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Abstracts (in alphabetic order of the authors)

Keynote address

Stevenson, Christopher M.

Prehistoric ecodynamics on Rapa Nui: declines in productivity and population displacement

Recently completed climatic modelling and the chronometric dating of landscape use have revealed a fluid pattern of settlement prior to first European contact in AD 1722. In the region known as Te Niu, on the islands northwest coast, the presence of a rain shadow reduced annual precipitation to approximately 630cm per year and made successful farming difficult. At elevations greater than 250m, higher rainfall over the millennia had leached the soil of crop-sustaining nutrients to the point that intensive gardening was not feasible. About AD 1650 the population living in Te Niu left for other areas and the abandonment of upland elevations soon followed by AD 1710. This decline in agricultural productivity and subsequent population displacement is likely to have placed a significant stress upon the economic and political systems of the eleven regional chiefdoms. This situation may have led to the emergence of annual revitalization ceremonies such as the Birdman Cult held at Orongo whose appearance converges with the declines in regional food yields.

01 Abarca Faria, Sofia

Riu, el canto primal de Isla de Pascua

Presentation of my book "Ru, the Primal Songs of Easter Island", based on the knowledge of Maria Elena Hotus, Master of Ancestral Songs research.

1) Unpublished analysis of 23 ancestral songs whose lyrics reveal important aspects of their ancient culture. 2) New classification of songs based on the theme of his lyrics and not in its musical structure.

9th International Conference on Easter Island and the Pacific

CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS

June 21st 26th 2015

Ethnological Museum Dahlem, Berlin

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Subdivisions: Love: Ru Ate Manava Mate / Hoko Ru Commitment: Ru o te Koro Ngongoro Moa Marriage: Ru o te Nonio Vi e / Ru Ha Ipo-ipo / Ru Haka Kio) Pregnancy: Ru o te Umu Rae / Ru o te Topa Hanga o te Poki / Ru o te Umu Tahu) Births: Ru Nananga Pito / Ru o te Moa Kona / Ru o te Umu Takap / Ru Ka Huru) Welcome: Ru o te hakareka ana pae mai te manu hiri tuu a ranga) Community: Koro Hakareka, Koro Ei / Ru o te Koro Paina Culture: Ru o te Umu Hatu / Ru o te Umu Pareha Onga) Spirituality: Ru o te Aku-aku / Ru E te Ua Manavai / Ru Ate Atua Sadness: Ru Tangi / Ru Ate Manava More Death: Ru o te Umu Takap / Ru Papaku /Himene Papaku Ru Introduced: Ut / Himene Hare Pure / Ru o te Umu Gnognoro Atua

02 Andreassen, Olaug Irene Rsvik / Martinsson-Wallin, Helene

Digitized Rapanui artefacts, then what?

Digitizing museum collections is an exciting possibility for museums to display -and for audiences to discover- objects that there never will be enough space to exhibit physically. Yet the digitization of ethnographic collections raises questions of concern about its process and reception as these collections often have problematic origins and consist of objects that can be important for the contemporary cultural identity of their source community. With more and more collections going online people in source communities can now discover objects of their ancestors that they didnt even knew existed. The less exciting side of this is that they also may discover objects that were collected without the proper consent and be disappointed with the often erroneous and poor documentation done by the museum.

Most museum anthropologists, who normally take pride in defending the source communities point of view, can feel divided between such positive and problematic sides of digitization and unsure of how to do things right. And in addition many of us are probably also burdened by a feeling of guilt for wrong doings of our anthropological ancestors and therefore really want to do things better now.

So in the case of Rapa Nui how can we make the digitization of Rapanui artefacts in foreign collections more useful to the Rapanui community?

03 Armstrong, Felipe

Anthropomorphic art of Rapa Nui: bodies, objects and persons

Anthropomorphic art from Rapa Nui have been traditionally divided into types (e.g. wooden figurines, moai, rock art, etc.), which have been studied in isolation from each other. These studies tried to answer specific questions regarding their meaning, technical requirements, or associations to specific myths. The use of ethnographical and early historical accounts has been key in these interpretations.

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On the contrary, the proposed paper will present a research focusing on the anthropomorphic art of Rapa Nui as a whole, addressing the different ways in which the human body was used as a referent in the construction of a diverse set of objects. The role of their materiality, as well as their formal and iconographical aspects will be discussed, together with the social implications of the aesthetic decisions evidenced in this set of material culture. Specifically, I will discuss the role of these objects on three main aspects of ancient Rapanui social life: i) the construction of notions about the body, ii) the construction of personhood, and iii) the reproduction of ontology(ies).

This paper will present preliminary results of my PhD project/research, addressing the multiplicity of bodies constructed by ancient Rapa Nui and the effects they had in the overall production and reproduction of social and cultural dynamics.

04 Ayres, William S. / Wozniak, Joan / Ramrez, Jos Miguel

Ahu structural change at Ura Uranga te Mahina, Rapa Nui

At Ura Uranga te Mahina, an ahu ritual and religious center on Rapa Nuis south coast, field studies provide evidence to evaluate models of the structural evolution of the islands stone megalithic complexes. They also enable stabilization planning for architecture and conservation of various stone types. Excavations provide data about the chronological development of separate ahu units as well as of statue styles. Several building stages, covering a time frame from at least 650 BP to the early historic period, are represented, and two sets of stone images and one isolated statue at the site can be linked to major building or remodelling episodes. Comparison with other key ahu complexes on the island reinforces the evidence for considerable variation in the elaboration of such sites.

05 Barber, Ian

New archaeological evidence of pre-Hispanic sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam) in southern Polynesia: a dated storage complex at Prkaunui, New Zealand

Eighteenth-century records of sweet potato/kumara (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) and gourd/hue (Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.) cultivation from apical Polynesia have been interpreted widely as prima facie evidence of pre-Hispanic transoceanic culture contact. Even so, an alternative if minority argument that early sixteenth century Iberian explorers transferred these American crops into Oceania has some currency still given debate over botanical kmara identifications or chronologies in Polynesia before AD 1500. One way around the debate is to date Mori archaeological crop production and storage evidence from central to southern, cool-temperate New Zealand where Polynesian cultivation was restricted to kmara and hue. Following that assumption, this paper presents new evidence of a pit complex constructed in the precise form of a seasonal kmara storage facility from Prkaunui, southern New Zealand. Radiocarbon determinations that bracket this pit-building sequence are analyzed to establish a pre-Hispanic construction chronology for the Prkaunui complex and to reassess the accepted southern Polynesian margins of kmara production and storage.

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06 Boersema, Jan J.

Pondering the population numbers of Easter Islands past

It was not until 1877 that the first census was conducted on Easter Island (by Alphonse Pinart). For the preceding period we must base our calculations on historical sources (written accounts of early visits), comparative studies (e.g. population density on other Polynesian islands), indirect estimates (based on the number of houses; or on available nutrients) and/or population dynamics (number of settlers; time of arrival; sex ratio and growth rate). In this paper I will discuss a number of approaches that have been taken to arrive at figures for the islands population, most notably at its peak shortly before the supposed collapse. The outcomes vary between a couple of thousands and tens of thousands. I will argue that the high estimates are unlikely. Possibly there was no such thing as a pre-collapse peak at all.

07 Brito, Carmen / Seelenfreund, Andrea DOCUMENTARY FILM

Buscando a Isla de Pascua: la pelcula perdida (Searching for Isla de Pascua: the lost film.)

The documentary is based on the discovery of some film rolls at the flea market in Valparaso, Chile and the realization that these were negatives and part of discarded film material from the lost Chilean movie "Isla de Pascua", filmed on Easter Island by Jorge di Lauro and Nieves Yankovic in 1961. The documentary relates the search for the original film by an archaeologist and a film restorer, the background to the film and its original makers, based on interviews to Chilean filmmakers and film researchers, the Rapanui people and most importantly the main character that features in the original film. The documentary records the reactions and impressions of the people on Rapanui after the screening of the original materials found, which had never before been shown on the island. The footage of the original film shows life on the island before the onset of commercial flights, tourism and the installation of the Chilean administration.

