December 3rd:

Raw Materials and Decarbonisation:

The way forward for European lime sector

A Competitive and Efficient Lime Industry

Cornerstone for a Sustainable Europe

Michiel Stork

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20142

Key Take Aways

CO2 abatement is possible, but comes at a price

Carbon costs seriously impact the production costs of lime

For deep reductions, CCS would be needed

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20143

We are the EU lime industry!

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20144

Lime is a versatile product, many markets, many benefits

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20145

Lime Production

Mining and hauling

Crushing and sieving

Production

CaCO3 (solid) + energy CaO (solid) + CO2 (gaseous)

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20146

Emissions from lime production: CaCO3 CaO + CO2

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20147

Fuel Consumption of Kilns

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20148

Fuel Mix

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/20149

CCS / CCU

-CCS is the only option to reduce the process emissions.

-Uncertainties:

-Economic viability;

-Availability of large scale infrastructure;

-Energy use;

-Capture rate;

- Future innovations;

> Biomass + CCS leads to negative emissions.

> CCU could actually give carbon a value and increase the

economic viability of capturing carbon.

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201410

Carbonation

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201411

Abatement Costs

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201412

Pathway: Direct Emissions

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201413

Lime Production Cost

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201414

Comparison of Energy Costs (€ / GJ)

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201415

Locations in EU where:

Transport Costs ‹ (ΔEnergy Costs + Carbon Cost)

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201416

The Lime Industry: Working on Tomorrow!

Innovative applications of lime

Dust Minimization

Improved use of lime

Lime Audits

Concrete with Reduced CO2 impact

Recovery of Metals

Production of Syngas

Innovative production of lime

Organic Rankine Cycles

Heat delivery to nearby town

Research into CCS / Biomass

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201417

Key Take Aways

CO2 abatement is possible, but comes at a price

Carbon costs seriously impact the production costs of lime

For deep reductions, CCS would be needed

© ECOFYS | |

Mission, Vision & Values – Facts & Figures

18

Facts & Figures

• Founded in 1984

• Over 250 professionals, 7

offices in 6 countries

• Over 500 clients served

across 50 countries

• Leading experts: the Nobel

Peace Prize 2007, awarded

to Al Gore and the IPCC,

was supported by 10 Ecofys

experts

• Eneco Shareholder since

2009

Mission

sustainable energy for everyone

VisionBased on our deep expertise in energy & carbon-efficiency, renewable energy, energy systems & markets, and energy & climate policy, we develop smart policies and solutions and bring them to life.

We know that, if we act now, by 2050 our global energy system can be sustainable, secure, affordable and fully based on renewable sources.

We aim to create a sustainable energy system for everyone.

Values

Dedication Originality Impact Trust

Michiel Stork2014 12 03

© ECOFYS | | 01/12/201419

sustainable energy

for everyone