Buying a Car

Cleaning the air that we breathe...

2018Clean Car Buying Guide

C onsumers have more choices thanever before in today’s car market. Alternative fueled cars offer some of the most exciting designs and features and can save significant money at the gas pump too. These new vehicles also

help reduce air pollution so consumers can breathe easier. For those who grew up in Southern California in the 1970’s or earlier, there may be memories of smoggy polluted days when the sky was always a beige grey, eyes teared and burned, and lungs hurt to breathe. The public outcry during that smoggy time led to the formation of the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD), whose mission is to clean up the air pollution impacting all those living in the four-county region of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside and Orange. While air quality in the four-county region (known as the South Coast Air Basin or Basin) is significantly better, we also know that the impacts of air pollution are far more significant than originally realized, with strong linkages to respiratory and cardiovascular disease, cancer and other medical issues. That is why the SCAQMD continues to work to reduce air pollution to protect public health. Currently, more than 80 percent of the air pollution in the South Coast Air Basin comes from the emissions produced by motor vehicles--cars, trucks, trains, heavy-duty equipment, planes and marine vessels. Everyone can do their part to reduce air pollution by choosing the cleanest modes of transportation possible that also fits their budget and lifestyle. Some of these choices include cleaner fueled vehicles, such as electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles or hybrid vehicles. This guide seeks to help consumers better understand the choices available on the market and how to best choose the car that is suited for them and their unique needs.

Should You Go Electric? Although electric vehicle charging stations are becoming more widespread, they are still not as widely available as gasoline fueling stations. For those living in single-family residences, a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) might be a good option; consumers can charge their vehicles in the comfort of their own home with installation of a charger. For those residing in an apartment or a condominium, perhaps a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle might be a better option, since charging and fueling can be done at your convenience.

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While hydrogen fueling stations are also still limited, many more are in development, and for those living or working near a hydrogen fueling station, they may benefit more by buying a fuel cell vehicle. In fact, SCAQMD has a free app available on iTunes or the Android store to identify nearby alternative fueling stations on a smart phone.

How Far Do You Drive? How much range is needed or desired? According to the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Federal Highway Administration, the average American drives an estimated 13,476 miles every year--nearly 37 miles per day! For those whose daily drives are longer, a car with more range may be required. Many BEVs have shorter ranges than their gasoline counterparts due to limitations of the vehicle battery but there are options available in the market. For example, Transitional Zero Electric Vehicle (TZEV) owners enjoy convenience of their vehicle automatically switching to gasoline when the electric charge runs out. A hydrogen fuel cell ZEV also has a longer range and can drive up to 312 miles on a full tank, depending on the model.

What Kind of Lifestyle Do You Have? The lifestyle consumers live impacts what kind of car they should choose as well. For example, do you have children or a big family? Do you frequently drive around many people, or do you usually travel alone? Those with children or big families or who frequently travel from one location to another with many people may want a roomier car with more seats. Several car companies are offering larger hybrid electric vehicles to fit larger capacity needs. For those frequently driving solo, a compact two-seater might do the trick and some ZEVs and TZEVs qualify for a sticker to drive the High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane without any passengers. Visit this link for more information: www.arb.ca.gov/ msprog/carpool/carpool.htm. Available ZEVs and TZEVs range from two to seven seats, and vehicle sizes range from subcompact to full-size SUV.

Show Me the Money! Rebates and incentives are available for the purchase of a ZEV or TZEV. California residents may receive a rebate of up to $5,000 from the state, or more, depending on income. Additionally, qualified applicants may be eligible to receive up to $9,500 to replace their existing car with a cleaner vehicle or other clean

modes of transportation (such as transit passes) through SCAQMD’s Replace Your Ride Program. Residents are also eligible to receive a federal income tax credit of up to $7,500. This credit varies on the battery used to power the vehicle. Incentive funds are also available to install an electric car charging station in single-family residences. SCAQMD offers up to $500 through its Residential EV Charging Rebate Program and some local utilities offer rebates. For more information, please visit:

• SCAQMD’s Community – Clean Air Choices: www.aqmd.gov/home/ programs/community

• Replace Your Ride Program: www.replaceyourride.com

• Drive Clean California: www. driveclean.ca.gov/pev/Incentives.php

• Clean Vehicle Rebate Project: www.cleanvehiclerebate.org/eng

To estimate the cost of ownership for one of these alternative fueled vehicles, visit the U.S. Department of Energy’s website: www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/

What About Other Clean Fuel Vehicles? SCAQMD’s Car Buying Guide focuses solely on ZEVs and TZEVs as they are currently the cleanest commercially available vehicles. For information on alternative low-emission vehicle options, including compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles, please visit: www.driveclean.ca.gov/Find_Special_Resources/Fleets.php.