Director: Carmen E. Brito General Production: Andrea Seelenfreund. Screenplay: Carmen E. Brito and Andrea Seelenfreund. Restoration footage: Carmen E. Brito Assistant: Tatiana Sanhueza. Director of photography: Rodrigo Sandoval, Rodrigo Castro. Camera: Rodrigo Castro, Rodrigo Sandoval. Sound: Claudio Mercado. Production Assistant: Josefina Arriagada. Field Production: Leo Pakarati and Paula Rossetti. Editing: Carmen Brito and Rodrigo Castro Post production image: Rodrigo Sandoval. Post Production Sound: Matas Valdes. Length: 1 hour. Color. Language: Spanish. Sub titles (Rapa Nui): Spanish

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08 Browder, Christopher

Rapa Nui oral tradition as it relates to scientific evidence

The oral tradition of Easter Island has been used to support scientific conclusions and, conversely, scientific evidence often corroborates the oral tradition. In fact knowledge of one may help to better understand the other allowing for new scientific conclusions to be made. This paper and presentation address some of the discrepancies between excerpts of the Rapa Nui oral tradition recorded in the past. They will also attempt to show how comparisons between the oral tradition and related scientific evidence may lead to a better understanding of the un-deciphered rongo-rongo script while helping to reveal the origins of the Rapanui people, details of their culture and history, the specific engineering methods used by the natives in the past, the primary reasons for deforestation, and the ultimate causes of the societal collapse of the ancient culture.

09 Brown, Andrew / Crema, Enrico

Regional population model in New Zealand prehistory

Population dynamics are an important component of archaeological explanations of culture change in Polynesia. Within the region, population growth has been seen as both a primary cause of change and a useful proxy measure of socio-political complexity, land tenure and subsistence practices. Typically, the pattern inferred in Polynesia consists of two phases: (1) initial rapid growth followed by (2) reduced growth as populations approach carrying capacity (Kirch 1984; Tuljapurkar et al. 2007). The logistic growth pattern is a useful basic model of population growth in Polynesia. However, as Kirch (1984; 2007) suggests, the pattern of population growth and expansion involves feedback between ecological, demographic and cultural factors. Therefore individual islands and island groups will exhibit unique patterns of change. In New Zealand, a logistic pattern of population growth is implicit in many culture change models, with the exception of southern New Zealand. This paper employs radiocarbon dates to develop proxies of three regional population models and test the conceptual models that currently pervade in New Zealand archaeology.

10 Castaeda, Patricia / Riveros, Katherine / Rivera, Antonio / Rojas, Gloria / Torres, Paulina / Seelenfreund, Andrea

Science workshop for children on Rapa Nui: getting to know our botanical heritage

Every human group establishes a particular way of interacting with its environment. Rapa Nui society has been no exception to the rule. Since the very beginning, of mythical settlement, islanders have used and given meaning, to the different plants species on their islands. Their plants were transported with humans during the process of migration and island colonization, in what has been called the transported landscapes, and has been used to reconstruct island settlement history. Our research project has built on this model in order to reconstruct the history of human movements to Rapanui.

In order to socialize the scientific approach of our project to the larger Rapanui community, we designed a Science Workshop adapted to children (8 to 13 years old). The aim of the workshop was

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to generate a learning space for the children to understand the relationship between science, plants, culture and their heritage. The workshop used a hands-on approach with methods from both the Natural and the Social Sciences, for a meaningful learning process for the children on the island. We present the results of the workshop. (Fondecyt Grant 1120175).

11 Cauwe, Nicolas / de Dapper, Morgan

The moai along the ancient paths of Rapa Nui. A new study

Recently the Belgian archaeological mission had the opportunity to re-examine some 46 statues scattered along what are generally called the camino de los moai, ancient roads which are thought to have been used to transport the stone giants from the quarries. Many authors interpret this scattering of statues as proof that only complete and finished moai were moved and that their transport was suddenly interrupted. Two circumstances make this idea improbable. The first is the fine state of preservation of these statues: almost half of them are intact, despite their supposed fall. Others are broken, but the fragments remain contiguous to one another, meaning the breaks result from subsidence which occurred when the statues were lying down, not from the impact of their fall. The second element which argues against the fall of the statues is the presence of chocking stones, showing that the horizontal position of these moai was premeditated, an intention which is confirmed by their excellent state of conservation. Furthermore, some years ago, an erection pit was found during excavations made at the vicinty of one the these images. Obviously, new assumptions are necessary concerning the statues scaterred along the roads.

12 Charleux, Michel

Eiao, the workshop-island. The first results of seven long-term missions

Located at the northernmost part of the Marquesas Islands, more than 1,600km Northeast of Tahiti, Eiao has one of the largest sources of fine-grained basalt in the Eastern South Pacific (the other one being that of Pitcairn). Deserted today, the island had probably been inhabited since the eleventh century by early Marquesans. A few years after setting foot on the island, they discovered the exceptional properties of its basalt for shaping tools whose reputation for excellence exceeded the archipelago. It should be recalled that geo-chemical analyses made it possible to certify that these tools were "scattered" to other islands of the Marquesas archipelago (B. Rolett), but also to further remote islands (M. Wessler).

The island became a "workshop-island", the remains of this quasi-industrial activity are innumerable workshops and layers of flakes covering up to several tens of square meters. It is however in the MEI.D06 quadrangle, that we observe the highest density of built structures, workshops and impressive accumulations of flakes. It is also in this area that we note the existence of two impressive very deep pits, surrounded by a high ridge of rubbles, apparently dug by man and which could have been one of the basalt extraction areas. The activity on the island, spanning between the eleventh and eighteenth centuries, fits perfectly in the general Marquesan chronology.

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13 Charleux, Michel

The stemmed pieces of the island of Eiao (Marquesas Islands)

Unusual tools in the toolkit of the Polynesians, the mata'a of Rapa Nui, are typologically bifacially-flaked stemmed artifacts. Except for a piece made of basalt reported by Alfred METRAUX in 1940, all the mata'a were made from obsidian. This is why the discovery of a dozen stemmed basalt pieces on the island of Eiao (Northern Marquesas, French Polynesia) is of particular interest.

These pieces correspond to a flake of basalt from which, through a succession of retouches, a tang making the fitting possible is cleared. Although none of them has been found in stratigraphic position, this does not exclude the possibility of relative antiquity, dates obtained on different sites spanning the eleventh to the eighteenth centuries.

Their low frequency reflects a desire to shape for a specific, but very occasional use. Should we see a ceremonial related to a particular object? The functional analysis reveals the percussion action of a material similar to wood of soft to medium hardness.

In the present state of discoveries, despite disturbing similarities between Eiao pieces and mata'a, this convergence of shape seems insufficient to establish the evidence of relations between Eiao and Rapa Nui.

14 Conrich, Ian

Heroes and villains: the popular depictions of adventurers and archaeologists on Easter Island

In the popular fiction that circulates around Easter Island, earthly visitors predominantly fall into one of five groups: the troubled superhero, the curious tourist, the stranded voyager, the adventurer or explorer, and the archaeologist or scientist. In reality, adventurers and archaeologists were for many years the mainstay of the island's visitors with people like Katherine Routledge and Thor Heyerdahl figuring significantly within its history. Others drawn to the mystery of the moai include Jacques Cousteau, most noted for his deep-sea explorations, who visited the island in 1978. It is therefore not surprising that the adventurer and archaeologist frequently appear in Easter Island fiction. What is interesting, though, is the way in which the fiction tends to separate these figures into heroes or villains.

Perpetual adventurers Indiana Jones, Lara Croft, Scooby-Doo, and Doctor Who have all encountered the moai. In a Doctor Who novel, an anthropologist steals a rongorongo tablet from the island thereby cursing a family, with the good Doctor travelling there many years later to unravel the mysteries. Meanwhile, Scooby-Doo and gang investigate the moai and find that one is hollow, and is acting as a cover for a corrupt scientist. This is extended in other stories with stairs or passageways discovered underneath or near the moai. The many caves that exist around the volcanic island and which are yet to be fully charted, have served in fiction as convenient secret lairs and as underground chambers for hiding great treasures, or for hatching dastardly plans. In this paper, I will focus on comic books, noelvs, films and advertising in a study that considers the cultural function of these recurring figures.

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15 Corvaln, Javier

Initial Chilean schooling development in Easter Island as part of a process of colonization and transculturation of the Rapa Nui population

This paper, the product of three years of cultural and historic research, including documentary analysis and fieldwork in Easter Island, discusses how Chilean authorities have been implementing a process of transculturation through compulsory education of Rapa Nui children and youngsters since the beginning of the XXth Century. This project was sustained by previous evangelization efforts initiated by Sacre-Coeur Congregations French missionaries whose regular contacts with the local population resulted in a partly modified set of local cultural patterns.

