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1 Chapter 24An Age of Modernity and Anxiety,1894 - 1914

2 Peace by Rupert Brooke1 Now, God be thanked Who has matched us with His hour,

And caught our youth, and wakened us from sleeping,With hand made sure, clear eye, and sharpened power,To turn, as swimmers into cleanness leaping,Glad from a world grown old and cold and weary,Leave the sick hearts that honour could not move,And half-men, and their dirty songs and dreary,And all the little emptiness of love!

2 Oh! we, who have known shame, we have found release there,Where there's no ill, no grief, but sleep has mending,Naught broken save this body, lost but breath;Nothing to shake the laughing heart's long peace thereBut only agony, and that has ending;And the worst friend and enemy is but Death.

3 What is so wrong with dirty songs and empty love that you’dwant to go to war to get out of it?Decadence, Modernism, Malaise and AnxietyWelcome to the 20th Century

4 The irony?WWI winds up proving Nietzsche, Darwin, Marx and others rightBrooke dies while being transported to the Mediterranean theater of war.

5 Cultural revolutionChanged views of gender roles, society, self, God, the world, time and spacePeople are uncomfortableComing war = clear purpose, a chance to “Do the Right thing”

6 WomenWhat does industrialism have to do with women’s rights?

7 The New Woman…Has a jobMight not marryMight not have childrenHas won the right to own property and divorce her husband in many countriesWould like to vote…

8 The VoteHow will they promote it?All the great things that will happen when women can voteThey deserve it as they enter the workforce

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9 The Radical MovementEnglandEmmaline Pankhurst and the Women’s Social and Political MovementPublicity

Chain selves to fences, lampposts, etc.Smashing windowsHunger strikes

10 Emily Davison at the Epson Derby11

12 Is it getting betteror worse

13 Other anxiety-producing patterns of thoughtAs you listen to the next two slides, write in your notes why you think they would

produce anxiety, rather than recording the information, which you will berecording tonight…

14 Science, which you’ll be reading about…The Certainty of ScienceMarie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906)

RadiationAtoms, they’re more than just building blocks. Electrons? Protons?

Max Planck (1858-1947)Energy radiated discontinuouslyQuantum theory

15 Albert Einstein (1879-1955)Mass can be converted into energy (atomic energy)Theory of relativitySpace and time do not exist outside of our experienceThey can bend

16 Point - there are not, as previously thought, unbendable lawsthat govern the universeIn fact, the universe seems to be acting in an irrational mannerSo why don’t we?

17 Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)Glorifies the irrationalClaimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces, so we’re not functioning in a rational worldEuropean culture is decadent, and has lost its creativity, is impotentChristianity is an enormous part of the problem - takes the side of the weak

18 Concept of the superman“God is dead” Europeans have killed himWe need to remake ourselvesFree self, create your own values and lead the masses

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A superman will lead the othersNietzsche is anti-democratic, anti-reason, anti-liberal

19 We interrupt this lecture for a brief commercial breakJoe and Earl

20 Other Irrationalists you’ll be reading aboutHenri Bergson (1859 – 1941)Georges Sorel (1847 – 1922)

21 QuestionIf we are not controlled by our rational mind, nor by good and bad angels whispering

at us, what does control us?

22 Answer #1Our subconscious, animalistic instincts!

23 Sigmund Freud & PsychoanalysisWorked with upper middle class ladies suffering from anxietyThe Interpretation of Dreams, 1900The UnconsciousOur mind is a battlefield between subconscious forces. We can recognize them, but never control them

24 How’s it work?Id - pleasure Ego - reasonSuperego - conscience, societal values, etcRole of repressionComing to terms with our unconscious

25 Let’s have a play!26 Answer #2

Our race and genetics!

