214- water flow sensor

8/20/2019 214- Water Flow Sensor

1/29

`

MONITORING OF WATER FLOW USING FLUID SENSOR

A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

Submitted to

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD (T.S)

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYin

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

By

K.MOUNIKA (12641A214)

A.SRIKAR (12641A211)

GHULAM RASOOL (12641A2!")

Under the esteemed guidance of

M#$. M. S%&'* A$$+,&'- P#+-$$+#* EEE D-/'.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(A&0&'- '+ JNTU* H-#3 A//#+5- 3 AICTE* N- D-0&)

BOLLIKUNTA* WARANGAL7!6!

21471!


2/29

`

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VAAGDEVI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING(A&0&'- '+ JNTU* H-#3 A//#+5- 3 AICTE* N- D-0&)

BOLLIKUNTA* WARANGAL7!6!

21471!

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled 8MONITORING OF WATER FLOW

USING FLUID SENSOR9 a bonafide record carried out by K.M+:;&


3/29

`

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project has been carried out in the department of lectrical ngineering of

1aagde+i ollege of ngineering" Bolli2unta 3arangal. 4any people ha+e helped me in the

reali5ation of this wor2 and 6 would li2e this opportunity to e7press my gratitude to all of them.

6 am deeply grateful to M#. P.SADANANDAM* H- + '- -/#'%-;'* for his

constant support. 6 also e7press my sincere than2s to -uide M#$. M.SMITHA* for gi+ing me

the opportunity to go further in studying my wor2 and Project o'/rdinator M#. S.SRIDHAR "

for broadening my 2nowledge about 4onitoring /f 3ater 8low Using 8luid Sensor.

6 wish to e7press my gratitude to staff of lectrical and lectronics ngineering

department" for their +aluable corrections and comments.

6 am grateful to the management of 1aagde+i ngineering ollege for pro+iding all the

facilities required for completing this project wor2.

Special than2s to my family and friends for supporting and encouraging me during the

conduction of the project wor2.

K.M+:;&


4/29

`

CANDIDATE=S DECLARATION

6 hereby declare that the wor2 presented in this project titled 8MONITORING OF

WATER FLOW USING FLUID SENSOR 9 submitted towards completion of mini'project in

si7th Semester of B.Tech (! at the 199-016 /::- /8 *-6*R6*-

Bolli2unta" 3arangal. 6t is an authentic record of my original wor2 pursued under the guidance

of 4rs. 4.S46T,9" 9ssociate Professor" 0ept..

6 ha+e not submitted the matter embodied in this project for the award of any other degree.

Place; 3arangal K.M+:;&


5/29

`

CONTENTS

T&'0- P>- N+.

A3$'#,' 5&

L&$' + F&>:#-$ 5&&

N+%-;,0':#- 5&&&

CHAPTER 1? I;'#+:,'&+;

%.% /bjecti+es of projects 1

CHAPTER 2? C,:&' O/-#'&+; ; +#

#.% ircuit 0iagram 2

#.# ircuit 7planation @

CHAPTER @? C+%/+;-;'$ R-:- ; D-'&0$ 4712


6/29

`


ABSTRACT

8W'-# S-;$+# C,:&'9 is +ery sensiti+e to trigger and acti+ate the audio +isual alarm

when wetness is sensed at its probes. This project is useful at homes to detect the water supply

in the situations when the timing of water supply is not fi7ed. This circuit uses the timer

along with some sensor element which can detect moisture.

6n this water sensor circuit based project" timer wor2s in astable mode. 6t is dri+en

by the emitter current which is coming from B&@ transistor as this transistor has high gain.

6n astable mode 6 functions as an oscillator. So for to wor2 in full oscillator mode a

high current is required so as to trigger it. 9s the probes sense the moisture on it" the transistor

gets switched /* and small current starts flowing between the base and the emitter. 3hen no

moisture is detected i.e. in dry state it remains /88.

S:3%&''- 3?