During the first decades of the XXth Century, Chilean Government authorities continued with the transculturalization process through schools on the basis of both the prevailing anthropological theories and educational practices in Chile at that time and the relative benefits resulting from indigenous childrens enrollment in western-style schools. Consequently, Eastern Islands educational system was based on such concepts as civilization, Christianity and the acquisition of a language considered to be superior to the Islands vernacular language, as was the general perception of Spanish with respect to the Rapa Nui language.

Within the framework of this research project, we have already published an article on a journal of Anthropology in Chile (From Evangelizing Colonial School to a competitive and segmented educational system on Easter Island in Chungar 46:4:2014). The final outcome of this research will be released in 2015 in the form of a book entitled One-hundred years of schooling in Easter Island, published by Universidad Alberto Hurtado, Santiago, Chile.

16 Cruz Berrocal, Maria / Uriarte Gonzlez, Antoni / Millerstrom, Sidsel

A comparative approach to the study of fish traps in the Pacific: field work results from Nananu-i-Ra, Fiji islands

In 2009 we carried out fieldwork in Nananu-i-Ra, one of the islands off the northern coast of Viti Levu, the main island in the Fijian archipelago. We discovered and mapped a large concentration of fish traps along different tracts of the Nananu-i-Ra coastline. Although fish traps are not a rarity in Fiji, they are not widely spread all over the archipelago, but concentrated on particular areas. We aim first to present our research on this evidence, highlighting the relevance of this kind of remains, very little known or studied. We will explore potential explanations for these fish traps, related either to social practices or to environmental conditions. Given the political and social homogeneity of the Fijian society, particular occurrences such as fish traps potentially show some variability in social practice that it is worth of study: nowadays shallow-water or coastal fishing is mainly carried out by women in occasional manner, whereas the use and maintenance of the fish traps requires communal work and social investment, as it is clear from other case studies. In fact we will use ethnographic and archaeological case studies from Fiji, Taiwan and Hawaii to discuss fish traps in the Pacific at large.

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17 Davletshin, Albert

A possible [ki] syllable in Kohau Rongorongo script of Easter Island: a case of a "semantic guess" and its formalization

The staff sign (code 001 in Thomas Barthel's nomenclature) has highest usage frequency in Kohau Rongorongo texts. It enters reduplicated sequences ABAB, BABA and AAA; here A denotes sign 001 and B - any other sign. Formation of such sequences indicates that staff is a phonetic sign, i.e., a sign which transmits an abstract sequence of sounds (C)V, where C stands for a consonant and V for a vowel. On the other hand, isolated occurrences of sign 001 suggest its logographic nature, i.e., its reading value corresponds to a lexical morpheme. Together with grammatical markers, such as glyphs depicting sitting man, leaved vine and reed, staff appears as an introductory glyph for numerous textual fragments that abound in rhetorical and poetic devices. Lists introduced by staff remind of the most frequent speech verb of Rapanui k 'to say, speak' which shows a peculiar distribution in texts. This interpretation is based on a semantic guess. Importantly, a few Rapanui lexical morphemes have a CV structure and importantly, it is possible to arrive at the [ki] reading basing on analysis of the introductory glyph only. If the proposed hypothesis holds, phonetic signs of Kohau Rongorongo do not distinguish short and long vowels.

18 Davletshin, Albert

Po'u Hakanononga statue in the Cinquantenaire Museum, Brussels: iconographic analysis and ethnographic parallels

The basalt statue Po'u Hakanononga was collected at 'Ahu 'A Rongo by the Franco-Belgian Expedition (July 1934 - January 1935). The statue is in good preservation state and is about 3 m tall. It is somewhat asymmetrical and aberrant in form due to its square head with an open mouth, straight legs and rounded buttocks, suggesting that it may be one of the earliest Easter Island moai according to stylistic criteria.

The present research stems from detailed visual re-examination of the original statue in Brussels. Po'u Hakanononga shows several uncommon iconographic features unattested on other moai maea: prominent male genitalia, oversized hands seemingly grasping a kind of long object and symmetrical clusters of circles (previously interpreted as fishhooks in the literature). An overt representation of male genitalia is typical for Eastern Polynesian sculpture and may be an archaic feature. Four lines of circles remind body painting used during initiation rites in Oceanic cultures.

I suggest that the statue represents a stylistic variation of the iconographic theme "accession to the office of paramount chief" a future chief is depicted putting on his maro loincloth and the symmetrical carved circles refer to the body painting associated with the accession ritual.

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19 Davletshin, Albert / Korovina, Evgeniya

The first Rapanui corpus of interlinear-glossed texts

A corpus of interlinear-glossed Rapanui texts was developed by the authors in 2012-2014. It is a compilation of traditional Rapanui texts published by Alfred Mtraux, Fritz Felbermayer, Olaf Blixen and Sebastian Englert supplied with interlinear glosses. It already includes about 50,000 Rapanui words. The database provides easy and intuitive search either for particular words or grammatical markers, forming a useful tool for the scholars working in different fields of Easter Island studies anthropology, folklore research, Rongorongo studies and, first of all, for linguists.

Interlinear text presentation provides: 1) original orthography, 2) translation as given in the source, 3) normalized orthography with reconstructed phonetic transcription, 4) morpheme-by-morpheme gloss in English and 5) enhanced unified translation (this part is still under development). Line 3 uses special symbols to distinguish various linguistic entities including 1) syntactic groups, 2) lexical nuclei, 3) modifiers of lexical nuclei in postposition (attributes) and preposition (incorporated objects), 4) flexions (reduplications of plural verbal forms) and 5) lexicalized derivational morphemes.

Such unprecedented detailed glossing of different levels proved to be advantageous for analyzing and translating Rapanui texts and may also pave a way for future development of interlinear glossing systems for other Polynesian languages.

20 de Laat, Mary

A possible key to rongorongo: the petroglyphs at Ana O Keke

A number of Easter Island petroglyphs contain figures, which are very similar to some of the signs of the rongorongo-script. The finest examples can be found on the wall of a cave called Ana O Keke, the Cave of the Setting Sun. In this place, located on the cliffs of the Poike peninsula, elite girls called neru were confined to ritually bleach their skin and fatten their body. My poster will explore the possibility that the petroglyphs of this cave could provide clues to the phonetic values of some of the rongorongo-signs, because

1) a substantial amount of information regarding the neru cult has been preserved in traditions and chants; 2) it can be shown that the mural is firmly embedded in this cultural context and, since it is mostly figurative, its meaning can be explained using the data on the ritual; 3) the petroglyphs form a coherent whole, allowing for educated guesses at the meaning of the abstract parts and the phonetic value of some of the glyph-like figures. Subsequently, using the inscriptions on wood, the proposed phonetic values can be tested in various settings. The initial identifications can then be employed to deduce the values of other signs.

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21 Delsing, Riet

Kainga Rapanui, then and now

In this paper I discuss the conflictive ideas about land tenure on Rapa Nui. Recent land occupations in the center of Hanga Roa, and in particular the conflict between the Investment Company Empresas Transocenica and the clan Hitorangi, reveal the prolonged misunderstandings between the Chilean State and some private investors, and the Rapanui people. I consider the Polynesian concept of kainga for the case of Rapa Nui, versus the Chilean States perspective, one that considers Rapa Nui to be Chilean territory, subject to Chilean legislation. I then discuss recent Rapanui land claims and compare them with similar claims elsewhere in Oceania and Polynesia. I finally describe the case of the hotel Hangaroa, built on Hitorangi clan land. I consider the ongoing land occupations - and especially the controversy between the Hitorangi and the Schiess family of Santiago over the hotel Hangaroa - to be of crucial importance in the struggle of the Rapanui people to recover their ancestral lands.

22 Di Piazza, Anne

Archaeological and linguistic isochrone maps of the Pacific: an aid to understanding prehistoric migrations?

Maps are rarely neutral depictions of space. They encode, simplify and abstract human experiences of landscape according to particular needs and histories maps are socially and culturally embedded (Thomas 2008:97). In this paper I will present anamorphic maps of the Pacific islands to better understand prehistoric colonization and cultural interaction in the region. The resulting charts will be distorted according to selected variables such as the radiocarbon dates of initial settlement, linguistic traits such as shared cognate percentages as well as the time required to sail between the islands by canoe. While my point of departure is the long standing problem of migration, my goal is to develop a new geometry for the Pacific where distant islands or archipelagos become either closer or farther away than they appear on Cartesian maps depending on the variables investigated here. These anamorphic charts provide a means to envision a new seascape, one that reflects that experienced by Oceanic navigators; a seascape that goes beyond maps based on latitude and longitude.