27 Social Darwinism and RacismHerbert Spencer

Societies are organisms that evolve

Nationalism and RacismGermany and Volkish ThoughtHouston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)

The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890

Aryans are the true creators of western cultureMust be prepared to fight to save western civilization

28 Answer #3The Pope?How could that be?

29 The Attack on ChristianityChallenges to Established Churches…

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Scientific thinkingModernizationNew political movementsAnticlericalismIt’s old, everything else seems to be new

30 Religion..It’s irrational, quaint, and quite unnecessary(Or so they were saying in the late 19th C)

31 Revival of religious powerPope Pius IX -

Had been a liberal until 1848Responds with an attack on ModernismThe Syllabus of Errors 1864Free Speech and PressFreedom of religionReligious toleranceNationalism, socialismYour Mamma

32 Other excitements of Pius IX…Excommunicates nearly all the leaders in the Italian Unification movementImmaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

Renews cult of the Virgin Mary

Papal Infallibility

33 Compromise: Pope Leo XIIIOn New thingsCapitalism may be killing our soulsSocialism is quite compatible with ChristianityThe working class should form socialist parties, join unions, work to make things better

34 Protestants… Protestant awakeningEvangelicalFire and brimstone, sin and redemptionFocus on the poorThe Salvation Army

35 But what is Christianity doesn’t hold anything for youanymore? What do you have to believe in?Your stateGrowing nationalism and war

36 Market crash of 1873Unification of germany sparks investment boomStock bubbleVienna stock market crashes“Natural laws” of economics aren’t working like they’re supposedto

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37 ReligionCatholic conversions?!?Conservative and Romantic ForcesPreoccupation with historyBacking up…François Rene de chateaubriand

The genius of Christianity 1802Defense of Catholicism based on sentiment, rather than logicCathedrals feel divine

38 Naturalism & Symbolism in Literature39 Modernism in the Arts

ImpressionismCamille Pissarro (1830-1903)Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)

Modernism in MusicEdvard Grieg (1843 – 1907)Claude Debussy (1862 – 1918)Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929)

40 Please argue.41 Art of Anxiety42 Realism

Courbet, Millet, Caillebotte

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46 Impressionists47 Manet

Composition for its own sakeWhere is his source of light?

48 Luncheon on the Grass49 Manet’s Daughters50 Pioneer in Impression

Morisot

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53 Claude Monet

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Creating “visual sensations”Nature and Light

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57 Influence of Japanese printsScenes spilling off pictureNo classical triangle compositionEveryday scenes, mothers with kids, natureLess use of traditional perspective

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61 Hamburger (Modern)62 Cassatt

Japanese style interpreted for Europeans

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65 DegasMovementLook for Japanese influence

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70 RenoirFigure and movement

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72 RodinMovement in sculpture

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77 Why is Impressionism a Dead End?Moving away CezanneLook for traditional shapes

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80 Post-Impressionism

Light and color with structure and formSubjective Realism

81 SeuratScientific impressionismPointillism

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84 GauginAdds element of unrealityUnnatural colors, heavy lines

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87 Van GoughColor and human emotion“All reality is symbolic”

88 The Potato Eaters89 Almond Tree90 Starry Night91 Cypress Tree92 Rousseau

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What is he, exactly?

93 The Football Players94 The Gypsy95 War, or The Ride of Discord96 Henri Toulouse Lautrec97

98 The Search for Individual ExpressionCubism

99 CubismInfluenced by CezanneAgain, how do you make a two dimensional rectangle look like 3 dimensional objectsTakes 3 dimensional forms and depicts them from more than one angleIt gives a painting depth without using perspectiveDissect the object, the reconstruct the image to depict the essence, rather than the imagePablo Picasso (1881-1973)

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101 Three Musicians102

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106 George Barque; Still Life With Picher107 Leads to abstract, or non-representational painting108 Abstract Expressionism: Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944)

Art should speak directly to the soulNo reference to visual reality

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112 What does non-representational art say about society?113 Your assignment

Using only color and form, not visual reality, create a picture portraying the

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essence of one of the anxiety-creating developments of pre-WWI Europe

114 Palestine115 Welcome

Quiz yourselfWhat scientific discoveries added to a sense of anxiety in Europe?Psychological? Philosophical?How were they expressed artistically?Are you going to do the extra credit? I would SO love to see your reflection of thattime period.

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An era of enormous change, rapid industrialization, increasedliteracy and mass politics…How do governments respond?

117 Quiz yourselfHow did England respond?

118 France; Your Thoughts1 When things would go wrong, they would kill and pillage, their way of striking back

Absolute Instability. Absolute unhappiness. No matter what.In France they revolt often, possibly due o the unwillingness of the monarchies to realize that restrictiveadministration leads to decapitation.

