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HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEHAMILAN DENGAN TERJADINYA MELASMA DI RSUD
SALATIGA
ANNISAA RIZQIYANAJ500090056
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERANUNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
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BAB IBAB I
PENDAHULUAN
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A. LATAR BELAKANG A. LATAR BELAKANG MASALAHMASALAH
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Djauhari, 2012; Ekarini, 2002; Febrianti et al, 2005
Soepardiman, 2009
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Pawaskar et al, 2007; Taylor et al, 2008Kabulrachman, 2000
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D. MANFAAT PENELITIAND. MANFAAT PENELITIAN
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BAB IIBAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKATINJAUAN PUSTAKA
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1.1. STRUKTUR1.1. STRUKTUR
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1.2. TIPE1.2. TIPE
IndonesiaTipe IV-VI
Resiko Melasma
Warna Kulit:1.Hb merah muda2.Melanin coklat-hitam3.Karoten kuning oranye
Faktor lain:UV &
Hormonal
Warna Konstituti
f & Fakultatif
Kulit gelap melanosom > besar, melanin >>, degradasi di keratinosit >
lambat
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Sinar UV
Hormonal
Kosmetik
ObatDisfungsi endokrin
Makula, coklat muda-
kehitaman, tdk teratur
MalarSentrofasia
lMandibular
Pemeriksaan klinis
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DEFINISIDEFINISI
Keadaan mengandung embrio/fetus di dlm tubuh setelah penyatuan sel telur dgn spermatozoa (fertilisasi)
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Siklus Ovarium pd kehamilanSiklus Ovarium pd kehamilan
Prolaktin Hipofisis anterior
Sekresi estrogen
Folikel berkembang
LH
FSH Estrogen
Inhibin-B
OVULASI
Sekresi Progesteron & prostaglandin
Meningkat
Folikel regresi
Korpus luteum
Estrogen
Progesteron
FERTILISASI
Pertahankan endometrium
dlm stad. sekresi
Membesar
Korpus luteum
graviditatis
Sekresi progesteron
Embrio melekat kuat di uterus
Plasenta hasilkan
hCG, estrogen,
progesteron, & hCS
Pematangan luteum
Produksi progesteron
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Perubahan HormonalPerubahan Hormonal
PLASENTA
Estrogen
Sekresisteroid C-19
Progesteron
Hiperestrogenik
Menyerap LDL plasma
ibu
Kortisol ACTH
Tonus otot polos uterus
Substrat glukokortikoid & mineralokortikoid
HIPOFISIS
MSH
Prekusor sintesis
estrogen plasma
Prekusor progesteron
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STEROID Laju Produksi (mg/24 jam)
Tidak Hamil Hamil
Estradiol-17BEstriolProgesteronAldosteron DeoksikortikosteronKortisol
0,1-0,60,02-0,10,1-40
0,05-0,10,05-0,5
10-30
15-2050-150250-6000,25-0,6
1-1210-20
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Hubungan Melasma dengan Hubungan Melasma dengan KehamilanKehamilan
Estrogen (b-
estradiol)
Progesteron
MC1-R
a-MSH
Tirosinase, TRP1, &
TRP2
Melanogenesis
ACTH
KGF & Mitosis
MSH
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MELANOGENESIS
Glutathione or cysteineCystenilDOPA
Light, red-yellow, soluble, sontains sulfur
Pheomelanin
Alanyl-hydroxy-benzothiazine
Tyrosine
L-DOPA
DOPAquinone
Tyrosinase
Tyrosinase
DOPAchrome
TRP-2
Tyrosinase
Dark, black-brown, insoluble
DHICADHI
Indole 5,6-quinone
DHI-melanins DHICA-melanins
Tyrosinase or TRP-2
Indole 5,6-quinone carboxylic acid
Black Brown
Eumelanin
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KERANGKA KONSEPKERANGKA KONSEPKehamilan
Tirosinase, TRP-1, dan DCT
Aktivitas mitosis
keratinosit
KGF
Transkripsi gen enzim
melanogenik
MC1-R
Progesteron Estrogen
a-MSH
ACTH
Aktivitas tirosinase
Melanogenesis
MELASMAIdiopatik, faktor genetik, dan sinar UV
Obat, kosmetik, pil kontrasepsi
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BAB IIIBAB III
METODE METODE PENELITIANPENELITIAN
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A. JENIS PENELITIAN
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F. ESTIMASI BESAR SAMPEL
n =
Besar sampel dihitung dengan rumus:
(Arief, 2010)
n = 47
Maka, ditetapkan besar sampel yang digunakan adalah sebanyak
50 subyek penelitian.
n =
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G.KRITERIA RESTRIKSI
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H. IDENTIFIKASI VARIABEL
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SUMBER DATA
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ANALISIS DATA
Analisis hubungan antar
variabel
Uji statistik Chi square
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Kegiatan
Bulan I Bulan II Bulan III Bulan IV Bulan V Bulan VI
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Penyusunan proposal
Ujian proposal
Perbaikan proposal
Pengumpulan data
Pengolahan dan analisis data
Penyusunan skripsi
Ujian skripsi
Perbaikan skripsi
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DAFTAR PUSTAKADAFTAR PUSTAKA• Arief M., 2010. Pengantar Metodologi Penelitian Untuk Ilmu Kesehatan. Edisi 3.