23 Downes, Jane / Torres Hochstetter, Francisco / Torres Jeria, Paulina / Welham, Kate

Care for the future? Exploring relationships between education, knowledge exchange, and heritage management in Rapa Nui

This paper examines the potential for heritage education and knowledge exchange to have positive input into the management of cultural heritage sites. We evaluate the impact and legacy of this type of participation on both Rapa Nui and other comparative World Heritage Sites, and examine a case study that focuses on a current education and knowledge exchange programme being developed on the Island itself. The work is a collaboration between the Officina Patrimonio Rapa Nui, Museo

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Antropolgico Padre Sebastin Englert (MAPSE), CONAF, and educators and heritage professionals from Orkney, and researchers from the Arts and Humanities Research Council funded project, Rapa Nui: Landscapes of Construction. We examine how bringing school children, educators, and heritage managers from synergistic landscapes and environments together can facilitate a broader overall understanding of cultural heritage and the future challenges it faces. We also discuss how these relationships and approaches can stimulate new pathways to more sustainable management strategies and research plans, and ultimately improved knowledge exchange.

24 Dudgeon, John / Commendador, Amy / Tromp, Monica / Hazard, Rebecca

Continuity or collapse: evaluating the evidence for long-term subsistence on Rapa Nui

Our understanding of the subsistence practices of the prehistoric Rapanui have been largely based - rightly or wrongly so - on the observations of European explorers, documentarians and ethnographers, within a time window that is not contemporaneous with the majority of the islands history. This has led to an implicit explanatory bias toward specific subsistence practices argued to be associated with a degraded, or collapse-era phenomenon on the island and which is believed to be unrepresentative of the full history of human occupation and cultural development. Our research has addressed this issue using multidisciplinary bioarchaeological and biomolecular methods to infer the subsistence component of well-dated individuals from the collections at Museo Antropolgico Padre Sebastin Englert. Our evidence suggests that the diachronic picture for Rapanui subsistence is significantly stable, finely-adjusted for the local climate, environment and ecology, and perhaps one of a very few subsistence strategies which would have proved viable over 500 years of isolation from the Polynesian and European cultural spheres. The evidence for local subsistence adaptations on Rapa Nui should be viewed within the context of extended cultural persistence in a marginal environment, versus the increasingly untenable collapse ideology

25 Dunn, Richard K. / Sherwood, Sarah / Van Tilburg, Jo Anne

The evolution, natural environment, and human use of Rano Raraku Crater: the interior quarry region as revealed in recent geological mapping and coring, soils micro-morphological analyses and excavations

This paper details results of recent geological mapping and coring, excavations, soils analyses, and other scientific tests carried out in the Interior Region of Rano Raraku Archaeological Zone, the major monolithic moai (statue) quarry of Easter Island (Rapa Nui). The geological setting is that of a collapse structure on the remaining flank of an eroded volcano. Wood sample identifications and analyses reveal the former presence of extensive palm forests as well as other large trees, including those useful for canoe manufacture. Human use in the form of stone quarrying produced barren, dissected slopes. Down wash of soils buried upright statues to a level of four to five meters. Abundant microscopic fragments of charcoal throughout excavated levels illustrate the rate and pulse of vegetation clearance and soils movement. Twenty-one dryland samples collected from two sub-profiles, 15cm to 225cm depth and 245 to 430cm depth, respectively, were analyzed for pollen, phytoliths, and starch. Phytoliths of banana (Musa sp.) leaves and paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) leaf hairs found throughout most of the profile are evidence of Polynesian transfer and

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cultivation within the crater. The implications of these and other results for cultural materials preservation are discussed and new research directions suggested.

26 Edwards, Edmundo / Edwards, Alexandra

Recent field work on Raivavae (working title)

27 Esen-Baur, Heide-Margaret / Santos, Pedro

Digitization project of all extant Rongorongo tablets

Up to date only two scientists have published transcriptions of the entire rongorongo-corpus. These transcriptions are each the result of personal study of a number, not all, original objects. Both scientists had to rely to a lesser or greater extent also upon photographs, plaster casts, moulds, line-drawings etc., made by others in the course of more than one hundred years. The two transcriptions differ significantly in count, scale and details. Although the inadequacies of the transcriptions have been addressed by the scientific community, the older transcription is generally used in rongorongo-research today.

This unsatisfactory situation needs to be covercome. By resorting to available modern digitizing techniques, such as 3D-digitization, this may well be possible. Digitization of cultural heritage objects presents a number of challenges. In the case of the rongorongo-tablets, the valuable hardware and personnel needs to travel widely to the objects and set up upon location comparable environmental conditions. The objects themselves are and have been sensitive to environmental changes, such as temperature and humidity and in some cases are already quite deteriorated. They come in complex shapes and sizes, and first and foremost they are very unique.

The Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research is one of the world's leading institutes for applied research in visual computing and virtual and augmented engineering technology. The Institute has been at the forefront of digitization of cultural heritage objects.

By using state-of-the-art technology Fraunhofer Institute scanned the Berlin-tablet using contact-free digitizing technologies. Preparations are made to digitize all other extant objects. Digitizing all dispersed objects optimizes scientific collaboration, fosters the discovery of new findings and supports fast and efficient consensus, since the same virtual models can be made available to a wide number of scientists simultaneously. In our presentation we shall discuss our findings in depth.

28 Espejo, Jaime / Haoa Cardinali, Sonia

Does it make sense to retain an extinct species sophora? The case of Toromiro ( Phil.) Skottsb.

This presentation will show the current development of the conservation work for the Sophora toromiro in the last years, executed by different organizations and institutions. The work is analyzed

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from a biological perspective, which gives interesting new insights concerning the certification of the study material and innovative strategies for the reintroduction of the species. The initiatives will be discussed in the light of conservation paradigms and classic genetics.

On the other hand the ethnobotanical significance of the species will be outlined which determines the successfulness of the reintroduction of the plant as a holistic approach for the sustainable conservation by the Rapanui community.

29 Fajreldin, Valentina / Torres, Francisco / Nahoe, Susana / Gomez, Rodrigo / Quinlan, Rolando / Estay, Alejandra / Fortin, Moira / Abarca, Sofia / Zamora Rapu, Annette / Ramrez, Francisca / Seelenfreund, Andrea / Haoa, Virginia / Fuentes, Miguel

The situation of intangible heritage of Easter Island: arts, knowledge and spatiality

The intangible heritage of Easter Island is today a category that public institutions and the community are trying to manage in order to generate culturally relevant policies of safeguarding it. The different heritage manifestations that can be found today on the island reflect the existence of a society with a great creative ability. This can be seen, on the one hand, by the position of importance by which it is known worldwide. On the other hand, by the self-identification each islander has as a Cultist figure of their own heritage.

However, nowadays there are a number of issues that threaten the continuity of such manifestations, which are closely related to structural problems from the territorial perspective. Other issues are related to the economy, politics and demographic of Rapa Nui. These problems and concerns generate a context of vulnerability within its inhabitants.

This paper will review in detail this process and the contexts where it manifests.

30 Fajreldin, Valentina

The situation of the medical system in Rapanui and public politics: research progress

This presentation shows that the political dimension of the rapanui medicine remains one of the characteristic features of this issue; now located in a context of openness to the global world and the processes of hybridization.

It has been shifting towards institutionalization through processes of formalization of internal organization, dialogue with the public authorities, participation in the funds. This has been producing various forms of discourse on medical knowledge, ownership of medical resources and relevance of medical agents, stressing in a novel way social relations.

Today, unlike the nationalist role that was ten years ago, today it is becoming but no suitable object to health care institutions and policies of the continent.

I present how processes at local, national and global scale is {an impacting on the development of the concept of Rapanui Medicine, in light of some theoretical perspectives in the field of medical anthropology.

