ice. Additionally, the change in glacier area between 1985 and 2016 was found to be 12.1 square kilometers (4.6 square miles) or a 30% overall decrease in area using manual digitization. Comparatively, the Jacobs et al. (2013) method produced a change of 11.4 square kilometers (4.4 square miles) or a 32% decrease in area. Overall, automated glacier mapping methods need additional work but have proven to be a useful tool for calculating glacier area change.


51

MAPPING WATERBODIES IN THE LIMPOPO RIVER BASIN, SOUTHERN AFRICA USING REMOTE SENSING LANDSAT DATA

Esther Mosase

Geospatial Science Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, 1021 Medary Avenue, Wecota Hall, Brookings, SD 57007



South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006 email: [email protected]

In the past recent years, water inflow to big dams within the Limpopo River Basin (LRB) in Southern Africa is declining, leading to water stress and shortage for agricultural and domestic use. Small water bodies, mainly small lakes and dams, even though useful for alleviating temporary droughts and dry spells, are pinpointed as major contributors to big water inflow decline as these small water bodies capture runoff before it can gets collected into big dams. Unlike large reservoirs, management information of these small water bodies such as their number, storage capacity, and spatial distribution in the basin is not readily available. Conventional methodologies for quantifying the small waterbodies are time consuming and costly. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to map and create an inventory of small water bodies in LRB using remotely sensed data. 1903 and 2482 waterbodies (> 2 ha in size) were mapped based on 2001 and 2008 Landsat images. Most waterbodies were found in the dryer regions of the basin i.e. south and west, compared to the few located in the wetter region in the north and east of the basin.



52

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HYDROGEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK OF THE BIG SIOUX AQUIFER, SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA, USING

AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA

Kristen O’Connor U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


Bruce Smith U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center,


Curtis Price U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


Joshua F. Valder U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


David V. Smith U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center,


Gregory C. Delzer U.S. Geological Survey, Dakota Water Science Center, 1608 Mountain View Road,


Maryla Deszcz-Pan U.S. Geological Survey, Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center,


A groundwater modeling project in cooperation with the City of Sioux Falls is currently being conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Dakota Science Center and the USGS Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center. The City of Sioux Falls initiated the study to assess its available water resources as it plans for long-term management of sustainable groundwater supplies. The first step in developing a groundwater model is determining the vertical and horizontal extents of the aquifer, which are typically determined by interpreting geologic information from drillers’ logs and surficial geology maps. However, well and bore-hole data only provide hydrogeologic information for a single location. Airborne electromagnetic (AEM) surveys offer nearly continuous (every 3 meters on average) geophysical data along flight lines, which can be related to hydrogeologic conditions. AEM data, coupled with and constrained by well and bore-hole data, can substantially improve the accuracy of the aquifer hydrogeologic framework. More accurate hydrogeologic maps result in better groundwater models. Airborne data were acquired using the RESOLVE frequency-domain AEM system to map the Big Sioux aquifer in the region where the City of Sioux Falls operates a well field. The survey acquired more than 870 line-kilometers of AEM data collected over a total area of approximately 145 square kilometers, primarily over the floodplain of the Big Sioux River between the cities of Dell Rapids and Sioux Falls. The USGS inverted the survey data to generate resistivity-depth sections used in two-dimensional (2D) maps and in three-dimensional (3D) volumetric visualizations of the earth resistivity distribution. Contact lines were drawn using geographic information system software to delineate interpreted geologic stratigraphy. The contact lines were converted to points, and then transformed into a 3D surface. This presentation describes the methods used for the interpretation of AEM resistivity profiles and development of a 3D model of the Big Sioux aquifer.








53

DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF BACTERIAL GENES ENCODING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN SELECTED AREAS OF THE BIG SIOUX

RIVER

Ashley D. Preston Masters Student, Graduate Research Assistant, Biomedical Engineering Program,

South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

Linda C. DeVeaux

Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Program, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,

501 E St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701 email: [email protected]

Lisa A. Kunza

Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences Program in Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,


