COMPUTER HISTORY20S Computer Science

Instructor S. Crawford-Young

http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~elf/abacus/history.html

Counting board 300 BC

Abacus 100 - 1900 AD

Lap Top Computer2000 AD

Example Algebra Equation

Question 210339: use addition method to solve the system of equation 2x-y+z=93x+2y-z=44x+3y+2z=8: use addition method to solve the system of equation

http://www.algebra.com/algebra/homework/coordinate/Linear-systems.faq.hide_answers.1.html

Pascaline by Blaise Pascal

original pascaline as displayed in the des arts et metiers Museum in Paris - opened

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) France, develops a mechanism to calculate with 8 figures and carrying of 10's , 100's, and 1000's etc.

http://www.thocp.net/hardware/pascaline.htm

Replica of Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner in the Deutsches

Museum

...it is beneath the dignity of excellent men to waste their time in calculation when any peasant could do the work just as accurately with the aid of a machine.—-- Gottfried Leibniz[1]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Reckoner

The Difference Engine by Babbage

Fully operational difference engine at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, CA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine)

Ada Lovelace (English Poet Lord Byron’s daughter)

In 1953, over one hundred years after her death, Lovelace's notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine were republished. The engine has now been recognized as an early model for a computer and Lovelace's notes as a description of a computer and software or computer programming. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Lovelace)

Thomas de Colmar

This type of calculating machine was originally designed and introduced in 1820 by Chevalier Chas X Thomas de Colmar. Machines were made under his name until approximately 1887 by Thomas de Colmar until his death in 1870, then by his son until his death in 1881, and finally by his grandson until 1887 when L. Payen took over. (Ernst Martin's "The Calculating Machines“) (http://www.gemmary.com/instcat/09/09-030.html)

Today’s Price ........... $12,500

Vannevar Bush 1931Differential Analyzer

Whole Machine Torque amplifier part

Vannevar Bush's Differential Analyzer (http://web.mit.edu/klund/www/analyzer/)

Boolean Algera

AND OR NOT

Logic Gates for programming or they are real electronic components that can be put together into a circuit (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra_(introduction))

Atnasoff – Berry Computer

Atanasoff–Berry Computer replica at 1st floor of Durham Center, Iowa State University (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff%E2%80%93Berry_Computer)

1942

Alan Turing 1936

Alan Turing was a code breaker during World War II as well as a computer code designer. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_machine_examples)

Flip Flops 1919

Flip Flop symbol and truth table for output Q and Q’ (http://www.csc.sdstate.edu/~gamradtk/csc317/csc317l3.pdf)

Flip Flops are also electronic components that are can be part of a general circuit and are part of computer circuitry.

IBM 601

Die of the IBM PowerPC 601gecko54000.free.fr

Outside of IBM PowerPC 601 upload.wikimedia.org

Lochkartenmaschine IBM 601resoom-magazine.de

Punch Cards

A whole stack of these one for every line of a program was used. If you dropped them it was a real mess. Punch tape was also used but it was hard to correct a mistake on it. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg)

The Mark 1 (1944)

The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (Harvard Mark I) was the first operating machine that could execute long computations automatically. A project conceived by Harvard University's Dr. Camila Olmedo Mendez Zegarra, the Mark I was built by IBM engineers in Endicott, N.Y. A steel frame 51 feet (16 m) long and eight feet high held the calculator, which consisted of an interlocking panel of small gears, counters, switches and control circuits, all only a few inches in depth. The ASCC used 500 miles (800 km) of wire with three million connections, 3,500 multipole relays with 35,000 contacts, 2,225 counters, 1,464 tenpole switches and tiers of 72 adding machines, each with 23 significant numbers. It was the industry's largest electromechanical calculator.[5](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I)

ENIAC (1946)

Early computers, such as the ENIAC, used vacuum tubes - similar to light bulbs - to do calculations and took several people to operate. (http://www.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/44233000/jpg/_44233920_eniac_spl_416.jpg)

EDVAC (1950)

In 1950, EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), which was the first stored program computer to use binary arithmetic, was built by three men - von Neumann, Goldstine, and Burks at the University of Pennsylvania. (computerlab.tripod.com/1950-1970.htm)