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31 Fassbinder, Jrg W.E. / Bondar, Ksenija / Vogt, Burkhard / Moser, Johannes

Archaeological magnetometry and soil magnetism on Easter Island (Chile)

Magnetic prospecting, since its first application in the 1950s, is meanwhile widely used for the detection and mapping of archaeological sites worldwide. The great success of the method however, is based on the more subtle magnetically induced anomalies that occur due to the enrichment of magnetic minerals in the topsoil. Because of the strong magnetic background of geological structures on volcanic soils and/ or basaltic geology, it was a widely held belief that the search for archaeological structures on Easter Island is nearly impossible. Therefore the geophysical aim of this project was primarily to make first tests on different sites and around of ahu monuments. In situ measurements of the magnetic susceptibility on soil profiles on a recent construction pit, revealed surprising results: Although the basalts have already high content in magnetic minerals, the susceptibility of the topsoil exhibits fourfold value. Our findings on a variety of eight test areas confirmed that prospecting on basaltic geology may also trace archaeological structures beneath the ground. The magnetic anomalies are dominated by (thermo-) remanent anomalies, but show beside the stonewall foundation of so-called hare paenga houses even the old excavation trenches from William Mulloy in front of the Ahu Akivi site.

32 Hagelberg, Erika

The genetic affinities of the Rapanui

The origins of the Rapanui are of significant interest to historians, archaeologists and anthropologists. The Rapanui have been the subject of numerous genetic studies, from blood groups in the early decades of the twentieth century, to genome-wide surveys in recent years. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA markers in skeletal remains of prehistoric Rapanui showed that their maternal lineages were identical to those of other Polynesians. More recently, high resolution genetic analyses of DNA from the present-day population supports the view that the Rapanui are mainly of Polynesian origin, although they carry a large proportion of European genes as a result of admixture since European contacts. Interestingly, they also carry genes that suggest trans-Pacific contacts with the Americas before the arrival of the Europeans. In this paper, I will outline the history of genetic research on Easter Island since the early decades of the twentieth century, and discuss the implications of the data for our understanding of the origins of the islanders.

33 Hamilton, Sue

The eye petroglyphs of Rano Raraku

Two seasons of survey (201314) have focused on the identification and detailing of circa 30 eye petroglyphs located within Rano Raraku statue quarry, Rapa Nui. The paper considers the eyes' morphology, their contexts within the quarry, and the use and meaning of the eye motif on the Island. There are a range of eye petroglph-types at Rano Raraku. These occur in different places within the quarry, there is a spatial association between eye petroglyphs and moai removal. The eyes

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do not appear to reference the wider landscape. This shows that the role of eye petroglyphs relates to stages in quarrying and the meaning of quarrying.

34 Hamilton, Sue

Three aspects of the landscapes of the Ara Moai, Rapa Nui

The Ara Moai or moai roads are demarcated by alignments of recumbent moai. Two seasons (2013-14) of surface survey on and in the vicinity of the moai road between, Rano Raraku and Ahu Hoa Anga Vaka a Tua Poi provide information on the nature and form of the moai alignments, the types of feature(s) associated with these, their morphology and the patterning within the landscape, and the wider agricultural, industrial and ritual landscape in which these are located. Out of these, this paper discusses: i) the weathering of the moai comprising the moai alignments as evidence that these were formally standing; ii) the nature of the anthropogenic environment in which this alignment existed; and iii) and the phenomenological experiences of moving along the moai roads. We will discuss the implications of these findings for the interpretations and management of the moai roads.

35 Haoa Cardinali, Sonia / Schffler, Doris

Studies of rock art in the north part of Easter Island

The paper will introduce a new research project which is under the patronage of CONAF and which is directed by Sonia Haoa Cardinali. The team includes specialists from the fields of archaeology, geology, stone restoration, and 3D-documentation. The main objectives are the plotting, identification and the study of the petroglyphs in the northern area of Easter Island - from Hanga Oteo to Vaka Kipo. The project encompasses a period of 8 10 months and is hoped to provide the basis for a newly designed Petroglyph Information System (PIS).

The presentation will explain the technical and methodological approach of the project with special emphasis on the 3D photogrammetric method Structure for Motion (SfM). This technique allows the digital documentation of the rock engravings and the creation of 3D digital models with photo-realistic texturing. SfM is not only faster and more precise but it also offers a wider interpretation than a documentation by conventional hand drawing. The contribution will present the first results including those of specialized geological studies all of these to be entered in the PIS which will have highest importance for further field research and also with respect to site conservation.

36 Hawarden, Rosanne

A possible pre-Tasman canoe landing site, or tauranga waka, in Golden Bay, South Island, New Zealand and its role in regional maritime networks

Mori canoes or waka were first recorded on beaches at Wainui Bay, Golden Bay area, South Island, New Zealand in an illustration of Abel Tasmans 1642 visit to this area from Nicolaas Witsens (1705)

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book, Noord en Oost Tartarye. Wainui Bay is a site of national importance where the first documented contact between Mori and Dutch explorers took place. The Witsen etching is the first printed image of New Zealand. A 2012 maritime archaeological survey of a pre-Tasman canoe landing site, or tauranga waka at Taupo Point is correlated with this illustration and other historical/archaeological evidence. Mori inhabitants of the associated village and p created what is possibly the oldest known maritime structure in New Zealand. As favourable anchorages and harbours continued to be used into modern times, photographic archives were searched for evidence of later alterations. Landowners were interviewed for their recollections. Photographs show a stable beach structure that has changed very little. The channel dimensions point to the volume of the traffic and the maximum size of vessels hauled onto the beach. Another well preserved site on the Banks Peninsula, Canterbury was also surveyed to determine the principles underlying the choice of canoe harbour locations and their role in regional maritime networks.

37 Hermann, Aymeric

Making adzes in prehistoric Polynesia: production processes and specialised know-how in the Toerauetoru district of Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia)

The ubiquity of stone adze blades in archaeological sites and museum collections resulted in their use as cultural fossils to draw cultural evolutionary changes in the Polynesian islands. The typological approach proves useful for understanding archaeological diversity in Oceania. Nevertheless, it lacks efficiency when it comes to shedding light on technical and economic choices involved in the production processes.

Through the technological analysis of lithic assemblages from the mataeinaa (district) of Toerauetoru, located on the northern coast of Tubuai (Austral Islands, French Polynesia), we aim to provide a study of techno-economic dynamics related to the production of adzes in ancient Tubuai. Petrographic and geochemical analysis of exploited geological materials and finished tools from different sites yield information on raw material supply strategies and transfers of finished blades. Eventually, the description and comparison of operational sequences related to adze blade production and maintenance provide a reliable assessment of technical processes within the traditional Toerauetoru district, from quarries and specialised workshops to the dwelling sites established on the coastal plain. We will finally discuss how the investigation of the technical system of stone adze production in ancient Tubuai can shed light on the social organisation of Polynesian chiefdoms.

38 Horley, Paul

Carving techniques used for rongorongo artefacts

The rongorongo script of Easter Island is remarkable in many ways, including its master-class carving quality. The detail of tiny glyphs and smoothness of their contours makes one wonder about techniques and tools used by the ancient scribes. According to the Rapanui lore, the signs were engraved with obsidian flakes and shark teeth. In this study, a special attention was paid to analysis of different shark teeth available to the islanders, suggesting that non-serrated teeth of short-fin

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mako were the most likely carving tool. Among the wood types identified for the surviving rongorongo artefacts, once-native Pacific rosewood holds a special place. Basing on these data, the samples of mako teeth, Pacific rosewood and black obsidian were subjected to stress-strain measurements. The results show that mechanical properties of shark tooth perfectly match the requirements of the carving process, whereas the brittleness of obsidian casts a serious doubt on its prominent role in glyph engraving. Analysis of the original tablets also suggested possible techniques that might have been used for preparation of writing surface, as well as some post-processing treatments allowing a considerable approach to sign carving quality in rongorongo tablets.

39 Horley, Paul / Cuadros Hucke, Ninoska / Haoa Cardinali, Sonia / Gonzlez Nualart, Lilian

Development of 3D virtual tours for archaeological sites of Rapa Nui

The cultural heritage of Rapa Nui is unique and extremely fragile. In recent years, a significant effort was dedicated to advanced digital documentation with modern non-invasive techniques such as 3D laser scanning and photogrammetric reconstruction. The resulting point clouds including millions of points achieve sub-millimetre precision, but require powerful computers for their analysis and visualization. In this paper, we report on successful creation of 3D models of entire archaeological sites including habitation cave at Vai Mata, Ana Kai Tangata and topknots scattered on exterior slopes of Puna Pau quarry. The obtained photogrammetric models were reduced to lower number of polygons and supplied with high-quality photographic textures for real-time visualization and navigation on an average modern computer, providing dynamic virtual tour experience for education purposes. The intermediate 3D models in high resolution are useful for scientific and conservation studies by providing an integral record of archaeological site. For fragile areas such as Ana Kai Tangata, which suffered considerable ceiling collapse in the past years, such record may be vital for future conservation and reconstruction efforts.