K. M+:;&


7/29

`

LIST OF FIGURES

F&>:#-$? P>- N+

#.% 6RU6T 069-R94 #


8/29

`

NOMENCLATURE

B B9TTR

9P96T/R

6 6*T-R9T0 6RU6T (* ! T64R

T TR9*S6ST/R

:0 :6-,T 46TT6*- 06/0

:S :/U0 SP9CR

R RS6ST/R

S3 S36T, /*?/88

S S*S/R

CHAPTER71


9/29

`

INTRODUCTION

1.1 O3-,'&5-$ + '- /#+-,'?


3ater flow sensor can be used to measure the flow of liquids" i.e. the consumption of

liquids in industrial or domestic usage. 8or e7ample you can ma2e a robotic coc2tail

dispensing machine" and can use this sensors to accurately measure components li2e Soda"

3ater" etc. 3ater flow sensor consists of a plastic +al+e body" a water rotor" and a hall'effect

sensor. 3hen water flows through the rotor" rotor rolls. 6ts speed changes with different rate of

flow. The hall'effect sensor outputs the corresponding pulse Signal.

3hen the supply is switched /*" the +oltage at output pin of timer is $1. 9t this

stage transistor will not conduct as the emitter current is :/3. Pin@ i.e. 1cc of timer is

connected to the collector of the transistor. 9s the transistor is switched /88 there will be no

supply to timer. 9s the water is sensed at the probes" transistor gets into its saturation

region and starts conducting. 9s a result gets supply for its operation. 6ts operation starts

+ery soon as it is in astable mode. Sound is produced because of output pulses at pin


10/29

`

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT EPLANATION

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.1 CIRCUIT EPLANATION?

4/*6T/R6*- /8 39TR 8:/3 US6*- 8:6U0 S*S/R

6nitially as the supply is switched /*" the +oltage at output pin of timer is $1. 9t

this stage transistor will not conduct as the emitter current is :/3. Pin@ i.e. 1cc of

timer is connected to the collector of the transistor. 9s the transistor is switched /88 therewill be no supply to timer. 9s the water is sensed at the probes" transistor gets into its

saturation region and starts conducting. 9s a result gets supply for its operation. 6ts

operation starts +ery soon as it is in astable mode. Sound is produced because of output

pulses at pin< which dri+es the loud spea2er.

2


11/29

`

9n /*?/88 state switch is used to control the conduction. The probes should be made

up of non reacti+e metal so that there will be no inductance or capacitance present. 9n

alternati+e can also be there i.e. use of alternate copper wires. *o base resistor is required

in this circuit because the transistor is in switch mode. The impedance at the emitter or the

oscillator circuit acts as current limit.

@

CHAPTER @

COMPONENTS REUIRED AND DETAILS


12/29

`

@.1 BATTERY?

F&>? @.1 B''-#

The nine'+olt battery" or A'+olt battery" in its most common form was introduced for the

early transistor radios. 6t has a rectangular prism shape with rounded edges and a polari5ed snapconnector at the top. This type is commonly used in poc2et radios" paintball guns" and small

electronic de+ices. They are also used as bac2up power to 2eep the time in certain electronic

cloc2s. This format is commonly a+ailable in primary carbon'5inc and al2aline chemistry" in

primary lithium iron disulfide" and in rechargeable form in nic2el'cadmium" nic2el'metal

hydride and lithium'ion. 4ercury o7ide batteries in this form ha+e not been manufactured in

many years due to their mercury content. This type is designated *09 %>$&" 6 >8## and

D+er ReadyD type PP< (5inc'carbon! or 4*%>$&E%F >:R>% (al2aline!.

4ost nine'+olt al2aline batteries are constructed of si7 indi+idual %.1 :R>% cells

enclosed in a wrapper. These cells are slightly smaller than :R@0 9999 cells and can be

used in their place for some de+ices" e+en though they are


13/29

`

@.2 CAPACITOR?

F&>? @.2 E0-,'#+0'&, C/,&'+#

apacitor is a passi+e component used to store charge. The charge (q! stored in a

capacitor is the product of its capacitance (! +alue and the +oltage (1! applied to it.

apacitors offer infinite reactance to 5ero frequency so they are used for bloc2ing 0

components or bypassing the 9 signals. The capacitor undergoes through a recursi+e cycle of

charging and discharging in 9 circuits where the +oltage and current across it depends on the

R time constant. 8or this reason" capacitors are used for smoothing power supply +ariations.

/ther uses include" coupling the +arious stages of audio system" tuning in radio circuits etc.

These are used to store energy li2e in a camera flash.

apacitors may be non'polari5ed?polari5ed and fi7ed?+ariable. lectrolytic capacitors

are polari5ed while ceramic and paper capacitors are e7amples of non polari5ed capacitors.