2 France is particularly rebellious. Other countries follow their lead.France is never satisfied, they always want better so they have revolutions.The French people decide they want new leaders, but wind up putting back in power those who they revoltedagainst

119 FranceNapoleon III and the Prussian armyFrance had to pay reparations and lost industrial centers Alsace and LorraineBismarck forces them to choose a gov’t by universal male suffrageMonarchists take most of the seats

120 The CommuneMarch 26, 1871, radical republicans form their own government in ParisWomen highly involved in all capacities (creating anxiety for the previously all-male revolutionaries?Doubtless)Marx and Lenin think it’s the first shot of the proletariat uprising!

121 The difference in this rebellion?Barricading less easy, and the national assembly doesn’t give up

122 Send in the troops…Gov’t troops, led in part by Georges BoulangerLa semaine sanglante (the bloody week)Thousands are massacredThousands more shipped to New Caledonia

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Effects?Depressed working classCreates rift between working and middle classMonarchists are firmly in power

123 Who shall we invite to be the king?124 The Third Republic

Constitution of 1875Stop-gap measure to run country while they continue to debate who will be the next king

President, elected by the senateSenate chosen indirectlyChamber of deputies, elected by universal male suffrageLast for 65 yearsSo, the French are happy, right?

125 General Georges Boulanger’s Misguided Attempt at a Coup d’etateGreat SoliderReally good War Minister

Improves moral, increased efficiency

Fought successful wars of ImperialismVery popular

Monarchists, Bonapartists, aristocrats, Catholics

Received 100,000 votes for an election he wasn’t running inSacked as War minister, given a provincial post

126 BoulangismDecides to join his own movementRevenge on Germany, Revision of the Constitution, Restoration of the monarchyPolitics, scandal, expulsion from the army1889, Deputy of Paris

127 King George?A coup is planned

Support from foreign monarchies as well as Conservative French

Gov’t issues a warrant for his arrestFlees to BrusselsSuicide on mistresses graveEffect: consolidated support for the republic

128 More excitement for the 3rd republicDreyfus affaireRemind me about the growing anti-Semitism in late 19th C EuropeLet me tell you about spies…

129 Alfred DreyfusA wealthy, Jewish army captain from AlsaceFrench Spy at German embassy discovers a list of secret French documents headed for Max vonSchwartzkoppenSecret trial1894 Dreyfus is convicted of selling state secrets, sentenced to solitary confinement on Devil’s Island, off thecoast of French Guiana

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131 The real spy?1896 Chief of Intelligence discovers info indicating Major Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy, ACatholic in debtArmy orders the case droppedOthers begin to make the same connection

132 Public OutcryEsterhazy stands trial, acquitted in a matter of minutesEmile Zola gets involved, along with other French notablesPolarizes France; Royalists, militarists, nationalists and anti-SemitesVs. Republicans, Socialists and anti-clerics

133 Forged documents1898 it’s discovered that the evidence against Dreyfus had been forgedForger Colonel Henry commits suicideEsterhazy flees to EnglandRetrial - Dreyfus found guilty with extenuating circumstancesPardon by the President, reinstated as a major in the army, awarded with the legion of honor

134 Unites and Empowers the French LeftChurch and state officially separated in 1905Gov’t takes church property, begins to pay clerical salariesEconomically they’re not doing so well

Lagging behind England and GermanyLack of labor reform leads to massive strikes

135 Also, Inspires the Zionist movementTheodor Herzl was a Viennese theater critic, on assignment in FranceHe writes The Jewish State

136 ZionismA Jewish state in PalestineMotivated by…NationalismBad situation in EuropeConcern for traditionsExcellent brown box by Theodore Herzl

137 1st Zionist Congress, 1897Goal - homeland in Palestine, supported by public LawWhat’s going on in Palestine?Modern, religiously liberal, part of the Ottoman empire (Which is opposed to Jewish immigration)By 1914 3000/year are moving there

138 How have the French changed?139 Italy

By 1870 they’re united and ready to be a great powerDivisions? Industrialized North, Poor and Rural SouthPrimarily Catholic population, the Church won’t admit that Italy existsVery small electorate and massive governmental corruption

