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3 3 H Module H Module Objectives Objectives To understand the physical nature of To understand the physical nature of 3 H. H. To understand that To understand that 3 H is both an H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. internal and external radiation hazard. To understand the need to utilize To understand the need to utilize shielding. shielding. To recognize that special procedures To recognize that special procedures and protective measures are required and protective measures are required when using activities greater than 100 when using activities greater than 100 mCi. mCi.

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Page 1: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

33H ModuleH Module

ObjectivesObjectives To understand the physical nature of To understand the physical nature of 33H.H. To understand that To understand that 33H is both an internal H is both an internal

and external radiation hazard.and external radiation hazard. To understand the need to utilize To understand the need to utilize

shielding.shielding. To recognize that special procedures and To recognize that special procedures and

protective measures are required when protective measures are required when using activities greater than 100 mCi.using activities greater than 100 mCi.

Page 2: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

The Maximum beta energy is 0.018 MeV.The Maximum beta energy is 0.018 MeV. It is a pure beta emitter (100 of the It is a pure beta emitter (100 of the

radiation emitted is beta particles)radiation emitted is beta particles) The number of betas emitted per second = The number of betas emitted per second =

number of decays per second (for 1 mCi, number of decays per second (for 1 mCi, 3.7 x 103.7 x 1077 betas emitted) betas emitted)

Page 3: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

The half-life is 12.28 yearsThe half-life is 12.28 years The Average beta energy is 0.006 Mev or 6 keV. The Average beta energy is 0.006 Mev or 6 keV. The range of the most energetic tritium beta The range of the most energetic tritium beta

particles is only about 5 mm in air or 5 particles is only about 5 mm in air or 5 m in m in water or soft tissue.water or soft tissue.

33HH CannotCannot be detected with a Geiger Counter be detected with a Geiger Counter 33H H CannotCannot be detected by a dosimeter badge be detected by a dosimeter badge

Page 4: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

The Annual limit of intake via ingestion is The Annual limit of intake via ingestion is 80 mCi. (this means that a total burden in 80 mCi. (this means that a total burden in the body of 80 mCi from ingestion alone the body of 80 mCi from ingestion alone will give a 5 Rem dose).will give a 5 Rem dose).

Annual limit of intake via inhalation is 80 Annual limit of intake via inhalation is 80 mCi. (this means that a total burden in the mCi. (this means that a total burden in the body from the lungs alone of 80 mCi will body from the lungs alone of 80 mCi will give a 5 Rem dose).give a 5 Rem dose).

Page 5: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Three to four hours after intake, ingested, inhaled or absorbed tritiated water is uniformly distributed in all body water(1).

On average, tritiated water is eliminated with a 10-day biological half-life(1). This can be shortened with an increase of liquid intake (up to 20 liters), or in severe cases, by using dialysis machines.

1. ICRP Publication 30, Part 1, Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979.

2. ICRP Publication 10, Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, Pergamon Press, London, 1968.

Page 6: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

The biological incorporation (uptake) of airborne HTO (tritiated water) can be extremely efficient:

up to 99% of inhaled HTO is taken into the body by the circulating blood.

Ingested liquid HTO is also almost completely absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and quickly appears in the blood stream. Within minutes, it can be found in varying concentrations in the organs, fluids, and tissues of the body.

Skin absorption of airborne HTO is also important, especially during hot weather, because of the normal movement of water through the skin. For skin temperatures between 30 and 40EC, the absorption of HTO is about 50% of that for HTO by inhalation (assuming an average breathing rate associated with light work, 20 L/min). No matter how it is absorbed, the HTO will be uniformly distributed in all biological fluids within one to two hours..

Page 7: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Contamination is controlled and surveyed Contamination is controlled and surveyed by wipe test/liquid scintillation counting.by wipe test/liquid scintillation counting.

