2/9/12-2/9/12-

Ch 12 DNA/RNA vocabulary1. Nucleotide2. Chromatin3. Replication4. Gene 5. Transcription6. Codon7. Translation8. Anticodon9. Mutation

Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acids and Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

DNA (deoxyribonucleic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)acid) is… is…

An organic compoundAn organic compound A type of nucleic acidA type of nucleic acid Double strandedDouble stranded Made up of subunits called Made up of subunits called

NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES

Nucleotides Nucleotides have 3 partshave 3 parts

Sugar molecule Sugar molecule called called DEOXYRIBOSEDEOXYRIBOSE

PHOSPHATE PHOSPHATE GROUPGROUP

NITROGEN NITROGEN CONTAINING BASECONTAINING BASE

THE 4 NITROGEN THE 4 NITROGEN CONTAINING BASES IN DNA:CONTAINING BASES IN DNA:

ADENINE=AADENINE=A GUANINE=GGUANINE=G CYTOSINE=CCYTOSINE=C THYMINE=TTHYMINE=T

PURINESPURINES

ADENINE and ADENINE and GUANINE are GUANINE are PURINESPURINES Bases that have 2 Bases that have 2

rings of carbonrings of carbon and and nitrogen atomsnitrogen atoms

PYRIMADINESPYRIMADINES

CYTOSINE & CYTOSINE & THYMINE are THYMINE are PYRIMADINESPYRIMADINES Bases that have 1 Bases that have 1

ring of carbonring of carbon and and nitrogen atomsnitrogen atoms

WATSON & CRICKWATSON & CRICK WATSON & CRICK suggested that DNA WATSON & CRICK suggested that DNA

is made of 2 nucleotide chains that wrap is made of 2 nucleotide chains that wrap around each other to form a spiral shape around each other to form a spiral shape called a called a double helix.double helix.

THE COMPLEMENTARY THE COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING RULESBASE PAIRING RULES

In a double helix, In a double helix, cytosine pairs with cytosine pairs with guanine & adenine pairs with thymineguanine & adenine pairs with thymine.. Therefore, Therefore, A=T & C=GA=T & C=G..

REPLICATIONREPLICATION The copying of DNA is called REPLICATION.The copying of DNA is called REPLICATION. The 2 nucleotide chains separate by The 2 nucleotide chains separate by

unwinding-each chain serving as a template for unwinding-each chain serving as a template for a new nucleotide chain.a new nucleotide chain.

If the original DNA strand sequence is: A-T-T-If the original DNA strand sequence is: A-T-T-C-C-G, the new nucleotide chain would read: C-C-G, the new nucleotide chain would read: T-A-A-G-G-C.T-A-A-G-G-C.

When replication is finished, 2 new exact When replication is finished, 2 new exact copies of the original DNA molecule are copies of the original DNA molecule are produced & the cell is ready to undergo cell produced & the cell is ready to undergo cell division.division.

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

A change in a nucleotide A change in a nucleotide sequence is called a sequence is called a MUTATIONMUTATION..

DNA may be damaged by a DNA may be damaged by a variety of things, such as variety of things, such as chemicals and ultraviolet chemicals and ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun(UV) rays from the sun..

Quick QuizQuick Quiz

What are the three parts of a What are the three parts of a nucleotide?nucleotide?

What is stated by the What is stated by the complimentary base pairing complimentary base pairing rules?rules?

What is replication?What is replication?

2/10/122/10/12 Do Now:Do Now:1.1. DNA is made of small subunits called _____.DNA is made of small subunits called _____.

2.2. Nucleotides have three parts. They are ___, ___, & Nucleotides have three parts. They are ___, ___, & ___.___.

3.3. The sugar found in DNA is ________.The sugar found in DNA is ________.

4.4. According to Chargaff’s Rules (complementary base According to Chargaff’s Rules (complementary base pairing rules), adenine pairs with ____ & _____ pairs pairing rules), adenine pairs with ____ & _____ pairs with guanine.with guanine.

5.5. Purines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen, while Purines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen, while pyrimadines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen.pyrimadines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen.

6.6. The copying of DNA is ______.The copying of DNA is ______.

7.7. If the original strand of DNA reads ACTGGCTA, the If the original strand of DNA reads ACTGGCTA, the new strand will read _______.new strand will read _______.

8.8. Any change in DNA is referred to as a _____.Any change in DNA is referred to as a _____.

9/13/11-Pick up your 9/13/11-Pick up your book.book.

Do-Now:Do-Now:

Pick up and complete the DNA & Protein Pick up and complete the DNA & Protein Synthesis Puzzle. Synthesis Puzzle.