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140 Prime Minister Giovanni GiolittiTransformism - getting political groups to join manageable coalitions by political and economic briberyLong term effects?Universal male suffrage and social welfare programsRather than regulating housing and businessRioting and internal divisions continueConquers Libya

141 Spain, getting lost in the new world systemLimited democratic reform under King Alfonso XII

Propertied classes can voteLiberals = Industrialists

Lost Spanish American WarLost Guam and Philippines to the USCuba gains independence

142 Generation of 1898A group of writers, scientists, artists, historians, etc.Conclusion of a long decline since the 17th centuryWhy?How can Spain regenerate?Beginning of Spain’s Silver Age (Ends 1936)

143 More Suffrage?Industrialization creates discontented workersPressure from Generation of 1898Gov’t attempts to enlarge the electorate, assuming they’ll be gratefulThey take a mile, rioting and strikes break outCrushed by Government

144 Quiz yourselfIn general, how did France, Spain, Italy and Great Britain respond to the growth of mass politics?What was hampering Italy’s democratic growth?What was the Generation of 1898 and what did they want?Why weren’t the commune of Georges Boulanger successful?What was the Dreyfus Affaire?Did you know that Theodor Herzl was a Wagner addict, too? Ironic.I actually like my freshmen

145 Countries that are not getting more liberalGermany, Austria Hungary and Russia

146 Germany, looks liberal, but isn’t• Emperor

Bundesratupper house, representatives from 25 states

Reichstagelected by universal male suffrage

MinistersResponsible only to the emperor

ArmyNever saw itself as anything other than responsible to the emperor

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147 Prussian (German) armyWho originally controlled it?JunkersSo, the army works for the monarchy and aristocracy, for all that there’s universal male suffrageVERY careful about allowing bourgeoisie into command positions

148 Germany; Euro ThoughtsThe diverse cultures of Germany stifled progress for centuriesThey were slow in coming, but took off as they become unitedA heightened sense of Nationalism combined with great leaders made them strong

149 Is Bismarck still around?YES!Worked with Liberals to create unified Germany, a common lawNow kulturkampf

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic church and institutionsWhy?

Pius IX - syllabus of errors and infallibility

150 Bismarck v. ChurchCatholic Center Party formedStill Bismarck…Abolished Catholic dept. of governmentMay Laws 1873 - civil service necessary for marriage, secular educationPriests in Prison, Catholics revolting

151 Makes Bismarck look mean and silly152 Then the liberals are becoming a problem….

Social Democrat PartyBismarck says…“Anti-nationalist, anticapitalist, antimonarchical”

He gets parliament to pass antisocialist lawsOutlaws the party, limits freedom of assembly and press

Yet socialists still exist, and run for the ReichstagWhat political strategies could Bismarck use to stop them?

153 Realpolitik and liberalizationEnacts social welfare programs to get the workers on his sideBenefits for illness, disability, old age pensions, same sameDoesn’t stop the growth of the Social Dems

154 Meets his match in Wilhelm IIBismarck / Wilhelm I relationshipWilhelm II comes to the throne, sacks BismarckHis Germany - Conservative, Centralized, Industrialized, MilitaristicWilhelm II - unstable, vain, overconfident

155 German politics react to changeCities are growingNew ideas are spreadingRadical parties are risingSocial democrats are the largest party by 1912

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Pan-German leagueFavors nationalism, Imperialism and anti-Semitism

156 Austria-HungaryWhat’s their big issue?

157 Euro ThoughtsAustria is so entangled in forgiven affaires that they rarely look inside to better their country.Some advancements may be made, but they always return to an outside focusAlways playing catch-up, due to their unique ethnic make-upEveryone wants their own government and are rabble rousing all the time and why can’t theyjust settle down!

