22 asia-pacific weed science society conference …apwss.org/documents/proceedings abstracts 20th...

Abstracts of 22nd Asian Pacific Weed Science Society Conference (Editors: Gul Hassan, Imtiaz Khan, M.Azim Khan and

M. Ishfaq Khan), 08-12 2010, Lahore-Pakistan 1

22nd

Asia-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference

Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

March 8-12, 2010

ABSTRACT BOOK

In collaborations with

HIG HER EDUC ATION COMMISSION

Courtesy: Jaffer Agro Services

2

Abstract Book of 22nd

APWSS Conference 2010

Author Index

Authors Abstract No A. A. Chitband 71

A. A. Shah 133

A. A. Shedayi 57

A. Akram 92

A. Ali 6,9,13, 44,46,89

A. Ali 84

A. Amin 112,113

A. Anwar 47

A. Asghari 63

A. Aziz 6

A.B. Goodarzi 11

A. Bose 114

A. F. Tossi 53,54

A. Gholipoor 73,76

A. Hadier 103

A. Hussain 89

A. Jamshidi 4

A. Jan 42

A. Javaid 16

A. Javaid 16,61,121,122,124,126

A. Khaliq, 23,34,55

A. Khan 18

A. Koocheki 66,67,68

A. M. Ranjha 34

A. M. Tulikov 74

A. Matloob 23,55

A. Modhej 95

A. Rahman 51

A. S. Khalaf 41,43

A. S. Lithourgidis 134

A. Samad 8,39

A. Sattar 140

A. Shabbir 62

A. Sher 14

A. Tanveer 6,13,89,102



A. U. Malik 12

A. Zahid 47

A.S. Rao 52

A.S. Rao 22

A. Rab 70

A. Asghari 73,76

A.A. Khuroo 109

B. Ahmad 7

B. Gul 37,38

B. H. Bakar 53,54,85

B. P. Kaleibar 63

B. P. Kaleibar 73,74,76

C. A. Damalas 134

C. Hailan 35

C. O. Donnell 62,75,79,90

C. S. Lithourgidis 134

D. George 79

D. Kurniadie 104

D. Muhammad 48

D. Resiworo 104

D.N.M. Dissanayaka 115

D.Nandasena 26

D.R. Syamsir 85

E. Abdul-Mohsen

E. Hesami 2,3,4

E. Hesami 65

E. Kafashan 95

E. Zand 135

E. Kazerooni 87

Ehsanullah 27,28

F.A.O. Emenky 41,43

F. Ahmad 60

F. Aslam 23,55

F. Fallahpour 66,67,68,69,71,82

F. Lubis 104

F. Munsif 8,39,70

F.S. Ali 56

G. Nateghi 63

G. Zayed 56

G. Abbas 5

G. Fathi 11

G. Haider 24

G. Hassan 1,20,45,50,58,112,113,129


4

G. Nateghi 73,76

G.H. Dar 109

G.H. Mohammed 128

G.S. Rao 22

G.S. Rao 52

GJU Ahmed 29

GJU Ahmed 25

G. Glatkova 111

H. Al-Mezori 40

H. Ehyaee 69,71,82

H. Hidayat 58

H. Khan 129

H. Matsumoto 137

H. Ohdan 137

H.R. Mohammaddoust 63

H.R. Mohammaddoust 73,74,76

H.M.M.Tariq 32

H.B. Mahmoodi 49,77

Hidayatullah 18

Hossain 32

I.A. Khan 59,72

I.A. Khan 108

I. Daur 42

I. H. Shah 21

I. H.ussain

I. ilahi 57

I. Khan 1,45,59,108

I. Khan 79

I. Mawardi 104

I. Rashid 116

I. Siddiqui 78

I.U. Awan 21

I. Raza 48

J. Ekneligoda 26

J.A. Teli 128

J. Benner 94

J. Gherekh 135

J.J. Tahira 117,118,119

J.R. Qasem 132

J.D.K.M. Jayawardane 26

J.H. Zhang 110

J. IqbaL 80

K. Ali 8

K.B. Marwat 37,38

K.D. Silva 26



K. Dhileepan 62

K. Fathi 2

K. Iqbal 59

K. Jabeen 16

K. Jabran 27,28

K. Mubeen 102

K. Mubeen 84,102

K. Subrahmaniyan 81

K. Zewdie 99,100

K. Awang 85

L.P.V. Arachchi 115

L. Xiangju 35

L.R. Singh 31

L.Z. Liu 110

L. Xue 33

M.A.A.H. Bukhsh 12

M.A. Baghestani 136

M.A. A. Rahman 88

M.A. Haji 12

M. A. Khan 36,130,131

M. A. Khan 133

M. A. Malik 14

M. A. Mali 138

M. A. Nadeem 89

M. A. Zahid 91

M. A. Saeed 103

M. Akbar 17

M. Akram 5

M. Ali 12

M. Ali 80

M. Amin 126

M. Ansar 47

M. Arif 47

M. Arif 18,70

M. Ashiq 140

M. Ayub 44,102

M. Babar 27

M. F. Rastegar 66,67,68

M. Farooq 23,55

M. Ghaemi 69,71,82

M. Golabi 11

M. H.R. Mohassel 49,77,107

M. Hachinohe 137

M. I. Shinwari 64

M. I. Khan 45,59


6

M. I. Shinwari 64

M. J. Al-Ahmadi 49,77

M. Kurulugama 26

M. M. Javaid 9

M. M.S. Duhoky 40

M. Montazeri 139

M. N. Abbas 15

M. N. Afzal 48

M. N. Mahalati 66,67,68

M. Nadeem 47

M. Nawaz 5

M. Q. Kakar 8

M. Rafiq 10

M. Riaz 14

M. S. Cheema 10,60

M. Saeed 10

M. Saeed 34

M. Saeed 37,38

M. Safdar 80

M. Shahid 7

M. Shahzad 102

M. Sibtain 46

M. Sulaman 59

M. T. Jan 18

M. Tahir 84

M. Waqas 8

M. Yaseen 6,9,44,46

M.A. Basra 24

M.A. Nadim 21

M.A.Nadeem 84

M.Aslam 5

M.C. Pandey 114

M.Faravani 85

M.H.Ali 32

M.H.S. Ariyaratne 86

M.K. Hossain 83

M.K. Khilji 28

M.N. Aqeel 72

M.N. Mushtaq 24

M.Ratnam 52

M. Ratnam 22

M.S. Baloch 21

M.T.Alebrahim 87

M.N. Bari 19



M.N. Alam 83

M.K.A. Bhuiyan 25, 29

M.I. Karimi 50

M.A. Mian 48

N. Ariannia 2

N. Hanwen 35

N. Hussain 5

N. Khan 90

N. M. Saleem 41,43

N. Muhammad 140

N. Rana 15

N. Rozi 121

N. S. M. Abadi 49,77

N. Sarwar 102

N. U. Khan 121

N. Zaman 120

O. S. Kandasamy 93

O.A. Saad 56

P. Kalaiselvan 81

P. Saravanane 93

P. Veeramani 81

P.L. Viswanathan 81

P.O. Lundquist 105

Q. Qanwal 61

R. A. Afridi 20

R. Ahmad 9,46

R. Bajwa 78,97

R. Ghorbani 107

R. Khan 130

R. L. Zimdahl 125

R. Majd 87

R. N. Abbas 13

R. Prasad 94

R. Singh 31

R. Suliman 117,118,119

R. Syed 84

R. Farhoudi 95,96

S. A. Khanzada 92

S. A. Rana 15

S. Adkins 62,75,79,90

S. Ahamed 32

S. Ali 108

S. Ali 124

S. Baig 103

S. Bashir 60


8

S. Bundel 94

S. Haider 70

S. Hashim 137

S. Imran 44

S. Khalid 14,101

S. Lorzadeh 2,3,4

S.M. Iqbal 92

S.M. Iqbal 91,92

S. Mahmoodi 49

S.N. Khan 117,118,119,120

S. Navie 79

S. R. U.Shah 105

S. Shafique 61,97,121,122

S. Shafique 61,97,121,122

S. Sivanendrian 26

S. Tjitrosoedirdjo 104

S. U. Siddiqui 101

S. Widadayanti 104

S.H.S. Senarathne 98,115

S.M.R. Karim 30

S. Mubeen 103

Shahid 15

S. Ahmed 103,120

Sri.S. Tjitrosoedirdjo 104

T.M. Alamun 127

T.M. Alamun 106

T.Z. Sarhan 128

T.K. James 51

U.A. Ahmed 106

U.A. Ahmed 127

U. Kulsoom 36

U. Iqbal 91

V. Yadav 31

W. Anwar 117,118,119

W. Guiqi 35

W. Mersie 100

Y. Fujii 64

Y. Nikparast 107

Y. Sunohara 137

YE. Jiming 33

Y.L. Feng 116

Z.A Zaheer 13

Z.A. Swati 108

Z. Abbas 5

Z. Ahmad 40



Z. Hanif 59,108

Z.H. Jun 33,35

Z. Hussain 8,39

Z. Reshi 109,116

Z.W. Fan 110

Z.A. Cheema 24,34,80

Z.D. Khan 138

Z. Pacanoski 111


10

1. STUDIES ON COMPETITIVE

INTERACTION OF WILD OATS (Avena

fatua) IN SPRING WHEAT (Triticum

aestivum)

Imtiaz Khan and Gul Hassan

Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural

University Peshawar, 25130 – PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Wild oat is one of the most troublesome weed, infesting

grain fields in Pakistan. To study it ecological site, a field

experiments were conducted to determine the competitive

interaction of wild oats and spring wheat at varying

densities and varying nitrogen regimes, at Agricultural

Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar

Pakistan during winter 2004-05 and 2005-06. The

experiments comprised of three nitrogen levels (75, 100

and 125 kg ha-1

) assigned to main plots and five wild oats

densities (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 plants m-2

) kept in sub-

plots. Ghaznavi-98 variety of wheat Planted in a sub-plot

size of 5x 1m2. The data were recorded on some

morphological, physiological and agronomic parameters of

wheat and wild oats. The statistical analyses of data

exhibited non-significant differences for nitrogen levels in

all the parameters of wheat and wild oats studied, while

oats density and interaction of density with nitrogen levels

were significant for all the parameters studied. Less than

one wild oat plant m-2

inflicted 1% reduction in wheat

yield, while 30% reduction in yield was predicted with the

infestation of 15, 17 and 16 plants m-2

under 75, 100 and

125 N kg ha-1

fertilizer regimes. We also discovered a wild

density related reduction in grain protein content which is

further alarming. About 16 wild oats m-2

reduced protein

content by 1%, this is alarming in vegetable based diets

like Pakistan. Judicious control measures for wild oats are

recommended to be adopted for harvesting better quantity

and quality of wheat.

2. EVALUATION OF DUAL PURPOSE HERBICIDES

FOR WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) UNDER TWO

TILLAGE SYSTEMS

E. Hesami, 1.S. Lorzadeh, 1. N. Ariannia and and 1. K.Fathi Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad Shooshtar University, IRAN.

In order to determine the effect of different dosages of two dual

purpose herbicides (sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron - methyl 30 0

/0 +

Iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 300/0, Imazamethabenz-methyl

and metribuzin) on grain yield of wheat cv ‘Chamran’, an

experiment wsa conducted at Islamic Azad University

Experiment Shooshtar Branch in 2006 growing season. The

experiment was designed in completely randomized block pesign

with three replications. The kinds of tillage (conventional and

minimum tillage) were used as main plot. The second factor was

the two levels and application of herbicides (sulfosulfuron 26/6

and 31 g/ha and mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 + iodesulfuron –

methyl l- sodium 30 0

/0 350 and 400 g/ha. Imazamethabenz -

methyl 2 and 3 lit/ha and metribuzin 200 and 300 g/ha). The data

showed that convetional tillage was better than minimum tillage

for weed control. The results showed significant difference

between the tillage systems (P<0.01) under 31 gr/ha sulfosulfuron

in convetional tillage and 31 gr/ha sulfosulfuron and 400 gr/ha

mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 + iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium

30 0/0 in minimum tillage was the best treatment The results

showed non significant difference amoug tillage system for broad

leaf weed control but density of this weeds was more in

convetional tillage then minimum tillage . The higest control of

broad leaf weeds was obsrerd using 31 and 26 g/ha sulfosulfuron,

350 gr/ha and 400 g/ha mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 +

iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 30 0/0 in both tillage systems

was. in min tillage system , density of narrow leaf weed was

more than conventional tillage system. The higest control of

narrow leaf weed was obsrerd using of 31 and 26 g/ha

sulfosulfuron, 350 g/ha and 400 g/ha mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0 + iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 30

0/0 in both tillage

systems. The Results inducated non significant difference

between the two tillage systems for wheat yield. Treatments

sulfosulfuron 26/6 and 31 g/ha and mesosulfuron – methyl 30 0/0

+ iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 30 0/0 350 and 400 g/ha had the

highest level of wheat grain yield, resectively.



3. IDENTIFICATION AND DENSITY OF WEEDS

IN WHEAT IN IRAN

E. Hesami and S.H.Lorzadeh

Azad Islamic University BranchSshoushtar. IRAN

[email protected]

In this research, the analysis of sampling of three wheat fields in

Shoushtar City containing Mian Ab, Aghili and Gotvnd based

on area harvested and farming on it was done on 7, 5 and 4

fields in sities aduring winter of 2007. The investigation was

done on 6 weed species belonging to 4 families. Also most

abundant weed species in Mian Ab were Sinapis arvensis,

Malva neglecta and Avena ludoviciana, in Aghili M. neglecta,

Silybum marianum and Sinapis arvensis and Gotvand area

Avena ludoviciana, M. neglecta and Phalaris minor, were the

most abundant species..

4. INVESTIGATION OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)

WEED MANAGEMENT BY APYRUS AND

OTHER HERBICIDES

E. Hesami, S.H. Lorzadeh and A. Jamshidi

Azad Islamic University Branch Shoushtar. IRAN

[email protected]

This field study was conducted at College of Agriculther, Islamic

Azad University Shuoshtar branch, Iran to investigate about the

effect of four kind of herbicides on weed control during 2007. The

experimental treatments were laid out in three replications.

Herbicide dose (sulfosulfuron, mesosulfuron - methyl 30 0

/0 +

iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium 300/0, imazamethabenz - methyl,

metribuzin and 2,4-D + Topik). For evaluation effect of treatments

on density (number) of broad and narrow leaf weed The results

showed significant difference among the treatments for weed

control . Use of 31 g/ha sulfosulfuron was the best treatment. The

highest control of broad leaf weeds was observed using 31g/ha

sulfosulfuron. The highest control of narrow leaf weeds was

obsverd using of 31, 20 and 26.6 g/ha slfosulfuron 350 g/ha

mesosulfuron - methyl 30 0

/0 + iodesulfuron – methyl – sodium

300/0 and imazamethabenz - methyl 2 lit/ha .


12

5. PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT

HERBICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF

GRASSY WEEDS AND YIELD OF WHEAT

CROP UNDER ARID CLIMATE

Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Nawaz, Zafar Abbas,

Muhammad Akram, Muhammad Aslam, and Niaz

Hussain

Adaptive Research Farm, Karor (Layyah)-PAKISTAN

Studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different

post emergence herbicides on narrow leave weeds in wheat

crop at Adaptive Research Farm, Karor (District Layyah),

Pakistan during Rabi 2007-08 & 2008-09. The Experiment

was laid out in Randomized complete block (RCB) design

with three replications and plot size was 8x13 m2 during

both the seasons. Four different herbicides were applied as

post emergence viz. Topik @ 300g ha-1

, Puma super @ 625

ml ha-1

, Punjing @ 625 ml ha-1

and fenoxaprop @ 625ml

ha-1

. An untreated (control) was also included in the trial.

The observations recorded during both the seasons (Rabi

2007-08 & 2008-09) revealed that all the herbicides

significantly decreased weed population over control and

maximum grain yield (4167 kg ha-1

) during rabi 2007-08

and at 4155 kg ha-1

during Rabi 2008-09 was obtained

where Topik @ 300g ha-1

was applied. It was however,

statistically at par with the grain yield of T3 (4100kg ha-1

)

having application of Puma super @ 625ml ha

-1 during

Rabi

2007-08 & 4087 kg ha-1

during Rabi 2008-09, T4 (3833 kg

ha-1

) having application of Pujing @ 625ml ha-1

during

2007-08 and 3820 kg ha-1

during 2008-09) and T5 under

application of fenoxaprop @ 625ml ha-1

(3817kg ha-1

during 2007-08 & 3800 kg ha-1

during 2008-09). It is thus,

recommended that Topik and Puma super may be applied

@ 300 and 625ml ha-1

respectively, for the control of

narrow leave weeds and increased grain yield of wheat.

6. DENSITY DEPENDENT ECOLOGICAL

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CLEAVERS (Galium

aparine) AND WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)

PLANTED AT DIFFERENT TIMES

Ahsan Aziz, Asif Tanveer, Asghar Ali and Muhammad Yaseen

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,

38040,Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN

[email protected],[email protected]

Investigations regarding competitive effects of five Galium

aparine density levels (0, 18, 36, 54 and 72 plants m-2

) on the

productivity of wheat planted under three sowing time regimes

were made in field trials conducted at the Agronomic Research

Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during

winter 2005/06 and 2006/07. The maximum grain yield of 5480

and 5395 kg ha-1

was obtained in 2005/06 and 2006/07,

respectively from weed free wheat and G. aparine density of 18

plants m-2

did not cause significant yield reduction over control in

our conditions. The wheat growth and yield determinants like

number of spike bearing tillers, spikelets per spike, grain per

spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were significantly

reduced by further increasing G. aparine density. Wheat grain

yield loss varied between 4 to 32% with weed density ranging

from 18 to 72 plants m-2

in each year. Sowing of wheat on 7th

Nov.

proved to be helpful in reducing crop yield losses due to G.

aparine infestation. Galium aparine per plant dry weight and seed

production which are important elements of weed population

dynamics were suppressed with delayed sowing and increasing G.

aparine densities in the presence of crop. Response surface

analysis indicated that G. aprine density around 40 plants m-2

is

most crucial as it results in maximum G. aprine per plant dry

weight and seed production. It also explained that with increase in

weed density and delay in sowing after mid November there will

be a subsequent decrease in wheat grain yield. Analysis of

maximum ridge estimate of response surface depicted that

maximum grain yield (5779.92 kg ha-1

) could be achieved at

derived sowing date values of 7th

to 12th

November while

maintaining a G. aparine density of 0 to 3 plants m-2

on a sandy

loam soil with less than 1% organic matter. On the basis of these

results we can propose that wheat should be planted in early

November to get bumper yields and the option of chemical

herbicides to control G. aparine at its density beyond 18 plants m-2

should be exploited.

mailto:[email protected]



7. EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND

COMBINATION OF NATURAL AND

SYNTHETIC HERBICIDES ON WEED

CONTROL AND WHEAT YIELD IN

PESHAWAR

Bashir Ahmad and Muhammad Shahid

Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural

University,Peshawar-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

This work was aimed to find out if natural herbicides

extracted from plants and their combination with half dose

of synthetic herbicides can control weeds and enhance yield

of wheat crop. Parts of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor),

sunflower (Helianthus annuus), johnson grass (Sorghum

helepense), neem (Azadirachta indica), eucalyptus

(Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and acacia (Acacia nilotica)

were dried, chopped, soaked in water in ratio 1:5 (w/v) and

filtered. In laboratory, ten mL of each natural herbicide and

tap water (check) was applied to twenty seeds each of

Avena fatua, Convolvulus arvensis, Rumex dentatus,

Phalaris minor and Triticum aestivum. Growth of weed

species and wheat treated with natural herbicides were

either at par with or inhibited as compared to control 20

days after sowing (DAS) with exceptions; seed germination

of Avena fatua was stimulated by extract of johnson grass

and acacia. Biomass yield seedling -1

of Rumex dentatus

(7.37 mg) and Phalaris minor (15.63mg) was stimulated by

extract of johnson grass and acacia respectively. In field

study, natural herbicides were solely sprayed twice at 30

and 50 DAS while full doses of synthetic herbicides and

combinations in which doses of synthetic herbicides were

reduced to half and mixed with natural herbicides were

sprayed once 30 DAS. Synthetic herbicides included:

Buctril M 40 EC (bromoxynil + MCPA), Puma super 75

EW (fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) and Affinity 50 WDG

(carfentrazone-ethyl ester). Weeds were more inhibited in

plots treated with Affinity (7 weeds m-2

with 4.53 g dry

biomass) and combination of sunflower Affinity (7.17

weeds m-2

with 6.50 g dry biomass). Combination of

eucalyptus puma super stimulated weeds growth. Dry weed

biomass m-2

was maximum (27.50 g) in control plots.

Wheat treated with sunflower Affinity combination

produced maximum biological (13.50 Mg ha-1

) and grain

(4850 kg ha-1

) yields. Control plots produced lowest grain

yield (3650 kg ha-1

). Combined application of half dose of

Affinity with natural herbicide of sunflower was as

effective as full dose of Affinity in controlling weeds and

wheat grain yield increase by 5.13 % over crop treated with

sole Affinity, hence recommended for weeds management

in wheat.

8. EVALUATION OF VARIOUS HERBICIDES AND

THEIR COMBINATIONS FOR WEED CONTROL

IN WHEAT CROP

Fazal Munsif, Zahid Hussain, Abdul Samad , Mohammd

Qasim Kakar , Muhammad Waqas and Kuasar Ali

Plant Physiology Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab

Peshawar, Pakistan

NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar-PAKISTAN

A field experiment on weed control in wheat was conducted at

Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab Peshawar during Rabi

season 2008-09. The experiment was laid out in randomized

complete block design having three replications. The experiment

consisted of 14 treatments. Among the 14 treatments, six

herbicides were used alone i.e. Puma super (P), Buctril super (B),

Axial (A), Logran (L), Topik (T) and Starane M (S); seven were

their different combinations i.e. T+B, T+S, P+B, P+S, B+A, L+A

and L+T; and one treatment was kept as weedy check. All the

single and combined herbicide treatments significantly affected

weeds density m-2

, weeds flora, grain yield and percent increase in

yield of wheat crop. Herbicides had considerable toxic effect on

weeds and reduced their population to a significant level as

compared to control treatment, where maximum weed density of

156 weeds m-2

was recorded. However, no crop injury was

observed in any of the herbicides used in the experiment. Among

the herbicides used alone, Buctril super produced the highest grain

yield (3925 kg ha-1

) which was 43% increase over check. It is

concluded that the combination of Buctril super and Axial gave

the best grain yield (3827 kg ha-1

) that was 39.5% increase over

weedy control.


14

9. RESPONSE OF Emex australis TO

DIFFERENT POST-EMERGENCE

HERBICIDE IN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)

Muhammad Mansoor Javaid,1 Asif Tanveer, Rashid

Ahmad2 and Muhammad Yaseen

3

Department of Agronomy,

Department of Crop Physiology,

Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University

of Agriculture Faisalabad- PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

A field experiment was conducted to study the

effectiveness of different post-emergence herbicide

against Emex australis at Unuversity of Agriculture

Faisalabad, Pakistan. Fluroxypur + MCPA @ 750 ml ha-

1, carfentrazone-ethyl @ 50 g ha

-1, amidosulfuron @ 60 g

ha-1

, bromoxynil + MCPA 1250 ml ha-1

, triasulfuron @

40 g ha-1

, thiofensulfuron-methyl @ 100 g ha-1

,

tribenuron-methyl @ 100 g ha-1

and control (no spray)

were tested. Carfentrazone-ethyl, bromoxynil + MCPA

and fluroxypur + MCPA provided better control (91%,

88% and 86%, respectively) of E. australis over control.

Carfentrazone caused the maximum reduction in weed

biomass (94%). Bromoxynil + MCPA gave maximum

number of spike bearing tillers (375 m-2

), number of

grains per spike (47), 1000 grain weight (33 g) and grain

yield (3.24 t ha-1

).

10. RESPONSE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)

AND ITS WEEDS TO DOSE AND FREQUENCY

OF SORGAAB- A POTENTIAL

ALLELOPATHIC MATERIAL

Muhammad Saeed, M. Sarwar Cheema and Muhammad

Rafiq

Sugarcane Research Institute, A.A.R.I., Jhang Road,

Faisalabad-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

In order to find alternatives for minimizing the total reliance on

synthetic herbicides for weed management in wheat(Triticum

aestivum L.), a field experiment was conducted to assess the

effect of dose and frequency of sorgaab spray on growth, yield

and yield components of wheat and its weeds. The experiment

was carried out at Ayub Agricultural Research Institute,

Faisalabad (Pakistan) during the winter seasons of 2005-06 and

2006-07. One to three sprays each @ 9, 12 and 15 L ha-1

were

applied at 25, 25-40 and 25-40-55 DAS. Isoproturan (Tolkan)

was applied @ 1000 g a.i ha-1

at 25 DAS. A weedy check was

also maintained. The results of the study showed that one foliar

spray of sorgaab @ 9 L ha-1

applied at 25 DAS gave maximum

reduction (58 %) in total weed density while three foliar spray of

sorgaab @ 15 L ha-1

showed maximum reduction (75 % ) in

total weed dry weight. Similarly total dry matter accumulation

(TDM), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), crop

growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were also

improved with foliar application of sorgaab sprays. Maximum

increase (25 %) in wheat yield was observed with two foliar

sprays of sorgaab applied @ 15 L ha-1

at 25 and 40 DAS over

control. The herbicidal treatment reduced total weed density and

biomass by 76 % and 99 % and increased wheat yield by 13 %

over control. The economic analysis also showed that two foliar

sprays of sorgaab applied @ 15 L ha-1

at 25 and 40 DAS gave

the maximum net benefit as compared with other treatments.




11. EVALUATION THE EFFECT OF

MIXING DOUBLE-PURPOSE

HERBICIDES WITH SURFACTANT

IN COMPARE WITH SINGLE-

PURPOSE HERBICIDES ON WEED

CONTROL IN WHEAT

Amir Bahador Goodarzi, Ghodratallah Fathi

and Mojtaba Golabi

Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.

Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources

University, Ahvaz, IRAN.

[email protected]

The introduction of new double-purpouse herbicides

in low consumption amounts for controlling wheat

grassy and broad leaf weed, decrease the resistant

biotyps to single-purpouse herbicides and protecting

the environment is a necessary and unavoidable

matter in wheat weed management. The effect of

mixing double-purpouse herbicides with surfactant

in compare with single-purpouse herbicides on

weed control in wheat, a field trail was carried out

during 2005-2006 at the protection plants

management of Khoozestan. The experiment was

designed as a split plot based on a randomized

complete block design with four replications.

Herbicide treatments: Assert (a1) at 2.5 l/h, Apyrous

(a2) at 26.6 g/h, Chevalier (a3) at 350 g/h and

Granestar at 20 g/h plus Topik at 0.8 l/h (a4) (check)

were the main plots, and sub–plots were Cytogate at

2/1000 (b1), Ghazal shimi surfactant at 2/1000 (b2)

and without surfactant (b3). Results showed that the

maximum percentage of controlling weed and the

minimum dry weight of them from the point of

herbicide type were obtained from Chevalier

treatment and on the case of surfactant, from

Cytogate. Also the interaction between Chevalier

and Cytogate has most weed control percentage and

least weed dry weigh.The least weed control

percentage and thier most dry weight, also were

related to Assert treatment without surfactant, that

the reason of this case was the unability in

controlling Phalaris minor weed by this herbicide.

Assessment of weeds according to EWRC method

showed that Chevalier and check treatment at the

fifteenth days period after spraying had allocated

the lowest code of EWRC to itself.This research

showed that according to obtained result, Chevalier

herbicide can be a suitable replacer to the mixture of

Topik and Granestar and at the same time the

surfactant can increase herbicide,s effect by

increasing herbicide,s maintenance and absorption

on leaf surface.

12. DEMONSTRATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFECT

OF WEEDICIDES ON BROAD LEAF WEEDS ON

WHEAT YIELD

M. Ahmad alias Haji A. Bukhsh1, Asmat Ullah Malik

1, Iftikhar

Hussain2, Muhammad Akram Haji

3and M. Ali

4

1Adaptive Research Farm D.G. Khan,

2Adaptive Research Lahore

3Soil Conservation, D. G. Khan,4College of Agriculture, D. G.

Khan- PAKISTAN

[email protected]

A series of field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of newly

introduced weedicide against broad leaved weeds of wheat crop at

Adaptive Research Farm, Rakh Chabbri Zareen D.G.Khan during the

years 2005-06 to 2007-08. The treatments included: Control/Check

(T1); Pendimethalin @ 1250 ml ha-1

(T2); Buctril-M @ 2500 ml ha-1

(T3); Logran @ 250 g ha-1

(T4); MCPA @ 1250 ml ha-1

(T5);

Bromoxonil @ 1250 ml ha-1

(T6). The results revealed that weed

management strategies significantly improved the yield and yield

parameters during all the three years of experimentation as compared

to weedy check (T1). The highest grain yield (3024 Kg ha-1

) was

observed, when Buctril-M was sprayed at its recommended dose in

year 2007-08, while the same trend of yield ha-1

was observed during

rest of the study years (2256 Kg ha-1

& 2344 Kg ha-1

in year 2005-06

& 2006-07, respectively). Increase in yield was justified by the more

number of tillers 261.0 m-1

(2005-06), 263.0 m-1

(2006-07) and 262.3

m-1

(2007-08), more number of grains per spike; 42.0 (2005-06),

43.0 (2006-07) and 43.3 (2007-08) and 1000-grains weight: 44.0 g

(2005-06), 45.0 g (2006-07) and 40.2 g (2007-08) during the given

period of study. So, it is concluded that broad leaf weeds in wheat

crop can be controlled and managed well with the application of

Buctril-M @ 2500 ml ha-1.