Set out your vocab flashcards, DNA color Set out your vocab flashcards, DNA color sheet, & Scientist Graphic Organizer sheet, & Scientist Graphic Organizer from yesterday.from yesterday.

RNA (ribonucleic acidRNA (ribonucleic acid) ) is… is…

An organic compoundAn organic compound Type of nucleic acidType of nucleic acid Made up of nucleotidesMade up of nucleotides Single strandSingle strand THYMINE is rarely part of RNA. URACIL THYMINE is rarely part of RNA. URACIL

(another pyrimadine) replaces thymine in (another pyrimadine) replaces thymine in RNA. This means that URACIL, not RNA. This means that URACIL, not thymine, pairs with ADENINE in RNA.thymine, pairs with ADENINE in RNA.

U=AU=A

Compare RNA to DNACompare RNA to DNA

Types of RNA (all 3 help Types of RNA (all 3 help to make proteins)to make proteins)

1.MESSENGER RNA (mRNA)1.MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) is made of a is made of a single, uncoiled single, uncoiled chainchain. mRNA . mRNA carries genetic carries genetic info from the DNA in the info from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytosol of a nucleus to the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell.eukaryotic cell.

Types of RNA, cont.Types of RNA, cont.

2. 2. TRANSFER RNA (tRNA)TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) is is a a single chainsingle chain of RNA of RNA nucleotides folded into a nucleotides folded into a hairpin shapehairpin shape that that binds to binds to specific amino acids.specific amino acids.

Types of RNA, cont.Types of RNA, cont.

3. 3. RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA)RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) is is the the most commonmost common RNA. rRNA RNA. rRNA is made of RNA nucleotides is made of RNA nucleotides that are in that are in globular formglobular form. rRNA . rRNA makes up the ribosomes makes up the ribosomes where proteins are made.where proteins are made.

TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

The process by which genetic info is The process by which genetic info is copied from DNA to RNAcopied from DNA to RNA

All 3 types of RNA are made in this All 3 types of RNA are made in this processprocess

Continues until the TERMINATION Continues until the TERMINATION SIGNAL is reachedSIGNAL is reached

Think of using a variety of colored paper Think of using a variety of colored paper in the copy machine…in the copy machine…

TRANSCRIPTIONTRANSCRIPTION

Recall that…Recall that…

The making of proteins is called The making of proteins is called PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS

PROTEINSPROTEINS are are made of AMINO ACIDSmade of AMINO ACIDS that are that are linked linked together together by PEPTIDE by PEPTIDE BONDS.BONDS.

The function of the protein is decided by The function of the protein is decided by the amino acids that make it up.the amino acids that make it up.

GENETIC CODEGENETIC CODE

The relationship between a nucleotide The relationship between a nucleotide sequence and an amino acid sequence is sequence and an amino acid sequence is called the GENETIC CODE.called the GENETIC CODE.

It is It is used to translate mRNA transcripts used to translate mRNA transcripts into proteins.into proteins.

The genetic info needed for making The genetic info needed for making proteins is encoded in a series of 3 proteins is encoded in a series of 3 mRNA nucleotides called a CODON.mRNA nucleotides called a CODON.

Genetic Code, cont.Genetic Code, cont. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. Some codons signal for translation of an Some codons signal for translation of an

mRNA to start or stop. mRNA to start or stop. The START CODON (AUG) makes a The START CODON (AUG) makes a

ribosome start translating an mRNA ribosome start translating an mRNA molecule.molecule.

STOP CODONS (UAA, UAG, UGA) STOP CODONS (UAA, UAG, UGA) cause the ribosome to stop translating cause the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA.the mRNA.

9/14/11-Pick up your book. 9/14/11-Pick up your book. Student Summaries for Sat. School?Student Summaries for Sat. School?Do-Now:Do-Now:

1.1. DNA is made of small subunits called _____.DNA is made of small subunits called _____.

2.2. Nucleotides have three parts. They are ___, ___, & ___.Nucleotides have three parts. They are ___, ___, & ___.

3.3. The sugar found in DNA is ________.The sugar found in DNA is ________.

4.4. According to Chargaff’s Rules (complementary base pairing According to Chargaff’s Rules (complementary base pairing rules), adenine pairs with ____ & _____ pairs with guanine.rules), adenine pairs with ____ & _____ pairs with guanine.

5.5. Purines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen, while Purines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen, while pyrimadines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen.pyrimadines have ___ ring(s) of carbon & nitrogen.

6.6. The copying of DNA is ______.The copying of DNA is ______.

7.7. If the original strand of DNA reads ACTGGCTA, the new strand If the original strand of DNA reads ACTGGCTA, the new strand will read _______ (replication).will read _______ (replication).

