3. model - model komunikasi

8/20/2019 3. Model - Model Komunikasi

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Model – Model Komunikasi

“Untuk Memenuhi Tugas Ilmu Komunikasi”

Disusun oleh kelompok 3:

Adinda Rizki MaharaniCor !erta Damaanti

D"i #ulistianti

DIII $ % &urusan 'izi

Politeknik Kesehatan Jakarta II

&alan (ang &e)at III*+3 ,-.-%o/ 0112 K%#%- Ke)aoran %aru &akarta 45451

Tahun Akademik 2013/2014

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DAFTAR ISI

HALAMAN AWAL

……………………………………………………………….………………….1

DAFTAR ISI

………………………………………………………………………....……… .2

BAB I PENDAHULUAN ……………………………………………………...

….………………………. 3

1.1. LATAR BELAKANG ………………………………………………….

………….... …………………3

1.2. TUJUAN

…………………………………………………………………………...... .......3

BAB II PEMBAHASAN

…………………………………………………………….…. ………………...4

2.1 PENGERTIAN MODEL KOMUNIKASI

……………………………….... ……………………………………………….4

2.2 FUNGSI DAN MANFAAT MODEL KOMUNIKASI

…………………………………………………………………………………..5

2.3 MODEL-MODEL KOMUNIKASI

…………………………………………………………………………………..6

BAB III PENUTUP………………………………………………………………..………………. 24

3.1 KESIMPULAN

………………………………………………………………...……. ………...24

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

…………………………………………………………………………………25

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BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

Se!"! #$#$% &'$#()&!*) +!,! +)+e)()*)&!( *e/!0!) #*!! ,e(!$,!)!( ,e*!(

!(!"$!(#*)!. I$# &'$#()&!*) !+!! )$# !(0 $e$,e!!") #*!! ,e(!$,!)!( ,e*!(

!(!"$!(#*)!. O/e& I$# K'$#()&!*) !+!! &'$#()&!*)% !&() #*!! ,e(!$,!)!( ,e*!(

!(!"$!(#*)!. I$# &'$#()&!*) )+!& $e(0&!) ,"'*e* ,e(!$,!)!( ,e*!( &e,!+! $!&#&

!(0 /#&!( $!(#*)! e!( +!( #$/#-#$/#!(7.

HAMPIR *e$#! +) !(!"! &)! ,e"(! $e(0#(#(0) ,!$e"!( !!# $#*e#$. D) *!(!

+),e")!&!( /e"/!0!) $!!$ $)()!#"% *e,e") 0e+#(0% !(+)% ,e*!! e"/!(0% ,e"!#% +!(

*e/!0!)(!. M)()!#"-$)()!#" *e,e") +)$!&*#+ !+!! $'+e. M'+e )!! *#!# 0!$/!"!(

!(0 *)*e$!)* +!( !/*"!&% $e(00!$/!"&!( ,'e(*)-,'e(*) e"e(# !(0 /e"&!)!( +e(0!(

/e"/!0!) !*,e& +!") *e/#! ,"'*e*.

A+! #0! !(0 $e(00!$/!"&!( $'+e *e/!0!) !"! #(#& $e(#(#&&!( *e/#!

'/e&% +) +!!$(! +)e!*&!( &'$,e&*)!* *#!# ,"'*e*% ,e$)&)"!(% +!( #/#(0!( !(!"

#(*#"-#(*#" !(0 $e(+#(0(!. M'+e +)/!(0#( !0!" &)! +!,! $e(0)+e())&!*)%

$e(00!$/!"&!( !!# $e(0&!e0'")*!*)&!( &'$,'(e(-&'$,'(e( !(0 "ee8!( +!") *#!#

,"'*e*. Se/#! $'+e +!,! +)&!!&!( *e$,#"(!% )&! )! $!$,# $e$,e")!&!( *e$#!

!*,e&-!*,e& !(0 $e(+#(0 e"!+)(! *e/#! ,"'*e*. M)*!(! +!,! $e!&!(

*,e*))&!*) +!( $e(#(#&&!( &!)!( !(!"! *!# &'$,'(e( +e(0!( &'$,'(e( !)((! +!!$

*#!# ,"'*e*% *e"! &e/e"!+!!((! +!,! +)#(#&&!( *e!"! (!!.

Se!"! 0!")* /e*!"% $'+e +!,! +)/e+!&!( !!* +#! $!!$% !&() $'+e ',e"!*)'(!