16

13. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF Emex

australis Steinh AGAINST WHEAT

(Triticum aestivum L.)

Rana Nadeem Abbas1, Asif Tanveer

*, Asghar Ali and

Zaheer A Zaheer2.

1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad, Pakistan. 2Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University

of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

Spiny emex (Emex australis steinh.) is known to contain

water soluble substances that are allelopathic. Aqueous

and organic solvent fractions (acetate, hexane,

chloroform and butanol) from leaves of emex were

assayed to determine their allelopathic effects on seed

germination and early seedling growth of wheat.

Aqueous extracts and butanol fraction showed most

inhibitory effect on germination (49.75% and 40%

inhibition respectively) followed by hexane fraction

(26.25% inhibition). Root/shoot length and dry biomass

was minimum in hexane fraction (root length 4.86 cm,

shoot length 6.48 cm and dry biomass 9.10mg) and

aqueous extract (root length 5.15 cm, shoot length 6.54

cm and dry biomass 10.20mg) followed by butanol

fraction (root length 5.88 cm, shoot length 8.29 cm and

dry biomass 11.8 mg). These results suggest that extracts

from emex leaves had potent allelopathic activity which

differed depending on solvent used for extraction.

14. WEED MANAGEMENT IN WHEAT BASED

CROPPING PATTERNS UNDER RAINFED

CONDITIONS OF PUNJAB-PAKISTAN

Muhammad Riaz*, Shahida Khalid*, Altaf Sher* and M. Azim

Malik**

*Weed Management Program, NARC, Islamabad and ** Professor

and Chairman, Department of Agronomy, UAAR, Rawalpindi-

PAKISTAN [email protected]

The study was carried out for two years (2002-2004) at National

Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad. Six weed control methods

i.e. weedy check, hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, mechanical

weeding at 20 DAS, chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds,

mechanical weeding at 20 DAS + hand weeding at 50 DAS and

chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds + hand weeding at 50

DAS were compared under four wheat based cropping patterns.

Chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds with a follow-up hand

weeding after 50 days of crop sowing closely followed by two hand

weeding after 20 and 40 days of crop sowing and/or mechanical

weeding after 20 days of crop sowing with a follow-up hand weeding

after 50 days of crop sowing suppressed weed population, weed

biomass and increased weed mortality percentage successfully during

both years of study. The mortality percentage of different weeds

ranged from 38.05% to 97.22% due to chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf

stage of weeds with a follow-up hand weeding after 50 days of crop

sowing. Among various weed control methods, chemical weeding at

2-3 leaf stage of weeds with a follow-up hand weeding after 50 days

of crop sowing gave the promising results throughout the study

period in terms of satisfactory weed suppression. There was a

significant increase of 58% and 54% in grain yield of wheat due to

chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds + hand weeding at 50

DAS and two hand weedings after 20 and 40 DAS, respectively.

Among all cropping patterns,Wheat-Mungbean-Wheat (CP3). The

highest grain yield of mungbean, 1.480 t. ha-1

was obtained with

chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds and a follow-up hand

weeding after 50 days of crop sowing during the study years. The

highest grain yield of cowpeas (1.285 t ha-1

) was obtained with


weeding after 50 days of crop sowing during the study years. Maize

grain yield was increased by 34%, 33% and 32% with chemical

weeding at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds, hand weeding and mechanical

weeding + hand weeding. Slight phytotoxicity symptoms due to

herbicides application were observed during initial stage of crops i.e.,

at 15-20 DAE (days after emergence) that were further decreased at

30-40 DAE and finally disappeared completely at maturity. Minimum

amount of herbicide residue in crop grain was observed with


weeding after 50 days of crop sowing, which were found to be

environmentally safe. The higher cost benefit ratio was obtained with

integrated weed control method through chemical weeding at 2-3 leaf

stage of weeds with a follow-up hand weeding after 50 days.



15. PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF

MAJOR WEED FRUITS (PLANTS)

ASSOCIATED WITH WHEAT CROP

Muhammad Nadeem Abbas, Shahnaz Akhtar Rana,

Naureen Rana and Shahid

Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture

Faisal Abad- PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Drugs and chemicals; the foremost plant products have

been used for curing various illnesses as well as for

personal adornment since before recorded history. The

study was concerned to evaluate the phytochemical

potential of Weeds associated with wheat crop. Fifteen

weed were selected, frequently occurring in the wheat

crop. Both the Aqueous and Methanolic extracts were

taken from the selected weeds’ fruit and a qualitative

phytochemical analysis were performed for the detection

of alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids,

anthraquinine, steroids, flavonoids and tannins. It was

found that Glycosoides and alkaloids had wide spectrum.

It is strongly recommended that self-emerging weeds

should be extensively used for medicinal purposes, widely

available in our country and more investigation is needed

to identify the phytochemical potential of other crop

associated weeds.

16. MANAGEMENT OF PARTHENIUM WEED BY

INCORPORATION OF WHEAT RESIDUE

Amna Javaid, Arshad Javaid and Khajista Jabeen

Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the Punjab

Lahore- PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

Dried and chopped wheat straw of four test wheat (Triticum

aestivum L.) varieties namely AS 2002, Inqalab 91, Ufaq and Uqab,

was thoroughly mixed in pot soil at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (w/w). Pots

were irrigated with tap water and left for one week. After that 10

seeds of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) weed were

sown in each pot. Data regarding germination was recorded one

week after sowing. Plants were harvested 30 days after sowing and

data regarding survival percentage, and root and shoot growth were

recorded. Effect of residue incorporation of all the wheat cultivars

on germination of parthenium seeds was insignificant. However, all

the doses of the residues of the four wheat varieties significantly

reduced the survival percentage of the parthenium seedlings. Root

and shoot growth in terms of length, and fresh and dry biomass was

also significantly suppressed by residues of all the four test wheat

cultivars. The present study concludes that parthenium weed can

effectively be managed by exploiting allelopathic potential of

wheat. Further studies regarding the isolation and identification of

effective herbicidal constituents are in progress.



18

17. MANAGEMENT OF SOME PROBLEMATIC

WEEDS OF WHEAT BY METABOLITES OF

Drechslera spp.

Muhammad Akbar and Arshad Javaid

Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the

Punjab Lahore, PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

Present study was designed to evaluate the herbicidal activity

of metabolites of four Drechslera species viz. D.

australiensis, D. hawaiiensis, D. biseptata and D. holmii

against some problematic weeds of wheat namely Rumex

dentatus, Phalaris minor and Avena fatua. Metabolites of

various tested Drechslera spp. were employed in 100%

(original) and 50% concentrations. Various employed

metabolites wrought appreciable reduction in the germination

of test weed’s seeds by 3–72%. Original metabolites of all

fungal species significantly reduced shoot length and biomass

by 39–72% and 30–70%, respectively. Metabolites of D.

australiensis D. hawaiiensis and D. biseptata showed

pronounced phytotoxic activity against all tested weeds, D.

holmii appeared to be least effective. Root growth was more

susceptible to metabolites than shoot growth. There was 56–

97% and 27–92% reduction in root length and biomass,

respectively, due to metabolites of different Drechslera spp.

The present study concludes that metabolites of all the tested

Drechslera spp. contain phytotoxic constituents that can be

used as benign method of weed control alternative to

synthetic chemical herbicides for management of some weeds

of wheat. Further studies regarding the isolation of effective

ingredients are in progress.

18. FFECT OF SOWING DATES AND SEED

RATES ON DUAL PURPOSE WHEAT

Muhammad Arif*, Hidayatullah, Mohammad Tariq Jan

and Ahmad Khan

Department of Agronomy NWFP Agricultural University

Peshawar PAKISTAN

[email protected]

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of various

sowing dates and seed rates on dual purpose wheat during

winter 2007-08 at Agricultural Research Farm of NWFP

Agricultural University Peshawar. The experiment was laid out

in randomized complete block design with split plot

arrangement having three replications. Sowing dates i.e. 20th

October, 5th November, 20

th November and 5

th December were

kept in the main plots, whereas the combination of seed rates

(100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1

) and cutting were allotted to sub plots.

Wheat variety Uqab-2000 was sown in a plot size of 3 m by 5

m, having 10 rows of 5m length and apart 30 cm. Sowing date

and seed rate significantly affected weed fresh and dry biomass

before and after cutting. The interaction between sowing date

and seed rate was also found significant. Delay in sowing date

constantly decreased weed fresh biomass both before and after

cutting. The D x S interaction was also found significant which

indicated that weeds fresh and dry biomass before and after

cutting constantly decreased with delay in sowing date at each

seed rate from 100 to 200 kg ha-1

. The relative increase in

income (RII) indicated that cut plots resulted in 13% higher RII

as compared to no-cut plots. It was concluded from the

experiment that early sown wheat at the rate of 150 kg ha-1

was

found suitable to be used as dual purpose crop and resulted in

improved productivity and profitability of the wheat crop.




19. EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON WEED

CONTROL, RICE YIELD AND SOIL HEALTH

IN TRANSPLANTED WETLAND RICE

Md. Nasimul Bari

Department of Agronomy

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural

University

Gazipur-1706, BANGLADESH

Eight herbicides, i.e. Oxadiazone, Butachlor, Pretilachlor and

Anilphos from pre-, and MCPA, Ethoxysulfuran,

Pyrazosulfuran Ethyl and Oxadiarzil from post-emergence

category were applied at recommended dose in transplanted

wetland rice during aman (autumn), aus (summer) and boro

(winter) growing seasons at BSMRAU, Gazipur, Bangladesh

during 2007-08 to see their effects on weed control and rice

yield. Results revealed variations in the performance of

herbicides in different seasons. Pre-emergence herbicides

performed better regarding weed control efficiency and rice

yield. Based on the initial performance, Butachlor and MCPA

were further applied at concentrations ranging from 50% to

150% of the recommended dose in transplanted aus rice in

2009. Data indicated that Butachlor provided better weed

control efficiency and contributed to better crop growth and

grain yield compared to MCPA irrespective of concentration.

It might be due to that pre-emergence application of Butachlor

provided effective early season weed control, which MCPA

could not since applied as post-emergence. The highest grain

yield of 4.18 t/ha was contributed by weed free treatment,

while the least (2.44 t/ha) was by control. Among the

herbicide treatments, the highest grain yield of 4.08 t/ha was

contributed by Butachlor treatment at recommended dose,

while the lowest (2.83 t/ha) was in the plots receiving MCPA

@ 125% of the same. Results further revealed a positive

relationship between Butachlor concentration and grain yield,

although a declining trend was apparent at concentrations

beyond recommended dose, while a negative relationship was

noticed in MCPA treatments.

20. FFECT OF RICE IS ALLELOPATHIC

WEEDS AND CROPS

Riaz Ahmad Afridi and Gul Hassan

Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop Protection

Sciences,NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar,


An experiment was conducted at the Weed Science

Laboratory, Institute of Plant Environmental Protection,

National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad during

Season 2007. The objective of this research was to evaluate

the allelopathic effect of various concentrations of rice straw

extract (0, 50% and 100% rice straw extract) on the various

growth parameters of different crops (Helianthus annuus,

Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Vigna radiata, and Gossypium

hirsutum) as well as weed species (Ipomoea batatas, Sorghum

halepense, Rumex dentatus, Convolvulus arvensis and

Echinochola crusgalli). The stem + leaves of rice were used

for extraction. The aqueous extract was prepared by adding

100 g of ground rice straw in 1 L distilled water for 48 hrs.

Each treatment was replicated three times in Completely

Randomized Design with a factorial arrangement (species and

extract concentrations). The whole experiment was repeated

once to confirm the findings. It was inferred from the results

that 100% rice straw extract decreased germination and

growth of test plants more as compared to 0 and 50% rice

straw extract. Gossypium hirsutum out of crop plants and

Ipomoea batatas, Rumex dentatus and Convolvulus arvensis

out of weed species were most affected in both rice straw

extracts whereas Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Oryza sativa

and Vigna radiata were somewhat tolerant to rice straw

extract concentrations. Hence, it is concluded from the results

that allelopathy of rice straw can be used as an alternative

environment friendly tool for weed management in future.


20

21. USE OF BIO-HERBICIDE TO REDUCE THE

SYNTHETIC HERBICIDE DOSE

IN RICE (Oryza sative L.) PRODUCTION

Inayat Ullah Awan1, Muhammad Amjad Nadim

2, Inayat

Hussain Shah2 and Muhammad Safdar Baloch

2

1Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal

University, D.I.Khan 2Agronomy Section, Agricultural Research Institute, D.I.Khan-

PAKISTAN

The studies were conducted to manage the weed flora in rice

fields by conventional ways along with synthetic as well as

bio-herbicides in order to curtail the environmental and soil

hazards. Techniques used under the study were Ryzelan @ 30

ml & 15 ml ha-1

, Sorghum Water Extract (SWE) @ 15 L ha-1

,

SWE @ 15 L & 7.5 L ha-1

mixed with 30 ml & 15 ml ha-1

Ryzelan, Manual weeding (25 days, 50 days, 25 & 70 days

after transplanting), Weed free throughout season (control-1)

and Weedy check (control-2). Each treatment was used in four

repeats. Analysis of different techniques depicted the

significant variations among yield parameters. SWE @ 7.5 L

ha-1

mixed Ryzelan @ 15 ml ha-1

gave the highest paddy yield

(7.71 t ha-1

) followed by 6.95 t ha-1

recorded in plots where

SWE @ 15 L ha-1

mixed Ryzelan @ 15 ml ha-1

were applied.

The earlier treatment also produced more number of tillers,

heavier grains and low sterility percentage per unit area.

Definite results were observed in Weedy check (control-1)

plots which gave the lowest paddy yield of 5.99 t ha-1

.

Different techniques to control weed flora in rice field boosted

up the paddy yield over control-1. The highest paddy yield

recorded was 15.36 % increased over control. Among different

weeds prevailing the experimental block, Echinochoea

crusgalli and Cyprus rotundus were the major problem.

22. EVALUATION OF POST EMERGENCE

HERBICIDES ON WEED CONRTOL IN RICE

NERSERY

A.S.Rao, G.Subba Rao and M.Ratnam

Integrated Weed Management Unit,Regional Agricultural

Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural

University,Lam farm, GUNTUR-522 034, A.P., INDIA.

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of

2007-08 and 2008-09 to evaluate different post emergence

herbicides like cyhalofopbutyl 100 g/ha , bis pyribac sodium

20 to 50 g/ha, propaquizafop 50 g/ha, ethoxy sulfuron 15

g/ha, 2, 4-D Na salt 800 g/ha, alone and tank mixture of

cyhalofop butyl 100 g/ha + ethoxy sulfuron 15 g/ha 2, 4-D Na

salt 800 g/ha for broad spectrum weed control in rice nursery .

Result revealed that all the herbicidal treatments significantly

reduced total weed density and dry weight over unweeded

check. Among the4 treatments, post emergence application of

bispyribac sodium 30g/ha applied 15 DAS (day after sowing)

significantly reduced total weed density , dry weight and was

on par with its higher doses of 40 and 50 g/ha with weed

control efficiency of 74 to 79 percent. Among the treatments,

post emergence application of propaquizafop 50 kg/ha caused

severe stand loss of rice (90 percent) by 14 days after

application. Where as, bispyribac sodium at higher dose of 50

g/ha also caused slight injury, but crop recovered with in 14

days after application. Tank mix of propaquizafop butyl 100

g/ha with 2, 4-D Na salt 800 g/ha or ethoxy sulfuron 15 g/ha

did not offer any additional advantage compared to bis

pyribac sodium 30 g/ha.



23. WEED OCCURRENCE AND YIELD

LOSSES IN DRY DIRECT SEEDED RICE

Abdul Khaliq1*,

Amar Matloob1, M. Farooq

1 and

Farheena Aslam1


Faisalabad, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Direct seeding of rice has potential for attaining high

water productivity and eliminating the edaphic conflict

in rice-wheat cropping system of Punjab. Sustainability

of dry direct seeded rice is however adversely affected

by weeds. Field studies were conducted at Agronomic

Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

to explore weed dynamics and to look for effective and

economically viable weed control method/s in direct

seeded rice. Dry direct seeded rice experienced the

greatest weed pressure both in terms of density and dry

matter accumulation than any other method of stand

establishment. The crop was initially taken over by

Trianthema portulacastrum, common dominant broad

leaf weed, with 35-54% distribution, while the grasses

(Echinochloa cruss-galli, Echinochloa colonum,

Elusine indica, Dactylocteinum aegyptium) and sedges

(Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus iria) were competitive

throughout the growing season. Highest weed density

was recorded between 20-30 DAS while weed biomass

was maximum at 50 DAS. Yield loss of rice recorded

due to uncontrolled weeds was 85%. Among the

weedicides, bispyribac sodium (Nominee 100SC)) and

Penoxulan (Ryzelan 240SC) at 30 and 15 g a.i. ha-1

,

respectively, proved to be best with >80 % control and

were at par with each other. Nonetheless, hand

weeding was laborious, uneconomical and time

consuming but gave an effective weed control.

24. COMBINED APPLICATION OF ALLELOPATHIC

WATER EXTRACTS AND REDUCED DOSES OF

HERBICIDES FOR WEED MANAGEMENT IN

RICE

Z.A. Cheema*, S.M.A. Basra, A. Khaliq, M.N. Mushtaq, M.

Farooq and G. Haider

Weed science allelopathy Lab., Department of Agronomy,

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, PAKISTAN.

[email protected], [email protected]

Weeds are the primary pests causing severe yield losses in rice.

Time and labor shortage has replaced hand weeding with chemical

control which has created environmental and health concerns.

Here allelopathy offers an alternative for sustainable weed

management. Allelopathic water extracts with lower doses of

herbicides may be used to reduce health and environmental

effects. In this study, sorghum+sunflower+brassica water extracts

each at 15 L ha-1

combined with ½ doses of three herbicides

butachlor (Machete), oxadiargyl (Top star) and pretilachlor (Rift)

at 600, 40 and 312 g a.i. h-1

, respectively were used. Label doses

of these herbicides were applied at 1200, 80 and 625 g a.i. ha-1

,

respectively as a control. Sorghum+sunflower+brassica water

extracts each at 15 L ha-1

combined with ½ doses of (oxadiargyl,

butachlor and pretilachlor) inhibited dry matter production of

weeds by 58% comparable to full doses of these herbicides.

Butachlor @ ½ dose + sorghum+brassica+sunflower each at 15 L

ha-1

significantly increased paddy yield 77% as compared to label

dose of Butachlor 86%. But Oxadiargyl @ ½ dose +

Sorghum+Brassica+Sunflower each at 15 L ha-1

could not

significantly increase paddy yield 67% as compared to label dose

of Oxadiargyl 69%. To conclude use of allelopathy may help to

reduce the herbicide usage for weed management.




22

25. PERFORMANCE OF WEED MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES FOR DIFFERENT

ESTABLISHMENT METHOD OF RICE (Oryza

sativa L.) IN DRY SEASON

GJU Ahmed and MKA Bhuiyan

Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Rice Research

Institute, Gazipur-1701-BANGLADESH

[email protected]

Effect of rice establishment methods and weed management

practices on associated weeds and grain yield of rice was

studied at BRRI farm Gazipur and BRRI, Bhanga farm

Faridpur district in dry season of 2006 and 2007 respectively.

Seven weed control treatments were imposed inside three

planting method system. Herbicide MCPA500 @ 500g ai ha-1

showed a few phytotoxicity in broadcasting and drum seeded

system where other treatment combination did not showed

any significant phytitoxicity of crops. Grass type weed was

dominant (58%) in direct wet seeded rice, sedges (45%) and

broad leafs (25%) was dominant in transplanting method of

rice. Weed control efficiency were varied from 88-91% in

different weed control treatments. Weed number and weight

was significantly higher in broadcast and drum seeded method

resulted lower weed control efficiency than transplanted

method. Different groups of herbicide +one hand weeding

gave statistically similar yield compared with weed free

treatments except MCPA500 @ 500g ai ha-1

+ one hand

weeded treatments. Higher panicle number m-2 in

broadcasting and drum seeded method indicates higher grain

yield than transplanted method. Interaction effect of

Ethoxysulfuron 150WG @ 15g ai ha-1

+one hand weeding in

broadcasted method and pretilachlor 500Ec @ 500g ai ha-1

+

one hand weeding with drum seeded produced higher grain

yield, where as other combination of treatments produced

intermediate grain yield. Broadcasting and drum seeding

method produced lower grain yield in unweeded condition

compared with transplanting method with same condition.

26. WEED MANAGEMENT IN ORGANICALLY

GROWN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)

J.D.K.M. Jayawardane, J,Ekneligoda, D.Nandasena, K.

De Silva, M. Kurulugama, S. Sivanendrian

Regional Rice Research and Development Centre,

Bombuwela-SRI –LANKA

[email protected]

There is an increasing demand for rice grown free of

inorganic fertilizers and pesticides.Many constraints have

been identified in this regard and weeds become a major

constraint which reduces a considerable amount of organic

rice production. Therefore, this study was aimed to find

effective weed management practices for organically grown

rice. The experiment was carried out in two consecutive

seasons during 2006 and 2007 in the research field at the

above research centre. Seven treatments viz. rice straw mulch

(4t/ha) soon after seeding for row seeded and broadcast rice

and leaf mulches of Gliricidia maculata L (gliricidia) (4t/ha)

and Lantana camera L (lantana) (4t/ha) at 7 days after

seeding for broadcast rice and inter row mechanical weeding

in row seeded rice were tested against unweeded broadcast

and row seeded rice with three replicates. Fertilizers were

given from organic materials and pest problems were

managed free of inorganic chemicals. Rice stand count was

taken at 2 weeks after establishment (WAE). Density of

weeds was recorded at 3 and 6 WAE. Weed dry weights were

taken at 6WAE. Rice yield was recorded at harvest. Rice

straw mulch controlled weeds in broadcast rice in both

seasons. Its higher efficacy was observed in controlling grass

and sedges over broad leaves and, similar results could be

observed in row seeded rice. Weed control efficacy of rice

straw mulch was comparable to mechanical inter row weeding

in row seeded rice. Gliricidia leaf mulch controlled sedges

and broad leaves over grass and comparable results were

obtained from Lantana during one season in broadcast rice.





27. EVALUATION OF HERBICIDES FOR

WEED CONTROL IN FINE GRAIN

AEROBIC RICE

Ehsanullah, K. Jabran1, and M. Babar

Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,


[email protected]

Weeds are the major constrain in the successful production

of fine grain rice under aerobic environments. We evaluated

five herbicides for weed control in fine grain aerobically

grown rice under sub-tropical, semi-arid conditions of

Punjab, Pakistan. The herbicides tested included butachlor

(1200g a.i.ha-1

), bispyribac sodium (25g a.i.ha-1

),

pendimethalin (825g a.i.ha-1

), fenoxaprop-P-ethyl (468.75g

a.i.ha-1

) and ethoxysulfuron ethyl (30g a.i.ha-1

). A

combination of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and ethoxysulfuron

ethyl was also tested. A weedy check and a weed free were

maintained as control for making comparisons. Varying

patterns of weeds suppression in terms of density and dry

weight were recorded with the usage of different herbicides.

The order of the herbicides for suppressing weeds was

bispyribac sodium > pendimethalin > butachlor >

fenoxaprop-P-ethyl + ethoxysulfuron ethyl >

ethoxysulfuron ethyl > fenoxaprop-P-ethyl. Maximum grain

yield (4.09 t ha-1

) was recorded in weed free while the

minimum grain yield (2.02 t ha-1

) was noted in the weedy

check. Maximum increase (88%) in grain yield over control

(weedy check) was recorded in plots that were treated with

bispyribac sodium and was followed by the experimental

units which were sprayed with pendimethalin (83%

increase in grain yield over control). Increase in grain yield

was due to the effective weed control as the yield outputs

were strongly correlated with weed control.

28. EXPLORING THE ROLE OF GROUND

COVER SYSTEMS FOR WEED CONTROL IN

FINE GRAIN AEROBIC RICE IN SUB-

TROPICAL, SEMI ARID PUNJAB

K. Jabran1, Ehsanullah and M.K. Khilji



[email protected]

Water shortage has threatened the productivity of flooded,

fine grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) in sub-tropical, semi-arid

Punjab of Pakistan. This has necessitated shifting over to rice

cultivation under aerobic environments. Nevertheless, the

severe weed infestation and the swift soil moisture depletion

are the major restrictions in the adoption of this system. We

tested five ground cover systems (GCS) to manage weeds and

enhance water retention in the soil put under the aerobic rice.

The GCS included black polyethylene sheet, maize (Zea mays

L.) straw, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw, sunflower

(Helianthus annuus L.) straw and berseem (Trifolium

alexandrinum L.) straw. Each of the straw GCS was used @ 6

t ha-1

. A field maintained without application of GCS was

used for comparison (control/weedy check treatment). All of

the GCS proved to be effective for suppressing weeds in term

of density and dry weight. Black polyethylene sheet was the

most effective GCS for controlling weeds followed by maize

and berseem GCS. Maximum yield (2.43 t ha-1

) of fine grain

rice was obtained with black polyethylene GCS. All of the

other GCS produced at least 2 t ha-1

grains while the control

(no GCS) gave minimum output i.e. 1.79 t ha-1

of the grain

yield. Studies of the quality parameters indicated that

abortive, opaque, chalky and sterile kernels were maximum in

the plots without GCS. Effectual weed control, reduced

evaporation and thus enhanced water retention and ultimately

the improved water productivity were the reasons for increase

in grain yield and quality under GCS.


24

29. PERFORMANCE OF

MEFENACET+BENSULFURON METHYL

53% WP AGAINST WEED SUPPRESSION IN

TRANSPLANTED PADDY

MKA Bhuiyan and GJU Ahmed

Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Rice Research

Institute, Gazipur-1701, BANGLADESH

[email protected]

The study was conducted during dry season of 2007 at two

different agro ecological zones(AEZ)of Bangladesh to

evaluate the effectiveness of Mefenacet+Bensulfuron methyl

53%wp for weed management in transplanted paddy.

Mefenacet+Bensulfuron methyl 53% wp @ 524,594 and 657g

ai ha-1

was evaluated for its bio-efficacy against broad

spectrum of weeds and safety to crop. Standard for

comparison was butachlor 5G @ 1250g ai ha-1

. Weed flora in

the experimental plots at two different agro ecological zones

comprised of the grasses Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa

crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis, the sedges, Cyperus

difformis, scirpus juncoides and the broadleafs Enhydra

fluctuans, Monochoria vaginalis, Lindernia anagallis,

Marsilea minuta and sphenoclea zeylanica. Pre-emergence

application of Mefenacet+Bensulfuron methyl 53% wp @

594g ai ha-1

led to higher weed control efficiency and lowest

number and dryweight of weeds which eventually resulted

higher yield attributes and grain yield of rice that were

comparable to the standards in both location.

30. WEED SUPPRESSION AND YIELD INCREASE

IN AMAN RICE DUE TO INTEGRATION OF

HERBICIDES AND HAND WEEDING

S.M. Rezaul Karim

Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University,

Mymensingh-BANGLADESH

E-mail:[email protected]

An investigation was carried out at the Bangladesh Agricultural

University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh during June to November

2007 to evaluate the weed suppression and yield increase in

transplant aman rice due to different herbicides alone or in

combination with a single hand weeding. Five herbicides

namely, Ronstar 25EC (Oxadiazinon), Aimchlor 5G

(Butachlor), 2,4-D amine and Rifit 50EC (Pretilachlor) at

recommended doses e.g. 2 L/ha, 20 kg/ha, 1.7 L/ha and 1.0 L/ha

respectively, and low doses e.g. 1.0 L/ha, 10 kg/ha, 0.85 L/ha

and 0.5 L/ha respectively were used. Two hand weeding at 30

and 50 days after transplant (DAT) (Farmers’ practice), no weed

control (control) and weed free (as check) were also included.

Data on weed dry weight was recorded at 30 and 50 DAT. Weed

control efficiency, yield increase and cost-benefit ratio due to

different treatments were calculated. Among the weed control

treatments, Ronstar @ 1.0 L/ha + one hand weeding at 50 DAT

provided with the highest weed suppression (62.3%), which was

9% higher than farmers’ practice. The highest yield increase

(44.16%) was also noted under the treatment and it was slightly

higher than the weed free treatment (39.9%). The relative

contribution of hand weeding when combined with low dose of

the herbicides, was higher in case of Rifit (18.4%) followed by

2,4-D (16.7%). The cost-benefit ratio due to using this weed

control treatment was the highest (1.60) than other treatments.