Bacteria have many innate as well as acquired mechanisms that enable survival to antimicrobials. Selective pressures, such as antimicrobial use in human health treatment and animal production, lead to increased levels of resistance in bacterial communities. This raises particular concern in environments with high levels of bacteria where ingestion by humans is a possibility, such as in recreational waters. Many waterways across the U.S. are listed as impaired for fecal coliform and E. coli; it is important to understand the risk to human health from exposure to these waters. Bacteria are the cause of this public health concern as some harbor genes for human disease. The more “virulence factors” a single bacterium contains, the higher the potential for causing severe illness. Adding to this concern is the ability of bacteria to share genes across species through “horizontal gene transfer”. Pathogenic bacteria also expressing antimicrobial resistance are an even greater threat, as infections are harder to treat with commonly used antibiotics. Many sections of the Big Sioux River, in eastern SD, are listed as “impaired” for fecal coliforms and E. coli. We have developed a method to screen the entire bacterial population present in water for potentially harmful genes, and have found that many genes common to enterohemorraghic E. coli that are present in these waters (see Murray, Kunza and DeVeaux, this conference). The presence of antibacterial resistance genes in these same populations would increase the potential for creating a “superbug” resistant to eradication efforts. We will be extending our current panel to include families of antibiotic-resistance genes to further examine the human health risk associated with the entire bacteria community in this particular body of water. Understanding the source of antibiotic resistant bacteria and associated health risks may lead to improved monitoring and remediation efforts for bacteria in the future.




54

PERFORMANCE OF WOODCHIP BIOREACTORS IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA: IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF RAINFALL INTENSITY AND

DURATION

Sami Shokrana Graduate Research Assistant, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006 email: [email protected]

Laurent M. Ahiablame

Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, ABE Box 2120, Brookings, SD 57006


Rachael McDaniel Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006 email: [email protected]

Todd Trooien

Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006


Guanghui Hua Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

South Dakota State University, 1400 North Campus Drive, Brookings, SD 57006, email: [email protected]

Agricultural fields in the Midwest United States drain a great deal of nutrients to surface water bodies, and ultimately add to the Hypoxia problem in the Gulf of Mexico. Denitrification bioreactors are edge-of-field practices that can help reduce nutrient loading to surface waters. The effectiveness of bioreactors depends on many factors such as temperature, hydraulic retention time (HRT), pH, presence of microbial community, type of carbon substrates, dissolved oxygen, initial nitrate concentration, and flow conditions. This study aims at comparing nitrate removal efficiency of field-scale bioreactors and evaluating the impacts of rainfall intensity and duration on their performance. Four woodchip bioreactors were installed in eastern South Dakota over the period of 2012 to 2014. Water samples were periodically collected and analyzed to determine percent of nitrate removed by the practices. Rainfall data were recorded at 10-min intervals during the study period (i.e. 2014-2016) and analyzed to determine their effects on nitrate removal efficiency of the bioreactors. Results show that nitrate removal varies from 7% to 100% across the four bioreactors. For most of the bioreactors, nitrate removal rates follow an overall declining trend with increasing intensity and duration of rainfall.






55

NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN THE KOOTENAI RIVER & KOOCANUSA RESERVOIR

Emily Stickney



Lisa A. Kunza Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biological Sciences Program in Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology,


Altering the distribution of nutrients can have major implications on aquatic ecosystems. Phosphorous loading is most commonly known, due to the formation of toxic algal blooms, but nitrogen loading can also have detrimental impacts. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous historically were low in the Kootenai River, causing it to be ultraoligotrophic. Nitrate levels have been on the rise in the Kootenai since the mid 2000’s, while soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) concentrations continue to be found at or below detection limits. To better understand the rate of nutrient uptake and the impacts of nitrate loading, we completed a depth profile of Koocanusa Reservoir and a longitudinal study of the Kootenai River. In the reservoir, we sampled every 5 meters from the surface to the bottom in 4 locations, with the deepest location exceeding 100 meters. We divided the river into three reaches based upon distinct characteristics. From Libby Dam in Montana through Libby, MT, the Kootenai flows with a low sediment load and high light penetration through the water column. At the Idaho/Montana border, a long-term nutrient addition site introduces phosphorus into the river during the summer months to stimulate algal productivity. The last section, from Bonners Ferry, Idaho to the Canadian border, the river meanders with low gradient and greater sediment loads. Dependent upon these characteristics, the nutrient distribution and light availability, the nitrate loading may influence each section of the river in a different way. We will examine the efficiency of nitrate uptake in the reservoir and river. If the imbalance of nitrogen to phosphorous continues to increase due to nitrate loading, the biota may shift within the river leading to a decline in biodiversity and alter food web dynamics.