+!( $'+e #(0*)'(!. M'+e ',e"!*)'(! $e(00!$/!"&!( ,"'*e* +e(0!( !"! $e!&!(

,e(0#"!( +!( ,"'e&*) &e$#(0&)(!(-&e$#(0&)(!( ',e"!*)'(!% /!)& e"!+!, #!"!(

$!#,#( !&'"-!&'" !)( !(0 $e$,e(0!"#) !!((! *#!# ,"'*e*. Se+!(0&!( $'+e

#(0*)'(! /e"#*!! $e(*,e*))&!*) #/#(0!(-#/#(0!( e"e(# +) !(!"! /e"/!0!) #(*#"

+!") *#!# ,"'*e* *e"! $e(e"!)*!*)(! $e(!+) #/#(0!(-#/#(0!( !(0 /!"#.

See(0&!,(! $e(0e(!) $'+e &'$#()&!*)% !&!( &!$) /!!* +!!$ $!&!! )().

1.2 Tujuan Penulisan

D!!$ $!&!! )()% !+!,#( ##!((! !)# #(#& $e(0e!#) +!( $e$!!$) $'+e -

$'+e &'$#()&!*).

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BAB II

PEMBAHASAN

2.1 Pengertian Model o!unikasi

M'+e !+!! "e,"e*e(!*) *#!# e('$e(!% /!)& (!! $!#,#( !/*"!&% +e(0!(

$e('('&!( #(*#"-#(*#" e",e()(0 e('$e(! e"*e/#. Pe$)(! &'$#()&!*)% e"$!*#&

$!!*)*! *e")(0 $e(!$,#"!+#&&!( $'+e &'$#()&!*) +e(0!( e('$e(! &'$#()&!*).

Se/!0!) !! #(#& $e(e!*&!( e('$e(! &'$#()&!*)% $'+e $e$,e"$#+! ,e(e!*!(

e"*e/#. H!(! *!! $'+e e"*e/# *e&!)0#* $e"e+#&*) e('$e(! &'$#()&!*)% !")(!% !+!

(#!(*! &'$#()&!*) !)((! !(0 $#(0&)( e"!/!)&!( +!( )+!& e"e!*&!( 'e $'+e

e"*e/#. A&)/!(!% )&! &)! "!(0 !)-!) $e(00#(!&!( $'+e% $'+e +!,!

$e(e*!&!( &)!.

Me(#"# Se"e(' +!( M'"e*e(% $'+e &'$#()&!*) $e"#,!&!( +e*&"),*) )+e!

$e(0e(!) !,! !(0 +)/##&!( #(#& e"!+)(! &'$#()&!*). M'+e &'$#()&!*)

$e$,"e*e(!*)&!( *e!"! !/*"!& )")-)") ,e()(0 +!( $e(0)!(0&!( ")()!( &'$#()&!*)

!(0 )+!& ,e"# +!!$ +#()! (!!. Se+!(0&!( B. A#/"e F)*e" $e(0!!&!(% $'+e !+!!

!(!'0) !(0 $e(0!/*"!&*)&!( +!( $e$)) /!0)!( +!") &e*e#"#!(% #(*#"% *)! !!#&'$,'(e( !(0 ,e()(0 +!") e('$e(! !(0 +)!+)&!( $'+e. M'+e !+!! 0!$/!"!(

)('"$! #(#& $e(e!*&!( !!# $e(e"!,&!( e'"). De(0!( &!! !)(% $'+e !+!! e'")

!(0 e/) +)*e+e"!(!&!(.

A!# *e,e") +)&!!&!( We"(e" J. Se8e")( +!( J!$e* W. T!(&!"+% J."% $'+e $e$/!(#

$e"#$#*&!( e'") +!( $e(!"!(&!( #/#(0!(. Oe &!"e(! #/#(0!( !(!"! $'+e +e(0!(

e'") /e0)# e"!% $'+e *e")(0 +)!$,#"!+#&&!( +e(0!( e'"). Oe &!"e(! &)! $e$))

#(*#" e"e(# !(0 &)! $!*#&&!( +!!$ $'+e% *#!# $'+e $e(0)$,)&!*)&!( ,e()!)!(

!!* "ee8!(*)% +!( )() ,!+! 0))"!((! $e(0)$,)&!*)&!( e'") $e(0e(!) e('$e(! !(0

+)e'")&!(. M'+e +!,! /e"#(0*) *e/!0!) /!*)* /!0) e'") !(0 e/) &'$,e&*% !! #(#&

$e(e!*&!( e'") +!( $e(!"!(&!( !"!-!"! #(#& $e$,e"/!)&) &'(*e,-&'(*e,.