Active and Public Transportation: Active transportation options such as walking or riding a bike for short trips is another great option to help reduce air pollution. Public transportation like taking the bus or train when possible is also an excellent option and can save time by avoiding traffic on the freeways. We hope this guide will help consumers choose the right transportation for their lifestyle. Choosing cleaner transportation options benefits us all by reducing air pollution and protecting public health.

For more information about SCAQMD, please visit www.aqmd.gov or call 909-396-2432 or send an email to PublicAdvisor@aqmd.gov.

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Type of Vehicle Make Models MPGe Carbon MSRP ($) Passengers Range 220/240V City/Hwy* Footprint (miles) Charging Time (CO2 tons/yr)**

BMWZEV BMW I3S (94AH) 126/99 0.00 $47,650 4 107 miles 4.8 hrs at 240VZEV BMW I3 (94AH) 129/106 0.00 $44,450 4 124 miles 4.8 hrs at 240V

ChevroletZEV Chevrolet Bolt EV 128/110 0.00 $37,495 5 238 miles 4.5 hrs at 240V

Ford

ZEV Ford Focus FWD 118/96 0.00 $29,120 4.5/5 115 miles 5.5 hrs at 240V

Hyundai

ZEV Hyundai Ioniq Electric 150/122 0.00 $29,500-$36,000 5 124 miles 4 hrs at 240V

Kia

ZEV Kia Soul Electric 120/92 0.00 $32,250 5 111 miles 5 hrs at 240V

Nissan

ZEV Nissan Leaf S, SL, SV (30 kW 125/100 0.00 $29,990-$36,200 5 150 miles 6 hrs at 240V - hr battery pack)

SmartZEV Smart FourTwo Electric Drive 124/94 0.00 $23,900 2 58 miles 3 hrs at 240V (Coupe) electric, 112 total

ZEV Smart FourTwo Electric Drive 112/91 0.00 $28,100 2 57 miles 3 hrs at 240V (Convertible) electric, 112 total

Fiat

ZEV Fiat 500e 121/103 0.00 $32,995 4 84 miles electric 4 hrs at 240V

Advanced Technology-Partial Zero-Emission Vehicles (AT-PZEVs) and (TZEVs) AT-PZEV is an acronym for Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle.

Advanced Technology - Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)

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Type of Vehicle Make Models MPGe Carbon MSRP ($) Passengers Range 220/240V City/Hwy* Footprint (miles) Charging Time (CO2 tons/yr)**

HondaZEV Honda Clarity Electric 150/122 0.00 Not Available 5 89 miles electric 3.5 hrs at 240V as of 4/12/18ZEV Honda Clarity Fuel Cell 69/67 0.00 Lease Only 5 366 miles Refuel 3-5 min at a hydrogen station

TeslaZEV Tesla Model S 75 kWh 97/100 0.00 $105,150-$206,692 5 249 miles 10 hrs at 240V (standard charger) ZEV Tesla Model S 100 D 101/102 0.00 $105,150-$206,692 5 335 miles 12 hrs at 240V (standard charger)ZEV Tesla Model S 75D 102/105 0.00 $105,150-$206,692 5 259 miles 12 hrs at 240V (standard charger)ZEV Tesla Model S P100 D 92/105 0.00 $196,200- $206,692 5 315 miles 12 hrs at 240V (standard charger)ZEV Tesla Model X 100D 86/89 0.00 $119,000-$218,300 7 295 miles 12 hrs at 240V (standard charger)ZEV Tesla Model X75D 91/95 0.00 $119,000-$218,300 7 238 miles 12 hrs at 240V (standard charger)ZEV Tesla Model XP100D 92/105 0.00 $119,000-$218,300 5 315 miles 12 hrs at 240V (standard charger)ZEV Tesla Model 3 Long Range 136/123 0.00 $35,000- $59,500 5 310 miles 10 hrs at 240V (standard charger)