158 Franz-Joseph and his crazy familyEmpress ElizabethMarried for loveUnsuited to each otherExcessive dietingFighting with mother-in-law

159 Crown Prince RudolphA romanticHigh-strung, highly intelligentArranged marriageLiberal political ambitionsObsessed with Wagner, morphine, opium, cocaineMitzi KasperMary VesteraTragedy at Meyerling

160 Agitating ethnic minoritiesAge of mass politics brings new questionsWhat languages will be taught in schools?How much power will each group have in the government?Franz Joseph keeps it all together by making concessions where need be, and keeping everyone Catholic

161 Attempting to liberalizeUniversal male suffrage in 1907No democratic tradition, no minority participation in the gov’tNow they all win a couple of seats in the parliamentQuotePrime ministers are forced to govern by emergency decreesIndustrialization gives rise to extreme partiesSocial democratsChristian socialists - working-class anti-Semites

162 Meanwhile, in HungaryMagyarizationComplete Magyar control of all gov’t officesLittle participation for minoritiesMagyar as the only language taught in schoolsAnd they want their own country

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Franz-Joseph responds by threatening them with universal male suffrage

163 Break lecture hereMaybe combine with a debate

164 Russia: Euro Thoughts1 Russia was always behind in everything; serfdom, enlightened ideals, military tactics

Russia always seems to be behind other countries in their political evolution.As the rest of Russia progressed, Russia constantly remained stuck in old traditions, until one person broughtabout change that was mostly elminated by the next rulerNo change (always playing catch-up)

2 Stuck to tradition and was full of impoverished serfs as the rest of Europe progressedPolitics don’t change in Russia. When someone tries to change it goes screwy and no one else doesThey can’t give up those serfsIt went forwards then way back while attempting to go forwards

1651 Russia’s political reforms are often dream-crushing and soul-draining. They have to do with keeping things

under control, regardless of how many people will starve to death or go to the gulag as a resultRussia’s political reforms crush dreams, drain souls and destroy revolutions. They have a strong monarchy thatmanages to come out aheadNothing really changed, still really poor

2 People are never happyLiberal rulers try their hardest to make reforms that benefit the people, but they don’t and when they die, theirsucessors undo their progress and return to the usual methods of torture and repression, leaving me feeling sadand disillusioned :(

166 RussiaForever backward

167 Seriously, was it that bad?168 Russia, not interested in making liberal concessions

Alexander II tried that, and look where it got him

169 Welcome!AP exam sign upTest ThursdayDebrief simulationDebate: Lenin was not a MarxistLecture - the Russian Revolution of 1905Actors, please go rehearse

170 Alexander IIIGrowing industrialization and literacy? That’s OK, here’s his plan of actionExpands power of secret policeReduces power of ZemstavosPersecutes revolutionary and reform groupsWide use of martial lawRussification

Banning use of other languages

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171 Nicholas IISocial policies like dadEconomics?Railroad construction - 35,000 miles, incld. Trans-Siberian lineProtective tariffsSteel productionWhat always follows rapid industrialization?Icky cities, dreadful working conditions, better education and the socialist party

172 Nicholas’ response to the socialist party?

They meet abroad, resort to policies of terror

173 The Revolution of 1905Growing middle class, no powerSuffering peasantsMalcontent working classOppressed minoritiesRepressive government

174 The last straw?Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905Russia goads Japan into a war over KoreaSends Baltic fleet to JapanSoundly defeatedHumiliation, food shortages and lost soldiers

175 “Bloody Sunday,” January 9, 1905Workers peacefully assemble at the tsar’s palaceLed by priests, carrying pictures of the tsarSoldiers fire into the crowd without warningGeneral strike, October 1905

Workers, ethnic minorities, peasants

176 October manifestoUnder pressure, Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, the DumaNo law passed with out the consent of the Duma!Keeps dismissing the DumaCurtails of power of the Duma, 1907Reformers turn to forms of political terror

177 WelcomeNeed actorsGirls’ Basketball tonightChange in Debate schedule

178 Scramble for Africa179 Pre-scramble possessions

Portuguese held Angola and Mozambique

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France was attempting to conquer AlgeriaItaly clung to LibyaBritain held a protectorate in Egypt, controlled the Sudan and…

180 South AfricaBritish has taken control of Cape Town a Dutch settlement, during the Napoleonic warsEncouraged British settlersThe Great trek

Boers (Afrikaners) move north to escape British

Conflict; Boers have their South African republic, the British have theirs and the highly-organized Zulu statehas claim to the land

181 Germany enters lateBismarck “This colonial business is a sham, but we need it for elections”German Possessions

South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

182 So Europeans control the edgesAs well as some Arab States

183 The New Imperialism184 The Scramble of Africa

What took them so long?ð Colonies in the Americas.ð Difficulties in exploring Africa - Challenging rivers. - Diseases - Armies kept out Europeans for 400 years.