The important weed species found to infest the crop was,

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria

sanguinalis, Leersia hexandra, and E. colonum. The

accumulation of weed dry matter was negatively correlated to

grain yield, tiller number and plant height of rice.




31. EFFECT OF CROP ESTABLISHMENT

METHODS AND WEED MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES ON PROTEIN CONTENT,

NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND YIELD OF RICE

(Oryza sativa L.)

Vivek Yadav, L.R. Singh and Rajendra Singh

S.V.B.P.U.A. &.T, Zonal Research Station Nagina, Bijnor,

U.P, India- 246 762-INDIA

[email protected]

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive

Kharif seasons of 2003 & 2004, to find out most suitable

weed management practices for different crop

establishment methods. Maximum loss of nutrients by

weeds was recorded under zero tillage followed by dry

seeding under moist condition while highest content of

protein in grain and straw was recorded under transplanting.

Highest grain yield (54.72q/ha) was recorded under

transplanting which was at par with drum seeding (54.53

q/ha) during first year and significantly superior over other

methods during second year. Chemical + 2 hand weeding

produced significantly higher grain yield (61.04 q/ha &

60.88 q/ha) over other weed management practices during

first and second year, respectively.

32. GROWTH AND YIELD OF HYBRID AND

INBRED BORO RICE VARIETIES AFFECTED

BY DIFFERENT WEED CONTROL METHODS

M.H.Ali1, H.M.M.Tariq

2 Hossain and S. Ahamed

3

Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural

University, Dhaka, BANGLADESH

hazratali11@yahoo

A field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla

Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh during

December, 2008 to May, 2009 to evaluate the growth and

yield of hybrid and inbred boro rice affected by different

weed control methods. The experiment comprised of seven

weeding treatments viz. no weeding, one weeding at 30 DAT

(Days After Transplanting), two weeding at 30 DAT and 50

DAT; application of herbicides- Sunrise 150WP

recommended dose at 100 g ha-1

, Sunrise 150WP 25% higher

than the recommended dose, Commit 500EC recommended

dose at 1000 ml ha-1

, Commit 500EC 25% lower than the

recommended dose and boro rice varieties viz. Hira hybrid

dhan 6, Sonarbangla hybrid dhan 6 and BRRI dhan 29. The

experiment carried out in RCBD with three replications. Eight

weed species belonging to four families were identified in the

experiment field of which Echinochloa colonum, Leerisa

hexandra, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Scirpus

mucronatus, Spilanthes acmella, Enhydra fluctuans and

Desmodium trifolium. Population densities of weeds were

recorded from 7 DAT to 50 DAT at 7 days interval. It was

evident that among the weed control treatments, application of

Sunrise 150WP 25% higher than the recommended dose

showed best performance in respect of highest plant height

(103.35 cm), maximum tillers hill-1

(22), maximum plant dry

matter (67.24 g hill-1

), effective tillers hill-1

(19.67), lowest

number of ineffective tillers hill-1

(1.33) and consequently

produced highest grain yield (9.50 t ha-1

), straw yield (10.25 t

ha-1

) and harvest index (48.10) in comparison to all other

treatments. Among the weed control treatments- Sunrise

150WP at 25% higher than the recommended dose controlled

81% of weed population, whereas Commit 500EC 62% and

hand weeding only 52% which was costlier than others. The

highest grain yield, straw yield as well as benefit cost ratio

was obtained from the variety Sonarbangla hybrid dhan 6.

Application of Sunrise 150WP 25% higher than the

recommended dose increased 22.58% higher grain yield than

Commit 500EC 25% lower than the recommended dose and

34.58% higher grain yield than two hand weeding due to

higher number of panicles hill-1

and higher number of grains

panicle-1

.


26

33. WEED CONTROL EFFECTS AND SAFETY

EVALUATION OF TOPSHOT IN DIRECT

SEEDING PADDY FIELD

ZHANG Hong-jun, LIU Xue and YE Jiming

Institute for Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture, and

Beijing 1000125-CHINA


The weed control effects, safety evaluation for succeeding crops, and

the influence on the change of weed nutrient content were studied to

evaluate the application prospect of TopShot and determined its weed

control technology in direct seeding paddy fields．The Topshot was a

mixture of 50 g/L cyhalofop-butyl and 10 g/L penoxsulam, and its

formulation was Oil Dispersion. The results showed that TopShot had

good control effects and was superior to manual control, significantly.

The overall quantity control effects for Echinochloa crusgalli,

Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus iria, Cyperus difformis were reached

91.06% to 99.34% and the overall fresh control effects were reached

93.85% to 99.60%. The application of TopShot 60OD significantly

reduced the weeds absorption of nutrition, resulting in a significant

acceleration of photosynthesis and prominent effects of yield

enhancing. It had no phototoxic symptoms for succeeding crops such

as, wheat, rape, cabbage, onion and garlic. In general, the TopShot had

very good respect in direct seeding paddy fields.

34. COMPETITION BETWEEN MAIZE AND ITS

WEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT

NITROGEN LEVELS

Muhammad Saeed*, Abdul Khaliq*, Zahid Ata Cheema*

and Ata Muhammad Ranjha** *Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad-PAKISTAN **

Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of

Agriculture, Faisalabad- PAKISTAN

[email protected]

A field experiment was conducted at Post Graduate

Agricultural Research Station, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad (Pakistan) during 2005 and 2006 kharif seasons to

evaluate the effect of different nitrogen levels on competitive

behaviour of naturally occurring population of weeds under

different weed crop competition durations. Major weeds were;

Trianthema portulacastrum, Cyperus rotundus, Digeria

arvnsis, Dactyloctanum aegyption and Convolvulus arvnsis.

In this competition study, weeds were allowed to compete

with the maize crop for 0 (weed free throughout the growing

season), 2. 3, 4, 5 or 15 weeks (weedy throughout the growing

season) after which maize plots were kept weed free for the

rest of the growing season. The nitrogen levels used were 150,

200 and 250 kg ha-1

. Increase in weed-crop competition

durations was negatively correlated with grain yield and yield

components such as 1000-grain weight, number of grains per

cob and number of leaves per plant while the situation was

reverse for density and dry weight of weeds. The reduction in

maize grain yield and yield components due to increase in

weed-crop competition durations was more prominent under

low nitrogen level (150 kg ha-1

), whereas the extent of yield

loss was trimmed down with successive increase in nitrogen

rates. The results revealed that maize is very sensitive to

different nitrogen levels and weed crop competition durations

and this sensitiveness boosted up under low fertility

conditions.





35. THE SAFETY OF MESOTRIONE TO THE

DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF MAIZE BY PPM

METHOD

Zhang Hongjun1, 2

, Wang Guiqi3, Cui Hailan

4, Li

Xiangju4, Ni Hanwen

2*

Hanwen Ni. Weed Science Research Unit, Department of

Pesticides and Plant Quarantine, College of Agriculture and

Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, 2 West

Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193-CHINA


The trials were carried out during 2006-2007 in the field of

Beijing to evaluate the safety of mesotrione to the different

varieties of summer maize and alleviation of the Bihu, a plant

growth regulator, to the injury of mesotrione to the maize.

The 4 maize varieties that were widely planted in north

China were used in the experiment. The plot size was 60 m2.

Mesotrione was applied at the rates of 0, 105, 210, 420 and

840 a.i. g/ha at the 4-5 leaf stage, and spray volume was 600

L/ha. One week later, the half of plots was treated with the

Bihu at the rate of 30 g formulation /ha, and spray volume

was 300 L/ha. The treatments were repeated 4 times. The

visual injury was observed after treatment, and PPM value

were measured 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 day after mesotrione

treatment (DAMT). The plant height was measured 0, 7, 14,

21, and 28 DAMT and the fresh shoot biomass of 10 plants

from each treatment was weighed before harvest. The relative

regression analysis between the value of PPM of DAMT and

the plant height of 21 DAMT was carried out, and the positive

correlation of them was very good. The PPM values of 2-4

DAMT could predict the damage of the mesotrione to the

plant height of maize. The PPM value of the maize decreased

significantly 2 DAMT, and thereafter increased slowly. The

responses of different varieties were different. Bainuo 6 was

very sensitive, and took 10 days to recover. Tiandan 8 was

sensitive, and took 8 days to recover. Nongda 862 and

Zhengdan 21 were less sensitive, and took 6 days to recover.

Visual bleaching injury could be observed 3-4 DAMT.

With the increasing of mesotrione dosage, the injury could be

much more serious. The growth of all the varieties was

inhibited significantly at the high dosage, and the plant height

and fresh shoot weight were much lower than these of no

treatment. However, there was difference in injury severity

among the varieties. Bihu could alleviate the damage of

mesotrione. In conclusion, the responses of the maize to

mesotrione could be determined by curves of PPM value and

Bihu could alleviate the injury. It is necessary to find out its

mechanism in future.

36. RESPONSE OF MAIZE AND THREE

PERENNIAL WEEDS TO DIFFERENT

COMBINATIONS OF MACRO-NUTRIENTS

Umm-e-Kulsoom and Muhammad Azim Khan

Department of Weed Science

NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar- PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Pot experiment was conducted in the Department of Weed

Science, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar. Study was

initiated in the month of July 2009 to study the response of three

perennial weeds and maize hybrid to different combinations of

macro-nutrients. The experiment was laid out in Completely

Randomized Design (CRD), replicated 3 times. There were

eight treatments in experiment comprising control (0), nitrogen

(N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K) and combinations of NP,

NK, PK and NPK. The doses of NPK alone and in mixture were

300, 200 and 100 mg Kg-1

soil. Five seeds of maize and three

rhizomes/stolons of Cyperus rotundus, Cynodon dactylon and

Sorghum helepense were sown in the pots. Analysis of the data

revealed that all the fertilizers significantly increased the growth

parameters of the species studied. However combine use of

these fertilizers were more effective in increasing the plant

height, fresh biomass, dry biomass and root weight as compared

to alone use. The present findings revealed that fertilizer

application in maize not only favour the crop growth but also

benefit the three perennial weeds in our country. Thus band

application of the fertilizers may show advantages over the

broadcast application.



28

37. IMPACT OF TILLAGE, PLANT

POPULATION AND MULCHES ON WEED

MANAGEMENT IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

Bakhtiar Gul and Khan Bahadar Marwat


Sciences,NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar-25130


Field experiments were conducted during 2006 and 2007 in

Peshawar, using open pollinated maize variety ‘Azam’ in

RCB design having 3 factors viz., tillage, maize populations

and mulches with split-split plot arrangements. Tillage levels

(zero and conventional) were assigned to the main plots,

populations (90000, 60000 and 30000 plants ha-1

) to the sub-

plots and four types of mulches (weeds mulch, black plastic

mulch, white plastic mulch and mungbean as living mulch), a

hand weeding and a weedy check were allotted to sub-sub

plots, respectively. Crop yield was not affected significantly

by the years, whereas all other factors affected the maize

yield. With zero-tillage the yield of maize was 2271 kg ha-1

,

compared to 2429 kg ha-1

in conventional tillage. Similarly,

increasing crop density increased the yield; having 2055 kg

ha-1

in 30000 plants ha-1

, 2412 kg ha-1


and

2483 kg ha-1


, respectively. Significantly

higher grain yield of 2863 kg ha-1

was recorded in the hand

weeding as compared to weedy check (1422 kg ha-1

) and

statistically at par with black plastic mulch (2813 kg ha-1

),

followed by weeds mulch (2460 kg ha-1

), white plastic (2398

kg ha-1

) and living mulch (2145 kg ha-1

), respectively. Zero

tillage resulted in maximum fresh weed biomass of 183 kg ha-

1 as compared to 165 kg ha

-1 in the conventional tillage. While

lesser weed biomass (158 kg ha-1

) was recorded in the highest

population of 90000 plants ha-1

as compared to 60000 plants

ha-1

(168 kg ha-1

) and 30000 plants ha-1

(196 kg ha-1

),

respectively. Less fresh weed biomass was recorded in the

hand weeding plots (112 kg ha-1

) and statistically at par with

black plastic mulch (120 kg ha-1

), followed by weeds mulch

(164 kg ha-1

), white plastic mulch (191 kg ha-1

) and living

mulch (195 kg ha-1

) as compared to weedy check (260 kg ha-

1). Number of weeds species was higher (62 %) in zero tillage

than conventional tillage (58 %). Similarly, higher plant

populations (90000 plants ha-1

and 60000 plants ha-1

) had 58

% weed species each as compared to 63 % in the lower plant

population (30000 plants ha-1

). In hand weeding fewer weeds

species (38 %) were reported, followed by black plastic (51

%), weeds mulch (58 %), living mulch (63 %) and white

plastic (64 %), respectively, as compared to 84 % in the

weedy check.

38. EFFECT OF WEED DENSITY ON

BIOLOGICAL YIELD OF MAIZE

Muhammad Saeed, Khan Bahadar Marwat and Bakhtiar

Gul

Department of weed science

NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar-25130 PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

Studies were carried out on maize and weed competition at

Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University

Peshawar, Pakistan for two crop seasons viz., 2006 and 2007,

using open pollinated variety “Azam”. The experiments were

laid out in Randomized Complete Block design with split plot

arrangements, having, three replications. Four maize plant

spacings viz., 15, 20, 25 and 30 cm were kept in main plots,

while weed densities viz., 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 m-2

were

allotted to sub plots. Data were recorded on days to tasseling,

days to maturity, leaf area index and biological yield (t ha-1

).

Plant spacing of 15 cm resulted in higher leaf area index and

biological yield in comparison with 30 cm plant spacing.

Similarly, any weed density of Trianthema portulacastrum

decreased leaf index and biological yield over the weedy check.

Moreover days to tasseling and maturity were also delayed by

increasing weed density. Two years research showed that

narrow plant spacing of 15 cm enhanced the competitive ability

of maize crop and suppressed weed growth which eventually

resulted in higher biological yield, depicting that T.

portulacastrum is a strong competitor of maize and may cause

substantial yield losses depending on plant spacing and weed

density.



39. At IMPACT OF INTERCROPPING ON WEED

CONTROL AND GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE

CROP

Zahid Hussain1, Abdul Samad

2 and Fazal Munsif

3

1Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University

Peshawar 2Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar

3Plant Physiology Section, Agricultural Research Institute

Tarnab Peshawar -PAKISTAN

A field experiment of intercropping in maize crop (variety

Azam) was conducted during the cropping season 2009 at

Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar, North West

Frontier Province, Pakistan. The experiment was laid out in

randomized complete block design and comprised of five

treatments, each of which was sown in a plot size of 5m x 3m,

replicated four times. The treatments included were;

intercropping of French bean with maize, mung bean with

maize, sunflower + maize, maize alone with hand weeding

(weed free), and maize alone with no weed control (weedy

check). The treatments significantly affected weeds density m-

2 and grain yield of maize crop. Intercropping reduced weed

population to a significant level as compared to maize alone

with no weed control (103.7 plants m-2

). French bean,

sunflower and mung bean decreased the weed density to 76.9,

66.1, and 54.6 weeds m-2

, respectively. On the other hand, the

highest grain yield of maize (3662 kg ha-1

) was recorded in

the weed free maize alone plots indicating 32% yield increase

over the maize alone weedy plots (2474 kg ha-1

). Among the

intercrops, grain yield of 3246 kg ha-1

i.e. 24% yield increase

was recorded in plots with mung bean + maize, followed by

sunflower + maize (2928 kg ha-1

i.e. 16%). However, the

treatment of French beans + maize (2768 kg ha-1

i.e. 11%

yield increase) was statistically at par with the maize alone

weedy check.

40. Effect of Intercropping systems and Nitrogen

Fertilizer on growth and quality characters of corn

(Zea mays L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Zakiya Ahmad, Hassan Al-Mezori and Mosleh M.S. Duhoky

College of Agriculture University of Dohuk-

This study conducted to investigate the effect of cropping

systems and N-fertilization on plant growth of corn (Zea mays

L.) and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in sole cropping and

intercropping systems ( 4 arrangements) for two seasons (2002

and 2003) under field conditions with two factors, cropping

systems and N-fertilizer (0, 10 and 20 kg of urea/do.) and 40 kg

of urea/do adopted just for making comparisons. Sys.2 caused

increasing of the following characters (stem diameter, leaf

length, leaf area index and oil% of grains) as compared with

sole corn. While in peanut plants, reduction of all characters

obtained as compared with sole peanut. Protein% of corn grains

showed significant increase when corn intercropped with peanut

on the same furrow at ratio (1:1). Nitrogen fertilization affected

all characters of corn. Application 20 kg of urea caused

significant increase over sole corn for all characters; the

exception was oil% of corn grains which decreased

insignificantly as N-levels increased. Protein% of peanut seeds

increased insignificantly as compared with control, on the other

hand, oil% decreased significantly in comparison with control.

Interaction between intercropping systems and N-fertilizer

affected insignificantly on stem diameter, number of

leaves/plant, and significantly affected the other characters of

corn. Concerning the whole parameters of corn in the

intercropping systems, intercropping of corn and peanut on

alternate furrows at ratio (2:1), with addition of 20 kg urea/do is

more suitable intercropping systems used in this study, because

more than 76% of these parameters increased. For peanut

characters, intercropping sys.2 and applying 20 kg of urea

increased about 80% of all characters and shows its

effectiveness over the rest interactions


30

41. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS

METHODS OF WEED CONTROL IN

CHICKPEA FIELDS

Fathi A. O. Emenky1, Nahla M. Saleem

2 and Ahmed S.

Khalaf 2

1Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture,

University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ 2Dept. of Soil & Water Sciences, College of Agriculture,

University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, IRAQ

An experiment was conducted at Agricultural College

farm/Duhok University to investigate the effectiveness of

different kinds of ploughs and weed management practices on

weed control in chickpea field during the growing season

2009. Ploughs kinds included disc plow, mouldboard plow,

and cultivator and the weed management practices involved

control, hand hoeing, trifluraline (soil herbicide), aloxy

(selective herbicide) and gramoxone (general herbicide). The

results indicated that the ploughs types have no significant

effect on number of weeds or their dry weight. Hand hoeing

and gramoxone were superior among other treatments. Also

the interaction of hand hoeing with all kinds of ploughs was

significant. The interaction of gramoxone with disc plow gave

lowest dry weight of broad leaved weeds. Neither number of

narrow leaved weeds nor their dry weight has serious effect in

chickpea fields.

42. COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF

CONVENTIONAL VERSUS NO-TILLAGE

SYSTEMS FOR WEED CONTROL UNDER

VARIOUS SEED RATES OF CHICKPEA

Ihsanullah Daur and Amanullah Jan

Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University

Peshawar, PAKISTAN

Ihsanullah. [email protected]

No-till is recognized globally as an ideal means of conserving

soil and water, but keeping in view weed infestation under

organic farming, a field study was conducted during 2005 in

NWFP Agriculture University Peshawar. Aim of the study was

to compare no-tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT)

systems for weed control in chickpea grown under rainfed

condition. Each tillage system was evaluated under three

different seed rate rates (40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1

) of chickpea.

The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block

design with split plot arrangement, putting tillage systems in

main plots and seed rate in sub plots. In the study CT was found

more effective in controlling weeds and performance of

chickpea compared to NT across all seed rates. Weed biomass

was observed linearly decreased with increase in chickpea seed

rate; however chickpea showed best performance for seed rate

of 80 kg ha-1

. On the basis of present experiment seed rate of 80

kg ha-1

under CT may be promising combination for chickpea

production under rainfed condition.



43. INFLUENCE OF WEED MANAGEMENT

METHODS ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF

CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)

Fathi A. O. Emenky, Ahmed S. Khalaf and Nahla M.

Saleem 1Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture,

University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

([email protected]) 2Deptartment of Soil & Water Sciences, College of

Agriculture, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region,

IRAQ

This experiment was conducted at Agricultural College

farm/ Duhok University to study the effect of different

methods of weeds control on chickpea growth and yield

during the growing season 2009. Ploughs kinds included

disc plow, mould board plow, and cultivator and the weed

management practices involved hand hoeing, trifluraline

(the soil incorporated herbicide), aloxy (selective herbicide)

and gramoxone (general herbicide). The results indicated

that the ploughs types have no significant effect on any

traits of growth or yield of chickpea. Hand hoeing

significantly gave highest seed yield and weight of 100

seeds which were 120.36 kg and 30.80 g respectively.

While both hand hoeing and gramoxone were superior in

number of primary branches (3.49 and 3.40), number of

pods per plant (12.27 and 10.94) and hay yield per donum

(363.88 and 318.20 kg) respectively. The interaction of

hand hoeing with cultivator and mould board were

significant for most of traits under the study. Also the

interaction of gramoxone with cultivator was significant in

plant height and height of the lowest pod traits which were

41.33 and 23.14 cm, respectively.

44. RESPONSE OF CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum)

AND Euphorbia dracunculoides TO PRE AND

POST- EMERGENCE HERBICIDES UNDER

CONTROLLED CONDITIONS

Asif Tanveer*, Shakeel Imran, Muhammad Ayub and

Muhammad Yaseen1

Department of Agronomy,

Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of

Agriculture Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

A pot experiment was conducted during 2007-08 at the

Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad, to evaluate the response of chickpea (Cicer

arietinum) and Euphorbia dracunculoides to various pre and

post-emergence herbicides, using completely randomized design

(CRD) having four replications. Treatments comprised of pre-

emergence spray and sand mix broadcast application of

pendimethalin @ 853.12 and 910 g a.i. ha-1

; S-metalochlor @

1440 g a.i. ha-1

; atrazin @ 712.5 g a.i. ha-1

; fluroxypyr + MCPA

@ 562.5 and 625 g a.i. ha-1

; bromoxynyl + MCPA @ 675 g a.i.

ha-1

; metribuzin @ 262.5 g a.i. ha-1

; terbutryn @ 630 g a.i. ha-1

and carfentrazone ethyl @ 30 g a.i. ha-1

while bentazon @ 720

and 960 g a.i. ha-1

and atrazin @ 475 g a.i. ha-1

were applied as

post-emergence spray. The data were recorded on plant height,

fresh and dry weight, number of pods, grain weight, biological

yield of crop and weed. Maximum control of Euphorbia

dracunculoides was observed in atrazin @ 712.5 g a.i. ha-1

(92.5

%) and metribuzin @ 262.5 g a.i. ha-1

(90 %), both applied as

sand mix broadcast but had phytotoxic effect on growth of

chickpea, resulted in complete failure of the crop. Maximum

grain yield was recorded with bromoxynyl + MCPA @ 675 g

a.i. ha-1

, applied as pre-emergence spray followed by

carfentrazone ethyl @ 30 g a.i. ha-1

, applied as sand mix

broadcast. Terbutryn @ 630 g a.i. ha-1

, S-metalochlor @ 1440 g

a.i. ha-1

, fluroxypyr + MCPA @ 625 g a.i. ha-1

and bentazon @

960 g a.i. ha-1

also provided good control of Euphorbia

dracunculoides but less yield due to increased phytotoxicity,

chloresis of leaves, significant reduction in plant height, shoot

and root dry weight of chickpea.



32

45. HERBICIDES AND THEIR DOSES

EFFECTS ON Asphodelus tenuifolius CAV.

IN CHICKPEA

Muhammad Ishfaq Khan, Gul Hassan and Imtiaz Khan

Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

The study aims to determine dose requirements of herbicides

for controlling A. tenuifolius on farmer’s field in chickpea

during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Five herbicides pendimethalin,

s-metolachlor, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, MCPA and isoproturon

with four doses were studied in the trials. MCPA produced

phytotoxic effect on weed and crop and completely inhibited

crop and weed growth. Isoproturon was less effective on A.

tenuifolius with less phytoxicity on crop. Best seed yield was

recorded in pre-emergence herbicides (1164 and 1150 kg ha-1

)

at high dose as compared to fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (1088 kg ha-

1). Next year (2006-2007) again the same herbicides were

tested while MCPA due to its phytotoxicity on crop was

replaced by clodinafop propargyl (post-emergence). Almost

similar results were recorded with the only difference of

herbicides clodinafop propargyl. The best seed yield of 1109

kg ha-1

was recorded each for pendimethalin and s-

metolachlor which was however, statistically similar with

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (1107 kg ha-1

). Lower (½x) and 1X

doses of post emergence herbicides produced good results as

compared to 1.5X. While Pre emergence herbicides was

effective at 1.5X dose.

46. EFFECT OF RATES AND METHODS OF

APPLICATION OF PENTHALENE PLUS

(PENDIMETHALIN + PROMETRYN) ON

CONTROL OF WILD ONION (Asphodelus

tenuifolius) IN CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum L.)

Muhammad Sibtain1, Asif Tanveer, Rashid Ahmad

2,

Muhammad Yaseen3.

1Department of Agronomy,

2Department of Crop Physiology,

3Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of

Agriculture Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of rates and

methods of application of Penthalene plus (Pendimethalin +

prometryn) on control of wild onion (Asphodelus tenuifolius)

in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at Agronomic Research

Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in the year 2007-

08. Experiment comprised of six treatments including two

rates and two methods of application of Penthalene plus viz.

2500 ml ha-1

foliar spray, 2500 ml ha-1

sand mix broadcast

application, 3000 ml ha-1

foliar spray and 3000 ml ha-1

sand

mix broadcast application. Manual weed control (hoeing) and

weedy check were also included in the experiment for

comparison. Experiment was laid out in randomized complete

block design (RCBD) with four replications. Weed density,

fresh and dry weight of weeds per unit area, yield and yield

components of chickpea were significantly affected by

different doses and application methods of Penthalene plus.

Maximum number of weeds (240 m-2

) and dry weight (434 g

m-2

) was observed in control and minimum number of weeds

(7.75 m-2

) and dry weight (13.52 g m-2

) of weeds was

observed in foliar application of Penthalene plus @ 2500 ml

ha-1

. Maximum seed yield was obtained with Penthalene plus

@ 2500 ml ha-1

applied either sand mix broadcast (2261 kg

ha-1

) or foliar spray (2227 kg ha-1

) and it was 409 and 375 kg

ha-1

more than weedy check (1852 kg ha-1

), respectively.

Manual weeding gave 520, 145 and 111 kg ha-1

more yield

than weedy check, foliar spray and sand mix broadcast @

2500 ml ha-1

, respectively. It is recommended that Penthalene

plus @ 2500 ml ha-1

either foliar spray or sand mix proved to

be the best alternative of hand weeding with respect to

controlling weeds and increasing yield in chickpea.



47. SCREENING OF SOME PRE AND POST

EMERGENCE HERBICIDES TO

CONTROL WEEDS IN CHICKPEA (Cicer

arietinum L.) UNDER RAINFED

CONDITIONS

Muhammad Ansar, Adeel Anwar, M. Arif, M.

Nadeem and Adnan Zahid

Department of Agronomy, PMAS-Arid Agriculture

University Rawalpindi, PAKISTAN

A field study was carried out to evaluate the performance

of various herbicide treatments on yield and quality of

chickpea during the year 2007-08 at Koont Research

Farm, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University

Rawalpindi in order to address the problem of weeds

infestation problems in chickpea under rainfed conditions

of Pothwar. RCBD design used having three

replications. Two pre-emergence weedicide Stomp 330

EC, Dual gold 960 EC at two dose level and two post-

emergence weedicide puma super 75 EW, topic 15 WP

were applied at different levels along with hand weeding

and control treatments. The data were recorded on grain

yield (Kg ha-1

), weed biomass (Kg ha-1

), germination

count m-2

, plant height (cm), number of pods plant-1

,

number of seed pod-1

, biological yield (Kg ha-1

) and 1000

grain weight (g). The results of the treatments showed

that highest grain yield (401.0 Kg ha-1

) was obtained by

hand weeding followed by puma super 75 EW @ 1.2 lit

ha-1

(319.8 Kg ha-1

) against the control treatment (212.2

Kg ha-1

). So hand weeding performed best but it is

practical at lower level and where labor is cheap and easy

available otherwise the spray with puma super 75 EW @

1.2 lit ha-1

appeared to be best for control of weeds in

chickpea under rainfed conditions.

48. ADOPTABILITY OF POST EMERGENCE

WEEDICIDE FOR COTTON PRODUCTIVITY

Dilbaugh Muhammad*, Muhammad Naveed Afzal**, Ilyas

Raza**and Muhammad Azam Mian**

University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University,

Multan, Pakistan-60800

Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, PAKISTAN

Productivity of field crop is the result of interaction of several

agronomic, environmental and social factors. In field crops, wide

row crops are the most affected by weed intensity. Weeds affect in

reduction in yield is mainly due to a smaller number of bolls per

plant. The weed population is not static but changes in response to

growing conditions, control procedures and cropping sequence. Field

experiments was laid out under randomized complete block design

in four replicates at the Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan

during the 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effective weed control

measures, seed cotton yield and yield components of cotton. The

treatments were Mechanical weeding (Inter-culturing four times),

Round Up 490 G/L @ 4.7 L ha-1

(Glyphosate 2.303 kg a.i. ha-1

),

Manual weeding (three times), Mechanical weeding + Manual

weeding, Round Up 490 G/L + Mechanical weeding, Round Up 490

G/L + Mechanical weeding + Manual weeding, and untreated. Seeds

of c.v. CIM-496 was dibbled on last weak of May. Round Up 490

G/L @ 4.7 L ha-1

was applied (protective) 30 days after planting.