8.8. Any change in DNA is referred to as a _____.Any change in DNA is referred to as a _____.

Genetic Code, cont.Genetic Code, cont.

TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION

The process of assembling polypeptides The process of assembling polypeptides from info encoded in the mRNAfrom info encoded in the mRNA

Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus Begins when mRNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membranethrough pores in the nuclear membrane

mRNA migrates to a ribosome where mRNA migrates to a ribosome where protein synthesis takes placeprotein synthesis takes place

Translation, cont.Translation, cont.

Translation, cont.Translation, cont. Amino acids floating in the cytosol are brought Amino acids floating in the cytosol are brought

to the ribosomes by the tRNA moleculesto the ribosomes by the tRNA molecules On the opposite side of the tRNA molecule On the opposite side of the tRNA molecule

(from where the amino acid is attached), there (from where the amino acid is attached), there is a loop that has a sequence of 3 nucleotides is a loop that has a sequence of 3 nucleotides called an ANTICODON.called an ANTICODON.

The tRNA anticodon is complementary to and The tRNA anticodon is complementary to and pairs with its corresponding mRNA codon.pairs with its corresponding mRNA codon.

For example, a tRNA with an anticodon of AAA For example, a tRNA with an anticodon of AAA would bind to the mRNA codon sequence of would bind to the mRNA codon sequence of UUU.UUU.

Translation, cont.Translation, cont.

Protein AssemblyProtein Assembly Starts with start codon (AUG)Starts with start codon (AUG) As a ribosome moves down an mRNA As a ribosome moves down an mRNA

transcript, each mRNA codon is paired with its transcript, each mRNA codon is paired with its tRNA anticodon.tRNA anticodon.

This causes an amino acid to attach, forming This causes an amino acid to attach, forming a peptide bond.a peptide bond.

As each amino acid is added to the chain, the As each amino acid is added to the chain, the ribosome moves 3 nucleotides (1 codon) ribosome moves 3 nucleotides (1 codon) ahead on the mRNA transcript, where the next ahead on the mRNA transcript, where the next amino acid will be translated.amino acid will be translated.

It ends with a stop codon.It ends with a stop codon.

Read p. 307-308Read p. 307-308

Practice!Practice!1.1. DNA replication is taking place. The original DNA replication is taking place. The original

strand is ACTGCATCA. The new strand will strand is ACTGCATCA. The new strand will read _____.read _____.

2.2. Transcription is taking place. Transcribe your Transcription is taking place. Transcribe your DNA (answer) from #1 to make mRNA.DNA (answer) from #1 to make mRNA.

3.3. Translation is taking place. Translate your Translation is taking place. Translate your mRNA (answer) from #2 to determine the mRNA (answer) from #2 to determine the amino acid sequence. Use the genetic code amino acid sequence. Use the genetic code from your book or your notebook.from your book or your notebook.

9/15/11-Get your book.9/15/11-Get your book.Do-Now:Do-Now:

1.1.Copying DNA to make new DNA is called ___.Copying DNA to make new DNA is called ___.

2.2.Copying DNA to make RNA is called ____.Copying DNA to make RNA is called ____.

3.3.Using the information on mRNA to assemble Using the information on mRNA to assemble amino acids to make proteins is called ___.amino acids to make proteins is called ___.

4.4.The monomers of DNA & RNA are ____.The monomers of DNA & RNA are ____.

5.5.The 3 parts of a nucleotide are __, __, & __.The 3 parts of a nucleotide are __, __, & __.

6.6.List the 3 types of RNA & what they do.List the 3 types of RNA & what they do.

More Practice!More Practice!1.1. DNA replication is taking place. The original DNA replication is taking place. The original

strand is TAGCATGGGCAT. The new strand strand is TAGCATGGGCAT. The new strand will read _____.will read _____.

2.2. Transcription is taking place. Transcribe your Transcription is taking place. Transcribe your DNA (answer) from #1 to make mRNA.DNA (answer) from #1 to make mRNA.

3.3. Translation is taking place. Translate your Translation is taking place. Translate your mRNA (answer) from #2 to determine the mRNA (answer) from #2 to determine the amino acid sequence. Use the genetic code amino acid sequence. Use the genetic code from your book or your notebook.from your book or your notebook.

9/28/10-Pick up your 9/28/10-Pick up your book.book. Do-Now: Do-Now:

Complete the crossword puzzle on the back of Complete the crossword puzzle on the back of your DNA word search. If you turned this into your DNA word search. If you turned this into me, I have put it on your desk for you.me, I have put it on your desk for you.

Quick QuizQuick Quiz

What are two differences between RNA What are two differences between RNA and DNA?and DNA?

What is transcription?What is transcription? What is translation?What is translation? What is the genetic code used for?What is the genetic code used for?