56

RISK ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN THE MADISON AQUIFER, NEAR RAPID CITY AREA

Thomas Stasiak

Undergraduate, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


Liangping Li Assistant Professor, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering


Groundwater is the major drinking water resource in South Dakota and the United States. More than 50 percent of public drinking water systems and more than 90 percent of the population rely on groundwater in South Dakota. More prominently, about 90 percent of Rapid City’s drinking water is from groundwater in the Madison aquifer. This strong dependence on groundwater raises important questions regarding the Madison aquifer’s groundwater quality. The Madison aquifer is composed of limestone and dolomite, and is karstic and highly permeable with strong heterogeneity because of the development of caves, fractures, and conduits. Thus, contaminants such as microbes could travel swiftly though the aquifer and threaten human health and the safety of drinking water. Various studies have indicated that there are several potential sources of bacterial contamination in recharge water for the Madison aquifer, including wildlife, livestock, and septic systems. These type of contaminants can be directly deposited into a stream or the channel bed and be transported by runoff from the land surface. A remarkable feature of the Madison aquifer is that surface water such as Boxelder Creek is a major recharge source for the aquifer’s groundwater. Contaminated surface water could propagate to groundwater through disappearing streams at sinkholes. While there is some knowledge of contaminant sources for the groundwater in the Madison aquifer, there is little understanding as to the contaminant flow paths and the potential risk to the human beings, especially for the Rapid City area. To better understand contaminant movement, a numerical groundwater flow and solute transport model is proposed. Specifically, within the framework of stochastic groundwater modeling, multiple scenarios of aquifer hydraulic conductivity are considered. Results show that the travel time and paths of contaminant sources strongly depend on the characterization of hydraulic conductivity (i.e., the connectivity).



57

INVERSE MODELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW AND TRANSPORT USING ENSEMBLE KALMAN FILTER

Zhendan Cao

Undergraduate, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 501 E St. Joseph Street, Rapid City, SD 57701


Liangping Li Assistant Professor, Department of Geology and Geological Engineering


During the last several decades numerical simulation is routinely utilized to evaluate the groundwater resources and predict the fate of contaminant plumes. The adequate characterization of spatially distributed hydrogeological parameters like hydraulic conductivity plays an important role in groundwater flow and transport simulations. However, due to the scarcity of measurements in combination with the large spatial heterogeneity it is not trivial how to characterize the spatial distribution of conductivity, and, consequently, groundwater flow and transport predictions call for an uncertainty assessment. Inverse modeling is often used to reduce model uncertainty by jointly conditioning on hard data (e.g., measured hydraulic conductivity from pumping test) and indirect data (e.g., the observed state information, such as hydraulic heads, concentrations and temperatures) to characterize the spatial variation of hydrogeological parameters that are the key for reliable predictions. In this work, it is proposed to use the CPU-efficient Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) method, a data assimilation algorithm, for updating the hydraulic conductivity using the head and concentration data. A synthetic experiment is used to demonstrate the capability of the EnKF to estimate hydraulic conductivity by assimilating dynamic head and multiple concentration data in a transient flow and transport model. In this work the worth of hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic head, and concentration data is analyzed in the context of aquifer characterization and prediction uncertainty reduction. The results indicate that the characterization of the hydraulic conductivity field is continuously improved as more data are assimilated. Also, groundwater flow and mass transport predictions are improved as more and different types of data are assimilated.



58

SUBSURFACE VOID DETECTION IN WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK USING MICROGRAVITY TECHNIQUES

Colton Medler


William G. Eldridge


A microgravity survey was used at Wind Cave National Park in the southern Black Hills of South Dakota to test the utility of the microgravity method in mapping subsurface caverns and voids. Microgravity surveys are conducted using a highly sensitive device, called a gravimeter, to measure spatial changes in density across the Earth’s surface. Subsurface caverns and voids produce a variation in density that can be detected by gravimeters. In the late summer of 2016, surface microgravity measurements were taken along nine survey lines over both mapped underground cave passageways and unexplored areas. Surveys conducted over mapped cave passageways were used to determine the magnitude of gravity variations from known cave geometries. These variations were compared to gravity variations over unexplored areas. Gravity variations were plotted using geographical information system software. Additionally, hypothetical scenarios were modeled to better interpret gravity variations associated with cave geometries.