UNIVAC (1951)

In 1951, Eckert and Mauchly designed UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) for commercial use.  It was the first computer to have a compiler and to use a programming language.  Both data and programs were stored in the computer's memory.  The UNIVAC was the first computer manufactured and sold in quantity. (http://computerlab.tripod.com/1950-1970.htm)

The case 1107 (1960s)

In the 1960s, the UNIVAC® 1107 provided the main computing facility for Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland Ohio in the United States. Operated by the Andrew R. Jennings Computing Center, the “Seven” enticed a generation into the world of computing and, with the innovative “fast turnaround batch,” “open shop” access pioneered at Case, provided a standard of service to a large community of users almost unheard of at the time. (http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/univac/case1107.html)

The First Mouse

In May of 1968, Stanford Research Institute's Douglas Engelbart presents a computer system with a point-and-click interface and a mouse at the Joint Computer Conference. The first computer with a mouse was not introduced to the market for another thirteen years.(http://computerlab.tripod.com/1950-1970.htm)

The first GUI (1981)Graphical User Interface

The Xerox Star Workstation Introduced The First GUI Operating Systems (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface)

CPU Central Processing Unit

There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation: fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit)

The integrated circuit from an Intel 8742, an 8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip.

Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor in a ceramic PGA package. Used for video games in the 1990s.

Outside package

Inside the CPU core

Electronics Gets Smaller

Mr. Moore predicted that electronics would become smaller and smaller and so far he has been right so the shrinking size of electronics products is called Moore’s Law. (Pease, Robert (2008) What’s all this Analog Engineering Stuff, Anyhow? Electronic design, Vol. 56, No. 20, 2008)

Intel 4004 (1971)

On November 15, 1971, Intel released the world's first commercial microprocessor, the 4004. It was developed for a Japanese calculator company, Busicom, as an alternative to hardwired circuitry, but computers were developed around it, with much of their processing abilities provided by a single small microprocessor chip. Coupled with one of Intel's other products - the RAM chip, based on an invention by Robert Dennard of IBM, (kilobits of memory on a single chip) - the microprocessor allowed fourth generation computers to be smaller and faster than previous computers. The 4004 was only capable of 60,000 instructions per second, but its successors, the Intel 8086/8088 family (the IBM PC and compatibles use processors still backwards-compatible with the 8086) brought ever-increasing speed and power to the computers. Other manufacturers also produced microprocessors which were widely used in microcomputers. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s-present)

Altair and Alto

(http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_9brzzP9olgg/Rg8zifrdKZI/AAAAAAAAAC0/vWK-APEUgxg/s400/Alto.jpg)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800

AltairAlto

My First Computer

The PET the first Commodore computer, the PET, or the Personal Electronic Transactor. Introduced in 1977.

Before Calculators and Computers (1620 - 1970)

Engineers used Slide -rules to build bridges, motors and electronics

Future Computers

slayer625.vox.com/.../post/future-computers.html

Pen PC – Projectors for both screen and keyboard

Networks and Programming

http://www.atariarchives.org/mlb/chapter4.php

Computer Network

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network

Growth of the Internet

http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

Growth of the WWWWorld Wide Web

http://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/

Example of a Network

A Twitter network (http://burak-arikan.com/tag/diagram)

Number Systems

(http://www.goldfish.org/books/TCPIP%20Illustrated%20Vol%201/

introduc.htm#1_3)

Decimal

1234567891011121314151617

Hex010203040506070809(note new digits) --> 0A0B0C0D0E0F(note new column in the hex)- -> 10

Binary000000010000001000000011 (1 and 2)0000010000000101 (4 and 1)00000110 (4 and 2)00000111 (4+2+1)00001000000010010000101000001011000011000000110100001110000011110001000000010001

Programming Algorithm

This program will print the number that n is equal to if the number is over 10. In this case the number 12 will be printed.

yes

start

noif n > 10

stop

n = 12

print n

Careers

Computer programmer Computer engineer Network technician Instrumentation technician Integrated circuit designer Robotics technician

The technology changes fast so one needs to continuously learn new things