26-1 anatomy and physiology, sixth edition rod r. seeley idaho state university trent d. stephens...
TRANSCRIPT
26-1
Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. SeeleyIdaho State UniversityTrent D. StephensIdaho State UniversityPhilip TatePhoenix College
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
Chapter 26
Lecture Outline*
26-2
Chapter 26
Urinary System
26-3
Urinary System Functions
• Filtering of blood• Regulation of
– blood volume– concentration of blood solutes– pH of extracellular fluid– blood cell synthesis
• Synthesis of Vitamin D
26-4
Urinary System Anatomy
26-5
Location and External Anatomyof Kidneys
• Location– Lie behind
peritoneum on posterior abdominal wall on either side of vertebral column
– Lumbar vertebrae and rib cage partially protect
– Right kidney slightly lower than left
• External Anatomy– Renal capsule
• Surrounds each kidney– Perirenal fat
• Engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning
– Renal fascia• Anchors kidneys to
abdominal wall– Hilum
• Renal artery and nerves enter and renal vein and ureter exit kidneys
26-6
Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
• Cortex: Outer area– Renal columns
• Medulla: Inner area– Renal pyramids
• Calyces– Major: Converge to form
pelvis– Minor: Papillae extend
• Nephron: Functional unit of kidney– Juxtamedullary– Cortical
26-7
The Nephron
26-8
Histology of the Nephron
26-9
Internal Anatomy of Kidneys
• Renal corpuscle– Bowman’s capsule
• Parietal layer• Visceral layer
– Glomerulus• Network of
capillaries
• Arterioles– Afferent
• Blood to glomerulus
– Efferent• Drains
• Tubules– Proximal
(convoluted) tubule– Loops of Henle
• Descending limb• Ascending limb
– Distal (convoluted) tubules
• Collecting ducts
26-10
Renal Corpuscle
26-11
Kidney Blood Flow
26-12
Ureters and Urinary Bladder
• Ureters– Tubes through which urine flows from kidneys
to urinary bladder
• Urinary bladder– Stores urine
• Urethra– Transports urine
from bladder to outside of body
– Difference in length between males and females
– Sphincters• Internal urinary• External urinary
26-13
Ureters and Urinary Bladder
26-14
Urine Formation
26-15
Filtration
• Filtration– Renal filtrate
• Plasma minus blood cells and blood proteins
• Most (99%) reabsorbed
• Filtration membrane– Fenestrated
endothelium, basement membrane and pores formed by podocytes
• Filtration pressure– Responsible for
filtrate formation– Glomerular
capillary pressure (GCP) minus capsule pressure (CP) minus colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
– Changes caused by glomerular capillary pressure
26-16
Filtration Pressure
26-17
Tubular Reabsorption
• Reabsorption– Passive transport– Active transport– Cotransport
• Specialization of tubule segments
• Substances transported– Active transport
moves Na+ across nephron wall
– Other ions and molecules moved by cotransport
– Passive transport moves water, urea, lipid-soluble, nonpolar compounds
26-18
Reabsorption in Proximal Nephron
26-19
Reabsorption in Loop of Henle
26-20
Reabsorption in Loop of Henle
26-21
Tubular Secretion
• Substances enter proximal or distal tubules and collecting ducts
• H+, K+ and some substances not produced in body are secreted by countertransport mechanisms
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Secretion of Hydrogen and Potassium
26-23
Urine Production
• In Proximal tubules– Na+ and other
substances removed– Water follows
passively– Filtrate volume
reduced• In descending limb
of loop of Henle– Water exits passively,
solute enters– Filtrate volume
reduced 15%
• In ascending limb of loop of Henle– Na+, Cl-, K+ transported out of
filtrate– Water remains
• In distal tubules and collecting ducts– Water movement out
regulated by ADH• If absent, water not
reabsorbed and dilute urine produced
• If ADH present, water moves out, concentrated urine produced
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Filtrate and Medullary Concentration Gradient
26-25
Medullary Concentration and Urea Cycling
26-26
Urine Concentration Mechanism
• When large volume of water consumed– Eliminate excess without losing large amounts
of electrolytes– Response is kidneys produce large volume of
dilute urine
• When drinking water not available– Kidneys produce small volume of concentrated
urine– Removes waste and prevents rapid dehydration
26-27
Urine Concentrating Mechanism
26-28
Hormonal Mechanisms• ADH
– Secreted by posterior pituitary
– Increases water permeability in distal tubules and collecting ducts
• Aldosterone– Produced in adrenal
cortex– Affects Na+ and Cl-
transport in nephron and collecting ducts
• Renin– Produced by kidneys,
causes production of angiotensin II
• Atrial natriuretic hormone– Produced by heart
when blood pressure increases• Inhibits ADH
production• Reduces ability of
kidney to concentrate urine
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Effect of ADH on Nephron
26-30
Aldosterone Effect on Distal Tubule
26-31
Autoregulation and Sympathetic Stimulation
• Autoregulation– Involves changes in degree of constriction in
afferent arterioles– As systemic BP increased, afferent arterioles
constrict and prevent increase in renal blood flow
• Sympathetic stimulation– Constricts small
arteries and afferent arterioles
– Decreases renal blood flow
26-32
Clearance and Tubular Load
• Plasma clearance– Volume of plasma
cleared of a specific substance each minute
– Used to estimate GFR
– Used to calculate renal plasma flow
– Used to determine which drugs or other substances excreted by kidney
• Tubular load– Total amount of
substance that passes through filtration membrane into nephrons each minute
– Normally glucose is almost completed reabsorbed
26-33
Tubular Maximum
• Tubular maximum– Maximum rate at
which a substance can be actively absorbed
– Each substance has its own tubular maximum
26-34
Urine Flow and Micturition Reflex
• Urine flow– Hydrostatic pressure forces urine through
nephron– Peristalsis moves urine through ureters
• Micturition reflex– Stretch of urinary bladder stimulates reflex
causing bladder to contract, inhibiting urinary sphincters
– Higher brain centers can stimulate or inhibit reflex
26-35
Micturition Reflex
26-36
Effects of Aging on Kidneys
• Gradual decrease in size of kidney– Decrease in kidney size leads to decrease in
renal blood flow• Decrease in number of functional nephrons• Decrease in renin secretion and vitamin D
synthesis• Decline in ability of nephron to secrete and
absorb
26-37
Kidney Dialysis