Surakarta: UNS Press.• Astner S, Anderson R., 2004. Skin Phototype 2003. The Society for Investigative
Dermatology. 122: xxx-xxxi.• Barankin, B., Silver, S. G., and Carruthers, A., 2002. The skin in pregnancy. J.
Cutan. Med. Surg. 6: 236-40. • Balkrishnan R, McMichael A J,Camacho F T, Saltzberg F, Housman T S, Grummer S., 2003.
Development and validation of a health-related quality of life instrument for women with melasma. Br J Dermatol. 149: 572-77.
• Baumann L , Saghari S., 2009. Skin Pigmentation and Pigmentation Disorder, dalam: Cosmetic Dermatology Principles and Practice. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw Hill pp. 98-108.
• Brown G, Burns T., 2005. Kelainan pembentukan pigmen, dalam : Lecture Notes on Dermatology. Edisi kedelapan. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga pp. 126-32.
• Cayce K A, McMichael A J, Feldman S R., 2004. Hyperpigmentation: An overview of the common afflictions. Dermatol Nursing. 16: 401-416.
• Costin, Hearing., 2007. Human skin pigmentation: melanocytes modulate skin color in response to stress. FASEB J. 21: 976-94.
• Cunningham G, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Hauth JC, Gilstrap LC, Wenstrom KD., 2006. Williams Obstetrics. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.
• Dahlan MS., 2011. Statistik Untuk Kedokteran dan Kesehatan. Edisi 5. Jakarta: Penerbit Salemba Medika.
• Djauhari T., 2012. Hubungan antara Kadar Tembaga Darah dan Penggunaan Jenis Kontrasepsi Oral pada Pasien Melasma. Program Pascasarjana Universitas Airlangga. Disertasi.
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• Dorland W., 2006. Kamus Kedokteran Dorland. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.• Ekarini D., 2002. Uji Banding Efektivitas Pengelupasan Kimiawi Amino Fruit Acids
dengan Asam Glikolat Pada Penderita Melasma Wanita. SMF Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin Universitas Diponegoro. Laporan Penelitian.
• Febrianti T, Sudharmono A, Rata I, Bernadette I., 2005. Epidemiologi Melasma di Poliklinik Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Kulit dan Kelamin RS. DR. Cipto Mangunkusumo Tahun 2004. (Maret 2012).
• Fitzpatrick TB, Ortonne JP., 2003. Normal Skin Color and General Consideration of Pigmentary Disorders, dalam: Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill pp. 819-35
• Grimes, P. E., Yamada, N., and Bhawan, L., 2005. Light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural alterations in patients with melasma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 27: 96-101.
• Guyton AC, Hall JE., 2007. Buku Ajar Fisiologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.
• Hadisaputro H., 2009. Hormon plasenta, dalam : Ilmu Kebidanan Sarwono Prawirohardjo. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo pp. 165-73.
• Harahap M., 2000. Anatomi dan Fungsi Kulit, dalam : Ilmu Penyakit Kulit. Edisi I. Jakarta: Hipokrates pp.1-3.
• Jang YH, Lee JY, Kang HY, Lee E-S, Kim YC., 2010. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in melasma: an immunohistochemical analysis. JEADV. 24: 1312-1316.
• Kabulrachman., 2000. Melasma, dalam : Ilmu Penyakit Kulit. Edisi I. Jakarta: Hipokrates pp. 148-49.
• Kang HY, Ortonne JP., 2010. What Should Be Considered in Treatment of Melasma. Ann Dermatol. 20 (4): 373-78.
• Krompouzos., 2001. Dermatosis of pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 45: 1-19.
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• Lapeere H, Boone B, Scheeper SD, Verhaege E, Oengenae K, Geel, NV., 2008. Hypomelanosis and hypermelanosis, dalam : Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine. Edisi 7. New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 622-40.
• Lieberman R, Moy L., 2008. Estrogen receptor expression in melasma: results from facial skin of affected patients. J Drugs Dermatol. 7: 463-65.
• Lin et al., 2009. Treatment of Melasma, dalam: Cosmetic Dermatology for Skin of Color. 2nd Edition. New York: McGraw Hill pp. 116-24.
• Moin A, Jabery Z and Fallah N., 2006. Prevalence and awareness of melasma during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol. 45: 285-88.