40 Huke Ainsa, Hetereki

Pre-European coastal villages of Rapa Nui

The paper is an attempt to describe the Pre-European Coastal Settlements from its spatial relations in the macro-territory, the physical distribution of the elements, its architectural structures and their unique characteristics.

The work is the result of different Architectural field works done by the author in Rapa Nui during 2013 and 2014. The main purpose of the research is finding new useful information about this kind of settlements that will enable us to recognize spatial and architectural patterns as well as variations, this information can show us that Coastal Villages and its structures respond to both cultural factors and geographic conditions with traditional and engineering solutions.

Some of the questions that this research tries to explore are related with the territory, the surrounding landscape and the structural characteristics of some specific structures like the Hare Paenga or Boat Houses.

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The research was done through detail topographic registration of three settlements and their structures (Akahanga, Vaihu and Te Peu) with aerial photography, drawings and existent literature research.

41 Ingersoll, Daniel Winthrop / Ingersoll, Kathleen B.

The potential for palm extinction on Rapa Nui by disease

This paper examines some of the hypotheses and statements in the literature concerning the extinct palms of Rapa Nui. The focal species is the Jubaea chilensis-like palm, or Paschalococos disperta. What caused the disappearance of the palm? Overharvesting, climate change, and predation by the introduced rats (Rattus exulans) currently represent the major proposed hypotheses. To avoid pre-mature closure, alternative hypotheses deserve serious consideration: among various palm genera, documented serious extinction/extirpation threats include fungi, viruses, bacteria, nematodes, insects, birds, and combinations such as insects transmitting fungi. Pacific island and other examples of palm loss by disease are discussed. This presentation serves as an introduction to our ongoing research project involving literature review and field experiments. A full-length research paper includes an assessment of the draw on palms for moai moving and erection, an exploration of the appropriateness of palm for canoe building, a review of the data on the presence of large arboreal species such as Elaeocarpus and Altiphonia on Rapa Nui, and a description of the field experiments conducted to date on Molokai, involving studies of palm flotation characteristics and burn by-products in oxidation and reduction atmospheres. The longer paper will also be available and comments and suggestions are invited.

42 Jakubowska, Zuzanna / Vorbrich, Christopher (a.k.a. Krzysztof ) Konstanty

Recently discovered Mmoire written by the Forsters in the light of other works of their authorship: a new perspective in Easter Island studies

The original component of the paper is a comparative study of five disparate Forsterian Easter Island primary sources, namely Journals, A Voyage, its German translation Reise, Observations, as well as a recently discovered Mmoire originally written in French. The last mentioned is the core of the comparative work of the present paper. Fragments of the translation of the Mmoires original in Polish and English are also discussed. In addition the present paper takes part in a controversy surrounding the true author of this work. The rationale behind the presented article is to close the gap left by the critical neglect. Last but not least, this paper takes part in the controversy surrounding the German, Polish and French view on the Easter Islands cultural and scientific heritage shown by Mmoire. The paper builds its interpretations partly fusing bibliographical studies and research in situ. The analysis proved that the research objectives namely determining the true author of Mmoire and the novelty of Mmoire approach to Easter Island research have been accomplished in their entity. It is recommended to widen the comparative research into the Spanish and Dutch Easter Island primary sources and to translate Mmoire into the above mentioned languages.

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43 Judkins Byrne, Julie

Tourism at the End of the World

Rapa Nuis remoteness, geology and famous World Heritage stone statues are a draw card for visitors. Tourism marketing often uses mystery and enigma as a cultural resource for attracting visitors. However, ongoing contemporary identity, cultural and political issues, including the relationship with Chile, comprising the lived reality for Rapanuis today are usually unseen by tourists. A 2011 exploratory field trip witnessed a street demonstration for Rapanui control over migration; previous actions demanded ancestral land rights and independence from Chile. Main fieldwork in 2013 coincided with the busy annual Tapati Festival celebrating Rapanui Polynesian culture, yet underlying tensions remained.

My qualitative study set out to discover how Rapanuis present their island to visitors whilst at the same time forging their own political and cultural identity. The process of identity construction involves drawing on and adapting a diverse set of cultural resources to achieve different ends in the context of Rapa Nuis unique political, economic, environmental and cultural dynamics. Initial findings suggest a complex dynamic of identity construction. Identities are shown to be partly political, partly ethnic and, in the case of tourism, partly commercial, with implications for tourism, tourists, heritage management and sustainability in this remote small island.

44 Kersten, Thomas P. / Hartl-Reiter, Christian

Image-based low-cost systems for automatic 3D recording of archaeological excavation sites and objects on Easter Island

Since the typical 3D recording technologies for archaeological objects such as terrestrial laser scanning or structured light systems are yet expensive, cumbersome, inconvenient, and often related to necessary expert knowledge, image-based systems offer then a cost-effective, simple and flexible alternative today. Several affordable and/or free close-range photogrammetric software packages with computer vision algorithms are available as open-source, web services or as commercial low-cost software since some years, which offer cheap and easy-to-use 3D capture solution for many users such as archaeologists and specialists in cultural heritage. Thus, the question arises if these image-based systems can substitute expensive range-based systems such as terrestrial laser scanning or structured light systems for applications in archaeology, e.g. for the documentation of cultural heritage and archaeological objects and finds? How does the accuracy, repeatability and reliability of these new camera-based low-cost systems compare with results from 3D scanning? In this contribution it will be shown, how geometry and texture of archaeological excavation sites and cultural heritage (CH) objects from Easter Island (Chile) can be automatically constructed, modelled and visualized from digital terrestrial and UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) imagery using different software packages for automatic 3D object generation. To assess the quality of the generated models, the resulting data sets will be compared to reference data of the same objects as captured by terrestrial laser scanning.

45 Kersten, Thomas P. / Tschirschwitz, Felix / Schreyer, Kristin

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Towards a virtual museum for cultural heritage and archaeological objects on Easter Island

In most cases archaeological finds and cultural heritage (CH) objects remain in the country of origin by law. However, this regulation did not exist in the past and therefore CH objects and exhibits of Rapa Nui are distributed worldwide in several museums (e.g. the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, British Museum in London, Ethnological Museum in Berlin-Dahlem, Sebastian Englert Museum in Hanga Roa, and many others). Furthermore, there are financial & labour intensive efforts to present a collection of the most important and selected CH exhibits in one travelling exhibition worldwide due to narrow time frames, restricted and limited number of visitors, only one hot spot at a specific time period and others.

Thus, 3D models of archaeological finds and CH objects experience an increasing meaning due to the capability to analyse and visualise such data in an efficient database everywhere using web-based tools in the Internet. Through digitizing by optical 3D measurement techniques CH monuments and inaccessible discoveries, a virtual museum is dedicated to creating a growing repository of 3D models of significant CH objects and archaeological findings of the Rapa Nui culture, thus making them freely accessible to everybody. The digital collection of moai, excavation sites, findings as well as petroglyphs offers a unique tool for researchers, scholars and enthusiasts to explore the story behind each object by interacting with the collection online. The environment of the virtual museum is on one hand the landscape of Easter Island as a textured digital elevation model (virtual island) for the positions of statues, petroglyphs and excavation sites linked with each related 3D model. On the other hand, the virtual museum is represented by fictively created rooms with typical museum furniture, where a collection of important and available 3D object models is exhibited. Each digital 3D model is then linked with additional meta-information about the object, which tells the story about this object.

46 Korovina, Evgeniya

There are three kinds of lies: notes about Rapanui statistics

The Rapanui language has repeatedly been the subject of statistical analysis. However, practice shows that results depend heavily on the selected material and the way statistics are collected. Therefore, on the one hand it is important to use as much data as possible, and on the other, to use only well-defined data.

This work was carried out using the data that were obtained during the analysis of the Rapanui glossed corpus texts. This corpus includes practically the entire volume of folk prose texts available for this language. For each text from the corpus, the frequencies of individual words and syllables were counted. The frequencies of different morphemes, which were counted during the research as well, are important in case a particle has more than one value, for example, one can see how more frequently ki and i are used as nominal particles and e as a verbal one. The results include values for each elements variation across the texts. Each text was analyzed both in the original and in the normalized spelling with restored length and glottal stops. The results can be compared with the data of rongorongo texts and applied in the Rapanui and general corpus linguistics.