K)! +!,! $e(00#(!&!( &!!-&!!% !(0&!% *)$/'% +!( 0!$/!" #(#& $e#&)*&!(

$'+e *#!# '/e&% e'") !!# ,"'*e*. P!"! ,!&!" !9)$ $e"!(!(0 $'+e-$'+e &'$#()&!*)

+e(0!( $e(00#(!&!( *e"!(0&!) /'&% *e0) e$,!% )(0&!"!(% ,!(!% 0!")*% *,)"!% +!(

*e/!0!)(! #(#& $e(0)+e())&!*) &'$,'(e(-&'$,'(e(% 8!")!/e-8!")!/e !!# &e!!(-

&e!!( !(0 $e$/e(#& &'$$#()&!*) +!( $e(!"!(&!( !!# $e#&)*&!( #/#(0!( +)

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!(!"! &'$,'(e(-&'$,'(e( e"*e/#. K!!-&!!% #"#% +!( !(0&! *e")(0 ,#! +)0#(!&!(

#(#& $ee(0&!,) $'+e-$'+e &'$#()&!*).

2.2 "ungsi dan Man#aat Model o!unikasi

M'+e $e$/e" e'"))* *#!# *"#&#" #(#& $e(0#) e$#!( $e"e&! +!!$ :+#()!

(!!.; Me*&),#( +e$)&)!(% $'+e% *e,e") +e)()*) !!# e'")% ,!+! #$#$(! )+!& ,e"(!

*e$,#"(! +!( )(!. Se#/#(0!( +e(0!( $'+e &'$#()&!*)% G'"+'( W)*e$!( +!( L!""

B!"&e" $e(0e(#&!&!( /!! $'+e &'$#()&!*) $e$,#(!) )0! #(0*)< ,e"!$!% $e#&)*

,"'*e* &'$#()&!*)= &e+#!% $e(#(#&!( #/#(0!( 8)*#!= +!( &e)0!% $e$/!(# +!!$

$e(e$#&!( +!( $e$,e"/!)&) &e$!e!( &'$#()&!*).

De#* $e(e/#&!( /!! $'+e $e$,#(!) e$,! #(0*)< $e(0'"0!()*!*)&!(

&e$)"),!( +!! +!( #/#(0!(7 !(0 !+)(! )+!& e"!$!)= e#")*) $e(#(#&&!( !&!-

!&! +!( $e'+e /!"# !(0 )+!& +)&e!#)7= ,"e+)&)% $e$#(0&)(&!( ,e"!$!!( +!")

*e&!+!" ),e ! !!# )+!& )(00! !(0 !()!) !(0 /e"&e(!!( +e(0!( &!,!( +!( /e"!,!

/!(!&= ,e(0#"!(= $e(0#" e('$e(! !(0 +),"e+)&*).

F#(0*)-#(0*) e"*e/# ,!+! 0))"!((! $e"#,!&!( /!*)* #(#& $e()!) *#!# $'+e <

• Se/e"!,! #$#$ 0e(e"!7 $'+e e"*e/#> Se/e"!,! /!(!& /!!( !(0

+)'"0!()*!*)&!((!% +!( *e/e"!,! ee&)>

• Se/e"!,! e#")*) $'+e e"*e/#> A,!&! )! $e$/!(# $e(e$#&!( #/#(0!(-

#/#(0!( /!"#% !&!% !!# $e'+e>

• Se/e"!,! ,e()(0 ,"e+)&*) !(0 +)/#! +!") $'+e e"*e/# /!0) /)+!(0 ,e()))!(>

Se/e"!'! *"!e0)* ,"e+)&*) )# ,!+! !!, ,e"&e$/!(0!( /)+!(0 e"*e/#>

• Se/e"!,! !"! ,e(0#"!( !(0 +!,! +)&e$/!(0&!( +e(0!( $'+e e"*e/#>

De#* #0! $e(!$/!&!( &")e")! /e") #(#& $e()!) $'+e <

• Se/e"!,! '")*)(! $'+e e"*e/#>

• Se/e"!,! /!(!& ,!(+!(0!( /!"# !(0 +)!!"&!((!>

• B!0!)$!(! &e*e+e"!(!!( +!( &ee$!!( ,!"*)$'(7 $'+e e"*e/#> )()