ToyotaZEV Toyota Mirai (fuel cell) 67/67 0.00 $58,365 5 312 miles Refuel 5 min. at hydrogen fueling station

VolkswagonZEV Volkswagen e-GOLF 126/111 0.00 $30,495 5 125 miles 5.3 hrs at 240V

Advanced Technology - Zero-Emission Vehicles (ZEVs)

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Nissan Leaf

Advanced Technology-Partial Zero-Emission Vehicles (AT-PZEVs) and (TZEVs) AT-PZEV is an acronym for Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle. These are vehicles that meet the super ultra-low emission vehicle (SULEV) and PZEV tailpipe emissions requirements, but also include components on the cutting edge of technology that help to improve the fuel mileage of PZEVs. Hybrid drivetrain components are a good example. PZEVs run on gasoline, yet offer extremely clean SULEV tailpipe emissions with zero evaporative emissions and 150,000 mile emission warranty. The term AT-PZEV is being replaced by the term TZEV, and is an acronym for Transitional Zero Emission Vehicle.

Advanced Technology-Partial Zero-Emission Vehicles

Type of Vehicle Make Models MPGe Carbon MSRP ($) Passengers Range 220/240V City/Hwy* Footprint (miles) Charging Time (CO2 tons/yr)**

AudiPlug-In Hybrid Audi Audi A3 E-TRON 34 (gasoline) 2.4 $39,500 5 16 miles electric, 2.25 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ 83 (electric) 380 total electric)

BMWPlug-In Hybrid BMW I3, I3S, REX (94Ah) 35 (gasoline) 0.4 $44,450- 4 97 miles electric 4.8 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ 111 (electric) $51,500 180 total electric)

Plug-In Hybrid BMW 530E 29 (gasoline) 3.2 $52,400 5 16 miles electric, 2 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 72 (electric) 370 totalelectric)

Plug-In Hybrid BMW 530E XDRIVE 28 (gasoline) 3.3 $54,700 5 15 miles electric, 2 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 67 (electric) 360 totalelectric)

ChevroletPlug-In Hybrid Chevrolet Volt Low Emissions 42 (gasoline) 0.8 $34,095 5 53 miles electric, 4.5 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ Package ONLY 106 (electric) 420 miles totalelectric)

ChryslerPlug-In Hybrid Chrysler Pacifica 32 (gasoline) 1.8 $39,995 7 33 miles electric, 2 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 84 (electric) 566 totalelectric)

Ford

Plug-In Hybrid Ford Fusion Energi 42 (gasoline) 1.7 $31,305- 5 21 miles electric, 2.5 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 104 (electric) $39,305 610 total electric)

HondaPlug-In Hybrid Honda Clarity Plug-In Hybrid 42 (gasoline) 0.9 $33,400 5 47 miles electric, 2.2 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 110 (electric) 340 totalelectric)

HyundaiPlug-In Hybrid Hyundai Ioniq Plug-In Hybrid 52 (gasoline) 1.2 $22,000- 5 29 miles electric, 2.3 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 119 (electric) $27,550 630 hybrid modeelectric) total

KiaPlug-In Hybrid Kia Optima Plug-In 40 (gasoline) 1.5 $35,210 5 29 miles electric, 3 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ Hybrid 2.0L 103 (electric) 610 total electric)

MitsubishiPlug-In Hybrid Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV 25 (gasoline) 2.8 $34,535 5 22 miles electric, 3.5 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ 74 (electric) 310 total electric)

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Advanced Technology-Partial Zero-Emission Vehicles

Type of Vehicle Make Models MPGe Carbon MSRP ($) Passengers Range 220/240V City/Hwy* Footprint (miles) Charging Time (CO2 tons/yr)**

VolvoPlug-In Hybrid Volvo S90 T8 29 (gasoline) 2.7 $63,650- 5 21 miles electric, 3 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 71 (electric) 68,150 410 totalelectric)

Plug-In Hybrid Volvo XC60 T8 26 (gasoline) 3.3 $52,900- 5 18 miles electric, 3 hrs at 240V (gasoline/ 59 (electric) 56,700 370 totalelectric)

Plug-In Hybrid Volvo XC90 T8 27 (gasoline) 3.1 $64,950- 7 19 miles electric, 3 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ 62 (electric) 104,900 380 totalelectric)

Mercedes BenzPlug-In Hybrid Mercedes Benz C 350E 30 (gasoline) 3.5 $47,900 5 8 miles electric, 1.5 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ 51 (electric) 3.5 $47,900 5 410 total electric)

Plug-In Hybrid Mercedes Benz GLC 350E 25 (gasoline) 3.5 $49,900 5 9 miles electric, 1.9 hrs at 240V(gasoline/ 4MATIC 74 (electric) 350 miles total electric)

Vehicles on the ZEV list are eligible for White Clean Air Vehicle Decals (allow single occupant HOV Lane Usage) through Jan. 1, 2019.