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47 Kozub, Peter / Kozub, Beate

3D photo monitoring of tuff surface alterations of the moai of Ahu Hanua Nua Mea

The moai of Easter Island represent important stone monuments as part of our worlds cultural heritage. Many stone monuments have suffered serious damage as a consequence of natural weathering processes, pollution, insufficient, maintenance, utilization, use of sensitive materials or inappropriate conservation. Profound diagnosis is required for characterization, interpretation and rating of stone deterioration and for planning and executing an effective and economic documentation and evaluation of lithotypes and deterioration phenomena (Fitzner et al. 1995). Therefore, it is important to protect our cultural heritage with our best conservation methods. The monument mapping method is presented as an established non-destructive procedure for in-situ studies on stone damage.

Since 2012, every year the single moai of the Ahu Hanua Nua Mea (at Ava Ranga Uka A Toroke Hau) undergoes this non-destructive documentation. This long-term monument mapping method allows scientists to see even the smallest changes on the moai statue. The paper describes preliminary results from a novel optical-based system for three-dimensional damage mapping used on the moai and shows the advantages of 3D photo monitoring as a non-destructive documentation.

48 Khlem, Annette / Mieth, Andreas / Bork, Hans-Rudolf / Vogt, Burkhard

The concept of sacred trees in French Polynesia and on Rapa Nui

The concept of sacred trees is something that appears in many different parts of the world. In Polynesia trees are known to have been of great importance. Much of the vegetation today was introduced by the Polynesian settlers, who carried seedlings and seeds of many plants with them and by planting them upon arrival changed their environment significantly. While many of the introduced species were agricultural crops, we know of various tree species that had a higher significance. A number of trees are known to be sacred and connected to certain deities of the Polynesian pantheon. They were planted inside the marae complexes of French Polynesia and considered emanations of the respective god and as a bridge to link the world of the gods with life on earth.

On Easter Island the topic of vegetation has always been a great focus of interest. What are the reasons for the island to be so barren of trees? There is evidence that the ancient Rapanui cut down almost the entire vegetation of endemic palm trees that originally covered the island; with far-reaching effects on the local ecology. Recent excavations at the water sanctuary of Ava Ranga Uka A Toroke Hau on the slope of the Terevaka revealed that palm trees were intentionally planted there. The fact that planting pits were a component of a meticulously planned and structured ritual site indicates that the concept of scared trees also existed on Rapa Nui and that it was locally adapted to the existing vegetation. Palm trees where thus not only cut down but also valued and cherished to form part of the landscape architecture at Ava Ranga Uka A Toroke Hau.

49 Khlem, Annette

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Informative rhythms drums and their specific messages in East Are Are, Malaita, Solomon Islands

In November 2012 our team spent three weeks in the small hamlet of Apunirereha, East Are-Are on Malaita in the Solomon Islands to conduct archaeological research. During our stay in the village that is surrounded by dense rainforest we noticed that every once in a while different sounds of drums could be heard some from the village itself some from farther away. We were told by the villagers that the drums were played to communicate information among themselves and to other villages in the area. There are six different types of slit drums, as they are widely spread in Melanesia.

Our informants specified that the making, keeping, and playing of the drums are subject to many rules and taboos. The sound of each type of drum informs about specific events, as there are political gatherings, tribal conflicts, death/funerals, feasting etc. One step further there are certain rhythms that are only played on certain drums giving even more specific information (drum messages).

It turned out that the use of different drums and the playing of certain rhythms nowadays still is an ingenious way to communicate detailed information over large distances among and between the isolated villages and hamlets in East Are-Are.

50 Khlem, Annette / Hartl-Reiter, Christian

Looking towards the horizon A ship petroglyph on Rapa Nui and the possibilities and limits of 3D-documentation

Petroglyphs are ubiquitous on Rapa Nui. In many cases the glyphs depict things from the natural environment and daily life of the Rapanui: Fish, canoes, fish hooks, nets, birds, chickens and the like. Others show elements of the spiritual world like the birdman or Make Make. Definitely a late addition to the canon of depictions are European sailing vessels. Historic accounts tell us how in awe the islanders were at the sight of the first ships and what they carried on board. No doubt the first landings had a great impact on the Rapanui. A well-known petroglyph of a European vessel can be seen on the belly of one of the moai in the Rano Raraku quarry. Doing survey along the Quebrada Vaip at the southern slope of the Terevaka we found another very similar petroglyph. It is much smaller and the lines are exceedingly faint. Documenting it proved to be a challenge. Here we evaluate the phenomenon of European ships appearing as part of rock art on Rapa Nui and the potentials, limits and possible alternatives of using structure-from-motion photography to document petroglyphs.

51 Lagarde, Louis / Valentin, Frdrique / Herrscher, Estelle

Excavation at rockshelter KTT006 on Isle of Pines (New Caledonia): new data on ancient diet and funerary practices in southern Melanesia

In 2009, rockshelter KTT006 was excavated on Isle of Pines, an island 80 km south of mainland New Caledonia, in southern Melanesia, by a team of archaeologists from the Institute of Archaeology of New Caledonia and the Pacific (IANCP). The work has provided a more or less complete occupation sequence, since the arrival of the first Austronesian canoes 3000 years ago up to European contact.

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Along with the successive ashy layers accumulated over three millennia, the stratigraphy had been disrupted by funerary deposits of different kinds, roughly dating to the period of AD 400 to AD 1000. Spatial analysis of the remains, along with carbon dating was undertaken, showing clear evidence of a pit burial tradition and of bodies placed in constraining envelopes. Furthermore, isotope analyses of some bone samples indicate a diet based primarily on sea products, thus allowing discussion within the context of local evolution in dietary and funerary practices and links to other already known burials from mainland New Caledonia.

52 Lee, Georgia / Horley, Paul

Ceremonial village of Orongo in the photographic archives of William Mulloy

The photographic archives preserved in the Biblioteca William Mulloy (Hanga Roa) contain a unique mostly unpublished record of ceremonial village of Orongo dating back to 1970s, when the site underwent thorough restoration. Here we report the results of a detailed analysis of Mulloys archives, revealing images of six carved stones embedded into external masonry walls. Three of these stones, to the best of our knowledge, were misplaced / lost by the 1980s, with Mulloys pictures providing their only documentation. During the reconstruction of the village, there were a number of paenga slab fragments embedded into the walls of the houses or re-used as doorway lintels. The present-day Orongo features greatly reduced number of these embedded paenga slabs. Such loss of external decoration might have occurred during the partial collapse of house walls, due to the increasing weight of the ground layer covering them after heavy rains. Several such partial collapses were witnessed during the Easter Island Petroglyph Documentation Project carried out in 1980s. The results obtained are important for historical studies of Orongo village and can be also used for improving the preservation strategies for the fragile cultural heritage of Rapa Nui.

53 Longpe, Esmralda

The post-contact trajectories of Gilbert atolls (Kiribati, Micronesia): collapse, novelties and continuities

Considering past trajectories of atoll social-ecological systems (SES) is a way to learn about adaptive capacity of communities. Kiribati is an independent State since 1979 counting 100,000 inhabitants living in isolated and scattered atolls, a majority of people residing in Gilbert archipelago. Over the past centuries, the communities of Gilbert group developed natural resource management system that has enabled their life in such a fragile and constraining environment. In the 1820s began the first exchanges with Europeans and in 1892 the Gilbert group entered in the British colonial empire. These changes caused several impacts on the structure and functioning of atoll SES. How have these atoll SES absorbed and adapted to these changes since European contacts?

To tackle this issue, I mobilized the adaptive cycle, a conceptual tool from resilience theory (Gunderson and Holling, 2002). The adaptive cycle suggests that systems undergo four successive phases (i.e. growth, conservation, release and reorganization). This study used different data source (e.g. accounts of first settlers, scientific literature, census data, socio-economic statistics, aerial

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photographs). Results highlighted the collapse of these SES atolls during Second World War and underlined some continuities and novelties such as the emergence of an urban atoll.

54 Lpez, Lilian

Biblioteca rapanui digital, conectandonos con el mundo

The William Mulloy Library of the Father Sebastian Englert Anthropological Museum houses the largest collection in the world of books, articles, periodicals, maps, photographs, traditional music, CDs and videos about Rapa Nui. This has made it a place for meetings, research and discussion of topics related to Easter Island.

