T BO THC VTMMc tiu hc tiu hc tc tpp1. Nu kh1. Nu khi nii nim, hm, hnh dnh dng, kng, kch thch thc cc ca ta t

bbo.o.2. Tr2. Trnh bnh by cy cc phng phc phng php p c sc s ddng ng nghin cnghin cu tu t bbo.o.

3. M t3. M t ccu tru trc vc v chchc nng cc nng ca ca cc thc thnh nh phphn trong cn trong cu tu to to t bbo tho thc vc vt.t.

KHI NIM T BO TT bbo lo l n v n v c b c b

n vn v ccu tru trc cc cng nh ng nh

chchc nngc nng ( (sinh trsinh trng, vng, vn n ng, tng, trao rao i i chcht, ct, cc quc qu trtrnh sinh hnh sinh ha, sinh sa, sinh sn) n) cca a c thc th ththc vc vtt. .

-- ThThc vc vt n bt n bo: o: c thc th chch cc mmt tt t bbo.o.-- ThThc vc vt a bt a bo: o: c thc th ggm nhim nhiu tu t bbo. o.

PHNG PHP NGHIN CU T BO -- KKnh hinh hin vi quang hn vi quang hc c -- KKnh hinh hin vi in vi in tn t: 50 : 50 100 l100 ln ln ln hn kn hn knh hinh hin vi n vi

quang hquang hc, cc, c thth phn biphn bit t n n ..TEM: TrTEM: Transmission Electron Microscopy (KHVansmission Electron Microscopy (KHV T T

truytruyn qua) n qua) SEMSEM:Scanning :Scanning Electron Microscope (KHElectron Microscope (KHVT quVT qut)t)-- KKnh hinh hin vi hun vi hunh quang nh quang -- TTch vch v nui tnui t bboo-- Phn o Phn on (fractionnement) cn (fractionnement) cc thc thnh phnh phn cn ca ta t

bbo: o: Phng phPhng php siu ly tm,p siu ly tm, Phng ph Phng php sp sc k,c k, Phng phPhng php ip in di,n di, nh dnh du phn tu phn t bbng n vng n vphphng xng x vv khkhng thng th

HNH DNG V KCH THC T BOKch thc:- 10 - 100 m: hu ht TBTV-- 1010--30 30 m: km: kch thch thc trung bc trung bnh cnh ca TB m a TB m

phn sinh thphn sinh thc vc vt bt bc cao. c cao. -- mmt st s TB cTB c kkch thch thc rc rt lt ln, n, nh snh si gai i gai

ddi ti ti 20 cm. i 20 cm. HHnh dnh dngng::

CU TO CA T BO THC VT - vch t nhiu rn chc v n hi bao quanh- mng sinh cht. Mng sinh cht l mng bao

cht nguyn sinh, nm st vch t bo thc vt trng thi trng nc.

- Cht nguyn sinh gm cht t bo bao quanh nhn v cc bo quan nh lp th, ty th, bGolgi, ribosome, peroxisome, li ni sinh cht. Ngoi ra, trong cht nguyn sinh cn c nhng cht khng c tnh cht sng nh khng bo, cc tinh th mui, cc git du, ht tinh bt v.v.

Vch t bo CHCHC NNGC NNG: : -- ngn c ngn cch cch cc tc t bbo vo vi nhau hoi nhau hoc ngn c ngn

ccch tch t bbo vo vi mi tri mi trng ngong ngoi. i. -- tto TBTV mo TBTV mt ht hnh dnh dng nhng nht t nh vnh v ttnh nh

vvng chng chc. c. - Bo v TB chng li tc nhn gy bnh (vi

khun, virus, nm)- Cn bng p sut thm thu

Vch t bo

CU TO:- Phin gia (hu nh ch c pectin).- Vch s cp (khong cellulose): dykhong 1-3 m.

- Vch th cp (khong cellulose + lignin): dy 4 m hoc hn.

Trn vch TB c nhiu l

Vch t bo

Phin gia:- hnh thnh chia TB m 2TB con.- l phin chung, gn 2 TB lin k.- Thnh phn l pectin di dng pectat

calcium.- Nu pectin b tan, cc TB gn vo nhau yu

hn

Vch t boVch s cp:- do t bo cht to ra- Thnh phn: cellulose 9-25%, pectin 10-35 %,

hemicellulose 25-50% v protein # 15% (extensins c chc nng tng trng TB & lectins c chc nng nhn bit cc phn tt bn ngoi).

- Cc lp si cellulose xp song song vi nhau, cho nhau mt gc 600 - 900.

- S dy khng ng u to cc l s cp trn vch TB.- TB m mm ch c vch s cp & phin gia.

Vch t boVch th cp- do t bo cht to ra nm gia vch s cp

& mng sinh cht- cng hn, c nhiu cht g hn. Thng m

g, vch th cp gm khong 41- 45% cellulose, 30% hemicellulose v 22-28% chtg (lignin).

- L n v l vin. Khi TB cht cc l trao i cc cht ng trao i.

- Si lin bo: l cc si nh li ti xuyn qua cc l & ng trao i ni lin t bo cht ca cc TB cnh nhau.

Cu trc vch t bo thc vt

Phin gia

Vch scp

Mng sinhcht

Pectin

Vi sicellulose

Pectin

Hemicellulose

CELLULOSE - HEMICELLULOSE

-- CelluloseCellulose chch ccngng glucose. glucose. - cellulose l 1 polymer thng gm7.000 15.000 phnt glucose, khng cnhnh.

