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TRANSCRIPT
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The U.S. Economy
in the 1970s
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The 1970s: A Crisis in Confidence■The “overextended society” of the
1970s was defined by:
–Low economic growth, high prices, & rising unemployment
–Distrust of the government due to the Watergate scandal
–“Passionless presidents” who failed to project clear leadership
–An end of Nixon-era détente & resumption of Cold War rivalries
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Energy and the Economy
■In the 1970s, 2 great oil shocks
hurt the U.S. economy:
–In 1973, the Arab members of
OPEC initiated a 5% cut on
production & an embargo
against the U.S.
–The Iranian Revolution in 1979
cut off oil & led to another gas-
shortage & soaring interest rates
To punish Israel’s allies when Egypt & Syria attacked against Israel
The fuel shortage led to a 200% increase in the price of gas & home heating
Led to worst recession since Depression
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The OPEC oil embargoIranian Revolution
The Oil Shocks: Price Increases of Crude Oil & Gasoline
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The Search for an Energy Policy
■These oil shocks forced the U.S. to realize its dependency on other nations for oil & led to action:
–Nixon formed the EPA to oversee industry’s environmental impact
–The new Dept of Energy (1977) emphasized conservation & domestic energy production
–Still…U.S. oil imports rose 50% from 1973 to 1979
Mandated gas mileage requirements, speed
limits, & price controls on domestic oil
Nuclear plants & Alaskan oil pipeline
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A Troubled American Economy
■The 1970s economy grew stagnant:
–Unemployment grew to 9%
–Heavy industry jobs fell due to outsourcing & foreign competition
■1970s experienced huge inflation:
–Due to Vietnam deficit spending, global food shortage, oil shocks
–Massive price increases led to a 5.5% decrease in “real income” for average Americans
Workers’ wages did not keep up with rising prices
Milk & hamburger prices rose 200%
Bread prices rose 400%Car prices rose 72%
A stagnant economy
High inflation
STAGFLATION
Neither Ford nor Carter could stop “stagflation;” Carter’s policies actually
drove interest rates up to 20%
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The Presidency of
Jimmy Carter (D)
1976-1980
Essential Question:
Why did the economic & foreign
policies of Carter fail to meet the
needs of America in the late 1970s?
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The 1976 Campaign
■In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the Democratic nomination & campaigned as an outsider, an honest man, with fresh leadership
■Carter won a narrow victory due to social class & racial factors:
–Affluent, well-educated, suburban voters chose Ford
–Socially & economically disadvantaged voted for Carter
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Ford’s foreign policy blunder during the TV debates in 1976: “There is no Soviet
domination of Eastern Europe”
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Carter’s Domestic Policy■ The Community Reinvestment Act of
1977 was designed to encourage
commercial banks and savings
associations to help low- and moderate-
income neighborhoods.
– Supported the changing role of
government to REGULATE the free-
market and protect “an abundance of
liberty for all” (Great Society goal)
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Supreme Court Cases
1972- Wisconsin V Yoder
– Amish children do not have to go to school
past the 8th grade. Parents’ religion
outweighed the right of state to educate
■ 1973 White v Regester
– Court discontinued MULTI-MEMBER
DISTRICTS in favor of SINGLE member
districts due to the fact it would favor the
wealthy/whites over the minorities in
representation.
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Domestic Disenchantment with Carter
■Carter entered office with no clear
political philosophy or vision:
–Deregulated the airline industry
which lowered prices
–But…his attempts to reform
welfare & Social Security failed
–He had no remedy for soaring
inflation, interest rates, & bank
failures that hurt the economy
In 1979, Carter gave the “national malaise” speech -discussed the importance of
conserving energy but blamed Americans for creating a “crisis in confidence”
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A Declining Superpower■America’s international dominance
declined sharply in 1970s due to:
–Americans’ increasing desires to avoid “another Vietnam”
–The War Powers Act forced the president to consult with Congress before sending troops
–The escalating military costs & deficit spending made sustaining the Cold War impossible
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Carter’s Human Rights
Foreign Policy
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Foreign Policy & Human Rights
■Carter focused his foreign policy
on a commitment to human rights:
–Spoke out against repressive
regimes in Latin America &
apartheid in South Africa
–Reformed the CIA to operate
“within the law” (but only briefly)
–Negotiated the return of the
Panama Canal to Panamanians
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Foreign Policy & Human Rights
■In Nov 1977, Egyptian leader Sadat made an appeal with Israel to settle the October War of 1973
■Carter invited Egyptian leader Sadat & Israeli leader Begin to the U.S. to negotiate terms
■The *Camp David Accords* in 1979 led to a peace treaty between Egypt & Israel, but alienated other Arab nations
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Celebrating the Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin, Jimmy Carter, & Anwar Sadat
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The Cold War Resumes
■ During the Carter years, the Cold War rivalry between the U.S. & USSR widened due to:
– SALT II failed to make lasting arms reduction
• The Senate did not ratify SALT II in light of USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan
– A new arms race as the U.S. adopted new MX missiles & Trident submarines
– Increased U.S.-Sino relations put the USSR on the defensive
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Ohio-class submarine with Trident nuclear missile capability
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The Cold War Resumes
■Détente ended when the USSR
invaded Afghanistan in 1979
■The U.S. interpreted the attack as
a move to take the Middle East &
responded with:
–Economic $embargo$ of the
USSR
–Boycott of the Moscow Olympics
–Aid to the Afghani resistance
Carter hoped to limit nuclear arms & advance human rights, but found himself in a heightened Cold War.
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Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1979
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The Iranian Hostage Crisis
■The Camp David victory was offset
by the 1979 Iranian hostage crisis:
–Exiled Islamic fundamentalist
Ayatollah Khomeini led a coup
against U.S.-backed the shah
–When Carter allowed the shah to
enter the U.S. for medical aid,
irate mobs in Tehran took 52
hostages from the U.S. embassy
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Quest for Peace in the Middle East
■Carter’s attempts at diplomatic, military, & economic threats failed to bring a return of the hostages
–In 1980, Carter approved a rescue mission that was aborted after 2 helicopters crashed
–The perceived blunders & inability of Carter to end the hostage crisis hurt Carter in his re-election bid in 1980
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A Failed Presidency
■Carter’s failures with inflation,
Iran, & Afghanistan overshadowed
his foreign policy victories with the
Panama Canal & the Middle East
■The failures of Johnson, Nixon,
Ford, & Carter led to a desire
among Americans for a strong
leader who could face both
domestic & foreign challenges
Carter’s 1980 approval rating was 23%