The constant increase in requests for information and access to our collection, coming from diverse parts of the world, gives us a challenge to place these resources at the disposition of those who are not physically present on Rapa Nui.

To meet this demand, the Library has embarked on the Biblioteca Rapanui Digital (Rapanui Digital Library), an on-line platform in which, not only can visitors accede to the collections but, we hope to develop a tool which will gather the collections of material on Rapa Nui from throughout the world, helping to fill out the documentation in our own collection and sharing with others the knowledge of Rapa Nui.

55 Mardones, Antonia / Seelenfreund, Andrea

Clothing Rapanui: missionaries and early colonization (1860- 1919)

The structured Rapanui society at the time of arrival of the first European missionaries in the late nineteenth century was based on a subtle network of reciprocal obligations. Just as in other Polynesian societies, textiles were the object of ritual exchange par excellence. The conversion of the islanders to Christianity ensued in the reorganization of certain cultural elements which consequently is reflected in certain material objects, particularly the use of fabrics or cloth.

This paper addresses cultural transformations experienced within the Rapanui society during the period of evangelization and early colonization, from the arrival of the first missionaries in 1886, to the installation of the mission of the Capuchin fathers in 1919. The analysis is based on data taken from historic records, in which material objects were analyzed as elements that reflect the social and cultural transformations of the (historical) context in which they were created, with the understanding that material culture cannot be separated from the cultural practices in which they are embedded. Rapanui people redefined introduced western textiles, which came to be used in new ritual contexts (cargo cults) to attract the mana carried by these foreigners (missionaries and colonial settlers). (Fondecyt Grant 1120175).

56 Maxwell, Justin J.

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Moriori agroforestry: an example of innovation in response to a challenging climate and environment

The temperate climate and low annual sunshine hours of Rkohu (Chatham Island) prevented the introduction of any Polynesian cultivated plants. The orthodox model of Moriori subsistence and settlement argued that this environmental limitation was responsible for a notable change from a tradition which included domesticated plants to one entirely reliant on wild animals and to a limited extent wild plants. The NZ fur seal was argued to be the dominant component of diet throughout the Moriori sequence. However, new research indicates that its importance in the earlier part of settlement was overestimated and was eventually a minor component of diet as the seal population declined. New paleobotanical data (anthracology and palynology) indicates substantial modification of the Chatham Island vegetation and the intentional management of coastal broad-leaved forests for food, fuel and shelter. The most important change to the coastal broad-leaved forests was the introduction of the mainland New Zealand endemic tree (Corynocarpus laevigatus) which produced a large nutritious drupe. In this paper I briefly outline how agroforestry and arboriculture were essential components of the East Polynesian colonisation of Rkohu and the implications of this research for interpretations of Moriori society.

57 Mieth, Andreas / Bork, Hans-Rudolf / Vogt, Burkhard

New research results on palaeo-ecology and palaeo-land use on Rapa Nui

The authors will present the results of their research over the past three years concerning palaeo-ecology and land use on Rapa Nui. One focus of their studies was the southern slope of Maunga Terevaka in the area of Quebrada Vaipu. There they found significant new evidence of a former palm vegetation which, contrary to prior doctrine, once also reached the summit of Maunga Terevaka. New datings give insight about the period of woodland clearing at the southern slope of this volcano, and the temporal sequence of different types of land use after the woodland clearance was investigated here at 375 m a.s.l.

Further investigations were carried out in the Quebrada Vaip and a valley to its east where the authors recently discovered pits in the fluvial terraces that are filled with red pigments. Microscopic and chemical analyses show a high iron content. Minerals as the source of the ferrous pigments can be excluded; the analyses point to a biogenic origin. The pigment-filled pits in the area of the Quebrada Vaip had up to now been viewed as unique; however, the authors recently discovered more pigment-filled pits at two other sites on the island, such as on the Poike Peninsula. The filling and structure of these pits varies partially from the previously discovered pigment-filled pits. The authors present the newest results of their on-going investigations including hypotheses of the probable source, production and intended use of these pigments as well as the possible environmental impact of the pigment production.

58 Moreno Pakarati, Cristian

The cartography of conflict: Ethnic and political maps in Rapanui discourse

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Land conflicts on Rapa Nui can be traced far back in time. Their details can be ascertained by using several maps from different perspectives: the Chilean States, exploitation companies, or the indigenous Rapanui people. The last one is especially interesting, since the earliest examples of ethnic or tribal maps (c. 1910s) show a completely different interpretation than the latest examples (c.1980s). In particular, the Council of Elders seminal work of 1988 shows a map perfectly defined with straight political boundaries and links these with the current families of the island. It is the most influential cartography among the Rapanui people today. Our research suggests that the origin of this political interpretation is pretty early, with one little known draft already made in 1917. The reason for this is a difference in character between the different versions. Early ones follow a cultural approach and are closely associated to ancient legends. Later ones were created as effective political tools to help the islanders in their claims to their own land. The consequences for current day Rapa Nui are analyzed too.

59 Moser, Johannes

The lithic inventory of the flint-knapping workshop 'Apunirereha', Malaita. Solomon Islands

In 2012 and 2013 first excavations at the flint-knapping workshop Apunirereha on Malaita (Solomon Islands) were conducted as a cooperation project between the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, the National Museum, Solomon Islands and the Commission for Archaeology of Non-European Cultures (KAAK) of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI).

The site Apunirereha covers an area of approximately 3600 m. A test sounding of 2 m x 3 m was carried out in the southern part of this designated area. Due to the geological conditions in East Are Are, Malaita many rivers and streams are bearing chert boulders and pebbles. The local people of Apunirereha refer to this stones as nasi. The chert be found appears in different varieties, colours and shadings. In the area around Apunirereha these natural lithic sources were used in prehistoric times for raw material procurement. The chert boulders were prospected and brought as manuports to the site for further usage and the manufacturing of tools.

The excavation revealed a huge amount of lithic products in all stages of their manufacturing process. All essential components of the dbitage or Chane opratoire such as flakes, blades, chips and debris and different types of nuclei and hammerstones are present. As modified tools different types of side-scrapers, end-scrapers and denticulate pieces can be distinguished. The most prominent component of the lithic implements consists of knapped stone-adzes. They occur depending on their designated use- in different shapes and sizes.

The flint-knapping workshop or atelier of Apunirereha with its huge amount of lithic dbitage, semi-finished products and artefacts can be considered as an outstanding centre for the manufacturing of scrapers and adzes. A centre from where the lithic products were distributed as trading goods or items for exchange.

60 Muoz, Diego

Kinship and lands in the Rapanui experience in Pamatai (Tahiti)

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In 1887, 25 Rapanui purchased 118 hectares of land in Pamatai (Tahiti) to catholic missionaries. This is a very important event in the history of the Rapanui people in Tahiti.

In this communication I will analyze three aspects of this history of diaspora: 1) the purchase of lands in Pamatai, 2) the genealogies of the 25 buyers and 3) the mechanisms in which the property of the lands was transmitted.

I propose that kinship and property of land continued being tied, even after death of the firsts purchasers.

61 Orliac , Catherine / Orliac, Michel / Horley, Paul

Wooden figurines collected by HMS Topaze on Easter Island

The photographic archives of the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (SS.CC.) holds a unique photograph showing the deck of a ship with an exhibition of Rapa Nui artefacts. The ship is identified on its back as "HMS Challenger", which is incorrect because there are no reliable reports of HMS Challenger calling at Easter Island. We were able to identify the ship as HMS Topaze. This identification perfectly fits two photographs from SS.CC. archives, showing the front and back of the moai Hoa Hakananai'a that was carried on board of the same ship in 1868. The identification of the photograph provides reliable provenance for the figurines belonging to museum collections from London to Honolulu. In some instances, the identification of the figurine in SS.CC. photograph allowed for the first time to provide the exact provenance to the artefact that was not properly recorded / sourced before. Also, our study suggests that one of the figurines in the photograph may depict a peculiar statuette collected by boy Austin, which was previously known only from a watercolour by John Linton Palmer, the surgeon of the HMS Topaze.

62 Pakarati, Leonardo DOCUMENTARY FILM

Te Kuhane o te Tupuna, el espritu de los ancestros Before dying, the Rapa Nui grandmother, Noe wants to tell Mika the history of the Hoa Haka Nanaia moai (the wave-breaker). She will also tell her that it is called