Results indicated that chemical alone and in combination with

mechanical weed control methods gave effective weed control and

significantly higher seed cotton yield and yield components against

untreated. The interactive effect of Round up 490 G/L 4.7 liter ha-1

+

Mechanical weeding + Manual weeding gave maximum weed

control of 94 and 89% broad and narrow leave weed control over

untreated respectively at 60 days after sowing.


34

49. INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN

COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum) IN BIRJAND

REGION

Hasan Barati Mahmoodi1, Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi

1 ,

Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel2, Sohrab

Mahmoodi1 and Narges Sheikhzade Mohammad Abadi

3

1 The University of Birjand, Amirabad Campus, South

Khorasan, Birjand 97175/331, Iran,2. Faculty of Agriculture,

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,3. Horticulture Expert,

Shahrood University of Technology, IRAN

[email protected]

In order to study the effects of mechanical and chemical

methods of weed control, and also their integrated effects, in

cotton, Varamin cultivar, an field experiment was conducted

at the Agricultural Research Station, the University of Birjand

during 2008, using a randomize complete block design with

12 treatments and four replications. Treatments were Trefelan

(trifluralin 48% EC) 960CC ai ha-1

(pre-planting), Sonalan

(ethalfluralin 33.3% EC) 999CC ai ha-1

(pre-planting),

Envoke 75WG (trifloxysulfuron sodium) 11.25 gr ai ha-1

+

adjuvant (citogit 2/1000) post-emergence at 2-8 leaf stage of

cotton, once cultivator at 5-8 leaf stage of cotton, using twice

cultivator at 4-6 and 8-10 leaf stage of cotton, Trefelan +

Envoke, Sonalan + Envoke, Envoke + cultivator, Trefelan +

cultivator, Sonalan + cultivator. There were also two other

treatments including weed pulling during all season as well as

no control at all. The type and the number of weed species

were recorded three times using random quadrats. At fifteen

and thirty days after herbicide application, the effects caused

by the herbicides (EWRC methods) were recorded again. The

crop height and number of branches and bolls per plant were

measured in four plants in each plot. Results showed that

applying “Envoke” along with “Citogit” and integrated

treatments of Envoke + Sonalan and Envoke + Cultivator

were the most effective treatments in respect to increase of

cotton bolls number, number of branches, opened bolls and

plant height and produced the highest yield. These treatments

also decreased total dry weight and density of all weeds, more

than other treatments. Thus it seems integrating Envoke with

other weed management option, especially non-chemical

tools, can lead to effective weed suppression in cotton.

50. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WEED CONTROL

METHODS ON WEED DYNAMICS AND THE

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF ONION

(Allium cepa L.)

Mohammad Ibrahim Karimi and Gul Hassan

Department of Weed Science, Faculty of Crop protection

Sciences

NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, PAKISTAN

An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Farm,

NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar in a randomized

complete block design (RCBD) to figure out the effect of

different mulches and herbicides on weeds control as well as on

yield and yield components of onion. The transplanting of onion

was done during the second week of March 2008. The

treatments included were five herbicides (viz. glyphosate @

2.28, paraquat @ 0.75, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 0.729, s-

metolachlor @ 1.2 and pendimethalin @ 0.853 kg ai. ha-1

),

wheat straw mulch (6 t ha-1

), saw dust (8 t ha-1

), hand weeding

(twice) and a weedy check. Glyphosate and paraquat were

applied as post-emergence to weeds, pendimethalin and mulches

were applied as pre-emergence to weeds and crop and

fenoxaporop-p-ethyl was also applied as post-emergence to

weeds and crop. During the course of studies, the data were

recorded on weed mortality percentage, weed density (m-2

),

relative density % (m-2

), fresh and dry weed biomass (g m-2

),

number of leaves plant-1

, size of onion bulbs (ml), onion bulb

diameter (cm), plant height (cm), number of onion bulbs (m-2

),

onion yield (kg ha-1

) and economic evaluation. Maximum weed

mortality percentage was recorded in pendimethalin (76%),

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (68%), s-metolachlor (67%) and hand

weeding (62%). Similarly, the maximum number of leaves

plants-1

were found in hand weeding (4.9) and glyphosate (4.85)

and minimum in the weedy check (2.45). The tallest plants were

found in glyphosate and pendimethalin (31.2 & 30.9 cm) and

the shortest plants were detected in saw dust (23.4 cm). The

maximum yield of onion was recorded in pendemethalin (15.39

t ha-1

) and minimum bulb yield was recorded in weedy check

and saw dust (3.62 & 4.21 t ha-1

). Regarding the economic

evaluation, the chemical control method (pendimethalin,

fenoxaprop-p-ethyl and parquat) and hand weeding were

economical as compared to the physical and cultural methods,

especially applying pendimethalin and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl were

the most economical treatments.



51. HERBICIDE EFFICACY ON THREE ANNUAL

GRASS WEEDS IN DIFFERENT SOILS

A. Rahman and T.K. James

AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3240,

NEW ZEALAND

[email protected]

Echinochloa crus-galli, Panicum dichotomiflorum and Setaria

pumila are among the major problem weeds in maize,

sweetcorn and many vegetable crops in New Zealand. The

efficacy of several pre-emergence herbicides on these weeds

was investigated in different soils in pot experiments. These

soils were collected from the top 10 cm of seven maize fields

with different cropping histories. The herbicides used were

dimethanamid, alachlor, metolachlor, two formulations of

acetochlor and proprietary mixes of acetochlor with atrazine

or metribuzin. Plastic pots filled with soil were seeded with

10 seeds of individual grass species and herbicide treatments

were then applied with a precision pot sprayer. A further 10

seeds of the same grass species were sown at 2-weekly

intervals for 8 weeks to test the duration of residual weed

control. The number of emerged seedlings was counted in

each pot at 2 weeks after each planting. Metolachlor was the

most effective chemical for controlling E. crus-galli and P.

dichotomiflorum. For S. pumila, similar levels of control were

achieved by all treatments evaluated. Generally, all the

herbicides were less effective in soils with a long history of

maize growing where up to 3 times more seedlings emerged

than in soils with only 1-2 years of maize cropping.

52. BIO EFFICACY OF SAND MIX APPLICATION

OF PRE EMERGENCE OF HERBICIDES

ALONE AND IN SEQUENCE WITH

IMAZETHAPYR ON WEED CONTROL IN

RELAY CROP OF BLACKGRAM

A.S.Rao, G.Subba Rao, and M.Ratnam

Integrated Weed Management Unit,Regional Agricultural

Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural

University,Lam farm, GUNTUR-522 034, A.P., INDIA.

A field Experiment was conducted during winter season of

2007-08 and 2008-09 to study the bio efficacy of sand mix

application of pre emergence herbicides, pendimethalin 1.0

kg/hac, pretilachlor 0.5 kg/hac, oxyfuorfen 0.12 kg/hac,

imazethapyr 0.063 kg/hac alone and in sequence with post

emergence application of imazethapy 0.05 kg/hac on weed

control in blackgram grown as relay crop. Result indicated that

sequential treatments were found to superior to individual

applications. Among the sequential treatments, pre emergence

sand mix application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg/hac fb.

Imazethapy 0.05 kg/hac at 20 DAS significantly reduce weed

growth and recorded the highest seed yield (1113 kg/hac), net

monetary returns (Rs. 2255 kg/hac) and B:C ratio (!:3) and was

on par with other sequential treatments, oxyfuorfen 0.12 kg/hac

fb Imazethapy 0.05 kg/hac and also with hand weeding at 15

and 30 DAS. Uncontrolled weed growth caused 61 percent

reduction in seed yield.



36

53. POPULATION DENSITY AND SELF-

THINNING OF Brassica juncea (L. CZERN)

VAR. ENSABI

Abbas Fallah Tossi and Baki Haji Bakar

Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603

Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA

[email protected]

The effects of density on the growth rate and survival of

individual plants as well as changes in population structure

and self-thinning were experimentally evaluated in Brassica

juncea (L. Czern) Var. Ensabi at five densities (5000, 10000,

20000, 40000 and 80000 seeds m-2). The biomass (dry

weight) of root, stem and leaf was measured for ten times after

drying from the 10 to 100th days after planting. It was applied

at 10 day intervals. The relationship between the total dry

matter weights per plant and plant densities of survivors for

populations of Brassica juncea (L. Czern) Var. Ensabi

showed that each population will start to thin along a line of

slope from -3.7 to -1.2 until it reaches the maximum standing

crop. Mortality during the phase of self-thinning is largely

among individuals suppressed by the ensuing growth of

neighbours, resulting in increased shading within the

canopies of neighbouring plants. The total dry matter (m-2)

was constant over a wide range of densities because

individual plant displayed density-dependent reduction in

growth rate and hence in individual plant size, in particular,

because the reductions in mean plant weight compensated

exactly for increase in density.

54. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT

CONCENTRATIONS OF [Brassica juncea (L.)

Czern. Var. Ensabi] ETHANOL EXTRACTION

FOR WEED MANAGEMENT

Abbas Fallah Tossi and Baki Haji Bakar

Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603


[email protected]

The wild species of Malaysian brassica [Brassica juncea (L.)

Czern. var. Ensabi] with its pungent and slightly bitter aromatic

taste has been planted by Malays and natives in the Malaysian

states of Sabah and Sarawak. Some allelochemicals persent in

this plant extract may, directly, prevent or promot germination

and seedling growth when environmental conditions are

conductive to growth and establishment. The crude ethanol

extracts were prepared using extract concentrations of

10.8,14.28 ,18 and 30 gL-1

of leaf, stem and root materials. The

extracts were tested with the widely used radish seed and

barnyard grass seed. Radish seed germination was inhibited at

all concentrations of ethanol extraction from leaves. The

inhibition of root and shoot growth was also observed in the

Barnyard grass and Radish seeds. Both species were susceptible

to allelopathy by extracts isolated from leaf, stem and root of

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. var. Ensabi and also their rate of

germination, root length and shoot length in were decreased

upon the application of both type of extractions. Results shown

both species were susceptible to effect of extracts isolated from

leaf, stem and root of ensabi and may utilization that allelopathy

control the timing of barnyard grass germination and seedling

establishment.



55. ALLELOPATHIC INFLUENCE OF

DIFFERENT CROP RESIDUES ON THE

GERMINATION DYNAMICS AND SEEDLING

GROWTH OF Cyprus rotundus

Abdul Khaliq1*

, Amar Matloob1, M. Farooq

1 and

Farheena Aslam1



[email protected]

Crop residues are well known for their chemical (allelopathic)

and physical effects on subsequent crops and weeds. Pot

studies was conducted during summer 2009 to evaluate the

allelopathic influence of different crop residues viz. sorghum,

sunflower, brassica applied alone or in combination with each

other on germination and seedling growth of Cyperus

rotundus-a troublesome weed of summer season. Chopped

residues at 12 t ha-1

were incorporated into the soil and a

weedy check was also maintained. Six tubers of C. rotundus

were sown in each pot. The experiment was triplicated in

completely randomized design. Data on germination traits

[time to start germination, time to 50% emergence (E50), mean

emergence time, emergence index and final germination

percentage] and seedling growth (root and shoot length and

dry weight) were recorded. Initiation of germination and E50

was delayed (2-3 days) by all the crop residues and their

various combinations. Combinations of residues showed

synergism and appeared more effective than sole application

of either of them. Sorghum and brassica residues when

applied in combination did not allow any tuber to sprout.

Final germination was inhibited by 38-42% by sole

application and 23-100% by combination of crop residues.

Residues also exerted a pronounced negative influence on

seedling shoot and root length of that ranged from 23-100 and

17-100%, respectively. Shoot and root dry weights were

suppressed by 50-100% and 47-100%, respectively. The

reduction in growth and dry weight accumulation was

attributed to the release of phytotoxic compounds from crop

residues.

56. OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN

FERTILIZER LEVEL FOR MAXIMUM

COLONIZATION OF MYCORRHIZAE ON

ROOT OF CORIANDER PLANTS

F.S. Ali,G. Zayed,O.A. Saad and E. Abdul-Mohsen

Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of

Agriculture, Minia University, Minia, EGYPT

[email protected]

This work aimed to determine the optimum nitrogen

fertilization rate that lead to maximum benefits of vesicular-

arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculated to the root zone of

coriander plants grown in clay or sandy soil. The lowest

values of roots colonization with mycorrhizal fungi, nitrogen

uptake, phosphorous uptake, shoot dry weights, root dry

weights and seed yield were obtained with the non-treated

control plants in the clay and sandy soils. The inoculation

with VAM-mycorrhizae without nitrogen fertilization

substantially increased these parameters as compared with the

non treated control plants. In the non-fertilized control pots,

mycorrhizal colonization was higher at clay soil than at sandy

soil. These pot experiments have already shown the existence

of an optimum N fertilizer rate of 37.5-75 mg (NH4) NO3 kg-1

soil for maximum colonization of mycorrhizae on coriander

roots in clay soil and 75-112.5 mg (NH4) NO3 kg-1

soil for

sandy soil. Increasing the nitrogen fertilizer level to more

these levels led to negative effects on the mycorrhizal

colonization and consequently on mycorrhizal benefits. The

soil properties have been shown to modify the effects of

fertilization on mycorrhizal colonization. Therefore, the

benefit of N-fertilization should be evaluated keeping

secondary effects caused by changed mycorrhizal formations

in mind.




38

57. DISTRIBUTION OF SOME WEEDS IN THE

POTATO FIELDS OF NAZIMABAD,

TEHSIL GOJAL, GILGIT, PAKISTAN

Arshad Ali Shedayi and Ihsan ilahi

Department of Biological Sciences, Karakoram

International University Gilgit, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Northern Areas of Pakistan (now renamed as Gilgit-

Baltistan) lie at latitude 72-75 ˚E and longitude 35-37 ˚N.

Due to favorable climatic conditions and other factors the

whole area has become a potential potato seed growing

nursery for food as well as cash crops. Nazimabad, a potato

growing village of Gojal Valley is located near Sost at an

elevation of 2720m with summer temperatures ranging

from 10 ˚C to 30˚C. The nights are usually cool. Apple and

apricot are the main fruit trees of the area, while spring

wheat, maiz and potato are main food and cash crops.

Potato is grown in May/June, these mature in

September/October, thus affording one crop a year. For

potatoes the soil is ploughed well with addition of organic

manure and synthetic fertilizers. As the farmers can ill

afford weedicides (herbicides), these are not applied during

early stages of growth; similarly, no insecticides and

fungicides are used. Weeds are removed by hoeing only

during the early stages of growth. However when the crop

has matured, the weeds are not removed by hoeing, the

method usually practiced. Thus some weeds make their

appearance when the crop is mature and the tubers are in

various stages of development. The potato fields are

irrigated twice in a week. Soil texture observed is sandy

loam. To determine any ill effects of the weeds, survey was

made to identify distribution, density, cover and frequency

of weeds. For this purpose quadrates measuring 1m x 1m

were used (Hussain, 1989). Ten random potato fields were

selected and two quadrates in each field were laid down to

list, count and measure their maximum cover and height of

each species during September, 2009. Weed species were

classified into frequency and constancy classes (Hussain,

1989). Plants were identified with the help of pictorial book

(Novak, 1966) and flora of Pakistan (Nasir & Ali, 1971-

1995; Ali & Qaiser, 1995-2004). The most frequent

families were found as follows; Chenopodacea 100%,

Poaceae and Apiaceae 90%, Asteraceae 85%,

Papillionaceae 80%, Brassicaceae and Caryophylaceae

65%, Apiacea and Polygonaceae 25%, PlantagInaceae

20%, Convolvunaceae and Caricaceae 10 and 5%

respectively.

58. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MULCHES AND

HERBICIDES ON WEED AND POTATO (Solanum

tuberosum L.)

Hidayatullah Hidayat and Gul Hassan

Department of Weed Science NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar PAKISTAN

[email protected]

An experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Farm,

NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar in a randomized

complete block design (RCBD), to figure out the effect of different

herbicides and mulches on weed dynamics and potato crop. The

planting of potato was done on first of March 2008. The treatments

included in the experiment were Roundup 480 g/lSL (glyphosate

@ 0.47 kg a.i.h-1

), Sencor 70WP (metribizin @ 0.75 kg a.i.ha-1

),

plastic mulches (black & white), organic mulches (wheat straw @

5 t ha-1

and saw dust @ 6 t ha-1

, hand weeding and no weeding.

The herbicides were applied as post emergence to weeds prior to

emergence of the crop, whereas the mulches were applied pre-

emergence to the crop as well as weeds. There were four

replications and eight treatments. Each treatment had a plot size of

8 x 1.5 m2. Data were recorded on the number of weeds (m

-2),

fresh and dry biomass (g m-2

) of weeds five weeks after planting

the crop. The data were also recorded on the yield and yield

components of potato as well as the economics of different

treatments. Maximum number of weeds were found in weedy

check (155.3 m-2

) and the lowest were found in hand weeding

(18.5 m-2

). Highest weed fresh biomass was found in weedy check

(130.9 g m-2

) which was statistically at par with saw dust (114.3),

while the lowest fresh biomass of weeds was found in hand

weeding (10.2 g m-2

), glyphosate (13.23 g m-2

) and metribuzin

(22.17 g m-2

). Similarly dry biomass of weeds was the highest in

weedy check (30.63) and the lowest dry biomass was found in

hand weeding, glyphosate and metribuzin (2.42, 3.05 and 5.35 g

m-2

, respectively), while rest of the treatments were statistically at

par. The maximum plant height was recorded in metribuzin (97.75

cm), and minimum plant height was found in weedy check (51.65

cm), which is statistically at par with saw dust, black plastic and

wheat straw (56.75, 57.45 and 61.25 cm, respectively). The largest

tuber diameter was recorded in hand weeding (5.14 cm) and

glyphosate (4.99 cm), while the smallest tuber size was recorded

in saw dust, weedy check, black plastic and wheat straw (3.31,

3.43, 3.48 and 3.48 cm, respectively). Number of tubers plant-1

were maximum in hand weeding (16.17), which was statistically at

par with glyphosate (15.48) and the minimum number of tubers

were recorded in white plastic (7.35), which was statistically at

par with the rest of the treatments except metribuzin. The yield kg

ha-1

was the maximum in hand weeding and glyphosate (13750,

13580 kg ha-1

, respectively) and the minimum tuber yield was

found in weedy check (6004 kg ha-1

). The herbicides treated plots

were better in economic return as compared to the mulches and

hand weeding, while among the herbicides the most remunerative

treatment were metribuzin and glyphosate.



59. EFFECT AND COST BENEFIT RATIO OF

DIFFERENT WEEDING METHODS ON THE

YIELD OF CHICKPEA UNDER

AGROCLIMATIC CONDITIOS OF KARAK

Khalid Iqbal1 , Zahid Hanif

2, Muhammad Sulaman

3,

Imtiaz Khan4, Ijaz Ahmad Khan

4 and Muhammad Ishfaq

Khan4

1Department of Botany Hazara University Mansehra.

2School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, The University of

Queensland, Brisbane, AUSTRALLIA. 3Ahmad Wala Research Station , NWFP, Karak

4Department of Weed Sciences, NWFP, Agricultural

University, Peshawar-PAKISTAN.

An Experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research

Station Ahmad Wala, Karak, NWFP- Pakistan, during rabi

season 2006-07 for elaborating the effect of weeding methods

on the yield and yield components of chickpea. The

experimental design was Randomized Complete Block

(RCB) with split plot arrangement. A four replication and

three varieties were used for this experiment. The experiment

comprised of four treatments i.e. control, hand weeding one

time, normal hand weeding two times and weedicide. The

weedicide Isoproturon was applied @ 0.741 kg a.i ha-1 as a post

emergence. The data were recorded on number of weeds m-2

,

number of productive branches plant-1

, number of pods plant-

1, number of grains pod

-1, 1000 grain weight (gm), grain yield

kg ha-1

and cost benefit ratio. Number of weeds m-2

, number of

productive branches plant-1

, number of pods plant-1

, number

of grains pod-1

, 1000 grains weight (gm) and grains yield kg

ha-1

were significantly affected by different treatments.

Maximum grain yield was produced by normal hand

weeding two times treatment (1429.90 kg ha-1

) and proved to

be the best one, while lowest grain yield (777.95 kg ha-1

) was

recorded in weedicide application. Similarly maximum

number of pods plant-1

(52.50), number of grains pod-1

(2.42),

number of productive branches plant-1

(6.42), 1000 grain

weight (235.58 gm) and highest grain yield (1429.90 kg ha-1

)

was recorded in normal hand weeding two time

treatment.The analysis raveled that herbicide application was

proved to be uneconomical for control of weeds in chickpea

under agro-climatic conditions of Karak.

60. EVALUATION OF INTEGRATED WEED

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR

SUGARCANE

Muhammad Sarwar Cheema, Shahid Bashir and Fayyaz

Ahmad

Sugarcane Research Institute, Ayub.Agriculture Research

Instiute, Faisalabad-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

A field study was conducted at Sugarcane Research Institute

Farm, Faisalabad during 2008-2009 to evaluate integrated weed

management for sugarcane Randomized Complete Block

Design, having three replications was used in the experiment.

The treatments including (1) Amytrin + Atrazine @ 3.75 kg ha-

1 (2) Amytrin + Atrazine (Scop @ 1.90 kg ha

-1 + inter-row

cultivation (3) Hand weeding in cane rows + inter-row

cultivation (4) inter-row cultivation only (5) Hand hoeing and

(6) weedy check. Statistical analysis of data showed that weed

density as well as yield related parameters were significantly

affected by different treatments. In general weed management

practices suppressed the weeds and increased the yield related

traits. However, Amytrin + Atrazine @ 1.90 kg ha-1

pre-

emergence + inter-row cultivation was most effective and

economical than hand hoeing or inter-row cultivation by tractor.

It was further concluded that chemical control along with one

inter-row cultivation during Tillering gave higher cane yield and

cost benefit ratio (1:13:85) while least cost benefit ratio 1:7:25

was observed in hand hoeing along.


40

61. HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF FLAVONOIDS

OF MANGO LEAVES AGAINST Parthenium

hysterophorus L.

*Arshad Javaid

1, Sobiya Shafique

1, Qudsia Qanwal

2 and

Shazia Shafique1

1Institute of Mycology & Plant Pathology, University of the

Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan 2Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-

Azam Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

The present study was undertaken to investigate the herbicidal

activity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves against

parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.). Aqueous

leaf extract of 15% concentration (on fresh weight bases)

significantly reduced germination, shoot length and biomass,

and root biomass of parthenium seedlings. In a leaf residue

incorporation pot trial, 2% residue incorporation treatment

significantly suppressed root and shoot biomass of

parthenium while a 5% residue treatment completely stopped

the growth of the weed. Five flavonoids namely (-)-

epicatechin-3-O-β-glucopyranoside(1), 5-hydroxy-3-(4-

hydroxylphenyl) pyrano⌠3,2-g⌡chromene-4(8H)- one (2), 6-

p-hydroxybenzyltaxifolin-7-O-β-D glucoside (Tricuspid) (3),

Quercetin-3-O-α-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-glucopyranoside

(4) and (-) epicatechin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-

2H chromene-3,5,7-triol) (5) were isolated from leaves. In a

laboratory bioassay, 50 ppm solutions of compounds 3 and 4

caused yellowing of the parthenium seedlings. A 250 ppm

solutions of compound 4 also significantly reduced

germination, and root and shoot length of parthenium

seedlings. The present study concludes that compound 4

exhibit herbicidal activity against parthenium weed.

62. MANAGEMENT OF PARTHEMIUM WEED:

NEW STRETEGIES FOR COMPLEMENTING

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Asad Shabbir 1

,Steve Adkins1, Kunjitapatham Dhileepan

2and Chris O’Donnell

1

1 School of land Crop & Food sciences The University of

Queensland, St Lucia Australia,2 Alan Fletcher Research

Station, Sherwood. Brisbane AUSTRALIA

[email protected]

Parthenium hysterophrus L. commonly known as parthenium is

a weed of global significance affecting many countries

including Australia. In Australia, parthenium mainly occurs in

grazing areas in Queensland, where it causes severe human and

animal health problems, agricultural losses and environmental

problems. Currently biological control is the most widely used

management tool for parthenium in Queensland. To date, 11

biological control agents (9 insects and 2 rusts) have been

released in Australia where many of the agents are known to be

established in the field. However, the impact of biocontrol is

highly variable, and still parthenium is a major weed of concern

in many areas in Queensland. There is a potential to integrate

other management options with the existing biological control to

enhance the effectiveness of the existing biological control

agents. Competitive displacement of parthenium with native and

introduced beneficial plants has shown potential in different

parts of the world including Australia, India and Pakistan. But

the combined effectiveness of biological control and

competitive pasture plants are yet to be studied in detail. Hence,

a study was initiated to quantify the combined effect of

competitive pasture plants with biological control agents on

parthenium growth and reproduction. This includes glass house

experiments at Alan Fletcher Research Station (AFRS) and field

trials at two different locations in central Queensland (Monto &

Injune). The results from this study will provide an insight into

how much more effective biological control agents will be in

managing the weed in the presence of the competitive plants in

different conditions.




63. EFECT OF NITROGEN RATE ON WEED

DENSITY, WEED COMMUNITY AND

POTATO YIELD

Behnaz Pourmorad Kaleibar1, Hamid Reza

Mohammaddoust2, Ali Asghari

2, Gholamali Nateghi

1

Ms. Students, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran; 2.

Assist. Prof., University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, IRAN

Management of chemical fertilizer can affect on weed control

and decrease its damages. To study effect of nitrogen rate on

weed structure and potato yield, an experiment was conducted

at the experimental farm, Alarugh, Ardabil, during 2007. Data

show that increase of nitrogen rate had not a significant effect

on weed density, but weed dry increased. So application 200

kg N ha-1

increased weed dry mass 2.5-3 times compared with

control (no fertilizer) or 100 kg N ha-1

. Maximum potato yield

(32 t ha-1

) achieved by 100 kg N ha-1

.

64. SCREENING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AND

WEEDS FOR ALLELOPATHIC ACTIVITY

EVALUATION BY RECENT METHODS

Muhammad Ibrar Shinwari1, Maryum Ibrar Shinwari

2

and Yoshiharu Fujii 3

1

Pakistan Museum of Natural History Garden Avenue,

Islamabad-Pakistan.,2

Himalayan Wildlife Foundation

Islamabad-Pakistan., 3National Institute of Agro-Environmental

Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN

[email protected]

Medicinal Plants are a global resource of medicines and are

extremely important for human health as well as pharmaceutical

industry. The cultivation and regeneration practices of medicinal

plants have been often stressed in this respect. But it is also a

fact that the adverse effects from allelochemicals arising from

some plants and crops may reduce production in agricultural

fields and managed forest systems. Hence it has been realized

that there is a dire need to evaluate the chemical effects of prior

plants, residues, associated plants and even auto-toxic potential

that may occur in wild plants or cropping systems. Pakistan has

6000 higher plant species with hundreds of Indigenous/Invasive

Medicinal plants and Weeds. But information about allelopathic

screening of very few plants and weeds of Pakistan has been

available. In the present study 100 Pakistan plants have been

subjected to allelopathic evaluation using 3 different methods.

The plant species under investigation have been evaluated by

subjecting their seedling roots, leaf litter and volatiles through

application of Plant box, Sandwich and Dish pack methods. The

results obtained from 3 different methods have been statistically

analyzed and the mean average values have been calculated for

risk assessment. According to results, among top ten inhibitory

species, Tagetes minuta appeared to be the most noxious species

among all due to maximum inhibitory effect shown on the

Lactuca sativa growth followed by Melilotus officinalis,

Hyoscyamus niger, Malva neglecta, Puccinellia distans,

Melilotus alba, Datura stramonium, Lantana camara, Vicia

hirsuta and Mirabilis jalapa while Rumex crispus, Plantago

lanceolata and Rumex conglomerates have shown minimum

inhibitory effect. It is very important to conduct Allelopathic

screening experiments on further Pakistani species to find out

highly allelopathic plant species for allelochemical isolation.

The results obtained could be utilized as benchmark information

for further research on the elucidation of chemicals involved in

the allelopathy in nature. Hence the information obtained could

also be helpful in the development of new and potent bioactive

chemicals from natural products. The results of this research

will not only be useful for academia, researchers, herbicide/

pesticide, and herbal/pharmaceutical industry but can also be

utilized for biological control of weeds against different

economical crops of the country.


42

65. EFFECT OF STORAGE CONDITION ON

BEING ALIVE, DORMANCY AND

GERMINATION OF Capsella bursa-pastoris.