59

MODELING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN HIGH PLAINS AQUIFER

UNITS WITH AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Lilly Jones South Dakota School of Mines and Technology


The Ogallala and Arikaree units of the High Plains Aquifer consist of a heterogeneous sequence of silts, sands, clays, and gravels which were deposited in a fluvial setting. Due to the hydrogeologic complexity and variability of these units, it can be difficult to estimate hydrologic parameters for these units. For locations without monitoring wells, these values have been derived in the past through statistical equations or by building simulation models. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) consist of interconnected nodes of computational units (called neurons) that can be used to model complex, non-linear relationships between inputs and outputs. ANNs can be used to predict missing data values and have proven faster, more accurate, and more reliable than statistical methods. ANNs can be constructed in many programming languages, with varying numbers of neurons and layers, and with different transfer functions (which allow individual neurons to make decisions during the training phase). Most importantly, ANNs are adaptive; they change in response to data that the network receives during the training phase. Once trained, ANNs can be used for predictive analytics. Machine Learning algorithms such as ANNs use fewer assumptions than statistical models and are thus less subject to over-fitting. ANNs can be used for both supervised and unsupervised learning. Supervised learning is generally used for regression analysis, time series prediction, and modeling. Unsupervised learning is used for classification, such as pattern and sequence recognition. For this project, a multi-layer feed-forward neural network (MLP) will be constructed in the Python programming language. The MLP will be trained on published hydrological data. Model calibration can be completed by withholding 20% of the published data during the training phase, and then comparing MLP predicted hydrologic values against field-measured hydrologic values. The MLP can then be used to model hydrologic parameters and surface water-groundwater interaction for these High Plains Aquifer units.


60

IMPACTS OF DROUGHTS, FLOODS AND COLD WAVES ON FISH AND FISHERIES RESOURCES IN UTTARAKHAND HIMALAYAS, INDIA

M. Muruganandam

Fulbright Visiting Scientist, Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,

South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. Email: [email protected]

Steve R. Chipps

U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit Department of Natural Resource Management

South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 email: [email protected]

Rivers serve as source of fish in varying degrees for about 40% of households settled near the vicinity of rivers in mid-Himalayas. Fishing is done right from 3rd-order Rivers and the intensity reaches the maximum in 5th- and 6th-order Rivers. Floods, droughts and cold waves alternate almost on every year affecting aquatic and fish ecosystems extensively in Himalayan region, on which limited knowledge exists. At this backdrop, an analysis was made on impacts of climatic extreme events occurred during June 2000 to September 2014 on fishes and fisheries resources in western Himalayas. Floods during 2003, 2010, 2013 and 2014 caused breaching of fishponds, river courses and water-mills located close to river courses and escape of cultured fishes along with outflows from ponds. Floods occurred in June 2013 affected fishes seriously, whose impacts however were subdued by the huge damages occurred to the tune of few thousands human life, household resources, >20,000 ha agriculture lands and 15,000 animals. Cloud bursts and floods, locally known as biswaria/heel were observed to bring increased clay turbidity, excessive silt and sediment laden flows with lower transparency <5 cm and movement of sand and boulders in rivers. This had brought more fish including big sizes (>20 kg) to sides that increased fishing intensity. Particularly, bottom dwelling fishes and species with small operculum/gill openings like Mastacembelus armatus and Lepidocephalus spp. were most affected. The harder fish, Tor putitora known as “tiger-of-water” was also affected. The cold wave occurred in 2003, 2007, 2008 caused huge fish mortality up to 80% of stock. Drought of 2002 caused water shortage in fishponds that warranted pre-mature harvesting of fishes or demanded more supplementary water sources for fish farming. Revised fish farming calendar, technical advisories, policy and regulation mechanism were suggested to tackle impacts of climatic events on fishes and fish farming.



http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172692

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MANAGEMENT OF STREAMS AND RIVERS BY WATERSHEDS VIS-À-VIS FISHERIES MANAGEMENT

M. Muruganandam

Fulbright Visiting Scientist, Department of Natural Resource Management, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences,

South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA. Email: [email protected]

Steve R. Chipps

U.S. Geological Survey, South Dakota Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit Department of Natural Resource Management

South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 email: [email protected]