Dealt with existing states

185 What new inventions will make it possible for Europeans tomove into the interior?New forms of transportationMaxim gunQuinine

186 ExplorersIn the late 1860s Dr. David Livingston, a Scottish missionary, travels into Africa.He was missing for several years. In 1871 U.S. Newspaper hired a reporter Henry Stanley to find him.Henry Stanley then continued to explore the Congo Region of Africa.

187 Enter BelgiumKing Leopold II of Belgium took note of his exploration, and he hired Stanley to help him obtain land along the Congo Region.The International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central AfricaBy 1882, treaties with several local chiefs were signed. Leopold says: “I’m doing this to abolish the slave trade and to spreadChristianity.”

188 What did he do?ð Gives licenses to companies to force Africa workers to collect sap from Rubber plants.ð Over 10 million Congolese died of the abuse they received during Leopold’s reign there.

ð Word gets out, humanitarians begin to complain.ð In 1908, the Belgium government takes away the colony from the king.

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Because the Belgian Congo is 80 times larger than Belgium, France freaks out, they thoughtthey had claimed the North bank of the Congo River.

190 Soon Britain, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain are all claiming land in Africa.

---------> A MAD SCRAMBLE!!!

191 Berlin Conference 1884 - 188514 European nations meet to divide up AfricaNo African rulers were invitedThey decide - Any European nation can can claim land in Africa by notifying the others and showing that theycan control the area

192 Africa in 1914193 Resistance

What would be the best way to fight off the Imperialists?194 West Africa

• Algeria actively resists French for almost 50 years• Samori Touré and the Mandingo rebellion• Creates large, west African Empire• Modernized army, fights French in West Africa for 16 years• Famine strikes, weakening resistance

195 Maji-maji rebellion•In German East Africa, people put faith in spiritual defense• Refuse to plant cash crops (cotton) and attend to their own crops• Maji-maji - magic water, can turn bullets into water• 20 different ethnic groups unite to fight, believing that God and their ancestors would help• they face machine guns• Results in about 75,000 deaths; famine kills twice as many

196 EthiopiaMenelik IIEmperor in 1889Played Italians, French and British against each other while purchasing weapons from France and RussiaBad Italian treatyMenelik declares warTrounces Italians at the battle of AdowaContinues to stock piles weapons, builds a railroad and weakens the power of his nobility

197 Menelik II’s prayer house198 Other resistance movements

LiberiaFounded by freed American slaves

Battle of OmdurmanSudanese attempting to stop a British expeditionBritish open fire, killing 11,000 people to 28 British deaths

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199 And…Mandingo, Asante, Herero, Ndebele, Menalamba, Mashona, Rahib, Mahdist, Arabi

Pasha and Algerian Berbers

200 The Scramble Moves to Asia201 Asia, 1914202 Motivating factors

Prestige and nationalismTactical

Colonies hold overseas navies, which protect our colonies, which are holding our overseas navies…

Social DarwinismWe must beat down others, to show we are fit for survival

203 To HelpReligion

Civilize the ignorantHelp with western innovations, industry, medicine

Rudyard KiplingThe White Man’s Burden

204 EconomicNatural resources; rubber, oil, tinEconomic imperials- economically controlling an area with administering it

205 Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)Diamond and gold companiesTakes the Transvaal and beyond

RhodesiaPlans to connect Cape town to Cairo with railroads

Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government, gets firedBoer War, 1899-1902Union of South Africa, 1910Self governing with a nod to the Queen

206 Welcome!Reading questionsStudy Guide for testTeacher?Quiz yourself,What took the Europeans so long to colonize Africa?What happened at the conference of Berlin?Which areas of Africa were still independent in 1914?