E. Hesami

College of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University of

Shoushtar.IRAN

To study dormancy, viability and germination of Capsella

bursa-pastris, an experiment was conducted at College of

Agriculture, Shoushtar University (Iran), in 2009.the

experimental design was Completely Randomized Design,

with four replications. Treatments were in different storage

conditions (room, refrigerator and soil) and specie Capsella

bursa-pastris. After one month storage, seeds of each species

were checked for dormancy and germination. To determine if

no germinated seeds were alive, Tetrazolium Test was done.

The results showed that germination percent of the species in

soil was the highest and the lowest germination was seen in

refrigerator. However, viability of these species in refrigerator

and room condition were higher rather in than soil.

66. TOLERANCE OF SUGARBEET VARIETIES TO

DODDER (Cuscuta campestris) UNDER FIELD

CONDITIONS

F. Falahpour, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahalati, M.

Falahati Rastegar1

Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IRAN

[email protected]

Field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) has the most diverse and

numerous host ranges among the Cuscuta species and extensive

infestation to dodder is reported in some sugerbeet, alfalfa and

vegetables production regions of Iran. At present few resistant

varieties of normally susceptible plant species have been

developed or identified, none are available in Iran. In this study

field studies during 2008-2009 were conducted to test and

charachterize the tolerance of commercial sugarbeet varieties to

dodder. The field experiment used a randomized complete block

with 3 replications. Treatments were three varieties of sugarbeet

included Castille, Flores and Laetitia and control treatments

(varieties of sugarbeet without dodder infection). The results

showed a significant difference in all traits measured that

included percentage of dodder and sugerbeet growth, sugerbeet

and dodder wet and dry weight, shoot and root length. In this

experiment Flores variety exhibited tolerance to the parasite

weed and Castille was known as susceptible variety.



67. EVALUATION OF GROWTH PROPERTIES

OF SOME SUGARBEET VARIETIES IN

RESPONSE TO DODDER INFECTION IN THE

GREENHOUSE

F. Falahpour, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahalati, M.

Falahati Rastegar1

Contributions from faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad-IRAN

Dodder (Cuscuta) species are obligate shoot parasites that

attaches to plants belonging to diverse families. Recently

extensive infestation to dodder is reported in some sugerbeet

production regions of Khorasan province. Greenhouse studies

were conducted during 2008-2009 to evaluate growth

properties of five commercial sugerbeet (Beta vulgaris)

varieties to dodder at the Agricultural Research Station and

Greenhouse, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The type of

greenhouse experiments design was completely randomized,

with 5 replications. Treatments were five varieties of

sugarbeet included Castille, Paulina, Brigitta, Flores and

Laetitia and control treatments (varieties of sugarbeet without

dodder infection). The results showed that dodder infection

was affected significantly growth percentage of of dodder and

sugerbeet, sugerbeet and dodder dry weight and the number

of houstorium in each treatment. In this experiment Flores

variety with 2% and Castille with 83% infection to dodder

respectively exhibited tolerance and susceptible to the parasite

weed and Laetitia with 16% infection was known as mediocre

variety.

68. POTENTIAL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF

DODDER BY FUNGI ISOLATED FROM

DISEASED SPECIMENS IN IRAN

F. Fallahpour, A. Koocheki, M. Nassiri Mahalati, M.

Falahati Rastegar1

Contributions from faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University

of Mashhad-IRAN

Parasite weeds are the most important yield reducing factor,

among them dodder (Cuscuta campestris) is an obligate parasite

which parasitize a variety of hosts, belonging to different

botanical families. Recently extensive infestation to dodder is

reported in some sugerbeet production regions of Iran.

Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. are considered to have

potential for the biological control of dodder. The aim of this

study was to assess the pathogenic ability of Alternaria sp. and

Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from diseased stems of

dodder and the effect of spore concentration, dodder growth

stage and dew period of the pathogenicity of these fungi isolates

against C. campestris. The results showed that Alternaria sp.

didn't have any effect on different dodder growth stage but the

pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporum increased with

increasing spores concenteration and length of dew period. The

highest level of plant pathogencity was before the contact of

dodder and its host and infection in older plants decreased.

These experiments confirm the potential of F. oxysporum as a

mycoherbicide under specific environment conditions.


44

69. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF SAFFRON

AND CARAWAY ON GROWTH PROPERTIES

ON WILD OAT (Avena fatua) IN THE

GREENHOUSE

F. Fallahpour, M. Ghaemi, H. Ehyaee

College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,

IRAN.

In recent years, allelopathy has received special attention by

researchers in integrared weed management (IWM). To study

the effect of different amount of Caraway (Carum carvi) and

Saffron (Crocus sativus) on growth of wild oat (Avena fatua)

seedling an experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University

of Mashhad. The type of design was completely randomized,

with 3 replications. The plants residues (zero, 1, 2, 3, and 6 %

(W/W)) were added to the pot soil. Traits that measured were

included root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight,

green area of plant and root area. Seedlings showed different

response to different amount of Saffron and Caraway

residues. Increasing residues of Caraway resulted in

increasing 34.32% of green area and 32.19% of shoot dry

weight in wild oat. In the most traits increasing residues of

Saffron had a decreasing trend. Caraway residues had

stimulating effect on seedling growth of wild oat and shoot

dry weight were more influenced by Caraway residue than

root dry matter.

70. IMPACT OF HERBICIDES AND DIFFERENT

MULCHES ON WEEDS FLORA AND YIELD OF

TOMATO

Fazal Munsif1, Abdur Rab

2, Muhammad Arif

3 and Shafique

Haider2

1Agricultural research institute Tarnab,

2Department of

Horticulture,NWFP Agricultural University

,Peshawar,3Department of Agronomy, NWFP, AUP-

PAKSITAN

[email protected]

The experiment on Impact of herbicides and different mulches

on weeds flora and yield of tomato was conducted at

Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab during kharif growing

season 2008. The experiment was carried out in Randomized

Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement having three

replications. Herbicides application treatment i. e. Stomp 330

EC @ 4 lit ha-1

, Dual Gold 960 EC @ 2 lit ha-1

and Control was

allotted to main plot as pre emergence herbicides, while

mulches treatments i. e. wheat straw, polythene (white),

polythene (black), Newspaper, and Control to sub plots after 10

days of transplanting. The hybrid Romeo was grown in plot size

of 4 x 1.3 m -2

. Results indicated that both herbicides

significantly reduced weeds flora, its biomass and improve yield

and yield components as compared to control where no

herbicides was sprayed. How ever Stomp perform superior than

Dual Gold in all parameters. Likewise various mulches

considerably reduced weed infestations along with the

enhancement of yield. Similarly mulch treatments also

significantly reduced different weeds flora and overall weed

density m-2

, weed fresh and dry weight m-2

, increase number of

fruits plant-1

, plant height and fruit yield of tomato as compared

to bare soil. In case of interaction, plots where stomp was

sprayed and news paper was mulch resulted in better weed

control, long stature plants and higher fruits per plants.

Maximum fruit yield was recorded in plots were stomp was

sprayed in black plastic mulch. Higher weed infestation, lower

fruit yield, number of fruits plant-1

and short stature plants were

recorded in control and bare plots. Cost benefit ratio was higher

for news paper fallowed by stomp. On bases of higher cost

benefit ratio it is concluded that news paper and stomp as a pre

emergence herbicide should be used for obtaining higher

production and minimum weed infestation.



71. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF FENNEL,

BORAGE AND ARTEMISIA ON GROWTH

PROPERTIES OF WILD OAT (Avena fatua) IN

THE GREENHOUSE

H. Ehyaee, F. Fallahpour, M. Ghaemi, A. A. Chitband


IRAN.

In this investigation, effects of different percentage of plants

residues of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), borage (Borago

officinalis) and Artemisia (Artemisia absinthium) on seedling

growth properties of wild oat (Avena fatua) were studied. The

type of design was completely randomized, with 3

replications. The plants residues (zero, 1, 2, 3, and 6 %

(W/W)) were added to the pot soil. Traits that measured were

included root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight,

green area of plant and shoot/root length. The results showed

a significant difference in all traits. No seed germinated in the

treatments of Artemisia 2% and borage 6%. The most and

least amount of green area of plant were observed in fennel

6% (15.94 cm2) and Artemisia 1% (1.43 cm

2), respectively. In

the traits of root and shoot dry weight the highest amount

were in the treatment of Artemisia 3% (0.41g) and fennel 6%

(0.17g), respectively. Increasing residues of plants in all

treatments resulted in decreasing of green area and shoot dry

weight in wild oat but fennel treatments had increasing

effects.

72. CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT IN PEA

(Pisum sativum L.)

Ijaz Ahmad Khan and Mehreen Aqeel


Sciences,NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar-

PAKISTAN

[email protected]

To study the effect of chemical weed management on edible pea

(Pisum sativum L.), an experiment was conducted at

Malakandher Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar during 2007-2008 using Randomized Complete Block

(RCB) design, having three replications. The experiment

comprised of 5 herbicides, hand weeding and a weedy check.

The herbicides included post-emergence herbicides fenoxaprop-

p-ethyl@ 0.75 kg, isoproturon @ 0.36 kg, metribuzin @ 0.35

kg, clodinafop propargyl @ 0.05 kg and glyphosate @ 0.62 kg

a.i ha-1

. The data were recorded on weed density (m

-2) before

herbicidal

application, weed density (m-2

) after herbicidal

application, weed density (m-2

) at first picking, days to 50% pod

formation, plant height at maturity (cm), number of pods plant-1

,

pod length (cm), number of seeds pod-1

, 100 seed weight (g),

shelling percentage, phytotoxic effect of herbicide on pea crop

and pod yield (kg ha-1

). All the parameters except weed density

m-2

before herbicidal application and number of seeds pod-1

were significantly affected by different herbicidal treatments.

Minimum weed density m-2

after herbicidal application (11.36)

was recorded in hand weeded plots followed by metribuzin

(19.20) and glyphosate post emergently treated (20.73) plots.

Post-emergent clodinafop propargyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl

treated plots availed maximum days to 50% pod formation with

a severe phytotoxic effect on pea plant. Pod yield (4237 kg ha-1

),

pod length (7.30cm) and number of pods plants-1

(36.87) were

the maximum in hand weeded plots, followed by glyphosate

treated plots which was applied on weeds only while pea plants

were covered with plastic bags. It is therefore suggested that the

hand weeding could be substituted with the directed spray of

glyphosate based on its lower cost and adequate management of

weeds in edible pea.


46

73. EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON CRITICAL

PERIOD FOR WEED CONTROL IN POTATO

Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust1, Ali Asghari

1, Gholamali

Nateghi2, Behnaz Poormorad Kaleibar

2, Abdolghaum

Gholipoor1

Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University of

Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, P.O. Box 179, IRAN

The critical period for weed control (CPWC) is the period in

the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled

to prevent unacceptable yield losses. A field research was

conducted in 2007 in Ardabil, Iran, to evaluate the effect of

nitrogen on critical period for weed control in potato.

Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates equivalent to 0, 100

and 200 kg N ha-1

. A quantitative series of treatments of both

increasing duration of weed interference and length of weed-

free period were imposed within each nitrogen main plot.

Analysis shown that the addition of 100 kg N ha-1

delayed the

beginning of the CPWC in potato when compared with the 0

and 200 kg N ha-1

. The duration of CPWC in potato also

decreased when100 kg N ha-1

was applied. Maximum values

for potato yield belonged to the weed free plots and100 kg N

ha-1

. Practical implications of this study are that 100 kg N ha-1

could have been less intensive for weed management than 0

and 200 kg N ha-1

.

74. THE EFFECT OF WEED COMPETITION ON

GROWTH AND RYE YIELD AS AFFECTED BY

ROTATION AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust1, Aleksander Mihailovic

Tulikov2, Behnaz Pourmorad Kaleibar

3

1University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

2 Agricultural university of

Timiriazev, Moscow-RUSSIA 3 MS Student, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

[email protected]

Weeds are the most important treat in agroecosystems that cause

greatly losses to crop yield. An experiment was conducted at the

long-term farm, agricultural university of Timiriazev, Moscow,

during 2004 and 2005 to evaluate effect of weed competition on

growth and rye yield as affected by rotation and chemical

fertilizer. Planting systems (continuous and crop rotation) were

main plots and fertilizer application (NPK and no fertilizer)

were sup plots. Data shows that NPK application increased rye

height. Presence or absence of weed has not a significant effect

on rye height. Analysis show that presence of weeds decreased

light penetration into crop canopy. Crop rotation and NPK

application declined effect of weed competition on rye yield.



75. PARTHENIUM WEED RESEARCH AIDS

MANAGEMENT OF THIS WEED IN THE

AGROECOSYSTEMS OF ETHIOPIA AND

PAKISTAN

Stephen Adkins and Chris O’Donnell

University of Queensland St. Lucia,

AUSTRALIA

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) has been

present in Australia for about 50 years, in which time it has

spread from isolated infestations to establish core populations

in central Queensland with scattered and isolated plants

occurring south into other parts of the country. Its main effect

is upon livestock production, but it is also causing health

concerns in regional communities. To help coordinate actions

on its management a National Parthenium Weed Management

Group (PWMG) and under this group has formed a

Parthenium Weed Research Group (PWRG) has been formed.

Funding coming from this National Program and other

sources has supported the PWRG group to undertake a

collaborative and technology exchange research program in

the areas of biology, ecology and management. PWMG

studies have been undertaken in two main areas: 1) biology

and ecology and 2) management. Research in the area of

biology and ecology has included studies on the evaluation of

competitive plants to displace parthenium weed, the use of

process-based simulation models to monitor and predict

future spread and abundance under present and future climate

conditions, the effect of the weed on human health and the

ecology of its seed-bank. Management research has centred

on the development of biological control approaches using

plant-feeding insects and pathogens. The effectiveness of

biological control is also being monitored through long term

studies on seed bank size and dynamics, and fire as another

potential management tool, is being evaluated. In addition to

this important research, an effort has also been made to spread

the most important findings and management outcomes to the

wider community through an extension and education

program driven by PWMG. These developments within

Australia in parthenium weed management are now being

applied to countries such as Ethiopia and Pakistan where their

weed managers are preparing for the rapid spread of this weed

from already established widely dispersed populations.

International linkage projects in both Ethiopia and Eastern

Africa, and Pakistan are working towards global management

solutions for this most serious invasive species built around

biological control and environmental management.

76. THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN ON

CRITICAL PERIOD FOR WEED CONTROL

IN POTATO

Hamid Reza Mohammaddoust1, Ali Asghari

1,

Gholamali Nateghi2, Behnaz Poormorad Kaleibar

2, and

Abdolghaum Gholipoor1

1Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding; University

of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, P.O. Box 179, IRAN,2

Ms. Student, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili

[email protected]

The critical period for weed control (CPWC) is the period

in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be

controlled to prevent unacceptable yield losses. A field

research was conducted in 2007 in Ardabil, Iran, to evaluate

the effect of nitrogen on critical period for weed control in

potato. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 0, 100 and 200 kg

N ha-1

. A quantitative series of treatments of both

increasing duration of weed interference and length of

weed-free period were imposed within each nitrogen main

plot. Analysis shown that the addition of 100 kg N ha-1

delayed the beginning of the CPWC in potato when

compared with the 0 and 200 kg N ha-1

. The duration of

CPWC in potato also decreased when100 kg N ha-1

was

applied. Maximum values for potato yield belonged to the

weed free plots and100 kg N ha-1

. Practical implications of

this study are that 100 kg N ha-1

could have been less

intensive for weed management than 0 and 200 kg N ha-1

.


48

77. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPHATIC

EFFECTS OF CUCUMBER (Cucumis sativus)

EXTRACTS ON PROSTRATE PIGWEED

(Amaranthus blituides) AND LAMBSQUARTERS

(Chenopodium album) GERMINATION AND

SEEDLING GROWTH

Hasan Barati Mahmoodi1, Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi

2,

Mohammad Hasan Rashed Mohassel3

and Narges

Sheikhzade Mohammad Abadi4

1,2The University of Birjand, Amirabad Campus, South

Khorasan, Birjand 97175/331, Iran 3Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad,

Mashhad, IRAN 4Horticulture Expert, Shahrood University of Technology,

IRAN [email protected]

In order to evaluate the allelopathic effect of cucumber shoot

extracts on prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blituides) and

lambsquarter (Chenopodium album) germination and seedling

growth, an experiment was conducted as completely

randomized design with 8 replications in growth chambers.

Treatments were included the water extracts of cucumber

shoot in 6 levels (0(control), 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and

100%). According to results, all studied traits of prostrate

pigweed and lambsquarter germination and seedling growth

were affected by different concentrations of cucumber shoot

extracts, significantly. As concentration of extracts increased,

germination percentage, germination rate, radical, shoot and

total weights, radicle and shoot lengths, radicle/shoot weights

ratio and radicle/shoot length ratios decreased significantly.

Results showed that extracts of cucumber shoot had more

inhibitory effect on the vegetative growth than germination;

also root length was more sensitive than shoot length to

cucumber extracts in both species. In general, prostrate

pigweed was the most sensitive to allelochemical material,

therefore it seems that shoot extract of cucumber is toxic

enough to affect the germination and seedling growth of these

weeds and it has a good potential to be used as a non-

chemical approach for weed control in organic farming.

78. Alternaria alternate, A POTENT

MYCOHERBICIDE FOR MANAGEMENT

OF Chenopodium album

*Iffat Siddiqui¹ and Rukhsana Bajwa²

¹Lahore College for Women, University, Lahore

²Institute of Mycology and Plant pathology department,

University of the Punjab,

Quaid-e- Azam campus, 545900, Lahore PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

A new foliage disease was found on Chenopodium album

L. (family chenopodiaceae) in Punjab, Pakistan. Symptoms

of this disease start with brown necrotic spots which

coalesce to form large irregular blotches which blight the

entire leaf. Infected leaves suddenly wilt, dies, and drop off

quickly. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler was identified

and confirmed as causal agent. The mycoherbicidal

potential of A. alternata against C. album was tested both

under growth room and field conditions.In growth room

trials, the effects of various inoculum concentrations of A.

alternata (105,10

7 and 10

9 conidia/ ml

-1) on disease

development was studied at different growth stages of the

host plant (5-10 leaf, 10-15 leaf and 20-25 leaf/flowering

stage) at various dew period (100 % humidity for 12, 18

and 24 h) and temperature (20, 25 and 30 C) regimes. To

enhance the mycoherbicidal potential of the pathogens,

different formulations viz. 1 & 2% Gelatin,1 & 2%

carboxymethylcellulose(CMC),1:1Gelatin and CMC, 10 &

20% canola oil emulsion, were used. The pathogenicity of

A .alternata increased with increasing spore concentration

and length of dew period. A spore concentration of 109

conidia mL in 20% canola oil emulsion with 24 hr dew

period caused 100% mortality of C. album plants at 5-10

and 10-15 leaf stages. The highest levels of plant mortality

were obtained at temperatures 25 and 30 ºC. The field trials

were conducted to verify the laboratory results. In field

trials, C. album plants were co-cultivated in 1:1 ratio with

wheat varieties Inqalab 91 and Punjab 96. The

mycoherbicidal application of A .alternata with conidial

concentration of 109 conidia mL induced 100% mortality in

C. album. The blight disease significantly reduced the

biomas of target weed species. Consequently, increase of

21% and 40% was observed in grain yield in Inqalab 91 and

Punjab 96 respectively.



79. WEED SEED SPREAD BY VEHICLES: A

STUDY FROM SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND,

AUSTRALIA

I. Khan, C.O’Donnell, S. Navie, D. George and S. Adkins

The University of Queensland, The Tropical and Subtropical

Weeds Research Unit, School of Land, Crop and Food

Sciences, Brisbane, QLD AUSTRALIA.

[email protected]

Weed seeds are spread from infested to uninfested areas by

many biotic and abiotic mechanisms, and this aids their

continued invasion of an area. Studies on weed seed spread by

vehicles in the south-east Queensland, Australia were

conducted in the autumn and winter of 2009, to investigate

the role of vehicles in the promotion of weed seed spread. A

mean of 397 viable seeds were isolated from utility vehicles

in autumn after they had undertaken routine field work in the

surrounds of Brisbane. These seeds were either directly

attached to the vehicle or contained in mud attached to

different parts of the vehicle. The highest number of monocot

seeds were isolated from the underside (123.7 per vehicle)

followed by the back mudguards (77.5), the cabin (43.5) and

finally the front mudguards (37.8). Seeds from dicots were

also found on the underside (44.8), cabin (20.17), back

mudguards (18.50), front mud guard (9.17), engine (5.17) and

tyres (1.16). Within the seed collected there were 60 species

from 21dicot and 2 monocot families, with 14 species coming

each from the Asteraceae and Poaceae. This data will be

compared to similar sets collected in spring to gain an

appreciation of the effect of season on vehicle weed seed

transport. The early implications from the present study are

that vehicles do transfer large numbers of viable weed seeds,

this seed is carried on several parts of the vehicle and any

cleaning procedure used to remove weed seeds needs to

concentrate on both external and internal surfaces of the

vehicle.

80. IMPACT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON

PURPLE NUTSEDGE (Cyperus rotundus L.)

GROWTH AND TUBER CHARACTERISTICS

Javaid IqbaL1*

, Zahid A. Cheema2, M. Safdar

1 and M.

Ali1

1College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan 32200,

2


Faisalabad-PAKSITAN

[email protected]

Various pot studies were conducted to quantify the effect of

fertilizer, population pressure, growing period, high and cool

temperature on tubers viability and herbicidal effect on

tubers re-generation. In the fertilizer trial different ratios of

N and P (0:0, 1:0, 1:1, 2:1, 2:2, 3:2, 3:3) were tested against

different growth parameters of purple nutsedge. Increase in

fertilizer rates enhanced shoot biomass by 59 to 960%,

underground biomass by 21 to 279%, tubers numbers by 50

to 579% and tubers biomass per pot by 21 to 348 %.

Interestingly per tubers weight was decreased by fertilizers

application. In the second trial five tubers per pot were

planted. Above and under ground biomass and tuber

characteristics were recorded after 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days

after sowing (DAS). Increasing growth period shoot density

was increased by 50 to 850%, Shoot biomass by 99 to 403%,

under ground biomass by 10 to 649%, tuber numbers by 39

to 1122%, and tubers biomass per pot by 22 to 982% as

compared to the first record of the data (15 DAS). Increase

in growth period decreased per tuber weight by 2 to 11%. To

investigate the population pressure, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tubers

were planted in pots and observations about above and

underground biomass and tuber characteristics were recorded

after 75 DAS. Shoot density was increased by increasing

numbers per pot by 78 to 151% as compared to the

plantation of 5 tubers per pots. Shoot length, shoot biomass,

underground biomass, number of tubers per pot and tubers

weight were significantly increased up to the planting of 15

tubers per pot then deceased by planting 20 tubers per pot.

Planting higher densities of tubers decreased per tuber

weight by 93%. To investigate the viability, tubers were

subjected to drying in hot (42±3°C) temperature for 1, 2, 3, 4

and 5 days (2nd

week of May). Higher temperature up to

three days delayed sprouting of tubers gradually, after that

heating, tubers lost their viability. Tubers were also

subjected to freezing temperature. Initially tubers were

placed in deep freezer for one day and observed no

sprouting. Freezing temperature was found more deleterious

to tubers viability than hot temperature. In another trial ten

tubers per pot were planted and glyphosate (Round up

490GL) and paraquat (Gramoxone) were applied 60 DAS (at

maximum above ground biomass production).


50

81. EARLY POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES

FOR WEED CONTROL IN GROUNDNUT

(Arachis hypogaea) AND RESIDUAL EFFECTS

ON THE SUCCEEDING CROP OF SESAME

(Sesamum indicum L.)

K. Subrahmaniyan, P. Kalaiselvan, P. Veeramani and P.L.

Viswanathan

Regional Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Vridhachalam, Tamil Nadu 606001.-INDIA

[email protected]

Field experiments were conducted during post rainy seasons

of 2006-07, 2007-08 and 2008-09 to evaluate the efficacy of

early post emergence herbicides application on weed control

and yield of groundnut and also to determine the effects of

imazethapyr and quizalofop ethyl applied to groundnut on the

growth and yield of sesame sown during the following season.

The different treatment includes unweeded control, weed free

treatment, pre emergence application (PE) of pendimethalin in

combination with hand weeding, early post emergence

herbicides imazethapyr and quaizalofop ethyl @ 50, 75 and

100 g a.i/ha alone at 20 days after sowing (DAS) and in

combination with PE pendimethalin at 25 DAS. Imazethapyr

applied as post emergence at the recommended rate of 75 g

a.i/ha caused little injury to groundnut but did not affect the

yield. No visible injury was observed with Imazethpyr @ 50 g

a.i/ha and quizalfop ethyl @ 50 and 75 g a.i/ha. Though the

post emergence herbicides effectively controlled the annual

grasses and sedges, the broad leaf weed, which emerged

before the application of herbicides at 20 DAS posed a major

threat to the groundnut crop, which clearly indicated that

application of post emergence herbicides alone at 20 DAS

was not effective in controlling the weeds and requires a pre

emergence herbicide application. The dominance of the weed

species Gynandropsis pentaphylla and Acalypha indica were

observed with the post emergence application of quizalofop

ethyl at 20 DAS alone even at the higher doses which

exhibited the resistance of both the species to quaizalofop

ethyl. Though the weed density were similar between the

weed free treatment and PE pendimethalin + POE

imazethapyr (75 g a.i/ha), the growth and yield parameters

and pod yield (2525 kg/ha) were significantly higher with PE

pendimethalin + POE imazethapyr (75 g a.i/ha), which was

followed by PE pendimethalin + POE quizalofop ethyl (75 g

a.i/ha),. The net return (Rs. 32325/ha) and BCR (2.56) were

also highest with PE pendimethalin + POE imazethapyr (75

g a.i/ha). The results further indicated that both the early post

emergence herbicides (Imazethpyr and quizalofop ethyl)

applied to groundnut crop was not injurious to the succeeding

Sesame when applied as alone or in combination with pre

emergence herbicides. The PE application of pendimethalin

@ 1.0 kg ai/ha + POE application of imazathypyr at the

recommended rate of 75 g ai/ha.

82. STUDY ON SOME EFFECTIVE FACTORS

INFLUENCING SEED DORMANCY OF

DODDER AND AMARANTH

M. Ghaemi, H. Ehyaee, F. Fallahpour


IRAN.

Dodder (Cuscuta campestris) and amaranth (Amaranthous

vulgare) are the most important weeds that causes yield loss

of many crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to

evaluate the effect of different factors enhancing seed

germination of dodder and amaranth at physiology laboratory

of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad by completely

randomized design with four replications in 2009. Treatments

were potassium nitrate (3 levels including 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06

g/lit), sulfuric acid (98%) with four levels for amaranth seeds

(30, 60, 90, 120 seconds) and five levels for dodder seeds (1,

5, 15, 30, 50 minutes), sand paper (with grade of 100 and

150), scarification and distilled water (control). The results

showed that different levels of potassium nitrate didn’t have

any effect on dodder and amaranth seeds germination. In the

case of amaranth seeds, the most and least percentage of

germination were observed in sulfuric acid treatment with

120s (98.75%) and distilled water treatment (23.75%),

respectively and the highest rate of germination was obtained

at emery paper (100) with amount of 12.03 seed germinated

per day. In the case of dodder seeds, the most and least

percentage of germination were observed in sulfuric acid

treatment with 50min and distilled water, respectively.



83. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF Lantana

camara LEAF EXTRACT ON GERMINATION

AND GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF SOME

AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST CROPS IN

BANGLADESH

M.K. Hossain and Md. Nazmul Alam

Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University

of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, BANGLADESH,


Lantana camara, an invasive weed in the secondary degraded

and plantation forests of Bangladesh is becoming a problem

not only competing with the crops but also exerts

alleochemicals on associate crops. The present study showed

that water soluble allelochemicals of Lantana camara inhibits

the germination and initial growth of both the selected

agricultural (Oryza sativa, Triticum aestivum, Vigna sinensis,

Cucurbita pepo, Abelmoschus esculantus, Amaranthus

tricolor) and forest crops (Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia

falcataria, Albizia procera.) in the laboratory conditions. The

results revealed that different concentrations of Lantana

camara leaf extracts caused significant inhibitory effect on

germination, root and shoot elongation and development of

lateral roots of the receptor crops. Bioassays also indicate that

the inhibitory effect was proportional to the concentrations of

the extracts and higher concentrations had the stronger

inhibitory effect, whereas, the lower concentrations showed

stimulatory effect in some cases.

84. GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF

LINSEED (Linum ustitatissimum L.) TO

FERTILIZER LEVELS AND WEED-CROP

COMPETITION PERIODS

M.A.Nadeem, R. Syed, A. Ali, M. Tahir and K. Mubeen


Faisalabad-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

A field experiment was conducted to observe the growth and

yield response of linseed (Linum ustitatissimum L.) to weed-

crop competition periods and fertilizer levels. The experiment

was laid out in randomized complete block design with split

pot arrangement by placing weed-crop competition periods in

sub plots and fertilizer levels in main plots. The experiment

was replicated thrice with net sub plot size of 1.8 × 4m. The

treatments comprised of seven weed-crop competition periods

(no competition, competition for 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days

after emergence and throughout competition) and two

fertilizer levels 90 + 40 kg N + P2O5 ha-1

and 180 + 80 kg N

+ P2O5 ha-1

. The dominant weeds in the experimental area

were Phalaris minor, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus

arvensis and Rumex dantatus. ANOVA techniques were used

to analyze the data collected for various observations on the

growth, quality and yield of linseed. The growth and yield

characteristics like number of plants, plant height, number of

branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of

seeds per capsule, 1000 seed weight, harvest index and total

biomass were affected significantly by weed-crop competition

periods and increasing fertilizer levels. All the characteristics

were decreased progressively by increasing weed-crop

competition periods while all the components were increased

progressively by increasing fertilizer levels in linseed. The

total density and biomass of weeds increased with increasing

weed-crop competition periods. The combined effect of weed

free with 180 + 80 kg N + P2O5 ha-1

gave the significant

results as compared to other interactions of treatments. The

seed yield decreased progressively with increasing weed

control period. The significantly maximum seed yield was

recorded in weed free plots. The seed yield was affected

significantly by fertilizer levels. The significantly maximum

seed yield was recorded in weed free plots. The interactive

effect of fertilizer levels and weed-crop competition periods

for seed yield were significant. It was concluded that weeds

should be controlled within 30 days of emergence of crop and

should be fertilized at the rate of 180 + 80 kg N + P2O5 ha-1

to

get economic yield of linseed.




52

85. EVALUATION OF ALLELOPATHIC

POTENTIAL OF STRAITS RHODODENRON

(Melastoma malabathricum L.) EXTRACTS

*M.Faravani1, B.B.Baki

1 , K..Awang

2 and D.R. Syamsir

2

1Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya,

509603 Kuala Lumpur MALAYSIA 2Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 509603


[email protected]

Melastoma malabathricum L. (Melastomataceae) is a weedy

invasive shrub in arable lands, abandoned farmlands,

secondary forest openings and derelict areas in Malaysia. We

assessed the allelopathic activity of crude extracts of M.

malabathricum in the laboratory. The aqueous extracts were

assayed from fresh materials with concentrations of 0, 50,

100, 150 and 200 gL-1

while the aqueous of oven-dried

materials were with concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160, and

200 gL-1

. The crude methanol extracts were prepared using

extract concentrations of 10.80, 14.28, 18.00 and 30.00 gL-1

of shoot and root materials. Inhibition of seed germination of

radish prevailed at concentrations in excess of 200 gL-1

in the

aqueous extract of dried materials, while with methanol

extract similar inhibition were observed at concentrations of

14.28 - 30 gL-1

. Total inhibition of root and shoot growth was

also observed in the barnyardgrass. Both species were

susceptible to allelochemical extracts isolated from shoot and

root of M. malabathricum. Root and shoot lengths of radish

and barnyardgrass decreased with application of the extracts.

The results were discussed from the view point of using the

extracts as a natural herbicide to control barnyardgrass and

other susceptible weed species by arresting seed germination

and seedling growth and establishment.

86. POTENTIAL OF AN INVASIVE AQUATIC

PLANT DUCKWEED (Wolffia spp.) AS A FISH

FEED IN TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) FRY

REARING

M.H.S. Ariyaratne

National Aquatic Resources Research & Development

Agency,

Colombo-15, SRI LANKA

[email protected]

The trial was carried out at National Aquatic Resources

Research & Development Agency (NARA), Colombo for a

period of 41 days. Six cement tanks (1.6m x1.0m x

0.5m)=0.75 m3 were used. The tanks were cleaned, washed

and filled with tap water up to 45 cm. After 5 days, O.

niloticus fry (initial weight= 0.0754±0.0441g) were stocked

according to the stocking density of 500 fry m-3

. Fresh

duckweed (Dw) and commercial feed (Cf) were the 2 feed

types used in this trial and tested in triplicate. Tanks were

selected randomly for these 2 feed types. Feed was provided

twice per day at a daily rate of 5% of body weight. Twenty

fish in each tank were sampled weekly to determine average

weight and the feeding rate was adjusted accordingly. pH and

temperature (air & water) were measured daily and Nitrite-

nitrogen (NO2), Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3) and Total Ammonia

Nitrogen (TAN) were measured weekly. The rearing period

was lasted 41days. Average Daily Growth (ADG), Specific

Growth Rate in weight (SGR-W), Feed Conversion Ratio

(FCR) and % survival rates were determined, in respective

tanks. The Mean ADG and Mean Final body weight of the

fish fed on Cf and Dw (0.0261±0.0076, 0.0061±0.0018 g/day

and 1.1450±0.2839, 0.2875±0.0802 g) were not significantly

different, respectively (p<0.05).Nevertheless, the SGR-W and

the mean % survival rates of the fish fed on Cf and Dw

(6.7604±1.7589, 5.0463±0.8496 and 44.6±16.35, 25.5± 6.74)

were significantly different(p>0.05). The FCR of the Cf and

Dw feed types (1.003±0.6097 and 4.2066±0.2462) were not

significantly different (p<0.05), respectively. The mean water

temperature (29.3±1.3936) and the mean pH in Cf

(8.56±0.5361) and Dw (8.72±0.6206) provided tanks were not

significantly different (P<0.05). The mean toxic Ammonia

(NH3) in Cf and Dw provided tanks (0.0587±0.0596 and

0.0403±0.0307 mg/l) were significantly different (p>0.05).

The aquatic plant Wolffia could be used as fish feed for

Tilapia fry rearing. Further research will be needed to

determine optimal amounts. A use of this nature would reduce

the nuisance value of Wolffia considerably, and it could no

longer be considered an invasive plant.




87. BREAKING SEED DORMANCY IN Prosopis

farcta (MESQUITE)

M.T.Alebrahim, E.Kazerooni, R. Majd

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, P.O. Box 91775-1163, Mashhad,

IRAN. [email protected]

Knowledge about weed biology is very important to find

approaches in sustainable management of weeds that guide us

to control of them without chemical material (herbicides).

Prosopis farcta is one of the most important noxious weeds in

Iran particularly in dray lands. It is a perennial broadleaf weed

in the fabaceae family. The mechanism of propagation in this

weed is by seed production. Its presence has been observed,

particularly in warm and dry places and found extensively in

pastures, fallow, waste and cultivated fields. One of the major

problems for weed control is the presence of dormancy in

weed seeds. Prosopis farcta is one of the dominant weeds in

the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Therefore the effect of

mechanical (sandpaper and scalpel), chemical (sulfuric acid

and sodium hydroxide), scarification and boiling water on

breaking dormancy in two ecotypes of Prosopis farcta seeds

were examined. For mechanical treatments, seeds were

abraded 10, 20 and 30 times with two kind of sandpaper or

scarified with scalpel. Seeds were also soaked in boiling water

for 2, 5 and 10 min. For chemical treatments, the seeds were

soaked for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min in sulfuric acid or

10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 min in 50%, 70% and 90% sodium

hydroxide solution. A completely randomized design with 4

replications of 25 seeds in Petri dishes was used. Germination

was obtained through scarification with scalpel (89%, 68.2%),

sulfuric acid (72.8%, 54.2%) and boiling water (53.6%, 28%),

in Borazjan and Kashmar ecotypes respectively. Sodium

hydroxide (22.6%, 1%) and sandpaper (19.2%, 3.5%) were

not effectiveon both ecotypes, particularly in Kashmar. In

general Kashmar showed more hardseedness than Borazjan

ecotypes.

88. WEED PROBLEMS IN SUGAR CANE AND

THEIR CONTROL IN THE SUDAN

Makkawi A. A. Rahman

Research and Development Department, Kenana Sugar Co.,

SUDAN

[email protected]

Sugar cane crop suffers badly due to weed infestation.

Brachiaria spp., Ipomea cordofana, Rottboellia

cochinchinesis, Elusine india, Digera alternifolia, Euphorbia

acalyphoides, Panicum hygrocharis, Cynodon dactylon,

Cyperus rotundus and Striga hermonthica are the most

common weeds of sugar cane in the Sudan. Application of

herbicides supplemented with hand or mechanical weeding is

the main method of weeds control. Pre emergence application

of different formulations of pendimethalin, atrazine and

ametryne renders excellent general weed control . Post

emergence application of asulum give effective weed kill.

The control of perennial weeds, C. dactylon and C. rotundus

in sugar cane fields is difficult, but glyphosate is used for its

control in fallow lands. S. hermonthica is controlled by spot

application of 2,4-D just before flowering.


54

89. EFFECT OF WEED COMPETITION PERIODS

ON WEEDS AND YIELD OF BLACK SEED

Muhammad Ather Nadeem, Asif Tanveer, Abrar Hussain

and Asghar Ali


Faisalabad.-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Field experiment were conducted at Agronomic Research

Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to study the effect

of different weed competition periods on weeds and yield of

blackseed (Nigella sativa L.) locally known as kalwanji

during winter 2005-06 and 2006-07. Weeds were allowed to

compete with crop for 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 days after sowing

and throughout the growth season along with weed free

treatment. Phalaris minor, Convulvulus arvensis and

Chenopodium album were the dominant weeds in the

experimental area. The results revealed that weed density and

weed dry weight increased with increase in weed competition

periods. The maximum seed yield was recorded in weed free

treatment and seed yield decreased significantly with each

increased competition period. The minimum seed yield and

maximum weed density and dry weight was recorded in

weedy check.

90. COMPETITIVE DISPLACEMENTS OF

PARTHENIUM WEED WITH BENEFICIAL

NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PASTURE

PLANTS

Naeem Khan, Chris O’Donnell and Steve Adkins

School of Land Crop and Food Sciences, the University of

Queensland-AUSTRALIA

[email protected]

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is an annual

broadleaf invasive weed from the family Asteraceae. It is a

threat to the pasture lands of Central Queensland and has the

potential to convert much traditional pasture land into

parthenium dominated communities. This study was initiated

to identify useful competitive pasture plants that were able to

displace parthenium weed. Initial trials were undertaken in the

glasshouse then the best plants tested in the field at two

parthenium infested sites in central Queensland. In the

glasshouse addition series competition trials were used where

30 species were tested and 10 most competitive species were

tested in the field condition. Purple pigeon grass, Guinea

grass, Buffel grass and Indian blue grass, Bull Mitchell grass,

Kangaroo grass, Pitted blue grass and Hope Mitchell grass

were the most competitive (from high to low). The remaining

pasture plant species were found as poor competitors against

parthenium weed. Buffel Grass, Kangaroo grass, Bull

Mitchell grass, Indian blue grass, Purple pigeon grass and

Seca stylo were tested at Injune and Buffel Grass, Indian blue

grass, Butterfly pea, Creeping blue grass, Digit grass and

Rhodes grass were tested at Monto. Replicated trials using

randomised block design were carried out at central

Queensland in the parthenium infested pastural area with 7

most competitive glasshouse screened plants. Purple pigeon

grass, Rhodes grass, Buffel grass, Queensland blue grass and

butterfly pea (from low to high) significantly out competed

and reduced parthenium weed dry biomass. These findings

showed that the introduced and native pasture species could

be useful to manage parthenium weed on sustainable basis in

field conditions.




91. FUNDICIDAL EFFICACY OF HERBICIDES

AGAINST SOIL, BORNE PATHOGENS OF

CHICKPEA

Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal, M. Ashraf Zahid and Umer

Iqbal Pulse Programme, National Agricultural Research Centre,

Islamabad.

Given the rise in labor costs, herbicides have an increasing

importance in modern agriculture. They are usually applied to

the soil, either pre or post emergence. They may also affect

non target soil borne phathogens. The present investigation

was under taken to evaluate the fungi toxic effects of

herbicides on Marophomina phaseolina (stem canker),

Selerotinia sclerotiorum (stem rot). Sclerotium rolfsii (collar

rot), Rhizoctonia solani (wet root rot) and Fusarium

oxysporum (wilt). It was indicated that the test herbicides

suppressed the radial growth of the colonies of all five

pathogens. The extent of reduction in both growths of

colonies due to Tribunil was generally higher than Dicuran

MA60 WP. Tribunil decreased the growth of M. phaseolina,

S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum by 50% or more and

completely stopped the growth of S. rolfsii Diccurn MA 60

WP effectively decreased the colony growth of S. rolfsii

(100%) and S. sclerotiorum (60%). Selerotium rolfsii

exhibited very high sensitivity to both the herbicides

compared to other species. The results suggested that the

fungi -toxic behavior of herbicides is not similar.

92. IN VITRO EFFICACY OF PLANT LEAF

EXTRACTS AGAINST Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Shahid Ahmad Khanzada1, Sheikh Muhammad Iqbal

1 and

Abida Akram2

1National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad

2University of Arid Agricultruaure, Rawalpindi

Aqueous plant leaf extracts of Calotropis procera (L.), Cannbis

sativus (L.) and Datura alba (Nees) @ 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% on

the mycelial growth of Selerotium rolfsii Sacc. Were evaluated

by poisoned food technique. The fungus was grown on chickpea

seed meal agar medium (CSMA) for bioassay. D. alba and C.

procera were found effective @ 1.5 and 2% followed by

C.sativus (2%) in reducing the mycelial growth of fungus over

the non-amended control. In case of selerotial production the

leaf extracts of D. alba and C. procera at the concentration of

2%.


56

93. STUDY OF ALLELOPATHIC PLANT

PRODUCTS, MULCHES AND

HERBICIDES FOR WEED

MANAGEMENT IN TOMATO AND

ITS RESIDUAL EFFECT

P. Saravanane1 and O. S. Kandasamy

2

1 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture &

Research Institute, Karaikal, UT of Puducherry- 609

603, INDIA 2Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University, Coimbatore,641 003,INDIA

[email protected]

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is the most

important vegetable crop in the Indian sub continent.

Weed infestation is the key factor responsible for

yield loss in tomato. Hence, an field experiment was

conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University,

Coimbatore, India to study the impact of allelopathic

plant products, polyethylene mulches and chemical

herbicides on the weed spectrum and yield of tomato.

Laboratory assessment of the herbicide residue by

bioassay technique and its possible impact on the soil

microbial population was also studied. Best results in

terms of tomato yields were obtained with black

polyethylene mulching with higher weed control

efficiency. No residual toxicity was observed by the

use of chemical herbicides in tomato for weed

management.

94. ECOLOGY, BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF SOME

EXOTIC-INVASIVE WEEDS ON FEDERAL LANDS IN

BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

Raj Prasad, J. Benner and S. Bundel

Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, B.C. V8Z

1M5- CANADA

[email protected]

Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), Gorse (Ulex europaeus) Daphne

(Daphne laureola) and English ivy (Hedera helix), are four prominent,

invasive plants that pose a serious threat to Garry oak and associated

ecosystems on federal lands in Victoria, British Columbia. These plants

colonize disturbed areas quickly, form dense monospecific stands,

remain persistent for a long time and defy any easy eradication program.

They suppress and inhibit the growth of native plants and ultimately

arrest forest succession. Several federal departments including the

Department of Environment, Department of National Defence,

Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Department of Indian Affairs and

Parks Canada have expressed great concerns regarding their rapid

incursion, adverse impacts and the resulting degradation of native

habitats. With a grant from the Department of Environment and the

Department of National Defence, we conducted research to examine the

population dynamics, phenology and control methods of these invasive

plants on federal lands near Victoria, B.C. Of the several methods of

control tested, including manual cutting, application of a registered

herbicide (Release- triclopyr), a fungal bioherbicide (Chondrostereum

purpureum), and a commercial plastic mulch, it was found that some

treatments (mulch and herbicide) provided 100% efficacy on resprouting

behaviour of all four invasive species. While one bioherbicide

(Fusarium tumidum) was very effective on Scotch broom under the

greenhouse conditions, it was not applied under field conditions. The

other bioherbicide (Chondrostereum purpureum) produced a variable

response when applied under the field conditions. Manual cutting was

found to be the least effective. Also a novel prospective bioagent

(Phomopsis sp. denovo) was isolated from dying and dead samples of

Daphne from the field and results from laboratory, greenhouse and field

conditions suggest that it may hold great potential for control of Daphne.

Continued and additional research is necessary to determine the

appropriate formulations of these bioagents as well as the effectiveness

of the different and integrated control treatments over a period of years.

A new technology using superheated water (Aquacide) to kill vegetative

shoots of gorse did not offer long term control nor was it found to be cost

effective.





95. ALLELOPATICAL EFFECT OF

SAFFLOWER AND SUNFLOWER

RESIDUE ON SEED GERMINATION

AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN

SOME POACEAE SPP.

Rozbeh Farhoudi1, Ehsan

Kafashan1, Adel Modhej

1

Islamic Azad University,

Shoushtar Branch, IRAN

Experiment was carried out to evaluation the

allopathic effects of sunflower and safflower

aqueous extracts on germination, seedling growth

and catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity in

Hordeum spontaneum, Lolium spp., Phalaris spp.

and Wheat (Triticum aestivum). The experimental

arrangement was two factorial with 3 replications.

Factor 1 included 4 levels of aqueous extract

concentration (0, 5, 10 and 15 volume percent) and

factor 2 included Hordeum spontaneum, Lolium

spp., Phalaris spp. and Wheat (Triticum aestivum).

Results showed increasing the concentration of

sunflower and safflower extracts, decreased

germination percentage, seedling growth, seedling

fresh weight and catalase activity but increased cell

membrane leakage, mean germination time and

peroxidase activaity. In highest level of sunflower

and safflower extract, highest and lowest

germination percentage, seedling fresh weight and

peroxidase activity showed in Hordeum spontaneum

and Wheat (Triticum aestivum). These results

showed negative effect of sunflower and safflower

extract on germination and stability of wheat

seedling.

96. INVESTIGATION THE ALLELOPATIC EFFECTS OF

AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF SUNFLOWER ON

GERMINATION AND CATALASE ENZYME ACTIVITY

IN CANOLA (Bracica napus), WILD MUSTARD (Sinapis

arvensis) AND MALLVA COMMON (Malva sylvestris)

Rozbeh Farhoudi1

Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar Branch, IRAN

Experiment was carried out to evolution the allopathic effects of

sunflower aqueous extracts on germination and catalase enzyme activity

in canola, wild mustard and mallow. The experimental arrangement was

factorial included 4 level of aqueous extract concentration(0, 20, 40 and

60 volum percent) and 3 level of plants(canola, wild mustard and mallow)

in 4 replications. Results showed Increasing the concentration of

sunflower extracts, decreased seed germination percentage in canola and

wild mustard but did not affect in mallow. Increasing sunflowe aqueous

extracts of significantly decreased seedling weight, shoot and root length

in canola and wild mustard but decreased catalase enzyme activity in

musturd.


58

97. ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF TWO

ASTERACEOUS WEEDS AGAINST

Macrophomina phaseolina

*Rukhsana Bajwa, Sobiya Shafique and Shazia

Shafique Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology,

University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus,

Lahore, PAKISTAN.

[email protected]

The antifungal activities of shoot and root extracts

of two Asteraceous plants species viz. Parthenium

hysterophorus L. and Ageratum conyzoides were

determined against Macrophomina phaseolina

(Tassi) Goid., the cause of charcoal rot disease of

sunflower (Helianthus annus L.). A measured

reduction in M. phaseolina biomass was observed

due to aqueous extracts of different concentrations.

Lowest concentration of 2% of both root and shoot

extract of P. hysterophorus markedly suppressed the

biomass. Whereas in case of A. conyzoides 4% of

both root and shoot extract was proved most

effective.

98. USE OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES TO PRODUCE

VERMICOMPOST IN COCONUT PLANTATIONS OF SRI

LANKA

S.H.S.Senarathne

Agronomy Division, Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, SRI LANKA

[email protected]

Vermicomposting is a well known technology adapted to produce a

valuable bio-fertilizer from any kind of organic waste in coconut

plantations. Weeds growing commonly in coconut plantations and cover

crops, Gliricidia sepium are grown as a N source in coconut plantation are

good organic sources for vermi compost production. The experiment was

carried out to evaluate the quality of vermicompost produced by different

weed or plant species residues those are commonly available in coconut

plantations and also to evaluate the effect of these different plant species

residues on the earth worms’ activity in the vermicomposting process.

Vermicompost was produced using different plant species collected from

coconut plantations. Variation of earthworms’ population and their initial

and final weight were measured. Nutrient analysis was conducted to

estimate the amount of N, P, K and organic matter content in

vermicomposts produced by different plant species. The highest N

content and highest worm growth rate were found in the vermicompost

produced using Puereria phasioloides, Gliricidia sepium, Cassia tora and

Tephrosia purpurea. The highest P content was recorded in

vermicompost samples produced using Tithonia diversifolia and Panicum

maximum. Tithonia diversifolia, Puereria phasioloides, Cassia tora and

Gliricidia sepium show significantly higher K content than the other plant

species residues. Organic matter content was significantly high in vermi

compost produced by Tithonia diversifolia, Puereria phasioloides,

Gliricidia sepium, Cassia tora and Hyptis suaveolens. Worm

multiplication rate was significantly reduced in vermicompost samples of

Lantana camara, Chromoleana odorata and Vernonie zeylanica due to

certain chemical compounds present in these plant species. The results

suggest that Gliricidia sepium, Tephrosia purpurea, Cassia tora and

Tithonia diversifolia are the best species for composting when compared

with other selected weed species in coconut plantations.




99. EVALUATION OF SELECTED

BROAD LEAF HERBICIDES FOR

THE CONTROL OF WILD RADISH

(Raphanus raphanistrum) IN TEF

(Eragrostis tef) CROPPING SYSTEMS

OF ETHIOPIA

Kassahun Zewdie

Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

P.O.Box 2003, Addis Abeba, ETHIOPIA

[email protected]

Field experiments were conducted at three locations

of central highlands of Ethiopia to develop efficacy

data for three candidate broad leaf weed killer

herbicides. The experiment was arranged in a

Randomized Complete Block Design with three

replications. Results revealed that visual assessment

of general and individual weed control score on

Starane M, Derby and Mustang gave equally

effective control and showed similar score at all

scoring time. The herbicides did not differ on their

effect on weed biomass among themselves.

However , But the differences in weed biomass

between the herbicides and the untreated weedy

check plots were highly significant. The weed

population affected the number of tef spike per

meter square and number of seeds per spike. In line

with this, the least number of seeds was recorded on

the uncontrolled check plot. The seed yields from

untreated weedy check plots were significantly

lower than the rest of all treatments. Seed yields

obtained from Mustang treated plots were higher

than the rest herbicides including hand-weeding

treatments. Unanimously all treatments were

significantly better than the untreated weedy check

in weed control as well as seed yield increment.

Above all the highest efficacy and degree of

selectivity makes Derby a promising potential

herbicide that could replace the current standard

check. None of the tested herbicides were toxic to

the crop.

100. Parthenium hysterophorus: A HIGHLY PROBLEMATIC

WEED IN ETHIOPIA

Kassahun Zewdie1 and Wondi Mersie

2

1Holetta agricultural Research centre, Ethiopia, P.O.Box 2003-

ETHIOPIA [email protected] 2Virginia State University-USA

[email protected]

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) of a neo-tropical origin

introduced to Ethiopia some thirty years back and attained a major weed

status in Ethiopia with in a quite short period. It has an aggressive

invasive character invading pasture, irrigated and cultivated land and

irrigation canals at an alarming phase of natural pasture grasses as well as

native plant species. This paper illustrated that the current status and

distribution of the weed in Ethiopia, results on assessment based on

opinion pools made on the impact of the weed on crop production,

livestock production and the environment in general. The paper also

suggests future actions to be under taken to reduce the spread and

minimize the negative impact of Parthenium hysterophorus.



60

101. EFFECT OF MOISTURE AND LIGHT

INTENSITY ON WEED SPREAD: THISTLES -

A CASE STUDY

Shahida Khalid and Sadar Uddin Siddiqui

National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road,

Islamabad-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Weeds are part of a dynamic ecosystem wherein, competition

among weeds and crops for nutrients is not independent of

competition for other resources. The ability of a species to

better utilize available nutrients can also provide an advantage in

competition for water and light. The emergence and growth of

weeds is tightly linked with the temperature, soil moisture and

light intensity. This study on the growth characteristics of

thistles (Carthamus oxyacantha, Centaurea iberica and

Silybum marianum) under different light and moisture

conditions was carried out to see behavior of weed spread

along with growth influences. C. oxyacantha plants adapted to

the lack of moisture by reduction in the plant size and could

produced flowers and seeds even at the lowest subjected

moisture. Silybum marianum was found well adapted to

survive under different moisture levels. Whereas, Centaurea

showed a potential to proliferate under all tested light

intensities.

102. EFFECT OF WEED-CROP COMPETITION ON

GROWTH AND YIELD OF GARDEN CRESS

(Lepidium sativum L.)

Shahzad, M., A. Tanveer, M. Ayub, K. Mubeen and N.

Sarwar

[email protected]

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of weed-

crop competition period on the growth and yield of Lepidium

sativum L. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with four

replications. The dominant weeds were Phalaris minor,

Anagalis arvensis, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis

and Medicago denticulata Maximum density and dry weight of

the weeds were recorded in plots with competition throughout

the season and the minimum was observed in weed-crop

competition for 40 days after emergence. Maximum seed yield

was recorded in plots where weeds were not allowed to grow

followed by weed-crop competition period of 40 days after

emergence while the minimum was recorded in plots where

weeds competed with the crop throughout the period. The

results lead to the conclusion that 40 days after emergence is

found to be the critical period of weed-crop competition in L.

sativum grown in field. So weeds should be controlled before 40

days after emergence in garden cress for getting maximum

yield.




103. CULTIVATION OF Pleurotus sajor caju

ON WEED PLANTS

Shakil Ahmed*, Samavia Mubeen*, M. Adnan

Saeed*, Azeem Hadier* and Shahjahan Baig**

*Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology,

University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590

**FBRC, PCSIR Laboratories Complex Ferozepur

road Lahore-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Lignocelluloses are the building blocks of all plants

and are ubiquitous to most regions of our planet.

Their chemical properties make it a substrate of

enormous biotechnological value. Selective weeds

can be used successfully as substrates for Pleurotus

sajor caju (Fr.) Singer cultivation. Weeds are not

only proved as the alternative substrate for

Pleurotus sajor caju cultivation, they also can

significantly increase the protein content and reduce

the production time. Supplementation of weed

substrate with rice straw increases the accumulated

growth of mushroom. In the present investigation

Parthenium hysterophorus, Lantana camara,

Ageratum conyzoides, Amaranthus viridus have

been identified as the best substrate for Pleurotus

sajor caju, when it was mixed with rice straw (1:1,

wet wt/wet wt) for mushroom cultivation. The

fruiting time for P. sajor caju was also less on

Lantana camara than on any other weed substrates

tested in the present investigation. The

Chenopodium album was the least suited weed for

oyster mushroom cultivation. The main problem of

oyster mushroom cultivation on weed substrates

was found to be low yield in the second flush that

could be overcome by blending weed plants with

rice straw. The protein contents of the fruit bodies

obtained from Parthenium hysterophorus and

Ageratum conyzoides were not only better than rice

straw but also from the rice straw supplemented

weeds.

104. INVASION OF Assystasia gangetic SUBS.Micrantha IN OIL

PALM PLANTATIONS IN INDONESIA

Soekisman Tjitrosoedirdjo, Denny Kurniadie, Sri.S.Tjitrosoedirdjo

,Imam Mawardi, Sri Widadayanti, Fadil Lubis and Dad Resiworo

Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, INDONESIA

[email protected]

There were 3 different taxa of Assystasia observed in Indonesia,

A.nemorum, native to Java Island, A. gangetica subs. gangetica originated

from India, both planted as ornamental plants and A. gangetica subs

micrantha originated from Africa, an invasive weed in oil palm

plantations in Indonesia. All oil palm plantations in Indonesia were

invaded by A.gangetica subs.micrantha. Various herbicides, such as

paraquat, glyphosate, metsulfuron methyl and their mixtures were tested

and found to be effective in the labaratorium, but apparently it required

intensive management in the field and in most cases could not be met.

Cultural technique using Mucuna bracteata proved to be effectively good

to control this Asystasia

http://aa.mc508.mail.yahoo.com/mc/[email protected]


62

105. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENTS ON

ESTABLISHMENT AND NODULATION OF

Hippophae rhamnoides (SEABUCKTHORN) IN

HYDROPONIC CULTURE

Syed Rehmat Ullah Shah and Per-Olof Lundquist

Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, SLU,

Uppsala, SWEDEN

[email protected]

The plant Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn) is a

medicinal plant having a wide range of medicinal values

against different diseases. This plant is found in cold

temperate areas of the many European and Asian countries.

This plant having an extensive root system play a major role

in soil ecosystem and has a symbiotic relationship with

Frankia to fix environmental nitrogen. In this study different

combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus were used to

achieve better growth and nodulation in hydroponic condition.

High nitrogen had a toxic effect on plants in combination with

low phosphorous while with high phosphorous initially plant

started browning but with the time most of the plants

recovered with formation of more than one shoots per plant.