$e(!(0 *e)*)e(*) $'+e !!# ,e(!,!)!((! !&!( ##!( !(0 +)$!&*#+. S#!#

'(' e"/!)& !+!! e'") E)(*e)( /!! e(e"0 +!( $!e") +!,! +),e"#&!"&!(%

!(0 +)(!!&!( +e(0!( E ? $2

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• Se/e"!,! (!! $'+e e"*e/#>

• Se/e"!,! !# &)! /e"0!(#(0 ,!+!(! *e/!0!) "e,"e*e(!*) "e!)!* )*)&>

Pe$/#!!( $'+e e!* $e$/e")&!( $!(!! &e,!+! ,!"! )$#!(. I")( D.J. B"'**

$e(e/#&!( /e/e"!,! &e#(#(0!( $'+e. M'+e $e(e+)!&!( &e"!(0&! "##&!( #(#&

$e$)&)"&!( $!*!!% /)! $'+e !! )+!& /e"!*) $e$,"e+)&*). M'+e $#(0&)(

$e(!"!(&!( &e*e(!(0!( )('"$!*)'(! !(0 )+!& *e0e"! !$,!& +!( &'(*ee(*)(! +!,!

$e(!"!(&!( )(+!&!( !(0 /e"!*). Ke#(#(0!( !)( $e$/#! $'+e% $e((#"# B"'**

!+!! e"/#&!(! ,"'/e$ !/!*"!&*). D#()! (!! !+!! )(0(0!( !(0 *!(0! "#$).

Se/#! !,e $)*!(!% $e$,#(!) /!(!& *)!-#"!(% /e(#&% !"(!% &'$,'*)*) &)$)!)%

"!*!% /e"!% +!( *e/!0!)(!. D!!$ $e$##*&!( !,!&! !,e e"*e/# !&!( +)$!&!( !!#)+!&% !(! *e/0)!( *)! !,e !(0 +),e")$/!(0&!(. S#!# )(0&! !/*"!&*) +)/##&!(

#(#& $e(0!$/) &e,##*!(% 'e &!"e(! )#% ,e$/#!!( $'+e #0! !"#* $e$/##&!(

)"")-)") !,! +!") +#()! (!!% $)*!(! +!") e('$e(! &'$#()&!*)% !(0 !&!( +)$!*#&&!( &e

+!!$ *e/#! $'+e.

Ke#(#(0!( !)( ,e$/#!!( $'+e !+!! e"/#&!(! ,"'/e$ !/*"!&*). D#()! (!!

!+!! *#!# )(0(0!( !(0 *!(0! "#$). Se/#! !,e% $)*!(!% $e$,#(!) /!(!& *)!

#"!(% /e(#&% !"(!% &'$,'*)*) &)$)!)% "!*!% /e"!% +!( *e/!0!)(!. D!!$ $e$##*&!(

!,!&! !,e e"*e/# !&!( +)$!&!( !!# )+!&% !(! *e/!0)!( *)! !,e )() !(0

+),e")$/!(0&!(. S#!# )(0&! !/*"!&*) +)/##&!( #(#& $e(0!$/) &e,##*!(. Oe

&!"e(! )#% ,e$/#! $'+e #0! !"#* $e$##*&!( )"")-)") !,! +!") +#()! (!!% $)*!(!

+!") e('$e(! &'$#()&!*)% !(0 !&!( +)$!*#&&!( &e +!!$ *e/#! $'+e.

M'+e +!,! +)&!!&!( *e/!0!) 0!$/!"!( *)*e$!)* +!( !/*"!&. F#(0*) $'+e #(#&

$e(e"!(0&!( ,'e(*)-,'e(*) e"e(# !(0 /e"&!)!( +e(0!( /e"!0!$ !*,e& +!") *#!#

,"'*e*. M'+e !+!! !"! #(#& $e(#(#&&!( *e/#! '/e& !(0 $e(0!(+#(0 &'$,e&*)!*

,"'*e* +) +!!$(! +!( #/#(0!( !(!"! #(*#"-#(*#" ,e(+#(0(!.

2.$ Model%Model o!unikasi

Me(#"# L)e'(% $'+e !+!! in broad sense a term model can apply to any

symbolic representation of thing, process or idea $'+e +!,! +)e"!,&!( ,!+! *e)!,

"e,"e*e(!*) *)$/')& *#!# /e(+!% ,"'*e* !!# )+e7. Se8e")( +!( T!(&!"+ $e(0e$#&!&!(

/!! $'+e $e$/!(# &)! #(#& $e"#$#*&!( *#!# e'") +!( $e(!"!(&!( #/#(0!(.