For tritium, the liquid scintillation counter For tritium, the liquid scintillation counter has a maximum efficiency of ~ 50% has a maximum efficiency of ~ 50% (meaning, at best, only ~1/2 of the betas (meaning, at best, only ~1/2 of the betas are counted)are counted)

Page 8: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Wipe TestsWipe Tests

Standard industry practice 100 cmStandard industry practice 100 cm22

12” to 14”12” to 14”100 cm100 cm22

4” x 4”4” x 4”

Page 9: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Liquid Scintillation CountersLiquid Scintillation Counters

Photomultiplier TubesPhotomultiplier Tubes

log Scale

Electronic NoiseElectronic Noise

3H 14C 32P

Page 10: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Blank:Blank:Prepare blank exactly as Prepare blank exactly as samples without activitysamples without activity

Radionuclide standard:Radionuclide standard:• Amount of spike = expected Amount of spike = expected

activity in sampleactivity in sample• Prepare exactly as all samples are Prepare exactly as all samples are

preparedprepared• Count exactly as samples are Count exactly as samples are

countedcounted• CPM from spiked sample/DPM of CPM from spiked sample/DPM of

spike = Efficiency in CPM/DPMspike = Efficiency in CPM/DPM

Page 11: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Dark adapt samples for a minimum of 30 Dark adapt samples for a minimum of 30 minutes:minutes:(Light interacts with sample usually causing the first (Light interacts with sample usually causing the first sample to appear hot)sample to appear hot)

How do I know if I have contamination?How do I know if I have contamination?Is my sample greater than my background upper Is my sample greater than my background upper control limit? If yes, then I am 99% confident that control limit? If yes, then I am 99% confident that I have levels above background.I have levels above background.

Chemical interaction can cause spurious Chemical interaction can cause spurious pulses (chemoluminescense) in the pulses (chemoluminescense) in the Tritium Window (first 3 or 4 channels)Tritium Window (first 3 or 4 channels)

Page 12: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Suggestions:Suggestions:

• Have the first carrier be anything that is counted Have the first carrier be anything that is counted for 30 minutes to dark adapt all of the samples.for 30 minutes to dark adapt all of the samples.

• Shake samples to reduce chemoluminescence Shake samples to reduce chemoluminescence and wipe off vials to reduce refraction of the light and wipe off vials to reduce refraction of the light from oil on the vials from your fingers. from oil on the vials from your fingers.

• Have the second carrier contain a blank and a Have the second carrier contain a blank and a standard to use for the QA/QC. standard to use for the QA/QC.

• If possible, have the LSC program subtract the If possible, have the LSC program subtract the background upper control limit and divide by the background upper control limit and divide by the calculated efficiency.calculated efficiency.

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Page 13: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Suggestions:Suggestions:

• Be sure your scintillation fluid is made to work Be sure your scintillation fluid is made to work with the sample that is to be counted (high with the sample that is to be counted (high pH/low pH, high aqueous load, high color, etc.)pH/low pH, high aqueous load, high color, etc.)

• Never count solid samples. Always digest them Never count solid samples. Always digest them first.first.

• Use teflon vials for high precision/low level Use teflon vials for high precision/low level counting. Tritium atoms can be absorbed into the counting. Tritium atoms can be absorbed into the plastic of plastic vials. Borosilicate vials will not plastic of plastic vials. Borosilicate vials will not absorb tritium either but they have a higher absorb tritium either but they have a higher background.background.

IsotopesIsotopesTritium (Tritium (33H)H)

Page 14: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS(Select the best answer below using the mouse)(Select the best answer below using the mouse)

What is the Annual limit of Intake What is the Annual limit of Intake (the activity (the activity

that will yield a 5 Rem dose over the period of 1 yearthat will yield a 5 Rem dose over the period of 1 year)?)?

AA. 80 mCi. 80 mCi

BB.. 800 800 CiCi

CC. 8.0 mCi. 8.0 mCi

DD. 80 . 80 CiCi

Page 15: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

CORRECTCORRECT The Annual limit of intake via ingestion or The Annual limit of intake via ingestion or

inhalation is 80 mCi. (this means that a inhalation is 80 mCi. (this means that a total burden in the body from the stomach total burden in the body from the stomach or lungs alone of 80 mCi will give a 5 Rem or lungs alone of 80 mCi will give a 5 Rem dose).dose).