Low Nitrogen and high phosphorous gave better results in

term of growth and nodulation while less growth was

obtained when low nitrogen is applied with low phosphorous.

106. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PLANTS BASED

PRODUCTS FOR Striga hermonthica CONTROL

IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor) UNDER

SUDANESE FIELD CONDITION

Umsalama abdelmageed Ahmed, Tahany Monagy Alamun

Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural

Sciences, Dalang University, Dalang, SUDAN

[email protected]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the most important cereal crop in

Sudan in both terms of production and consumption, it is

extremely affected by a tremendous parasitic weed Striga

hermonthica causing serious crop yield losses. Three successive

field experiments were conducted at Dalang, Sudan, from 2008

to 2009, to evaluate the efficiency of four plants (Azadirachta

indica, Ocimum basilicum, Lawsonia alba and Cissus

quadrangularis) based products on Striga seed germination,

Striga seedling mortality, time of 50% to Striga seedling

emergence and mortality. The treatments were arranged in a

completely randomized design using five replications. All four

plants based materials were significantly reduced Striga seed

germination and causing considerable Striga seedling mortality

which was both highest in the treatment with C. quadrangularis

plant material. C. quadrangularis plant materials caused 50% of

Striga seedling mortality at about 40 days after the first seedling

emergence (FSE) while the other plants materials caused 50%

seedling mortality at about 60 days of FSE. The effect of the

four plant materials under study on the time of 50% Striga

seedling emergence was inconsistence through out the three

trials. Suppression of S. hermonthica seed germination by

allelochemicals released by the plant materials under study is

suggested as the mechanism for reduction of S. hermonthica

infection and can be act as an effective component of an

integrated Striga control program compatible with the limited

resources of small-scale subsistence farmers.



108. STUDIES ON GENETIC DIVERSITY AT DNA

LEVEL AMONG VARIOUS BIOTYPES OF

WILD OATS (Avena species)

Zahid Hanif*1, Zahoor Ahmad Swati

1, Imtiaz Ahmad Khan

1

,Sabz Ali2 and Imtiaz Khan

3

1Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

NWFP, Agricultural University Peshawar-PAKISTAN

Email: [email protected] 2 National Agricultural Research Council-Islamabad

3Department of Department of Weed Science, NWFP

Agricultural University Peshawar-PAKISTAN

.

Weeds cause considerable losses (25-30%) to common wheat.

Wild oat is highly competitive grassy weed of Rabi crops,

especially, associated with the wheat crop and causes

approximately 60 % out of total weed losses. In the present

study, genetic diversity of 10 biotypes of wild oats (Avena

species) were analyzed using 9 Randomly Amplified

Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 2 Simple Sequence Repeat

(SSR) primer sets. RAPD and SSR primers revealed high levels

of genetic polymorphisms among the various biotypes of wild

oats. RAPD primers GL-A03, GL-A04, GL-A12, GL-B07, GL-

B19, GL-C07. GL-D17, GL-D18, GL-E05 and SSR primer sets

gdm 86-2B and gdm 87-2D amplified 2.1, 4, 2.4. 3.8, 3.7, 4.78,

2.33, 4, 2.58, 1.2 and 3.1 loci per biotype, respectively. Range

of genetic distances estimated by using individual primers was

from 0 – 100 %, indicating that these biotypes were genetically

very diverse and possess a high amount of polymorphism.

Preliminary PCR amplification results suggest that the two

wheat chromosome specific SSR markers (gdm 86-2B and gdm

87-2D) could be used successfully to investigate genetic

diversity in wild oats. Wild oat biotypes showing maximum

genetic distances (D.I. Khan white biotype and Swat biotype)

should be used in future breeding programs for improving the

genetic base of wild oat germplasm, while using it as a food or

feed crop.

107. APPLICATION OF NANO-TECHNOLOGY IN

WEED SCIENCE; CASE STUDY: ATRAZINE

DEGRADATION IN SOIL BY USING NANO

ZERO VALENT IRON

Yasser Nikparast, Mohhamad Hassan Rashed Mohasel

and Reza Ghorbani

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi

University of Mashhad, P.O.Box: 91775-1163, Mashhad.-

IRAN [email protected]

Nanotechnology is being considered as the current industrial

revolution which will not leave any aspects of science

unaffected. It is an interdisciplinary technology, blending

different sciences to make everything smaller as well as more

efficient. In weed sciences, nanotechnology could be

applicable in a range of nano-sensors and nano-remediation of

herbicide pollution to nano-herbicides and controlled-released

nano-formulations. Nano-sensors, with their smaller size,

higher accuracy and lower cost, can improve the precision

herbicide application. Reformulation of nano-scale herbicides

within micro-capsules which can be released under specific

conditions will significantly decrease the environmental risk

and presence of herbicide residue. Several studies have

investigated some nano-particles for degradation of

environmental pollutants such as herbicides. Some oxidant

and reductant nano-particles for instance have been used for

pollutant remediation and promoting the beneficial microbial

communities. Because of their smaller size and vast active

surface, nano-particles are more active and more flexible

against dispersion. Unique features of nano-materials make

them good candidates to be applied in weed management in

future. A series studies have recently been started faculty of

agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad and the results

of preliminary trials showed the feasibility of Atrazine

degradation in soil by application of nano zero valent iron.

The main and accurate experiments are currently under

progress and their results will be presented in the conference.



64

109. CHARACTERIZATION OF ALIEN FLORA OF

THE KASHMIR HIMALAYA: TAXONOMIC

PATTERN, ECOLOGICAL INSIGHTS AND

MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

Zafar A. Reshi*, Anzar A. Khuroo and G.H. Dar

Department of Botay, University of Kashmir, Srinagar

Jammu & Kashmir, INDIA

[email protected]

The ecological and economic damage caused by alien

invasive species is the rationale for the selection of “Trends in

Invasive Alien Species” as one of 22 Headline Indicators to

measure progress towards the Convention on Biological

Diversity’s target of reducing the rate of loss of biodiversity

by 2010. It is in this context that a structured inventory of

alien species of different taxa inhabiting terrestrial, freshwater

and marine environments in different phytogeographical

regions is necessary to provide the basis for prevention and

control of biological invasions. Such an inventory of alien

plant species of the Kashmir Himalaya based on well

established spatio-temporal stages of invasions is presented.

The alien flora, comprising 436 alien plant species, belonging

to 269 genera and 73 families, is also characterised with

regard to its taxonomic composition, growth form, geographic

origin, purpose of introduction and habitats invaded. Invasion

stage-based characterisation of the alien flora revealed that

119 species belonged to invasion Stage-II (alien species that

have been introduced, but not yet established), 107 to Stage-

III (alien species that have established), 56 to IVa (alien

species that are widespread but occasional), 77 to IVb (alien

species that are localised but dominant) and 77 to Stage-V

(alien species that are widespread and dominant; invasive).

Representation of annuals and perennials was more or less

uniform across different stages of invasion, but representation

of aquatics and trees was higher at stage V. Irrespective of

their stage of invasion, most of the alien species were of

European and Asian origin and were mostly introduced

unintentionally. Though the species at lower stages of

invasion were usually restricted to human or semi-natural

habitats, but the natural habitats were also invaded by

widespread and abundant alien species (Stage-V species).

Implications of such structured inventories in the

identification of drivers, pressures, impacts and management

strategies for biological invasions are also highlighted.

110. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT RELATIVE LIGHT

INTENSITIES ON Eupatorium odoratum

GROWTH

Zh.W. Fan1, J.H. Zhang

1,2, and L.Zh. Liu

1

1Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy

of Tropical Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Monitoring

and Control of Tropical Agricultural and Forest Invasive Alien

Pests, Ministry of Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Pests

Detection and Control for Tropical Agriculture of Hainan

Province- [email protected] 2College of Environment and Plant Protection, University of

Hainan, Hainan 571737, CHINA

In this paper, the main stem height, main stem leaf number and fresh and

dry weight of Eupatorium odoratum L. were measured in different

relative light intensities in the field experiment. The results showed that

appropriate shade (about 38% light intensity) at the beginning of 3 or 4

months was advantage to increase Eupatorium odoratum high growth

and leaf number, but not to its biomass accumulation. At the end of

experiment, the higher was relative light intensity, the better increased

Eupatorium odoratum stem, leaf and root dry weight. The order of

height, leaf number and total dry weight of Eupatorium odoratum was

100% light intensity > 38% light intensity > 16% light intensity > 3%

light intensity. Eupatorium odoratum could not flower normally when

relative light intensity was 16% or less. Light intensity should impact the

invasion of Eupatorium odoratum. This research has important

significance for control of Eupatorium odoratum.



111. WEED CONTROL IN GREEN BEANS

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) WITH SOIL-APPLIED

HERBICIDES

Zvonko Pacanoski1 and Gordana Glatkova

2

1Faculty for Agricultural Sciences and Food, Ss. Cyril and

Methodius University, Skopje, R. Macedonia; 2 Institute of

Agriculture, Skopje, R. MACEDONIA

[email protected]

Field trials were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate

weed control in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with soil-

applied herbicides. The weed population in the both years was

consisted mainly of summer grasses and broadleaves weeds.

The weediness in the both years was relative high. Weed

density in the untreated control plots was 146.0 plants per m-2

in 2005 and 176.2 plants per m-2

in 2006. The most dominant

weeds in both years were Echinochloa-crus galli and

Portulaca oleracea. Efficacy of herbicides was ranged of

77.9% (ethalfluralin) to 92.5% (pendimethalin) in 2005, and

92.6% (ethalfluralin) to 99.7% (imazethapyr) in 2006,

respectively. Lower herbicide efficacy in 2005 was due to

dryer soil conditions after herbicide application. Green beans

were not visibly injured by any of herbicide treatments in

2005, but linuron and prometryn caused 13.8 and 15.3%

transient injury in 2006. Green beans yield was markedly

affected by herbicide efficacy, particularly in the second year,

where a yield was similar to that of the weed-free control.

112. ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF Parthenium

hysterophorus L. EXTRACTS ON SEED

GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF SOME

IMPORTANT CROPS OF NWFP.

Gul Hassan and Anees Amin


NWFP Agricultural Unviersity Peshwar-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

P. hysterophorus being an alien invasive weed is threatening the

biodiversity of Pakistan. To study its allelopathic potential, a

laboratory based study was undertaken during September and

November 2008 in Weed Research Laboratory, Department of

Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar,

Pakistan to investigate the allelopathic potential of aqueous

extracts of P. hysterophorus leaves against mungbean, sorghum,

millet and maize. The fresh leaves of P. hysterophours were

dried in shade and grinded. The powder was soaked @ 25gL -1

,

50 gL -1

and 75g L-1

. Ten seeds of each species were placed in

Petri dishes and extracts were applied when needed. Control

was also included for comparison. The experiment was laid out

in completely randomized design with three replications. The

findings show that with the increasing concentration of P.

hysterophorus, the germination percentage,, seedling length and

seedling weight of all the species tested were significantly

decreased. Thus the present study suggests that P.

hysterophorus adversely affects the agronomic crops and needs

to be properly managed. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of

parthenium could lead as tool of weed management into the

arsenal of weed managers. Further studies are suggested to

explore the different aspects to successfully use parthenium for

weed management.


66

113. PHYTOSOCIOLOGY ALONG THE

ROADSIDES OF DISTRICT SWABI NWFP,

PAKISTAN

Gul Hassan and Anees Amin


NWFP Agricultural Unviersity Peshwar-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a fast maturing annual native

to the subtropics of North and South America and now a

rapidly spreading invasive weed in Pakistan. To evaluate its

distribution and density a phtosociological survey was

conducted in five villages randomly selected in District

Swabi, NWFP viz. Ismaila, Nawekaley, Swabi, Zaida and

Topi. The mean data across the 5 locations studied reveals

that the flora along the roadsides is predominated by Cynodon

dactylon with the highest relative density of 29.2% among all

the species. It was followed by Digitaria sanguinalis.

Trianthema portulacastrum, Parthenium hyesterophorus,

Cannabis sativus, Amaranthus. viridis and Xanthium

strumarium with relative densities of 19.9, 11.8,11.3,10.8,6.3

and 2.2%, respectively. At different locations it was observed

that C. sativa was replaced by P. hysterophous, while at other

places they occurred in mixture. Regarding the distribution of

C. dactylon, showed its highest relative frequency (24.7%) at

village Swabi. The data further manifests that

P.hysterophorus infestation was buffered and almost uniform

at all villages along the roadsides, however its maximum

relative frequency (23.5%) was recorded at Topi followed by

22.2, 20.2, 18.0, and 15.2 % in Nawekaley, Ismaila, Zaida and

Swabi, respectively. X. strumarium and A.viridis possessed

the smallest relative frequency at most of the sites examined

thereby indicating them as unimportant among the weed flora

of the target area. Determination of Importance value

indicated that Cynodon-Digitaria-Parthenium community

dominated at Ismaila, Nawekaley and Zaida. At Swabi proper

Cynodon-Trianthema-Digitaria community dominated,

whereas at Topi Cynodon-Parthenium-Cannabis community

was evidenced. Looking at the overall distribution of flora in

Swabi district the Cynodon-Digitaria-Parthenium community

predominates.The dominance and rapid spread of P.

hysterophorus in wastelands dwindled the local flora, is

attributable to its invasive capacity due to its allelopathic

properties, higher growth rate, rapid flowering and higher

fecundity. Thus, the weed is spreading rapidly along the

roadsides, into agricultural fields and on wastelands. Thus, it

is suggested that sustainable management tactics need to be

adopted to minimize its forecasted losses to the agriculture of

target area.

114. NEW FORMULATION OF GLYPHOSATE AND

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ON THE USES OF

GLYPHOSATE IN INDIA

Abhijit Bose1 and. M.C. Pandey

2

1General Manager – International Business

[email protected] 2National Development Manager

:[email protected]

Excel Crop Care Limited, 13, Aradhana Industrial Development

Corporation, Near Virwani Industrial Estate. Goregaon (East),

Mumbai 400063.INDIA

The environment plays major role in the physical development

of plants. The size, shape, and thickness of leaves, cuticle, wax

deposition, and changes in the water and nutrient status within

plants are crucial. These changes affect glyphosate efficacy in

several ways viz., interception, retention, penetration,

translocation to the site of action. Prevailing environmental

conditions also, before, at and after application affect glyphosate

performance. It is effective at lower dosage / ac. Product can be

easily transported. This formulation can be better used in cotton

for weed management in inter-rows with the help of foam

nozzle and cleaning of bunds & channels. Thus, reducing the

hosts of CLCV and mealy bug. In recent researches pre-sowing

weed control through SSB (Stale Seed Bed) by glyphosate with

post sowing method of hand weeding twice recorded

significantly higher seed cotton yield (1815 kg / ha ) and was

comparable with pendimethalin 1.0 kg / ha followed by one HW

on 45 DAS (1798 kg/ha).(Source: Effect of stalebed technique

of weed management on yield and economics of cotton. S.

Sanbagavalli, deptt of Agronomy, Madurai. Weed Symposium,

02.08.09, TNAU, Coimbatore, India). For effective control of

Rottboellia cochinchinensis, pre – emergence application of

pendimethalin 1.5 kg / ha in cropped fields and post emergence

spraying of glyphosate 3.0 kg / ha under non crop or fallow

seasons effectively manages Rottboellia cochinchinensis, a

thorny problematic grassy weed in black clay soils of Tamil

Nadu.(Source: C. Nithya et. al., TNAU, Coimbatore. Weed

Symposium, 02.08.09, TNAU, Coimbatore, India). Tuber

treatment with cytokinin (0.01%) followed by application of

glyphosate @ 3.0 kg / ha on third day controlled the tuber

emergence by 92%. Pre – emergence control of purple nut sedge

(Cyperus rotundus L.) using growth promoting substances in

combination with herbicides (Source: D.Ravisankar et. al.,

TNAU, Coimbatore. Weed Symposium, 02.08.09, TNAU,

Coimbatore, India). Directed application of glyphosate 41% SL

15 ml / lit of water could reduce the density of Cyperus rotundus

effectively. Higher yield and economic returns were obtained in

glyphosateb41% SL 15 ml /lit of water.(Source: Post emergence

herbicidal management of perennial sedge (Cyperus rotundus

L.) in banana. N.K. Prabakaran, TNAU. Weed Symposium,

02.08.09, TNAU, Coimbatore, India).





115. ALLELOPATHIC POTENTIAL OF Bracharia

brizantha And Bracharia milliformis ON SEED

GERMINATION OF SELECTED PLANT

SPECIES

S.H.S. Senarathne1,

D.N.M. Dissanayaka2 and

L. P.

Vidhana Arachchi2

1Coconut Research Institute, Lunuwila, SRI LANKA

2 Faculty of Agricultural Science, Sabaragamuea University

of Sri Lanka, Belihul Oya, SRI LANKA

Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria milliformis are widely

grown improved pasture species of the coconut plantations in

Sri Lanka. Field observations indicated that the above grass

species suppress ground vegetation in coconut plantations.

Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the

allelopathic effect in B. brizantha and B. milliformis using

their root extracts from where they possibly release

allelochemicals to the soil environment. Root exudates,

aqueous extracts of fresh and dry roots and soils where B.

brizantha and B. milliformis are grown were investigated to

verify their allelopathic effect on seed germination percentage

of five bioassay species namely; Raphanus sativas, Capsicum

annum, Lycopersicum esculantem, Crotalaria juncia and

Chromoleana odorata. Fifty seeds from each bioassay species

were placed in petri dish containing root exudates, root

extracts, contaminated soil and percentage of seed

germination were examined after 3 days. The experiment was

repeated four times. Seed germination percentage of C.

annum, L. esculantem and C. odorata was significantly

inhibited by B. brizantha contaminated soil. However, the

degree of inhibition varied among the bioassay species. The

fresh aqueous root extract of B. brizantha was highly

phytotoxic and it significantly reduced seed germination of all

the bioassay species than dry root extract. The maximum

reduction in seed germination of all the bioassay species was

caused by root exudates of two grass species. It is evident

from the results, that root aqueous extracts; root exudates and

rhizosphere soil of B.brizantha and B. milliformis species

suppresed seed germination of five bioassay species. Results

also suggested that these responses were attributed to an

allelopathic effect which should be investigated further in the

field.

116. PLASTICITY FACILITATES Anthemis cotula TO

INVADE DIVERSE HABITATS

Irfan Rashid1,2

*, Zafar Reshi2 and Yu Long Feng

3

1Department of Botany, Govt. Degree College, Baramulla-

193101, University of Kashmir, J&K, INDIA 2Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar-190

006, J&K, INDIA 3Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy

of Sciences, Kunming 650223, CHINA

[email protected]

In view of the significant contribution of phenotypic plasticity in

survival and spread of invasive species in heterogeneous

adventive environments, present study was carried out on

natural populations of Anthemis cotula L. (Stinking mayweed)

growing in habitats that differ in disturbance. The vegetative

(stem height, number of lateral branches, root mass, and shoot

mass) and reproductive (number of disc florets per plant and per

capitulum and number of capitula per plant) traits exhibited

significant phenotypic plasticity across such habitats. Number of

disc florets per plant (used as the measure of fitness) was

highest (19235.37) in riparian populations and lowest (2429.09)

in populations growing in habitats with relatively low

disturbance. Fitness in populations supported by habitats with

high disturbance was 5183.85 disc florets per plant. Although

the number of disc florets per capitulum did not vary

significantly across populations supported by different habitats,

the number of capitula per plant ranged from 148.10 in riparian

populations to 20.74 in populations growing in low disturbance

habitats. Among the vegetative attributes, stem mass and

number of lateral branches per plant varied significantly across

populations supported by habitats with different disturbance

regimes. Quantification of the phenotypic selection acting on

these vegetative and reproductive traits estimated through use of

selection differentials and gradients varied in sign and strength

across the sites which indicates that different traits are favoured

under different habitat conditions. Comparison of the

phenotypic plasticity of A. cotula with a con-familial alien but

less invasive Galinsoga parviflora allows us to conclude that

phenotypic plasticity not only enables the former to maintain

fitness across a broad range of environments but also contributes

significantly to its invasiveness in Kashmir Himalaya.


68

117. WEED FLORA OF Curcuma longa FIELDS OF

DISTRICT KASUR, PAKISTAN

Justina Jane Tahira, Salik Nawaz Khan, *Ruqia Suliman

and Waheed Anwar

Institute of Mycology and Plant Pathology

University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore

54590, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan shares more than 80% of

Turmeric production. Surveys of fields from twenty six

localities of the district were undertaken during two

successive years to study the distribution of various weed

species in Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) fields. A total of

fourteen weed species belonging to 8 angiospermic families,

were recorded in the fields of Turmeric. Sonchus aspera L.,

Chenopodium album L., Rumex dentatus L., Ageratum

conyzoides L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cynodon dactylon

Pers., Oxalis corniculata L., Malva parviflora, L,.

Malvestrum cromandlianum L., Trifolium resupinatum

L.,Euphorbia prostarta L., Phalaris minor Retz., Cirsium

arvese L..were found to be the most prevalent weed species

occurring in 90% or more studied areas during one or the

other growing season. The frequently occurring weeds with

absolute frequency of more than 80% were S. aspera, C.

album, M. cromandlianum, C. dactylon and R. dentatus. Other

densely populated weed species with absolute density above

were A. conyzoides, C. arvensis, , Euphorbia prostrata and C.

dactylon. The study highlighted the need to manage the weed.

118. MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATION IN SOME

WEED OF Curcuma longa FIELDS OF DISTRICT

KASUR, PAKISTAN

Ruqia Suliman, Salik Nawaz Khan, Waheed Anwar and

Justina Jane Tahira


University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore 54590,

PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Detailed study in district Kasur for association of vesicular

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) with weeds of Curcuma

longa fields. For this purpose fourteen weed species Sonchus

aspera L., Chenopodium album .L, Rumex dentatus L.,

Ageratum conyzoides L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cynodon

dactylon Pers., Oxalis corniculata L., Malva parviflora L.,

Malvestrum cromandlianum L., Trifolium resupinatum L.,

Euphorbia prostarta L., Phalaris minor Retz., Cirsium arvence

L, belonging to eight angiospermic families were studied for

arbuscular mycorrhizal association. The colonization was

maximum on Sonchus aspera L and Phalaris minor Retz.

Ageratum conyzoides L. and Rumex dentatus were poorly

colonized. As Sonchus aspera L.and Ageratum conyzoides

belonging to family Astereaceae showed different rate of

colonization resulting that there is no association of their

family characteristics, but association of these weeds exists with

Curcuma longa and other weeds of the fields.





119. Parthenium hysterophorus: AN EMERGING

THREAT FOR Curcuma longa FIELDS OF THE

KASUR DISTRICT, PUNJAB (PAKISTAN)

Waheed Anwar, Salik Nawaz Khan, Justina Jane Tahira

and Ruqia Suliman


University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore

54590, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

In Pakistan Kasur District contributes more than 80 % in

turmeric production. The fields of Curcuma longa L along

with its surrounding were surveyed and marked to study the

distribution and development pattern of an alien invasive

weed parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) into fields of

Kasur District. For this purpose fields of Curcuma longa L in

five villages of the district comprising on 4 hectare cultivated

crop and five fields where crop is being cultivated regularly

since 5 years were marked for investigating weed

development pattern. The farmers of marked fields have a

concept that weeds can not affect the Curcuma longa fields

due to its medicinal nature. Parthenium development pattern

inside the fields was observed at different stages of crop. The

excessive parthenium growing adjacent water channels have

maximum percentage of parthenium inside the fields with

other major weeds while its percentage was less inside those

fields whose adjacent water channels were clean or having

less parthenium incidence. Observation showed that canal

water channels play critical role in the development of

Parthenium inside Turmeric fields. Environmental conditions

of Curcuma longa fields is favoring Parthenium to invade and

dominate, therefore there is need for observation and an

urgent Parthenium management strategy for restricting further

spread in the fields of Curcuma longa L.

120. DISTRIBUTION OF WEEDS OF GROUNDNUT

(Arachis hypogaea L.) FIELDS IN POTOHAR

REGION OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Salik Nawaz Khan, Noor Zaman and Shakil Ahmad


University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore 54590,


Groundnut is a popular cash crop in Potohar region of Punjab,

Pakistan. In Potohar region Attock, Chakwal, Jhelum and

Rawalpindi districts are included. The present studies report the

weeds associated with groundnut crop. A total of 45

angiospermic species belonging to 15 families were found

growing in association with groundnut. Maximum number of

species (17) belonged to family Poaceae followed by Asteraceae

(6). Cynodon dactylon was found to be the most frequently

occurring and densely populated weed with average absolute

frequency (AF) of 79% and average absolute density (AD) of

1.99.The less frequent species was Cleome brachycarpa with

average AF 13.3% and average AD 0.24. Distribution frequency

was found associated with crop management factors especially

the field sanitary to previous crop.




70

121. MANAGEMENT OF Phalaris minor BY Withania

somnifera

Shazia Shafique, Sobiya Shafique and Arshad Javaid


Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Phalaris minor Retz. is one of the most problematic weeds of

wheat in Pakistan. In the present study herbicidal activity of a

solanaceous medicinal plant Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.

was studied against this weed. In laboratory bioassays,

aqueous, methanol and n-hexane extracts of 5, 10 and 15%

w/v (fresh weigh bases) of root and shoot of W. somnifera

were applied. Methanol shoot and root extracts showed the

highest toxicity resulting 21–71% decline in germination,

40–72% in shoot length, 50–99% in root length and 32–83%

in plant biomass of P. minor. Aqueous extracts were proved

comparatively less toxic than methanol extracts where

generally highest concentration of 15% exhibited pronounced

toxicity against the target weed species. There was up to 48%,

51%, 99% and 55% suppression in germination, shoot length,

root length and plant biomass, respectively, due to 15%

aqueous root and shoot extracts. Generally, n-hexane extracts

of both root and shoot exhibited insignificant or stimulatory

effects against shoot length and plant biomass. In foliar spray

bioassay, aqueous and methanol shoot extracts of 10% w/v

(on dry weight bases) concentrations were sprayed on one-

and two-weeks old pot grown P. minor seedlings. Two

subsequent sprays were carried out at 5 days intervals each.

Aqueous extract significantly reduced the shoot and root dry

biomass of one-week old P. minor plants. In residue

incorporation bioassay, crushed shoots of W. somnifera were

incorporated in the soil at 1, 2,…5% w/w. P. minor seeds

were sown one week after residue incorporation and plants

were harvested 45 days after sowing. The lower

concentrations of 2 and 3% significantly reduced while higher

concentrations of 4 and 5% of residue incorporation

completely arrested the germination of P. minor. The present

study concludes that both root and shoot of W. somnifera

contain herbicidal constituents against P. minor.

122. PHYTOTOXICITY OF Datura metel AGAINST

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

Sobiya Shafique, Arshad Javaid and Shazia Shafique


Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Herbicidal activity of Datura metel was evaluated against

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), a noxious alien

weed. In a laboratory bioassay, effect of aqueous, methanol and

n-hexane shoot and root extracts of 5, 10, 15 and 20% w/v (on

fresh weight bases) concentrations of D. metel was tested

against germination and seedling growth of parthenium. Both

aqueous and methanol extracts markedly suppressed

germination and seedling growth of parthenium. Generally, the

effect of shoot extracts was more pronounced than the effect of

root extracts. In foliar spray bioassay, aqueous and methanol

shoot extracts of 10% w/v (on dry weight bases) concentrations

were sprayed on one- and two-weeks old pot grown parthenium

seedlings. Two subsequent sprays were carried out at 5 days

intervals each. Both aqueous as well as methanol extracts

significantly suppressed shoot length, and shoot and root

biomass of one- and two-weeks old parthenium plants. In

residue incorporation bioassay, crushed shoots of D. metel were

incorporated in the soil at 1, 2,…5% w/w. Parthenium seeds

were sown one week after residue incorporation and plants were

harvested 40 days after sowing. Incorporation of 2–5% residues

significantly reduced germination by 47-89%. Residues of 4 and

5% concentrations significantly suppressed plant biomass by 90

and 97%, respectively. The present study concludes that root

and shoots of D. metel contain herbicidal constituents for the

management of parthenium weed.





123. DNA SEQUENCE DATA DIVIDED INTO

GROUPS FOR PRASTTIC PLANT

Naila Rozi and Nasir-ud-Din Khan

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi,

PAKISTAN

[email protected]

In this paper we focus on variation of DNA sequence among

herbicides plant. Acetolactate synthesis also known as

acetohydroxyacid synthesis is the first enzyme in the

biosynthesis pathway .weed biotype have been reported in 95

weed species worldwide there are 17 amino acid upon which

substitution in the gene confers inhibitor resistance in plant,

yeast, bacteria.

124. HERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF METABOLITES

OF Trichoderma spp.

