26 ms 9 ms. low high predictability 7-9 low high predictability 4-6 low high predictability 1-3...
TRANSCRIPT
Single Fixation Duration: Freq x Pred
250
260
270
280
290
300
Low High
Predictability
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms
)
LF
HF
26 ms
9 ms
SFD: Freq x Pred X Launch
200
220
240
260
280
300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
Low HighPredictability
7-9
Low HighPredictability
4-6
Low HighPredictability
1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
SFD: Freq x Pred X Launch
200
220
240
260
280
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320
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fix
ati
on
Du
rati
on
(m
s)
LF
HF
Low HighPredictability
7-9
Low HighPredictability
4-6
Low HighPredictability
1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
• Apparent additive effect of Freq & Pred in reading is comprised of opposing interactive effects.
• Possible explanations:– Frequency first– Floors and ceilings
• Launch site important
Conclusions
SFD: Freq x Pred X Launch
200
220
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300
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
Low HighPredictability
7-9
Low HighPredictability
4-6
Low HighPredictability
1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
Single Fixation Duration: Freq x Pred
250
260
270
280
290
300
Low High
Predictability
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
26 ms
9 ms
…grabbed a bottle of waterwater from a… 1-37-9 4-6
Launch Distance
Target-1 fixation frequency n.s. n.s. marg. predictability n.s. n.s. **
Target fixation frequency predictability
process current word(s)Identify fixation target form
process current word(s)Identify fixation target meaning
process current word(s)Identify fixation target meaning
FFD: Freq x Pred X Launch
200
220
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320
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
Low HighPredictability
7-9
Low HighPredictability
4-6
Low HighPredictability
1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
SFD: Freq x Pred X Launch
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fix
ati
on
Du
rati
on
(m
s)
LF
HF
Low HighPredictability
7-9
Low HighPredictability
4-6
Low HighPredictability
1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
GD: Freq x Pred X Launch
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
Low HighPredictability
7-9
Low HighPredictability
4-6
Low HighPredictability
1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
• “Parafoveal-on-foveal” effects (oh no!):– When the ease or difficulty in processing a parafoveal
target initially manifests itself on the current, pre-target fixation.
Effects Before the Target?
…grabbed a bottle of waterwater from a…
location of current,pre-target fixation
Fixation Before Target: Freq x Pred
240
250
260
270
Low High
Predictability
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
4 ms(marg.)
6 ms (p<.01)
Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effects
on Eye Movements during Reading
Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno
University of Glasgow(est. 1451)
GlasgowLanguageProcessing
Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability
Effects on Eye Movementsduring Reading
GULPGULP
GlasgowUniversityLanguageProcessing University of Glasgow
(est. 1451)
Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effects
on Eye Movements during Reading
Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno
GULPGULP
GlasgowUniversityLanguageProcessing
University of Glasgow(est. 1451)
Parafoveal Processing InfluencesWord Frequency & Predictability Effects
on Eye Movements during Reading
Christopher Sébastien Patrick Sara Hand Miellet O’Donnell Sereno
University of Glasgow(est. 1451)
GlasgowLanguageProcessing
Method
• Participants: 64– native English speaking; normal vision; not dyslexic– mean age = 22.2 (range: 18-41); #F=47, #M=17
• Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5)
• Materials & Design:Conditions: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)
Targets: HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean=5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)
WOW!
Materials & Design
• Participants: 64
• Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5.)
• Materials & Design:Conditions: Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)
Targets: HF & LF targets matched pairwise on word length (5-8 letters; avg = xx)
=== HF === === LF === HP LP HP LP
Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability 0.57 0.02 0.50 0.01
Freq X Pred: Eye MovementsAltarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996)Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000)Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004)Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press)
Inhoff (1984)
conducteden
français
Rayner et al. (2004)
260
270
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290
300
310
320
330
Low High
Predictability
Gaz
e D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
Inhoff (1984)
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Low High
PredictabilityG
aze
Du
rati
on
(m
s)
LF
HF
Freq X Pred: Eye MovementsAltarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996)Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000)Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004)Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press)
Inhoff (1984)
conducted
in French
SFD: Freq x Pred x Launch
200
220
240
260
280
300
Predictability x Launch
Fix
atio
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ura
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n (
ms)
LF
HF
High LowPredictable
High LowPredictable
High LowPredictable
7-9 4-6 1-3
Launch Distance from Target (# letters)
Rayner et al. (2004)
Limitations Remedies
Items per condition:8
Length of context (# pre-target words):7.7 words
Target embedded in:single sentence
22
15.5
2nd of 2sentences
Freq X Pred: Eye MovementsAltarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner (1996)Lavinge, Vitu, & d’Ydewalle (2000)Rayner, Binder, Ashby, & Pollatsek (2001)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Rayner, Ashby, Pollatsek, & Reichle (2004)Miellet, Sparrow, & Sereno (in press)
Inhoff (1984)
500
550
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650
700
Low High
Predictability
Fix
ati
on
Du
rati
on
(m
s)
LF
HF500
550
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650
700
Low High
Predictability
Fix
atio
n D
ura
tio
n (
ms)
LF
HF
Method
• Participants: 64 (mean age = 22; #F=47)
• Apparatus: Dual-Purkinje Eyetracker (Gen 5.5)
• Materials & Design:Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)
HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)
WOW!
HF LF
HP LP HP LPFrequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability 0.57 0.02 0.50 0.01
Method
• Materials & Design:Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)
HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)
HF LF
HP LP HP LP
Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4
Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability .57 .02 .50 .01
# of items 22 22 22 22
Method
• Materials & Design:Frequency (HF,LF) x Predictability (HP,LP)
HF & LF targets matched pair-wise on word length (mean = 5.84 letters; range: 5-8 letters)
HF LF
HP LP HP LP
Frequency (BNC, per million) 145 145 4 4
Predictability (1-7) 6.19 4.07 6.11 3.69Cloze probability .57 .02 .50 .01
# of items 22 22 22 22
Results: Fixation Time Measures
• Early– First fixation duration (FFD)– Single fixation duration (SFD)– Gaze duration (GD)– Probability of skipping (skip) = [1 – prob(fixation)]
• Later– Next forward-going fixation (next)– Total Fixation Time (TT)– # regressions into target, # regressions out of target1 fix 2+ fix skip reject63% 12% 21% 4%
Parafoveal Pre-processing
In reading, words are processed parafoveallyBefore they are foveated.
Reading involves foveal processing andParafoveal processing before the
• In fact, the EM condition most resembling RT presentation (i.e., no parafoveal preview), only shows a frequency effect in early measures.
•However, different patterns emerge when fixation time is
McConkie’s N ?