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D!,! +)&!!&!( #/#(0!( !(!"! $'+e +!( e'") /e0)# e"!% *e)(00! $'+e *e")(0

+)!$,#"&!( +e(0!( e'"). M'+e +)),!&!( !0!" &)! +!,! $e(0)+e())&!*) +!(

$e(0&!e0'")&!( #(*#"-#(*#" !(0 "ee8!( +!") *#!# ,"'*e*.

Se!# )() e"+!,! "!#*!( $'+e &'$#&!*) !(0 e! +)/#! ,!"! ,!&!". Ke&!*!(

*#!# $'+e &'$#()&!*) #0! +),e(0!"#) 'e !!" /e!&!(0 &e)$#!( ,e$/#!7 $'+e

e"*e/#% ,!"!+)0$ !(0 +)0#(!&!(% &'(+)*) e&(''0)*% +!( *e$!(0! 9!$!( !(0

$e)(0(0)(!.

2.$.1 Model o!unikasi Linear

P!+! !#( 1@4@% !#+e S!('(% *e'"!(0 )$#!( Be !/'"!'")e* +!(

,"'e**'" +) M!**!#*e* I(*)#e ' Te(''0 MIT7% +!( W!""e( We!8e"% *e'"!(0

&'(*#!( ,!+! *e/#! ,"'e& +) S'!( F'#(+!)'(% $e(+e*&"),*)&!( &'$#()&!*)

*e/!0!) ,"'*e* )(e!". Me"e&! e"!")& ,!+! e&(''0) "!+)' +!( ee,'( +!( )(0)(

$e(0e$/!(0&!( *#!# $'+e !(0 +!,! $e(e!*&!( /!0!)$!(! )('"$!*) $ee!)

/e"/!0!) *!#"!(. H!*)(! !+!! &'(*e,#!)*!*) +!") $'+e &'$#()&!*) )(e!".

Pe(+e&!!( &'$#()&!*) $!(#*)! )() e"+)") !!* /e/e"!,! ee$e( ()% !)#

*#$/e" !!# ,e(0)")$ ,e*!(% $e(0)")$&!( ,e*!( ,!+! ,e(e")$! ,e*!( !(0 !&!(

$e(e")$! ,e*!( e"*e/#. S) ,e(e")$! !+!! '"!(0 !(0 !&!( $e(0!")&!( ,e*!(

e"*e/#. Se$#! +!") &'$#()&!*) )() e"!+) +!!$ *e/#! *!#"!(% !(0 $e"#,!&!(

!!( #(#& /e"&'$#()&!*).

S!#"!( /)!*!(! /e"#/#(0!( !(0*#(0 +e(0!( )(+e"! ,e(0)!!(% ,e"!*!

,e()#$!(% +!( ,e(+e(0!"!(. J!+) A(+! $e(00#(!&!( !")(0!( 8)*#! &e)&! A(+!

$e)! e$!( *e&!$!" A(+!% +!( A(+! $e(00#(!&!( *!#"!( !)e &e)&! $e$e#&

'"!(0 #! A(+!. M'+e )(e!" /e"!*#$*) /!! *e*e'"!(0 !(!! ,e(0)")$ !!#

,e(e")$!. I() $e"#,!&!( ,!(+!(0!( !(0 *!(0! *e$,) e"!+!, ,!")*),!(-

,!")*),!( +!!$ ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*).

2.$.2 Model o!unikasi Interaksional &S'(raa!)

W)/#" S"!$$ $e$/#! *e"!(0&!) $'+e &'$#()&!*)% +)$#!) +e(0!(

$'+e &'$#(#)&!*) $!(#*)! !(0 *e+e"!(! 1@547% !# $'+e !(0 e/) "#$)

!(0 $e$,e")#(0&!( ,e(0!!$!( +#! )(+)8)+# !(0 $e('/! /e"&'$#()&!*)%

)(00! &e $'+e &'$#()&!*) !(0 +)!(00!, )(e"!&*) +#! )(+)8)+#. M'+e ,e"!$!

$)"), +e(0!( $'+e S!(('( +!( We!8e". D!!$ $'+e(! !(0 &e+#! S"!$$

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$e$,e"&e(!&!( 0!0!*!( /!! &e*!$!!( +!!$ /)+!(0 ,e(0!!$!( *#$/e" +!(

*!*!"!(-! !(0 *e/e(!"(! +)&'$#()&!*)&!(% &!"e(! /!0)!( *)(! )#! !(0

+)!(# *!$! 'e *#$/e" +!( *!*!"!(. M'+e &e)0! S"!$$ $e(00!, &'$#()&!*)

*e/!0!) $e(!(+)-/!)&% $e("!(*$)*)&!(% +!( $e(e")$! *)(!.