Since capacitors store charge" they must be carefully discharged before troubleshooting the

circuits. The ma7imum +oltage rating of the capacitors used must always be greater than thesupply +oltage. lic2 to learn more about wor2ing of a apacitor along with its internal

structure.

!

http://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-capacitor-workshttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-capacitor-works


14/29

`

@.@ T#;$&$'+# BC!4"?

BC!4"

F&>. @.@ T#;$&$'+# BC!4"

BC!4" is general purpose silicon" *P*" bipolar junction transistor. 6t is used for

amplification and switching purposes. The current gain may +ary between %%$ and @$$. The

ma7imum 0 current gain is @$$.

6ts equi+alent transistors are #*


15/29

`

@.4 IC !!! TIMER?

F&>. @.4 IC !!! TIMER

!!! is a +ery commonly used 6 for generating accurate timing pulses. 6t is an @'pin

timer 6 and has mainly two modes of operation; monostable and astable. 6n monostable mode

time delay of the pulses can be precisely controlled by an e7ternal resistor and a capacitor

whereas in astable mode the frequency G duty cycle are controlled by two e7ternal resistors

and a capacitor. is +ery commonly used for generating time delays and pulses.

P&; D&>#%?

P&; -$,#&/'&+;?

P&; N+ F:;,'&+; N%-

% -round ($1! -round

# 1oltage below %?< 1cc to trigger the pulse Trigger

< Pulsating output /utput

& 9cti+e lowH interrupts the timing inter+al at /utput Reset

Pro+ides access to the internal +oltage di+iderH default #?< 1cc ontrol 1oltage

> The pulse ends when the +oltage is greater than ontrol Threshold

= /pen collector outputH to discharge the capacitor 0ischarge

@ Supply +oltageH 1 (&.1 ' %> 1! 1cc

http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-circuits/555-astable-mode-delayhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-circuits/555-astable-mode-delay


16/29

`

@.! LED?

F&> @.! LED P&; D&>#%

L&>' -%&''&;> &+-$ (LED$! are semiconductor light sources. The light emitted from

LEDs +aries from +isible to infrared and ultra+iolet regions. They operate on low +oltage and

power. :0s are one of the most common electronic components and are mostly used as

indicators in circuits. They are also used for luminance and optoelectronic applications.

Based on semiconductor diode" LEDs emit photons when electrons recombine with

holes on forward biasing. The two terminals of :0s are anode (I! and cathode ('! and can be

identified by their si5e. The longer leg is the positi+e terminal or anode and shorter one is

negati+e terminal.

The forward +oltage of LED (%.=1'#.#1! is lower than the +oltage supplied (1! to

dri+e it in a circuit. Using an :0 as such would burn it because a high current would destroy

its p'n gate. Therefore a current limiting resistor is used in series with :0. 3ithout this

resistor" either low input +oltage (equal to forward +oltage! or P34 (pulse width modulation!

is used to dri+e the :0. -et details about internal structure of a :0.

"

http://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-led-workshttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-led-works


17/29

`

@.6. LOUD SPEAKER?

F&> @.6 L+: S/-#%

9 loudspea2er (or Dspea2erD! is a transducer that con+erts electrical energy into

acoustical energy. 3hen an electric signal is applied to the input pin of spea2er" it generates

sound wa+es. The other pin is connected to ground. 9 spea2er is commonly used to produce

sound in response to a sensor output. 8or e7ample" in an intruder alarm" the spea2er goes on

whene+er an intrusion ta2es place.

The spea2er diaphragm mo+es in accordance with the +ariations of applied electrical

signal and causes sound wa+es to propagate through a medium such as air. 6n a spea2er" the

dri+er produces sound wa+es by +ibrating a fle7ible cone or diaphragm made out of paper"

plastic or metal which is attached to wide end of suspension. The suspension is attached to a

metal frame called Bas2et and is made up of some fle7ible material allowing the cone to mo+e.

The narrow end of the cone is connected to +oice coil" which is then connected to Spider (a ring

of fle7ible material! allowing coil to mo+e bac2 and forth and producing sound wa+es. lic2 to

read more about internal structure of spea2er with its images.

http://engineersgarage.com/content/intruder-alarm-security-systemhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-speaker-workshttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-speaker-workshttp://engineersgarage.com/content/intruder-alarm-security-systemhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-speaker-works


18/29

`

@. SWITCH ONOFF?