Sajjad Ali and Arshad Javaid


Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

The present study was designed to evaluate the herbicidal

activity of culture filtrates of four Trichoderma spp. namely T.

harzianum, T. pseudokoningii, T. reesei and T. viride, against

Avena fatua L., a problematic weed of wheat. In a laboratory

bioassay, original (100%) and diluted (50%) culture filtrates of

T. harzianum and T. pseudokoningii significantly reduced shoot

and root growth of A. fatua seedlings. Generally, only 100%

culture filtrates of T. reesei exhibited significant effect while the

effect of filtrates of T. viride was insignificant against shoot and

root growth of the target weed species. In foliar spray bioassay,

pot grown 1-week and 2-weeks old test weeds plants were

sprayed with 100% culture filtrates of the four Trichoderma spp.

thrice with five days interval each. Culture filtrates of all except

T. viride significantly diminished root and shoot biomass of A.

fatua plants in 1-week old plants treatment. Present study

concludes that metabolites of T. harzianum, T. reesei and T.

pseudokoningii can be used for the management of A. fatua.



72

125. ETHICS OF WEED CONTROL

Robert L. Zimdahl

Professor Emeritus, University of Colrado, Fort Collins

Colorado, USA

Those engaged in agriculture including the sub-discipline –

weed science possess a definite but unexamined moral

confidence or certainty about the correctness of what they do.

This paper examines theorigins of that confidence and

questions its continued validity. The basis of themoral

confidence is not obvious to those who have it, or to the

public. In fact the moral confidence that pervades agriculture

and weed science is potentially harmful because it is

unexamined. This paper advocates analysis of what it is about

agriculture's moral confidence and its interactions with the

greater society that inhibits or limits agriculture's

development and contributions. All engaged in agriculture

should strive to nourish and strengthen the aspects of

agriculture that are beneficial and change those

that are not. To do this we must be confident to study

ourselves, our institutions, and be dedicated to the task of

modifying the goals of both.

126. MANAGEMENT OF Macrophomina phaseolina BY

AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF WEEDS OF FAMILY

CHENOPODIACEAE

Muhammad Amin and Arshad Javaid

Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, University of the

Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

In vitro antifungal activity of aqueous leaf, stem, root and

inflorescence extracts of three Chenopodium spp. viz. C. album

L., C. murale L. and C. ambrosioides L. was evaluated against

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) G. Goid., the cause of

charcoal rot of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Aqueous

extracts of all the parts of the three tests Chenopodium species

invariably and significantly reduced the biomass of target fungal

species. There was 34-90%, 40-94% and 52-85% reduction in

fungal biomass due to different aqueous extracts of C. album, C.

murale and C. ambrosioides, respectively. Highest antifungal

activity was exhibited by 4% root extract of C. murale followed

by 4% root extract of C. album resulting in 94 and 90%

suppression in test fungal species biomass, respectively.




127. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT PLANTS

BASED PRODUCTS FOR Striga hermonthica

CONTROL IN SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor)

UNDER SUDANESE FIELD CONDITIONS

Umsalama abdelmageed Ahmed, Tahany Monagy Alamun

Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural

Sciences, Dalang University, Dalang,

SUDAN

[email protected]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the most important cereal crop

in Sudan in both terms of production and consumption; it is

extremely affected by a tremendous parasitic weed Striga

hermonthica causing serious crop yield losses. Three

successive field experiments were conducted at Dalang,

Sudan, from 2008 to 2009, to evaluate the efficiency of four

plants (Azadirachta indica, Ocimum basilicum, Lawsonia

alba and Cissus quadrangularis) based products on Striga

seed germination, Striga seedling mortality, time of 50% to

Striga seedling emergence and mortality. The treatments were

arranged in a completely randomized design using five

replications. All four plants based materials were significantly

reduced Striga seed germination and causing considerable

Striga seedling mortality which was both highest in the

treatment with C. quadrangularis plant material. C.

quadrangularis plant materials caused 50% of Striga seedling

mortality at about 40 days after the first seedling emergence

(FSE) while the other plants materials caused 50% seedling

mortality at about 60 days of FSE. The effect of the four plant

materials under study on the time of 50% Striga seedling

emergence was inconsistence through out the three trials.

Suppression of S. hermonthica seed germination by

allelochemicals released by the plant materials under study is

suggested as the mechanism for reduction of S. hermonthica

infection and can be act as an effective component of an

integrated Striga control program compatible with the limited

resources of small-scale subsistence farmers.

128. EFFECT OF BIO AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

ON GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY

OF SQUASH (Cucurbita pepo L.)

Taha Z. Sarhan, Ghurbat H. Mohammed and Jiyan A. Teli

Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University

of Duhok-IRAQ

[email protected]

The aim of this study was to obtain high production with better

quality of tow squash cultivar by using biofertilizer and

organic fertilizer .The result revealed that the biofertilizer

(Azotobacter) alone or with organic fertilizer (Sheep residues)

caused height positive different in shoot characteristic ,and

increase all quantitative yield characteristics and quality traits

in both cultivar. The interaction between bio and organic

fertilizer was significant in it is effect and caused positive

improve in studied characteristics for both cultivar.


74

129. DISTRIBUTION, SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF

PARTHENIUM WEED IN PESHAWAR VALLY

-NWFP

Haroon Khan and Dr. Gul Hassan

Department of Weed Science, NWFP Agricultural University

Peshawar-PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) is one of the worst

weeds for agriculture, the environment and human health in

NWFP, Pakistan, and has been accidentally introduced into

Pakistan, infesting huge areas of Punjab and NWFP. The

weed is rapidly replacing the local flora of Pakistan due to the

absences of their natural enemies. An exploratory weed

survey of different districts of NWFP (Swabi, Mardan,

Charsadda and Peshawar) was undertaken during 2009 to

generate knowledge of distribution, socio-economic and

environmental impacts of Parthenium. The Parthenium is well

established in Swabi, Mardan and Charsadda districts while

present in Peshawar district with little and isolated infestation.

The survey depict that P. hysterophorus was found to be the

most frequent and dominant species in road sides, waste land,

grazing land and around the crops with (56 %), (18 %), (12

%) and (10 %) respectively. At also infest orchards at

Charsadda district. According to the interviewed farmers there

is several ways for spreading of Parthenium, among these two

prominent are water (41 %) and vehicles & machinery (28 %)

responsible for its fast spread. These losses are yield reduction

(46 %), labor problems for weeding (18 %), and quality

reductions (15 %). Further (10 %) of the total respondents

noted that this weed has infested grazing lands, thus causing

forage shortage. Parthenium reduce (30 %) yield in crops like

maize, sorghum and vegetables while 70 % losses in grazing

land. Field crops attack by parthenium weed was sorghum (36

%), maize (27 %) and vegetables (25 %). Because of recent

introduction of Parthenium weed in the Peshawar valley, it

did not show a heavy health problem, however (5 %) of

farmers are conscious that Parthenium weed cause allergy and

dermatitis. Parthenium weed in the valley is mostly control

through hand weeding (61 %) and tillage (14 %), which are

labor intensive practices. The finding of study revealed that P.

hysterophorus cause significant losses to our natural

ecosystmen.

130. PROXIMATE AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF

MAJOR WEEDS FOUND IN PESHAWAR

Rahamdad Khan and Muhammad Azim Khan


NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Sixteen weed species comprising grassy and broadleaf were

evaluated for their nutritional worth for livestock feeding in this

war hit zone of NWFP, Pakistan. The weed samples were

collected from Peshawar valley (Pakistan) randomly in spring

2009 at flowering stage. The finely ground samples were

analyzed in the Department of Animal Nutrition, NWFP

Agricultural University Peshawar Pakistan. The DM, Ash, CF,

CP, NDF and ADF content ranged between 95 to 96.44%, 8.93

to 13.30%, 31.20% to 6.21%, 26.62 % to 7.88 %, 79.08% to

30.99%, and 57.73% to 41.16% in different weed species.

Maximum nutritional values were recorded in Dichanthium

annulatum, Cynodon dactylon, Avena fatua, Convolvulus

arvensis, Sorghum halepense, Amaranthus viridis. Mineral

analysis showed that most of the species were rich in Ca, Zn,

Cu, Fe, Na and Mg where highest values were recorded in

Oxalis debilis, Rumex crispus, Medicago polymorpha,

Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus viridis, Portulaca oleracea.

The mineral content of broad leaf weeds were higher than

grassy weeds. Overall the species studied has good nutritional

value to be used for the fodder purposes. More extensive study

is required to explore the nutritional values of all other weed

species.



131. SOIL SOLARIZATION; AN ORGANIC

APPROACH OF WEED CONTROL IN ARID

ENVIRONMENT

Muhammad Azim Khan


NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, PAKISTAN

[email protected]

Soil solarization as a weed control method is least studied in

the countries having hot climate. To investigate the potential

of soil solarization for weed control, field study was

conducted at Pakistan Academy for Rural Development,

Peshawar, NWFP Pakistan during June 2009. Field was

ploughed well to make fine seedbed and then irrigated upto

field capacity. Two days after irrigation, the plots were

covered with transparent polyethylene films in Randomized

Complete Design in such a way that the treatments were

different periods of solarization. viz., 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75

days. Control (no solarization) was also included for

comparison. After termination of solarization, the individual

plots were ploughed manually and cauliflower nursery was

transplanted in November, 2008. Results of the data showed

that soil solarization not only increased the nutrients status of

the soil but also greatly destroyed the seeds/seedlings of two

worst weeds of the world (Cirsium arvense and Sorghum

halepense). Similarly, the density of all the weed species

recorded was decreased but the density of leguminous weeds

was not affected. Due to increasing nutrients status, the

growth of cauliflower was superior in solarized plots.

Interestingly, soil erosion could be controlled and the

moisture could be retained by using the used sheets after

solarization in arid regions of the world. The instant results

advocate that soil solarization should be done before sowing

of nursery or high value vegetable crops. This method could

be successfully implied to stop the erosion, conserve soil

moisture and increase the organic matter and other minerals in

the soil. Thus this approach provides unlimited opportunities

for the farming community living in the arid zones.

132. PARASITIC FLOWERING PLANTS IN JORDAN,

THE PRESENT STATUS AND POSSIBLE

MANAGEMENT

JAMAL R. QASEM

Department of Plant Protection

Faculty of Agriculture

University of Jordan

Amman, JORDAN

Phone: + 5355000-22515 Fax: 962-6-5300806

[email protected]

Parasitic flowering plants are problematic species, of a high

concern to farmers, and of potential threat to agriculture and

forestry in Jordan. Recent field search revealed the occurrence

of 8 parasitic genera belong to 6 plant families in the country.

Parasitic plants found belong to the families; Orobanchaceae

(Orobanche and Cistanche), Cuscutaceae (Cuscuta);

Santalaceae (Osyris and Thesium); Cynomoriaceae

(Cynomorium); Viscaceae (Viscum) and Loranthaceae

(Loranthus). Parasites were found attacking a wide host range

of plants of wild herbs, field crops, forage plants, range land

shrubs, forest and fruit trees. They are spread in different

biogeographical regions with clear variations in their ecological

tolerance. Many of the hosts recorded and certain parasitic

species are first time reported. Possible management of these

parasites based on recent research findings, some

recommendations and experience of local farmers are mentioned

and discussed.




76

133. STUDY OF WEED MANAGEMENT

PRACTICES ON WEED CONTROL

AND CROP RELATED TRAITS ON YIELD OF

MAIZE CROP.

Akhtar Ali Shah* and Muhammad Aslam Khan**

* Farm Manager Pakistan Academy for Rural Development

University town, Peshawar: [email protected].

** Instructor Agriculture Extension, Pakistan Academy for

Rural Development, University town Peshawar, PAKISTAN

[email protected].

A field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Farm of

Pakistan Academy for Rural Development Peshawar during

Kharif 2008. The experiment was conducted in randomized

completed block design (RCBD) with three replications. Ten

treatments were kept in each replication i.e. Primextra Gold

720 SC (s-metachlor + atrazine) pre-emergence @,Primextra

Gold 720 SC (s-metachlor + atrazine) post-emergence @,

Pendimethaline @, Atrazine 38 SC (atrazine) post emergence

@, Dual Gold 960 EC (s-metachlor) @, Paper mulching 15

days after emergence of the crop, Plastic mulching 15 days

after emergence of the crop, Hand weeding 15 days after first

irrigation, Hoeing after 2nd

irrigation in Wathar condition and

un-treated check (Control). The parameter found significantly

affected were Weed density m² 25 and 75 days after sowing,

Dry biomass of weeds (m‾²) 25 and 75 days after sowing,

Plant Height (cm), Cob Height (cm) , Cob Length (cm),

Number of plants at harvest, Number of grains cob‾¹, 500

grain weight (g), Grain yield (t ha‾¹). Statistical analysis of the

data showed that weed density along with dry biomass as well

as yield related traits of maize were significantly affected by

different treatments. In general weed control methods

suppressed the weeds and increased the yield and yield related

traits. However, plastic mulching was most effective followed

by paper mulching , primextra gold pre-emergence and

pendimethaline spray.

134. EARLY WATERGRASS (Echinochloa oryzoides)

AND LATE WATERGRASS (Echinochloa

phyllopogon) CONTROL WITH

FORAMSULFURON

Christos A. Damala1, Anastasios S. Lithourgidis2, and

Charalambos S. Lithourgidis2 1Department of Agricultural Development of Pieria, 28

th

Octovriou 40, 60100 Katerini, GREECE

Email: [email protected]. 2Department of Agronomy, University Farm of Thessaloniki,

57001 Thermi, GREECE.

Early watergrass and late watergrass are mostly weeds of rice

fields but they can also occur in corn fields particularly where

corn follows rice in various crops rotation systems. Pot

experiments were conducted to evaluate control of early

watergrass and late watergrass with foramsulfuron applied alone

and in mixture with dicamba, MCPA, sulcotrione, and

mesotrione. Foramsulfuron applied at 45 g ai/ha provided 82%

of early watergrass and 76% of late watergrass at the 3- to 4-leaf

growth stage, whereas efficacy was only 71% for early

watergrass and 62% for late watergrass at the 5- to 6-leaf growth

stage. Increased application rate of foramsulfuron provided

better control of both species at any growth stage, with the

highest application rate (59 g ai/ha) providing maximum control

of both species. Mixtures of foramsulfuron with dicamba or

MCPA showed lower control of both species than foramsulfuron

applied alone. Moreover, sulcotrione applied in mixture with

foramsulfuron improved control of both species, whereas the

addition of mesotrione did not affect control of both species

compared with foramsulfuron applied alone. It is concluded that

satisfactory control of early watergrass and late watergrass in

corn can be achieved with increased application rates of

foramsulfuron applied preferably at early growth stage. Mixtures

of foramsulfuron with either dicamba or MCPA can reduce

considerably the efficacy of foramsulfuron on both early

watergrass and late watergrass. On the other hand, mixtures of

foramsulfuron with either sulcotrione or mesotrione can be used

for broadening spectrum of control without affecting negatively

foramsulfuron activity on these grasses.



135. A review on herbicide-resistance in Iran

Eskandar Zand1 and Javid Gherekh

1- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Weed

Research Department, Tehran, Iran.([email protected])

2-Gorgan University, Department of Agronomy, Gorgan,

Iran. ([email protected] ) IRAN

Herbicide resistance is an evolutionary event resulting from

selection pressure due to intense application of herbicides

with the same mode of action and presence of genetic

diversity among weed populations. More than 70% of arable

land in Iran is given over to cultivation of wheat, barley and

rice which are major crops in the country, while wheat alone

covers nearly 52%. During last four decades, 98 herbicides

belonging to different families have been registered in Iran,

25 of which are for selective control of weeds in wheat and

barley. Consecutive use of acetyl Coenzyme A carboxylase

(ACCase) inhibiting herbicides for control grasses which are

troublesome weeds in wheat in Iran, has resulted in resistance

of Avena ludoviciana, A. fatua, Phalaris minor, P. paradoxa,

Lolium rigidum to ACCase inhibitors in Ilam, Kermanshah,

Cheharmahal & Bakhtiari, Khuzestan, Fars and Golestan

provinces. Molecular studies showed that a single mutation of

isoleusine-1781-leusine (in A. ludoviciana and L. rigidum),

tryptophan-2027-cysteine and asparagine-2078-glycine (in

two P. minor biotypes) differentiated ACCase from the

susceptible one. To date there is no document about the

appearance of resistant weeds in fields of other crops in Iran.

136. Effect of time of application on efficiency of

sulfosulfuron (Apyros 75 WG) on different species

of wild barley (Hordeum spp.)

Baghestani Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Weed Research

Department, Tehran, IRAN

Population of different barley species is increasing due to

continuous applications of grass-weed herbicides in Iran. So,

introduction of more efficient herbicide options to control these

weeds is necessary. Sulfosulfuron is among highly efficient

herbicides but its efficacy depends on weed phenological stage.

Three experiments were conducted in 2006-2007 in greenhouse

facilities of the Iranian Plant Protection Research Institute,

Tehran to study the best application timing and number of

spraying of sulfosulfuron. Results indicated that among studied

herbicides, sulfosulfuron, and metsulfuron + sulfosulfuron had

the best efficacy in controlling the barley species. Sulfosulfuron

could best control Hordeum spontaneum when it was applied at

two- to six-leaf stage. The best application timing in case of H.

murinum and H. vulgare were at eight-leaf stage while that for

H. distichon was at two- to four-leaf stage. Overall, it was

concluded that application of sulfosulfuron at the proper stage of

the weed results in no increase in the herbicide application dose

and satisfactory result would be achieved by application of

sulfosulfuron at 27 g ha-1

. Delay in herbicide application results

in an increase in herbicide application dose or re-spraying.



78

137. Mechanism of trifluralin resistance in Alopecurus

aequalis from Asia-Pacific region

Saima Hashim1, Mayumi Hachinohe

1, Yukari Sunohara

1

Hideki Ohdan2,

oHiroshi Matsumoto

1

(1Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University

of Tsukuba, 2National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu

Okinawa Region). JAPAN

Trifluralin resistant biotypes of Alopecurus aequalis have been

identified in wheat fields from northern Kyushu, Japan. A.

aequalis is a winter-annual grassy weed, causing substantial crop

losses. In this study we report mechanism of resistance by

isolating -tubulin genes (TUA) from A. aequalis, the site of

action of trifluralin. Two trifluralin-sensitive (S) 05J and 06AC

and four trifluralin-resistant (R) A. aequalis populations 05K, 05F,

05L, 06O collected at several prefectures in northern Kyushu,

were used for the bioassays. Absorption and translocation studies

were performed using 14

C (UL)-trifluralin with the A. aequalis

using 05K(R) and 05J(S) biotypes. Using degenerate primers, four

partial TUA genes were isolated from the complementary DNA

(cDNA) of A. aequalis. Using specific primers for each TUA

gene, four full-length TUA genes were cloned. For bioassays, 15-

days old seedlings of susceptible and resistant biotypes of A.

aequalis (three leave stage) were treated with 10-8

to 10-4

M

trifluralin. Plant growth was measured at 3, 5 and 7 days after

treatment in terms of total plant weight. Resistant biotypes were 5

to 60 fold resistant to trifluralin compared to the susceptible.

Absorption of 14

C-trifluralin from roots was slower in the R

biotype but little translocation to shoot occurred in the both

biotypes. The four full-length TUA genes cloned were designated

as AaTUA1 to AaTUA4. The deduced amino acid sequences of

these AaTUAs showed significant homologies to the TUAs of

barley, maize and rice. Sequence comparison of TUA genes

between 05K (R) and 05J (S) plants showed that TUA1 and TUA3

genes of 05K (R) biotype had each one base change within the

coding regions. One nucleotide change at position 604, from G

into T resulted in the change of valine into phenylalanine in TUA1.

In TUA3 the change of C into A at position 373 caused the change

of luceine into methionine. Our results provide preliminary

molecular explanation for the resistance of A. aequalis to

trifluralin, a phenomenon that has arisen as a result of repeated

exposure to this class of herbicides.

138. Reproductive Potential of Chenopodium album

L. in irrigated and non-irrigated wheat

fields of Upper Indus Plains, Punjab, Pakistan

Manzoor Ahmad Malik1 and Zaheer- ud-din Khan

2

Department of Botany, Government Dyal Singh College,

Lahore

Department of Botany, GC University, Lahore- PAKISTAN

Random collection of matured Chenopodium album L. and

wheat plants was carried out to assess the shoot length,

number of branches/Tillers, leaves & seeds and weight of

total & 100 seeds and biomass from non-saline irrigated,

partially saline irrigated and riverian non-irrigated wheat

fields of Upper Indus Plains covering districts of

Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Kasur, Lahore, Okara and

Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan, during April, 2004-08.

Chenopodium album L. was the tallest (102cm) in non-

saline irrigated wheat fields while short statured (51cm)

weed in partially saline wheat fields. In riverian wheat

fields, it was medium sized (75cm). Numbers of leaves

were greatest (57) in the fields of non-saline irrigated area

as compared to riverian wheat fields (17). Outside wheat

fields it was medium statured, much branched with leafy

appearance. Chenopodium album L. showed the maximum

number of fruits and seeds per plant (2100) in non-saline

irrigated fields, i.e. more than twice that of partially saline

wheat fields. Seed number (566) was reduced in fields of

riverian areas. Seed weight per plant was highest (1.35g) in

non-saline irrigated fields which was more than twice of

partially saline wheat fields. In riverian fields, seed was

lighter than other wheat fields. Weight per hundred seeds

of Chenopodium album L. showed that lowest reproductive

potential in riverian fields had the lowest individual seed

weight (0.05g). In non-saline and partially saline fields,

seeds were heavier (0.07g) than those of riverian fields.

Results indicated that biomass of Chenopodium album L.

was heavier (3.00g) in non-saline as compared to riverian

and partially saline wheat fields. Outside wheat fields,

Chenopodium album L.was more productive showing

maximum number of seeds (1400) and a biomass of 2.44g.



139. Microbial Control of Broomrape (Orobanche

aegyptiaca) Using an Isolate of Fusarium oxysporum

Mansoor Montazeri

Department of Weed Research, Iranian Research Institute for

Plant Protection. IRAN

Broomrape (Orobanche spp.), which trapping nutrient from roots

of many dicotyledonous plants, has been distributed in most areas

of Iran and many countries in the world. Crop loss by this parasitic

weed, depends on its population, host plant species and climatic

condition, varied from 5% to 100% with an average of 40%. The

control of broomrape has proved to be exceptionally difficult,

because of its ability to produce a tremendously high number of

seeds which can remain viable in the soil over 10 years. There are

a number of control strategies including use of trap and catch

crops, soil solarization, chemicals and biological agents. Up to

present, chemical method showed no sufficient efficacy in control

of broomrape. However, recently studies with sulfonyl urea

herbicides have shown some promising results. For biological

control, some investigations have been conducted on the use of

Phytomiza orobanchiae, but this insect feeding only broomrape

seeds, so is not a desirable agent. At the present, microbial control

of this parasitic plant is widely under investigation in many

countries. Among all microbial agents, host specific isolates of

Fusarium spp.showed optimistic results. In the current research,

some pathogenic isolates of this fungus were obtained from

Egyptian broomrape (O. aegyptiaca) in Golpayegan, Karaj and

Varamin (Iran). In glasshouse experiment, the efficacy of three

premier isolates of Fusarium spp. in control of Egyptian

broomrape was evaluated 83% to 90%. The host range tests

indicated that broomrape is likely the specific host to these

selected isolates. The sporulation of one of the premier isolates in

a semi-defined medium with a C:N ratios of 5:1 or 15:1 was

higher than those with that of 40:1. Increasing the amount of

vitamins of liquid culture medium enhanced the sporulation of the

selected isolate. To being applicable of the isolates for broomrape

biocontrol, investigation on nutritional regimes during sporulation,

formulation and application method in the field are under

investigated.

140. Screening of new herbicides to control weeds in

chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated

conditions of Punjab, Pakistan.

Noor Muhammad, Abdus Sattar ,Muhammad Ashiq

Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad, PAKISTAN.

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomic Research,

Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan, during 2007-08 and 2008-

09, to evaluate the effect of different weedicides for

chickpea, which can be cost effective and acceptable to the

growers of this crop. Three pre emergence herbicides i.e.

Stomp 330E @ 3.00 or 3.50lit, Dual gold 960E @ 2.00 or

2.50 lit and Cruze 10SL @ 2.00 or 2.50 lit.ha-1

and two post

emergence herbicides Puma super 75EW @ 1.25lit and

Topik 45WG @ 250 gm ha-1

were tested. Hand weeding

and weedy check (untreated) treatments were also

included in experiment for comparison of economics. Weed

control efficacy (WCE) was better in higher dose of pre

emergence herbicides i.e. Stomp 330E @ 3.50lit (94.6%),

Dual gold @ 2.50lit (90%) and Cruze 10SL @ 2.50litha-

1(85.36%) as compared to lower doses. WCE of post

emergence herbicides. i.e. Puma Super 75EW @ 1.25lit

(65.76%) and Topic 45WG@ 250 gmha-1

(58.41%) is lower

than pre emergence herbicides. Highest WCE (96.22%) was

recorded in hand weeding treatments (three at 15, 30,45

days after sowing). Highest Cost Benefit Ratio (C.B.R) was

in lower dose of pre emergence herbicides i.e. Stomp 330E

@ 3.00lit. (1:17), Dual gold 960E @ 2.00 (1:12) and Cruze

10SL @ 2.00 (1:16), while it was lower in hand weeding

(1:11) and post emergence herbicides i.e. Puma super

75EW @ 1.25lit. or Topik 45WG @ 250gmha-1

(1:3)

Key words: Pre emergence and post emergence herbicides,

WCE, CBR, Chick-pea. Weed control, Pakistan.


80

Launch of

in Pakistan by

Jaffer Agro Services

Pakistan is an agriculture based country, agriculture sector is contributing around 21% of the GDP. Pakistan is gifted by nature in form

of fertile soils, suitable & ample fresh water in our rivers & favourable climatic conditions. Active in the agriculture sector for last six

decades, the Jaffer Agro Services, or JAS, division’s of M/S Jaffer Brothers (Pvt.) Ltd. primary focus is the optimization of agricultural output. This it achieves through the supply of fertilizers and agrochemicals and providing consultancy services to farmers.

JAS has developed the expertise and ability to access the most appropriate and cost-effective technologies that meet the farming

community evolving requirements. One of the priorities in agriculture sector for JAS is to provide solutions to the farmers for increasing their yield; JAS is bringing a

new technology, smart formulation product in the segment of Non-Selective herbicide with the help of our Principal M/S Excel Crop

Care Limited – India who are leading the segment in Indian market i.e. MERA 71. Asian Weed Science Society Conference is the first forum where JAS is introducing this product in Pakistan and product will be made available for commercial sales through our

national level dealer network across Pakistan by July 2010. JAS field & development team is fully ready to take this product to the

farmers with full of enthusiasm & energy in order to improve the yield of our farmer by controlling weeds in their fields effectively.

MERA 71 SG

• A new technology, a smarter formulation of ammonium salt of glyphosate.

• The latest in salt and adjuvant technology • Broad spectrum, systemic high performance and non-selective herbicide.

• Mera is a soluble granular formulation and contains ingredients that serve to aid in neutralizing naturally occurring calcium and magnesium ions which can reduce overall herbicidal action.

• The new ammonium salt of glyphosate is highly soluble and more biologically active than other forms of glyphosate.

being very hygroscopic (moisture absorbing), the ammonium salt assists the faster uptake of active ingredient into weeds for quicker weed control.

• Mera with new technology, has a blend of non-ionic and cationic surfactants built into the formulation for its unique fast &

quick delivery system • In most situations, no additional adjuvants are required, but the exceptions are perennial weed control.

• Mera works mainly on the leaf surface to optimise spreading and maximise spray retention.

• Ammonia helps to improve the glyphosate salt’s efficacy by encouraging faster uptake and translocation to the roots. • It is broken down into naturally occurring phosphates and nitrates by micro-organisms in the soil like any other

formulations of glyphosate

• Mera can be used in non- cropped areas including roadsides, railroads and industrial sites, on golf courses in commercial application to residential sites and in ornamental nursery production.

• Mera controls more than170 annual and perennial weeds.

• A non-ionic adjuvant can be added to shorten the rainfast period if required. • Mera is low foaming, low toxicity and has no smell. it is available in 100g and 1kg packing.

Mode of action:

• Mera belongs to the group of herbicides called glycines. • It acts on the enzyme pathway and works by inhibiting the synthesis of amino acids essential for plant life.

• The inter cellular movement of ammonium ion is faster due to its size resulting in quick uptake and faster weed kill.

Product highlights • A new innovative glyphosate molecule - the ammonium salt of glyphosate. • It is easy to handle, measure and mix.

• Broad spectrum, systemic, trans-locative and non selective herbicide.

• Controls all types of grass, annual and perennial weeds. • Faster in absorption by weeds and quicker in action than any other systemic herbicides of its class.

Symptoms & precautions

• Symptoms of translocation and effect of control will be visible from 3rd day onwards. • Use plastic containers and hand operated plastic sprayers.

• Use clean water only.

• Soil moisture is must before spraying. • Weeds should be in good active vegetative stage.

• Use of guard is must when using in interrow application in cropped condition.

• Use of wfn/vlv nozzle helps in saving of chemical. • Avoid drift over other desired crops when recommending as inter row.

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