Te0!*(!% A(+! $e(e")$! +!( $e(!$,!)&!( ,e*!(. M!&(! !(0 A(+!

!*)&!( ,e(!+)-/!)& ,e(!*)"!(7 !(0 A(+! !&!( !&!( $e$/#! A(+!

$e(!(+). M)*!(! /e0)# A(+! $e(+e(0!" e")!& :A,);% !(+! $#(0&)( !&!( *e0e"!

/e"e")!& :T''(0; !,! !(0 A(+! !&!( *!(+) /e"0!(#(0 ,!+! ,))!( A(+! !!*

/e"/!0!) "e*,'(* !(0 e"*e+)! +!!$ *)#!*) e"*e/# +!( /e"#/#(0!( +e(0!( $!&(!

!+).

2.$.$ Model o!unikasi Transaksional

M'+e )() $e(00!")*/!!) ,e(0)")$!( +!( ,e(e")$!!( ,e*!( !(0

/e"!(0*#(0 *e!"! e"#*-$e(e"#* +!!$ *e/#! e,)*'+e &'$#()&!*). K'$#()&!*)

/e"*)! "!(*!&*)'(! !+!! ,"'*e* &'',e"!)< ,e(0)")$ +!( ,e(e")$! *!$!-*!$!

/e"!(00#(0 !!/ e"!+!, +!$,!& +!( ee&)8)!* &'$#()&!*) !(0 e"!+). D!!$

$'+e &'$#()&!*) )(e!"% $!&! +)&)")$ +!") *!# '"!(0 &e '"!(0 !)((!. D!!$

$'+e &'$#()&!*) )(e"!&*)'(!% $!&(! +)!,!) $e!#) #$,!( /!)& +!") ,e(0)")$

+!( ,e(e")$!. D!!$ $'+e &'$#()&!*) "!(*!&*)'(!% '"!(0 $e$/!(0#( &e*!$!!(

$!&(!. A,! !(0 +)&!!&!( '"!(0 +!!$ *e/#! "!(*!&*) *!(0! +),e(0!"#) 'e

,e(0!!$!((! +) $!*! !#. M'+e &'$#()&!*) )(e"!&*)'(! $e(#(# &)! #(#&

$e(!+!") ,e(0!"# *!# ,e*!( e"!+!, ,e*!( !)((!. S!# ,e*!( +)/!(0#( +!")

,e*!( *e/e#$(!= &!"e(! )#% !+! *!)(0 &ee"0!(#(0!( !(!"! $!*)(0-$!*)(0

&'$,'(e( &'$#()&!*). Pe"#/!!( +) *!# &'$,'(e( !&!( $e(0#/! !(0 !)((!

#0!. M'+e &'$#()&!*) "!(*!&*)'(! #0! /e"!*#$*) /!! *!! &)! *e!"! e"#*-

$e(e"#* $e(0)")$&!( +!( $e(e")$! ,e*!(% &)! /e"#"#*!( /!)& +e(0!( ee$e(

8e"/! $!#,#( ('(8e"/! +!") ,e*!( e"*e/#. De(0!( &!! !)(% ,!"! &'$#()&!'"

$e(0!*'*)!*)&!( $!&(!.

2.$.* Model S + ,

M'+e *)$##*-"e*,'(* S-R7 !+!! $'+e &'$#()&!*) ,!)(0 +!*!". M'+e

)() +),e(0!"#) 'e +)*),)( ,*)&''0)% &#*#*(! !(0 /e"!)"!( /e!8)'")*)&. M'+e

e"*e# $e(00!$/!"&!( #/#(0!( *)$##*-"e*,'(*.

8


9/25

M'+e )() $e(#(#&!( &'$#()&!*) *e/!0!) ,"'*e* !&*)-"e!&*) !(0 *!(0!

*e+e"!(!. B)! *e'"!(0 e!&) /e"&e+), &e,!+! *e'"!(0 !()!% +!( !()! )#

&e$#+)!( e"*),# $!#% !!# /)! *!! e"*e(#$ +!( &e$#+)!( !(+! $e$/!!*

*e(#$!( *!!% )#! ,'! S-R. !+) $'+e S-R $e(0!*#$*)&!( /!! &!!-&!!