Streams and rivers are viewed as veins and arteries of watersheds. Streams and rivers being functional systems, if working properly, provide variety of goods and services since they have both market and non-market values other than for fishing and irrigation opportunities, where people can recreate, socialize and prosper. In coldwater and Himalayan region, up to 95% of the population consume fish and 95% of fisheries production comes from capture fisheries mainly from rivers against only 65% and 48% respectively on the national level. Fishing provides fish food in varying degrees for about 40% of the households, depending on the distance of settlement from rivers in mid-Himalayas. Normally above 3rd-order rivers are subjected to intense fishing with the maximum in 5th-order onwards and hence they face severe problems mainly due to prevailing unscientific fishing. Closer the settlements to streams or rivers maximum are the frequency of fishing in the Himalayan region. The entire fishing in the Himalayan region being unorganized and mostly uses unscientific or destructive gears or methods besides few unique ones based on rich traditional knowledge need comprehensive retrospective analysis. A scenario analysis is made to comprehend status of rivers, their potential for fisheries production and management needs preferably through Watershed-based Fisheries Development Plans (WFDP). Overall, regulation of fishing, stabilisation of streams and rivers through various bio-engineering measures, development of situation-specific integrated farming systems, fish farming, value addition to existing ponds, water harvesting structures by providing proper inlet, out let etc., production and distribution of bigger size fish seedlings for culture, networking farmers and consumers to facilitate fish farming, marketing or market development for fish production and capacity building should become thrusts areas for WFDP. Policies for leasing of land resources, ponds or specific stretches of streams for farming or fishing need to be evolved.



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FRIDAY, APRIL 7, 2017 FIELD SEMINARS/TRIPS

PRE-REGISTRATION REQUIRED

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TOUR OF MIDCONTINENT TESTING LABS

Brief description: Tour of the laboratory’s inorganic, organic, bacteriological, and radiological sections. Leader: Dean Aurand Meeting time: 0830 Meeting location: Mid Continent Testing Labs, located at 2381 Plaza Drive, Rapid City, SD Duration: 1.5 hours (1.5 PDH)

TOUR OF GILT EDGE MINE SUPERFUND SITE, LEAD, SD

Brief description: The field seminar to the mine will include stops at the major site features showing the current mine condition and explaining of the past and future cleanup activities. Leader: Mark Lawrenson (South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources) Meeting time: 0900 (please be punctual) Meeting location: Civic Center parking lot (east side). Due to vehicle limitations at the mine, transportation via South Dakota School of Mines vehicles will be provided from the Civic Center in Rapid City. Field trip attendees will need to meet at the Civic Center at 9 a.m. (east-side parking lot) on Friday, April 7, 2017, to board the South Dakota School of Mines vehicles. Please be punctual. Travel time to the mine will be approximately 1 hour. The field seminar will begin at 10:00 a.m. and conclude by noon. After the field seminar, attendees will be transported back to the Civic Center by approximately 1 p.m. Duration: 4 hours (2.0 PDH) Special instructions: Please be prepared for outdoor weather and walking on uneven ground. Please bring a sack lunch if you would like.

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SMARTER STORMWATER: THINKING OUTSIDE THE BOX (CULVERT) FOR URBAN DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT, RAPID CITY, SD

Brief description: Tour will start at Trinity Eco Prayer Park: corner of 4th and St. Joseph in Rapid City (parking at Trinity Lutheran Church lot). We will travel to additional locations that require vehicle travel. Leader(s): Jason Phillips (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology) (cell number 605-484-6640), Ken Steinken (Trinity Eco Prayer Park), and Galen Hoogestraat (U.S. Geological Survey) Meeting time: Begin gathering at 0815 and tour starts at 0830 Meeting location: Trinity Eco Prayer Park: corner of 4th and St. Joseph in Rapid City (parking at Trinity Lutheran Church lot, 5th and Kansas City Street). We will travel to additional locations that require vehicle travel. Suggest that attendees form car pools from the first site to subsequent sites and back to the Trinity Eco Park. Duration: 3 hours (2.5 PDH) Schedule: 0830-0915: Trinity Eco Prayer Park 0915-1000: Greenway wetland channels (park at Hubbard Feeds lot, intersection of 3rd and Omaha) 1000-1045: SDSMT green roofs (park near top of stadium / Business Dev. Center) 1045-1130: Robbinsdale drainage (park near intersection of E St. Anne and Maple Ave.)

2017 western south dakota hydrology meeting · characterization of the hydrogeologic framework of...

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