• Montemarano A., 2011. Melasma. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068640-overview
• Nading et al., 2008. Estrogen receptor beta expression in nevi during pregnancy. Exp Dermatol. 17 (6): 489-97.
• Nkwo PO., 2011. Low Prevalence of Pregnancy-Mask among Igbo Women in Enugu, Nigeria. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 1: 141.
• Notoatmodjo., 2005. • Ortonne et al., 2009. A global survey of the role of ultraviolet radiation and hormonal
influences in the development of melasma. JEADV. 23: 1254-62.• Park HY et al., 2008. Biology of melanocytes, dalam : Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in
General Medicine. Edisi 7. New York: McGraw-Hill pp. 591-608.• Pawaskar et al., 2007. Melasma and its impact on health-related quality of life in
Hispanic women. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 18: 5-9.• Prakoeswa S., 2002. Colorimetric measurements and light sensitivity from ultraviolet
light of the three variants of the skin color of Indonesia: light brown, moderate, and dark brown. Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga.
• Pusdatin Kemenkes RI., 2011. Kondisi Data Umum yang Berhubungan dengan Kesehatan Tahun 2010 di Indonesia. http://www.depkes.go.id
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• Rawlings., 2006. Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function?. International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 28: 79-93.
• Shweta K, Khozema F, Meenu R, Anupama S, SK Singh, Neelima S., 2011. A systemic review on melasma: A review. Int J Cur Bio Med Sci. 1(2): 62-68.
• Slominski et al., 2010. Melanin Pigmentation in Mammalian Skin and Its Hormonal Regulation. http://www.physrev.physiology.org/content/84/4/1155.full.pdf
• Siswosudarmo R, Emilia O., 2008. Obstetri Fisiologi. Edisi pertama. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Cendekia.
• Soepardiman L., 2009. Kelainan Pigmen: Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia pp. 289-300.
• Sulin D., 2009. Perubahan anatomi dan fisiologi pada perempuan hamil, dalam : Ilmu Kebidanan Sarwono Prawirohardjo. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: Bina Pustaka Sarwono Prawirohardjo pp. 174-187.
• Szamkolowiez et al., 2005. Physiological skin changes during pregnancy. Ginekol Pol. 76 (11): 926-30.
• Taylor et al., 2008. Prevalence of pigmentary disorders and their impact on quality of life: a prospective cohort study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 7 (3): 164-8.
• Wolff K, Johnson R., 2007. Fitzpatrick’s Color Atlas & Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology. 5th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Medical.
• Yani, M., 2008. Hubungan Faktor-faktor Resiko Terhadap Kejadian Melasma Pada Pekerja Wanita Penyapu Jalan Di Kota Medan Tahun 2008. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara. Tesis.
•
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LAMPIRANLAMPIRANA. MELASMA1. Apakah anda merasa terdapat bercak kehitaman/flek pada wajah anda?• Ya• Tidak• Jika ya, sejak kapan?• Sebutkan :2. Di manakah letak flek tersebut?• Malar: pipi, hidung• Mandibular: dagu• Sentrofasial: pelipis, dahi, alis, bibir atas• Lainnya:3. Apakah sebelumnya terdapat luka atau peradangan pada daerah flek?• Ya• Tidak4. Apakah flek tersebut dimulai dengan gatal, kemerahan, dan pigmentasi
yang meluas secara perlahan?• Ya • Tidak
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B. FAKTOR RISIKO1. Apakah anggota keluarga pernah menderita kelainan yang serupa (flek
pada wajah)?• Ya• Tidak2. Apakah anda sering terpajan sinar matahari secara langsung setiap hari?• Ya• Tidak3. Apakah Apakah saat ini anda sedang hamil?• Ya• Tidak• Jika ya, berapa minggu usia kehamilan anda saat ini?• 0 – 11 minggu• 12 – 23 minggu• 24 – 36 minggu
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C. KRITERIA EKSKLUSI1. Apakah anda sebelumnya pernah menggunakan kontrasepsi?• Ya• Tidak• Jika ya, jenis kontrasepsi apa yang pernah anda gunakan?• Pil• Suntik• Susuk/implant• AKDR• Lainnya:2. Apakah anda menggunakan kosmetika?• Ya• Tidak• Jika ya, kosmetik jenis apa yang anda pakai?• Krim pencerah (krim malam)• Krim/losion jerawat• Lainnya:3. Apakah anda mengalami bercak kehitaman/flek setelah menggunakan
kosmetik tersebut?• Ya• Tidak
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4. Apakah anda merasa bercak kehitaman/ flek tersebut berkurang bahkan sampai menghilang setelah menggunakan kosmetik tersebut?
• Ya• Tidak5. Apakah anda sedang mengkonsumsi obat?• Ya• Tidak• Jika ya, obat apa yang sedang anda konsumsi?• Sebutkan:
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DEFINISIDEFINISI
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PATOGENESISPATOGENESIS
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TERAPITERAPI
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