8e"/! )*!(-#)*!(7% )*!"!-)*!"! ('(8e"/!% 0!$/!"-0!$/!"% +!( )(+!&!(-

)(+!&!( e"e(# !&!( $e"!(0*!(0 '"!(0 !)( #(#& $e$/e")&!( "e*,'(* +e(0!( !"!

e"e(#. Oe &!"e(! )# !(+! +!,! $e(0!(00!, ,"'*e* )() *e/!0!) ,e"#&!"!( !!#

,e$)(+!!( )('"$!*) !!# 0!0!*!(. P"'*e* )() +!,! /e"*)! )$/!e-/!)& +!(

$e$,#(!) /!(!& ee&. Se)!, ee& +!,! $e(0#/! )(+!&!( &'$#()&!*)

/e")(!.

P'! S-R )() +!,! ,#! /e"!(0*#(0 (e0!)8e% $)*!(! '"!(0 ,e"!$!

$e(!!, '"!(0 &e+#! +e(0!( !!$% +!( '"!(0 &e+#! /!)& $e(!!,% $e(#(+#& $!#%

$e$!)(0&!( !!% !!# $e$/e(!&. M'+e S-R $e(0!/!)&!( &'$#()&!*) *e/!0!)

*#!# ,"'*e*% &#*#*(! !(0 /e"&e(!!( +e(0!( !'" $!(#*)!. Se!"! )$,)) !+!

!*#$*) +!!$ $'+e S-R )() /!! ,e")! "e*,'(*7 $!(#*)! +!,! +)"!$!&!(.

R)(0&!*(!% &'$#()&!*) +)!(00!, *!)*= $!(#(*)! +)!(00!, /e",e")! &!"e(!

&e!!( +!") #!" *)$##*7% /#&!( /e"+!*!"&!( &ee(+!&% &e)(0)(!(% !!# &e$!#!(

/e/!*((!. M'+e )() e/) *#*!) /)! +)e"!,&!( ,!+! **e$ ,e(0e(+!)!( *##

#+!"! !)-!) ,!+! ,e")! $!(#*)!.

2.$.- Model Daid . Berlo

M'+e-$'+e &'$#()&!*) $!&)( !") $!&)( +)&e$/!(0&!( +) !(!"!(! !(0

,!)(0 e"&e(! $'+e !(0 +)&e$/!(0&!( 'e D!8)+ Be"' ,!+! !#( 1@6C.

M'+e(! !(! $e$,e")!&!( ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*) *!# !"! +!( !(! e"+)") +!")

e$,! &'$,'(e( !)# *#$/e"% ,e*!(% *!#"!(% +!( ,e(e")$! !!# "ee)8e". A&!(

e!,) ,!+! $!*)(0-$!*)(0 &'$,'(e( e"*e/# !+! *e#$! !&'" &'("'.

F!&'" &ee"!$,)!(% *)&!,% ,e(0e!#!(% &e/#+!!!(% +!( *)*e$ *'*)! +!")

*#$/e" !!# '"!(0 !(0 $e(0)")$ ,e*!( $e"#,!&!( !&'" ,e()(0 +!!$

$e(e(#&!( )*) ,e*!(% ,e"!!( !!# "e!$e( +!( ,e(!(+)!( ,e*!(. F!&'"-!&'"

)() #0! /e",e(0!"# &e,!+! ,e(e")$! ,e*!( +!!$ $e(0)(e","e!*)&!( )*) ,e*!(

!(0 +)&)")$&!(. S!#"!( !(0 +!,! +)0#(!&!( +!!$ &'$#()&!*) !+!!

,e(0)!!(% ,e(+e(0!"!(% ,e()#$!(% ,e"!*!!(% +!( !! ,e"!/!.

9


10/25

M'+e &'$#()&!*) Be"' +) *!$,)(0 $e(e&!(&!( )+e /!! meaning are in

the people !!# !") ,e*!( !(0 +)&)")$&!( ,!+! '"!(0 !(0 $e(e")$! ,e*!( /#&!(

&!!-&!! ,e*!( )# *e(+)"). De(0!( &!! !)( +!,! +)&!!&!( /!! )(e","e!*) ,e*!(

e"#!$! e"0!(#(0 &e,!+! !") +!") &!! !!# ,e*!( !(0 +)!*)"&!( 'e *) ,e(0)")$

!!# *) ,e(e")$! ,e*!(.

2.$./ Model S%M%0%,

R#$#* S-M--R !+!! *)(0&!!( +!") )*)!-)*)!< S *)(0&!!( +!") S'#"e

!(0 /e"!") *#$/e" !!# &'$#()&!'". M *)(0&!!( +!") Me**!0e !(0 /e"!") ,e*!(.