-- HemicelluloseHemicellulose: : nhinhiuu loloiingng xyloseylose , mannose, , mannose, galactosegalactose, , rhamnoserhamnose & & arabinosearabinoseXyloseXylose hihinn didinn vvii ssllngng nhinhiuu nhnhtt..hemicellulose cu to gmchui ngn 500-3.000 nv ng.l 1 polymer nhnh...

Pectin

- l mt polysacchrid phc tp, c ni -1,4-acid galacturonic.

- l cht keo v nh hnh, mm do v ctnh a nc cao. c tnh a nc gipduy tr trng thi ngm nc cao ccvch cn non.

- pectin c mi quan h gn gi vihemicellulose, nhng c tnh ha tan khcnhau

Trn vch TB c nhiu l nc, khng kh & cc cht ha tan di chuyn t TB ny TB khc.

PlasmodesmataPlasmodesmata provide an easy route for the provide an easy route for the movement of ions, small molecules like movement of ions, small molecules like sugars and amino acids, and even sugars and amino acids, and even macromolecules like RNA and proteins, macromolecules like RNA and proteins, between cells. The larger molecules pass between cells. The larger molecules pass through with the aid of through with the aid of actin filamentsactin filaments..

Vch t bo2 loi l TB c vch th cp: l n & l vin.

L n L vin

T bo m cng

ng trao i

Vch t boSS bibin n i ci ca va vch tch t bbo tho thc vc vt t -- SS hha nha nhyy-- SS hha khoa khong ng -- SS hha ba bn n -- SS hha cutin a cutin -- SS hha sa sp p -- SS hha ga g

Cc bo quanGm lp th, ty th, b Golgi, ribosome,

peroxisome, li ni sinh cht

60S: 5S 5,8S28S

40S: 18S

80S Cu to ca ribosom

Mang ngoai

Chat nen

Mang trong

Mao

Tien lap

Bot lap(tinh bot)

Luc lap(quanghp)

Sac lap(sac to)

BB GolgiGolgi

LLi ni ni sinh chi sinh cht ct c hht &t & lli ni ni sinh chi sinh cht khng ht khng htt

PeroxisomePeroxisome

Khng bo-- ll mmt hay nht hay nhng tng ti ci c hhnh dnh dng vng v kkch ch

ththc bic bin thin nn thin nm trong chm trong cht tt t bbo. o. -- Khng bKhng bo o c bao quanh bc bao quanh bi mi mt mt mng gng gi i

ll mmng khng bng khng bo (tonoplast), o (tonoplast), -- bn trong chbn trong cha na nc vc v ccc chc cht tan gt tan gi li l ddch ch

khng bkhng boo hay hay ddch tch t bboo. . p sup sut tht thm m ththu giu gip sp s hhp thu np thu nc bc bi khng bi khng bo lo lm m cho tcho t bbo tng ro tng rng. ng.

-- Khng bKhng bo gio giu enzym thu enzym thy giy gii: protease, i: protease, ribonuclease vribonuclease v glycosidase mglycosidase m khi khi c gic gii i phphng vng vo trong cho trong cht tt t bbo, tham gia vo, tham gia vo so ssuy thosuy thoi ci ca ta t bbo trong quo trong qu trtrnh lo honh lo ho. .

Khng bo

ChChc nngc nng::-- ThoThoi hi ha ca cc chc cht (t (tng ttng t nh tiu nh tiu

thth TB TB ng vng vt)t)-- DD trtr

Khng boChChc nngc nng::-- storing foods (e.g., proteins in seeds) storing foods (e.g., proteins in seeds) -- storing wastes storing wastes -- storing malic acid in CAM plantsstoring malic acid in CAM plants-- storing various ions (e.g., calcium, sodium, iron) which, amongstoring various ions (e.g., calcium, sodium, iron) which, among other other

functions, helps to maintain turgor in the cell. functions, helps to maintain turgor in the cell. Plant vacuoles are also important for their role in molecular dePlant vacuoles are also important for their role in molecular degradation and gradation and

storage. Sometimes these functions are carried out by different storage. Sometimes these functions are carried out by different vacuoles vacuoles in the same cell, one serving as a compartment for breaking downin the same cell, one serving as a compartment for breaking downmaterials (similar to the lysosomes found in animal cells), and materials (similar to the lysosomes found in animal cells), and another another storing nutrients, waste products, or other substances. Several storing nutrients, waste products, or other substances. Several of the of the materials commonly stored in plant vacuoles have been found to bmaterials commonly stored in plant vacuoles have been found to be useful e useful for humans, such as opium, rubber, and garlic flavoring, and arefor humans, such as opium, rubber, and garlic flavoring, and arefrequently harvested. Vacuoles also often store the pigments thafrequently harvested. Vacuoles also often store the pigments that give t give certain flowers their colors, which aid them in the attraction ocertain flowers their colors, which aid them in the attraction of bees and f bees and other pollinators, but also can release molecules that are poisoother pollinators, but also can release molecules that are poisonous, nous, odoriferous, or unpalatable to various insects and animals, thusodoriferous, or unpalatable to various insects and animals, thusdiscouraging them from consuming the plant.discouraging them from consuming the plant.