Page 16: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS(Select the best answer below using the mouse)(Select the best answer below using the mouse)

Which Protective equipment is NOT Which Protective equipment is NOT required?required?

AA Lab Coat Lab Coat

BB Properly selected glove Properly selected glove

CC Protective Eyewear Protective Eyewear

DD Shielding Shielding

Page 17: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

CORRECTCORRECT

Due to the low energy of the Due to the low energy of the 33H H beta particles, shielding is NOT beta particles, shielding is NOT requiredrequired

Page 18: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS(Select the best answer below using the mouse)(Select the best answer below using the mouse)

The Following is prohibited in isotope The Following is prohibited in isotope laboratorieslaboratories

AA. Eating. Eating

BB.. DrinkingDrinking

CC. Smoking. Smoking

DD. All of the above. All of the above

Page 19: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

CORRECTCORRECT

This should be obvious!!!!!This should be obvious!!!!!

Page 20: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS(Select the best answer below using the mouse)(Select the best answer below using the mouse)

What instrument do you employ to when What instrument do you employ to when checking for tritium contamination ?checking for tritium contamination ?

AA. Liquid Scintillation Counter. Liquid Scintillation Counter

BB.. Geiger Counter Geiger Counter

CC. Gamma Counter. Gamma Counter

DD. HPLC. HPLC

Page 21: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

CORRECTCORRECT

The Geiger Counter and The Geiger Counter and gamma counter will not detect gamma counter will not detect the low energy tritium betas or the low energy tritium betas or any bremstrahlung radiation. any bremstrahlung radiation.

Page 22: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

DOCUMENTING TRAININGDOCUMENTING TRAINING

Please sign and date the training form Please sign and date the training form and click on the letter that indicates the and click on the letter that indicates the first letter of your last name (ie. Farina is first letter of your last name (ie. Farina is AA))

AA. A - F. A - F

B.B. G - L G - L

C. M - RC. M - R

D. S - ZD. S - Z

Page 23: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Questions ???If you have any questions while reading the Radiation Safety ProceduresIf you have any questions while reading the Radiation Safety Procedures

Please Feel Free to Please Feel Free to Contact: Contact:

The Radiation Safety The Radiation Safety OfficeOfficeUniversity Research Support and AdministrationUniversity Research Support and Administration

Office of Research IntegrityOffice of Research Integrity

Georgia State UniversityGeorgia State University

Ground FloorGround Floor

Alumni HallAlumni Hall

Atlanta, Georgia 30303Atlanta, Georgia 30303

413-3540413-3540

Page 24: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

INCORRECTINCORRECT

PLEASE TRY AGAINPLEASE TRY AGAIN

Return to questionReturn to question

Page 25: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

INCORRECTINCORRECT

PLEASE TRY AGAINPLEASE TRY AGAIN

Return to questionReturn to question

Page 26: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

CORRECTCORRECT

BUTBUT

PLEASE TRY AGAINPLEASE TRY AGAIN

There is a better answer!There is a better answer!

Return to questionReturn to question

Page 27: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Place the letter A in the last Place the letter A in the last column after your signature column after your signature

& Date& Date

Finish TrainingFinish Training

Page 28: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Place the letter B in the last Place the letter B in the last column after your signature column after your signature

& Date& Date

Finish TrainingFinish Training

Page 29: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Place the letter C in the last Place the letter C in the last column after your signature column after your signature

& Date& Date

Finish TrainingFinish Training

Page 30: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

Place the letter D in the last Place the letter D in the last column after your signature column after your signature

& Date& Date

Finish TrainingFinish Training

Page 31: 3 H Module Objectives To understand the physical nature of 3 H. To understand that 3 H is both an internal and external radiation hazard. To understand

INCORRECTINCORRECT

PLEASE TRY AGAINPLEASE TRY AGAIN

Return to questionReturn to question


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