Vehicles issued a white decal in 2017 or 2018 will be eligible to reapply for a decal in 2019 granting them access to high–occupancy toll lanes until January 1, 2022.

AT-PZEVs & TZEVs (except non-plug-in hybrids)Vehicles listed on page 2 are eligible for Green Clean Air Vehicle Decals (allow single occupant HOV Lane Usage) through Jan. 1, 2019. Vehicles issued a green decal in 2017 or 2018 will be eligible to reapply for a decal in 2019 granting them access to high–occupancy toll lanes until January 1, 2022.

More information is available at https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/decal. Effective January 1, 2018, the Department of Motor Vehicles cannot issue a CAV decal to an applicant who has received a consumer rebate through the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP), nor can an applicant participate in both the CAV Decal Program and the CVRP unless income restrictions are met. The zero emission and plug-in vehicles are also eligible to receive incentives through the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (AB 118) www.cleanvehiclerebate.org.

*Approximate MPGe based on 2018 model year data; Tailpipe Carbon Footprint information based on vehicle driven 15,000 miles per year.Source: www.fueleconomy.gov. For more information, see CARB’s website at http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/onroad/cert/cert.php (Updated: 4/12/2018)

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Cost Savings in 5 Years $8,500 Driving Range 70-200 miles Refuels with: ElectricityAverage Charging/Refueling Time 20 Hours (120V); 8 Hours (240V); 20-40 Minutes (480V) Smog Rating 10 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 10

Electric Vehicle MPG 76-115 MPGe

Cost Savings in 5 Years $6,000 Driving Range 200-300+ miles Refuels with: HydrogenAverage Charging/Refueling Time 3-8 minutes Smog Rating 10 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 10

Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicle MPG 50-70 MPGe (hydrogen only)

Cost Savings in 5 Years $6,750 Driving Range 10-20 miles (electric only); 450-500 (electric and gasoline) Refuels with: Gasoline and ElectricityAverage Charging/Refueling Time 3-7 Hours (120V); 1.5-3 Hours (240V) Smog Rating 9 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 10

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)MPG 95-115 MPGe; 45-50 MPG

Diesel Vehicle MPG 25 MPG

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Vehicle MPG 31 MPG (CNG only)Cost Savings in 5 Years $6,250 Driving Range 200-225 miles Refuels with: Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)Average Charging/Refueling Time 5-10 Minutes Smog Rating 9 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 8

Gasoline Vehicle MPG 19 MPG

Cost Savings in 5 Years $8,000 Driving Range 20-80 miles (electric only); 250-300 (electric and gasoline) Refuels with: Gasoline and ElectricityAverage Charging/Refueling Time 8-12 Hours (120V); 3-4 Hours (240V) Smog Rating 9 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 10

Extended Range Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle MPG 98-100 MPGe; 35-45 MPG

Cost Savings in 5 Years N/A Driving Range 400-500+ miles Refuels with: DieselAverage Charging/Refueling Time 5-10 Minutes Smog Rating 6 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 5

Cost Savings in 5 Years N/A Driving Range 200-300+ miles Refuels with: GasolineAverage Charging/Refueling Time 5-10 Minutes Smog Rating 7 Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating 6

Comparing Vehicle Technologies: The Benefits of Alternative Fuel Vehicles Fuel Economy & Greenhouse Gas Rating – A rating system on greenhouse gas and tailpipe emissions from 1 (worst) to 10 (best).MPG – Miles per gallon.MPGe – Miles per gallon equivalent. This is a measure used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to explain the energy consumption of an advanced technology vehicle in comparison to the fuel economy of a conventional internal combustion engine.Smog Rating - This rating reflects vehicle tailpipe emissions that contribute to local and regional air pollution. Vehicles that score a 10 are the cleanest.

South Coast Air Quality Management District21865 Copley DriveDiamond Bar, CA 91765-4178aqmd.gov@SouthCoastAQMD

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