28 the burj dubai tower baker...

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP1

The Design of the World’s Tallest Structure:

The Burj Dubai

17th IABSE CongressChicago17 September 2008

William F. Baker, S.E., P.E.PartnerSkidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

IABSE Conference – Chicago 2008


Dubai, U.A.E


Sheikh Zayed Road

1990 2003


Total Tower Height Very Confidential

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“World’s Tallest Building”


Growth Chart

102th FloorSurpassed Emirates office Tower

109th FloorSurpasses Empire State Building

119th FloorSurpasses Jin Mao

123th FloorSurpasses Sears Tower

140th FloorSurpasses Taipei 101

98th FloorSurpassed the John Hancock Building

Year 2008Becomes Tallest Man-Made Structure


Total Tower Area 3,000,000 sq ft279,000 m2


Total Podium Area 2,000,000 sq ft186,000 m2

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3,000 parking spaces


Total Project Area5,000,000 sq ft465,000 m2


172 hotel guestrooms492 hotel residences

Hotel


Hotel Residential Y Shaped Floor plan

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354 residences232 luxury residences

Residential


Level 43


Level 76


36 floors of boutique office36,000 sqm of office space

Office

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Level 122


Special Floors

Communication Floors - Level 155-8

Observation Deck - Level 124

Office Sky lobby - Level 123

Residential/ Hotel Club - Level 122

Residential Sky Lobby & Spa - Level 76

Residential Sky Lobby & Spa - Level 43


What made it possible?

• Structural Systems

• Wind Engineering

• Integration of Systems

• Construction Technology


3.7 meter mat

Transition to SteelStructure

Reinforced ConcreteStructure

PinnacleStructural Systems

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Structural Components


Hammerhead “Flange” WallsHigh Flexural Stiffness

Hexagonal Central CoreHigh Torsional Stiffness

Lateral System Description – Buttressed CoreEngage Nose Columns for Increased Moment of Inertia

“Web” WallsResist Shear


Outrigger Wallat Mechanical

Wing B CoreWall Elevation

SetbackLevel

Core Wall Elevation


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High Performance Concrete

C80A Mix (64 MPa Cylinder)

Cementitious Content 484 kg/cm

Fly Ash 12%

Silica Fume 9%

w/c 0.30

Slump flow 550 mm

BS 30 min Absorption 0.8%

DIN Water Penetration 1.5 mm

Coulomb Value 250

28 Day Breaks 100 MPa Cube

E Modulus 48 GPa

Ref: James Aldred, GHD Materials Technology Group


Spire Geometry


Tower Foundation Plan

1500 Diameter

R/C Bored Pile (48m)

3700 Deep Mat Foundation

Structure Above


Wind Engineering

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© Dorothy Booth-Homen

Harmonic Resonance


Wind Climate


Burj Dubai Wind Climate Model - RWDI

© RWDI Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP32

Force-Balance TestsWT1(A)WT1(B)WT2(A)WT2(B)WT3(A)WT3(B)WT3(C)WT3(D)

Wind Tunnel Testing at RWDI

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Orientation of Burj Dubai

Lower impactwind direction

Higher impactwind direction

NORTH


Tiers and Plans

Level 79Tier 9

Level 112Tier 10

Level 124Tier 11

Level 139Tier 12

Level 144Tier 13

Level 156Tier 16

Spire 1Tier 22

Spire 3Tier 24

Level 76Tier 7

Level 43Tier 4

Level 19Tier 1

Level 7Tier 0


Wind Tunnel #1 Results Wind Tunnel #3 Results

Comparison of Wind Tunnel ResultsWind Engineering

F = Ma


Evolution of the Burj Dubai

November 2004May 2003 September 2005

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© Stephen Hoerold

Structural Optimization

Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP39DYNAMIC FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

MODE 1TRANSLATION

P = 11 sec.

MODE 2TRANSLATION

P = 10 sec.

MODE 3TORSIONP = 4 sec.


Aeroelastic TestsAero 1Aero 2 Aero 3Aero 4Aero Spire

Wind Tunnel Testing at RWDI

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AeroelasticModel


Integration of Systems


Typical Builders Work Drawing for Plans

Builders Work Plan


Typical Builders Work Drawing for Plans

Structural Plan

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Tower Shear Wall Penetration Philosophy – Core Interior

1. Elevator Lobbies

2. Electrical Closets

3. Plumbing Closets

4. IT/Security Closets

5. Combined Closets

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1

22

3

3

44

5

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Special Considerations



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Link Beam Design

Crack Pattern at Failure

S&T Model

Three Types

1. Link Beams Designed by Strut and Tie Methods

2. Link Beams with Embedded Steel Plate

3. Link Beams with Embedded Built-up 3-Plate ‘I’

Finite Element Abaqus Runs (including inelastic effects) by Dan Kuchma of the University of Illinois


Link Beam Design by Strut and Tie

Load-Deformation Response

Crack Pattern at Failure

S&T Model


Reynolds Number Effect at Low Speeds on 1:500 Model (Smooth Surface)

Re ~ 2x104 Note: Re=VD/v


1:50 Scale Model of Upper PortionHigh Reynolds Number Tests, Re ~ 2x106

Note:Full scale Re~7x107

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Construction Technology



Corrosion Protection

CATHODIC PROTECTION WATERPROOFING

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Raft Concrete Testing

Raft Test Cubes

Flow Table

L-Box


© 2003 All rights reserved.


© 2003 All rights reserved.Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

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Burj Dubai Concrete Pumping Test (Feb. 2005)

C80 Concrete (f’c = 9300 psi) to over 600 meters

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Construction Photos: April 2005Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

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Emaar Properties, Owner

Turner Construction International, Project Manager

SOM Chicago, Architect/Engineer

Hyder Consulting, Geotechnical Engineer, Architect/Engineer of Record

Samsung / BeSix / Arabtec, General Contractor

Nasa / Multiplex, Foundations Contractor

RWDI Incorporated, Wind Tunnel Consultant

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28 the burj dubai tower baker...

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