22-1 anatomy and physiology, sixth edition rod r. seeley idaho state university trent d. stephens...
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22-1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Chapter 22Chapter 22
Lecture OutlineLecture Outline**
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Chapter 22
Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Lymphatic System
• Lymph• Lymphatic vessels• Lymphatic tissue• Lymphatic nodules• Lymph nodes• Tonsils• Spleen• Thymus
22-4
Functions of the Lymphatic System
• Fluid balance– Excess interstitial fluid enters lymphatic
capillaries and becomes lymph
• Fat absorption– Absorption of fat and other substances from
digestive tract
• Defense– Microorganisms and other foreign substances
are filtered from lymph by lymph nodes and from blood by spleen
22-5
Lymphatic Vessels
• Carry lymph away from tissues• Lymphatic capillaries
– More permeable than blood capillaries
– Epithelium functions as series of one-way valves
22-6
Lymphatic Vessels• Lymphatic capillaries join to form• Lymphatic vessels
– Have valves that ensure one-way flow
• Lymph nodes: Distributed along vessels and filter lymph
• Lymphatic trunks: Jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal, intestinal, lumbar
• Lymphatic ducts: Right and thoracic which connect to large veins
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Lymph Drainage Into Veins
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Lymphatic Tissue and Nodules
• Lymphatic tissue– Consists mainly of
lymphocytes
– Encapsulated or not
• Lymphatic nodules– Numerous in loose
connective tissue of digestive (Peyer’s patches), respiratory, urinary, reproductive systems
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Tonsils
• Large groups of lymphatic nodules in nasopharynx and oral cavity
• Provide protection against bacteria and other harmful material
• Groups– Palatine
– Pharyngeal
– Lingual
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Lymph Nodes
• Organized in cortex and medulla• Substances removed by phagocytosis or stimulate
lymphocytes or both• Only structures to filter lymph
– Afferent and efferent vessels
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Spleen
• Located in left superior side of abdomen– Can be ruptured in traumatic abdominal injuries
resulting in bleeding, shock, death
• Blood flows through at 3 different rates– Fast (most), slow, intermediate
• Functions– Destroys defective RBCs– Detects and responds to foreign substances– Limited reservoir for blood
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Spleen
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Thymus
• Located in superior mediastinum
• Divisions: Cortex and medulla
• Site of maturation of T cells
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Immunity
• Ability to resist damage from foreign substances as microorganisms and harmful chemicals
• Categories– Innate or nonspecific resistance
• Mechanical mechanisms: Prevent entry or remove microbes
• Chemical mediators: Promote phagocytosis and inflammation
• Cells: Involved in phagocytosis and production of chemicals
– Adaptive or specific immunity• Specificity: Ability to recognize a particular substance
• Memory: Ability to remember previous encounters with a particular substance and respond rapidly
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Mechanical Mechanisms andChemical Mediators
• Mechanical Mechanisms– Skin, tears, saliva, mucous
membranes, mucus
• Chemical Mediators– Complement
• Group of 20 proteins
• Circulate in blood in inactive form
• Become activated in cascade form: Classical or alternative pathway
– Interferons• Prevent viral replication
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Complement Cascade
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Innate Immunity: Cells
• White blood cells– Most important cellular
components of immune system
– Methods• Chemotaxis
• Phagocytosis
• Neutrophils– Phagocytic and first
cells to enter infected tissue
• Macrophages– Monocytes that leave
blood, enter tissues– Large phagocytic cells
• Basophils and mast cells– Promote inflammation
• Eosinophils– Reduce inflammation
• Natural killer cells– Lyse tumor and virus-
infected cells
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Inflammatory Response
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Inflammatory Response
• Tissue injury regardless of type can cause inflammation
• Response initiated by chemical mediators that produce vasodilation, chemotactic attraction, increased vascular permeability
• Types– Local: Symptoms are redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of
function
– Systemic: Symptoms are increase in neutrophil numbers, fever and shock
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Adaptive Immunity
• Involves the ability to recognize, respond to, and remember a particular substance
• Stimulants– Antigens: Large molecules
• Foreign: Not produced by body, introduced from outside
• Self-antigens: Produced by body
– Haptens: Small molecules and capable of combining
• Types– Humoral or Antibody-mediated: B cells
– Cell-mediated: T cells
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Origin and Developmentof Lymphocytes
• B and T cells– Originate in red bone
marrow
– Move to lymphatic tissue from processing sites and continually circulate
– Clones are small groups of identical lymphocytes
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Origin and Developmentof Lymphocytes
• Positive selection– Ensures survival of lymphocytes that react against
antigens
• Negative selection– Eliminates lymphocytes that react against self-antigens
• Primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow, thymus)
– Where lymphocytes mature into functional cells
• Secondary lymphatic organs– Where lymphocytes produce an immune response
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Antigenic Determinants
• Antigenic determinants – Specific regions of a
given antigen recognized by a lymphocyte
• Antigenic receptors– Surface of lymphocyte
that combines with antigenic determinant
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Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC)
• Most lymphocyte activation involves glycoproteins of cell surfaces called MHC molecules– Class I molecules display antigens on surface of
nucleated cells, resulting in destruction of cells– Class II molecules display antigens on surface
of antigen-presenting cells, resulting in activation of immune cells
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Antigen Processing
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Costimulation
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Proliferation of Helper T Cells
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Proliferation of B Cells
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Lymphocyte Inhibition
• Tolerance: To prevent the immune system from responding to self-antigens– Provoked by
• Deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes
• Preventing activation of lymphocytes
• Activation of suppressor T cells
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Antibody-Mediated Immunity
• Antibodies or Immunoglobulins (Ig)– Classes: IgG, IgM,
IgA, IgE, IgD
– Structure• Variable region: Part
that combines with anitgenic determinant of antigen
• Constant region: Responsible for activities
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Actions of Antibodies
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Antibody Production
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Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Antigen activates effector T cells and produces memory T cells
• Cytotoxic T cells lyse virus-infected cells, tumor cells, and tissue transplants
• Cytotoxic T cells produce cytokines, which promote phagocytosis and inflammation
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Interactions and Responses ofInnate and Adaptive Immunity
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Acquired Immunity
• Active natural immunity– Results from natural exposure to an antigen
• Active artificial immunity– Results from deliberate exposure to an antigen
• Passive natural immunity– Results from transfer of antibodies from a mother to her
fetus or baby
• Passive artificial immunity– Results from transfer of antibodies (or cells) from an
immune animal to a nonimmune one
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Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity
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Effects of Aging
• Little effect on lymphatic system
• Decreased ability of helper T cells to proliferate in response to antigens
• Decreased primary and secondary antibody responses
• Decreased ability of cell-mediated immunity to resist intracellular pathogens
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Immune System Problems
• Hypersensitivity reactions
• Autoimmune disease
• Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID)
• Transplantation– Acute rejection– Chronic rejection