207 Let’s see how this would lookImperialism simulation

208 WelcomeActors go rehearse

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(blocking)

209 Let’s talk about what made that such a great debate…Defining a complicated subject so the class gets itGood use of quotesAs people warmed up there was not much reading, but actual debatingGreat use of info to prove points… Vangaurd, Lenin’s background, final results, definition ofMarxism v Socialism, HegelGood thinking on feet, using researched information for rebuttals

210 But you might not want to…Insult yourselfLaugh at your debate partner while he is speakingAssume your audience knows the topic as well as you do

211 Rolling towards war…Russian Revolution of 1905Bismarckian SystemMayhem in the Balkans

212 Remind me…What are the policies ofAlexander III and Nicholas II?

213 The Revolution of 1905Growing middle class, no powerSuffering peasantsMalcontent working classOppressed minoritiesRepressive government

214 The last straw?Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905Russia goads Japan into a war over KoreaSends Baltic fleet to JapanSoundly defeatedHumiliation, food shortages and lost soldiers

215 “Bloody Sunday,” January 9, 1905Workers peacefully assemble at the tsar’s palaceLed by priests, carrying pictures of the tsarSoldiers fire into the crowd without warningGeneral strike, October 1905

Workers, ethnic minorities, peasants

216 October ManifestoUnder pressure, Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, the DumaNo law passed with out the consent of the Duma!Keeps dismissing the Duma

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Curtails of power of the Duma, 1907Reformers turn to forms of political terror

217 Is Revolution inevitable under these conditions?Let’s think back to your simulation…

218 Given the tensions inspired by imperialism, how was all-outEuropean war prevented?Otto Von BismarckNo, seriously?

219 The Bismarckian SystemThe Three Emperor’s league

Germany, Russia, Austria-HungaryWhat do Austria-Hungary and Russia fight over?

The BalkansThe Decline of Ottoman Power

Balkans want freedomAustria wants to growRussia wants access to the Mediterranean

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221 War1876 Serbia and Montenegro declare war on the Ottoman EmpireLoseIn response, Russia attacks and winsTreaty of San Stefano

Bulgaria is created as a Russian satellite

General European freak out

222 Congress of Berlin (1878)Dominated by BismarckSan Stefano revisedBulgaria is reduced, 1/2 given to OttomansSerbia, Montenegro and Romania are recognized as independentBosnia and Herzegovina placed under Austrian protectionRussia is furious

223 How am I going to remember the difference between theConference of Berlin and the Congress of Berlin???

224 Russia leaves the 3 Emperor’s leagueNew AlliancesTriple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, ItalyReinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890

225 Let’s have a brief playLunch Money

226 Wilhelm II pushes for war

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Germany’s “place in the sun”Drops the reinsurance treatyMilitary alliance of France and Russia, 1894Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, RussiaTriple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

227 Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908Serbian protest, wanted to created a united Slavic kingdomRussian support of SerbiaGerman threats and Russian Capitulation

228 First Balkan War, 1912Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece) defeats the OttomansGain Macedonia and AlbaniaCan’t decide how to split them up

229 Second Balkan War, 1913Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated BulgariaBulgaria gets a little Macedonia, Serbia and Greece get the restSerbia’s ambitionsThe Sea, but Albania’s in the way

230 Growing tensionsSerbia sees Austria as the monsterRussia sees Germany as the heavy backing up the monsterRussia and France plan to not back down the next time Germany bullies them

231 So we know why World War I startsRemind me, why was it so popular?

232 European AnxietySpeaking of…You have a test tomorrow

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234 The Balkans in 1878235 The Balkans in 1913236 Discussion Questions

How would you define “modernism”? What ideas and goals united modernists in literature, art, and music?Describe Sigmund Freud’s vision of human nature. How did his assumptions about human nature shape hisview of European society?What was the relationship between racism and nationalism in the late nineteenth century?What was “new” about the “new imperialism”?How did tensions in the Balkans contribute to general instability in Europe?

237 Web LinksModernismMuseu Picasso

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Sigmund Freud and the Freud ArchivesThe Scramble for AfricaThe British EmpireRudyard Kipling: Biography and Works

238 A time of emense political changes takes place in the shadowof three powerful movementsNew ImperialismGrowing Anti-SemitismWomen’s rights

239 The New WomanHas a careerMight get married, might have a child, probably not bothMaria Montessori1st Italian woman to receive a medical degreeWorked with mentally retarded childrenNew way of teaching, choice, structure, manipulative, pacing

240 The Early MovementWhat had Napoleon left us with?Family and marriage laws firstWomen gain the right to own their own propertySome countries grant women the right to divorce their husbands