F&> @. S&',

9 switch is an electrical component that can brea2 an electrical circuit" interrupting the

current or di+erting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch may be

operated directly by a human operator to control a circuit (for e7ample" a light switch or a

2eyboard button!" may be operated by a mo+ing object such as a door'operated switch" or may

be operated by some sensing element for pressure" temperature or flow. 9 relay is a switch that

is operated by electricity. Switches are made to handle a wide range of +oltages and currentsH

+ery large switches may be used to isolate high'+oltage circuits in electrical substation.

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_componenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay


19/29

`

@.". RESISTOR?

F&>?@." RESISTOR P&; D&>#%

Resistor is a passi+e component used to control current in a circuit. 6ts resistance is

gi+en by the ratio of +oltage applied across its terminals to the current passing through it. Thus

a particular +alue of resistor" for fi7ed +oltage" limits the current through it. They are

omnipresent in electronic circuits.

The different +alue of resistances are used to limit the currents or get the desired +oltage drop

according to the current'+oltage rating of the de+ice to be connected in the circuit. 8or e7ample" if an

:0 of rating #.m9 is to be connected with a supply of 1" a +oltage drop of #.=1 (1'#.m9 is required. This can be achie+ed by pro+iding a resistor of &$

connected in series with the :0.

Resistors can be either fi7ed or +ariable. The low power resistors are comparati+ely smaller in

si5e than high power resistors. The resistance of a resistor can be estimated by their colour codes or can

be measured by a multimeter. There are some non linear resistors also whose resistance changes with

temperature or light. *egati+e temperature coefficient (*T!" positi+e temperature coefficient (PT!

and light dependent resistor (:0R ! are some such resistors. These special resistors are commonly used

as sensors. Read and learn about internal structure and wor2ing of a resistor .

11

http://engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://engineersgarage.com/content/ldrhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-resistor-workshttp://engineersgarage.com/content/ledhttp://engineersgarage.com/content/ldrhttp://www.engineersgarage.com/insight/how-resistor-works


20/29

`

@.. SENSOR?

F&> @. SENSOR

System for controlling the flow of water to a faucet head and drin2ing fountain with

controls for an on'off switch responsi+e to an indi+idual acti+ation or approach and including a

control for pre+enting the continuous flow of water" and readying the faucet head and drin2ing

fountain to supply water on a future demand" and material to isolate the water from the controls

and employing separate filters to operate in circuit with the controls for rendering the switch

responsi+e to indi+idual acti+ation.

9 sensor acti+ated unit" e.g." a drin2ing fountain or a wash basin" for pre+enting

unwanted operation. The sensor has a power on reset circuit that ma2es use of a resistor

capacitor networ2 and a +oltage threshold comparing de+ice to create a time delay that will

inhibit the operation of the unit for a nominal predetermined time period when current is first

supplied to the sensor. The sensor does not acti+ate until a user steps up to the unit and is

within a preset range or distance from the unit. Use is made of an infrared sensor for

controlling the operation of the unit. ircuitry is pro+ided to control the time of

commencement of the operation of the unit" the time period duration of operation" and down

time of the unit before it is readied for operation again.

12


21/29

`

CHAPTER74

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES?

• Battery operated

• ompact 0esign

• Use for drin2ing machine

•

•

APPLICATIONS?

• ,ome applicance

• 3ater use

•

•

•


22/29

`

1@

BREADBOARD CONNECTION

S'-/ 1.

S'-/ 2.


23/29

`

14

CHAPTER7!

RESULT CONCLUSION AND REFERENCE


24/29

`

1!


25/29

`

16


26/29

`

1

PROJECT EPENDITURE

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE UANTITY COST

% B9TTR A1 %

# 9P96T/R %u" $.%u # &

< TR9*S6ST/R B&= % #$

& 6*T-R9T0

6RU6T

% @

:0 R0 /:/R % #$

> :/U0 SP9CR %

= S36T, /*?/88 % %$

@ S*S/R % P6*S G @

P6*S

# #&

%# RS6ST/RS @.# C # #

TOTAL

1"


27/29

`

CONCLUSION?

•

•

•

1


28/29

`

REFERENCE?

Boo2s referred;

%. Semi onductors by *ag choudhary

#. Power lectronics by PS Bhimra


29/29

`

214- water flow sensor

Documents