*)(0&!!( +!") !((e !(0 /e"!") *!#"!( !!# $e+)!. Se+!(0&!( R *)(0&!!( +!")

"ee)8e" !(0 /e"!") ,e(e")$! !!# &'$#()&!(.

K#*#* $e(0e(!) )*)! !((e !(0 +)*)(0&! ,!+! "#$#* S-M--R )# !(0

/e"!") *!#"!( !!# $e+)!% &'$,'(e( e"*e/# $e(#"# E+!"+ S!,,)" $e(0!(+#(0

+#! ,e(0e")!(% !&() ,")$e" +!( *e(+e". Me+)! *e/!0!) *!#"!( ,")$e" !+!!

!$/)(0% $)*!(! /!!*!% &)! 0e*#"e7% 0!$/!" !!# !"(!% !)# !$/!(0-!$/!(0

!(0 +),e"0#(!&!( &#*#* +!!$ &'$#()&!*) !!, $#&!% *e+!(0&!( $e+)! *e(+e"

!+!! $e+)! !(0 /e"##+% /!)& $e+)! $!**!% $)*!(! *#"! &!/!"% ee8)*) !!#

"!+)'% $!#,#( $e+)! ()"-$!**!% $)*!(! *#"!% ee,'( !!# ,'*e". J!+)% &'$#()&!'"

,!+! &'$#()&!*) !!, $#&! !(! $e(00#(!&!( *!# $e+)! *!!% $)*!(! /!!*!%

*e+!(0&!( ,!+! &'$#()&!*) /e"$e+)! *e'"!(0 &'$#()&!'"% $)*!(! !"!!(%

,e()!" !!# "e,'"e" $e(00#(!&!( +#! $e+)!% !&() $e+)! ,")$e" +!( $e+)!

*e(+e".

2.$. Model Sirkuler

W))!$ J. Se)e" 1@7 $e$/e")&!( $'+e &'$#()&!*) +#! !"! +!( /e"*)!

e/) #()8e"*!. M'+e )() #0! $e(e&!(&!( /!! !+!(! !&'"-!&'" !(0 )

$e$,e(0!"#) e"!+!, ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*). D) !(!"!(! !(0 +)0!$/!"&!( +)*)()

!+!! !&'" !!" /e!&!(0 +!( *) ,e(0)")$ ,e*!( +!( *) ,e(e")$! ,e*!(. !(0

+)$!&*#+ !!" /e!&!(0 !+!! !-! !(0 !+! ,!+! +)") )(+)8)+# !(0 )

$e$,e(0!"#) +!!$ ,"'*e* ,e(!(+)!( ,e*!( +!( ,e(0)(e","e*!*)!(.

2.$. Model o!unikasi Massa

K'$#()&!*) $!**! $e"#,!&!( *!! *!# +'$!)( &'$#()&!*) $!(#*)! !(0

e! /!(!& $e(0!!$) &e$!#!( !(0 ,e*! *e!& /e(#&-/e(#& !!(!. P!+!

10


11/25

+!*!"(!% Mass communication comprises the institutions and techniques by which

specialized groups employ to technological devices to disseminate symbolic content to

large, heterogenous and widely dispersed audience.

D!") ,e(0e")!( e"*e/#% !+! /e/e"!,! &!"!&e")*)& &#*#* +!") &'$#()&!*)

$!**!. R#/e( +!( Se!"+ $e(e/#&!(% &'$#()&!*) $!**! $e$,#(!) #$!

!#+)e(e !(0 *!(0! /e*!" +!( ee"'0e(% )$,e"*'(!% !)# *#$/e" ,e(!$,!)

)('"$!*) )+!& $e(0e(! &e*e#"#!( ,!")*),!( *e!"! ,e"*'(!= e"e(!(!% +!,!

+),"e+)&*) +!( '"$!= !+!(! &'("' e"!+!, *#$/e" )('"$!*)= &ee"/!!*!(

)(e"!&)8)!* !(!"! *#$/e" +e(0!( !#+)e(e-(! +!!$ *e&!) !&#= +!( +)!*))!*)

'e /e"/!0!) /e(#& $e+)! $!**!% /!)& e!& !!# ee&"'()&.

Me(#"# &'$#()&!*) *!# !!,% ,e*!( !(0 +)*!$,!)&!( &'$#()&!'" $e!#)

$e+)! $!**! !(0*#(0 +)##&!( &e,!+! &'$#()&!( !(,! $e!#) ,e"!(!"!. L!# !+!

#0! $'+e &'$#()&!*) +#! !!,.

M'+e &'$#()&!*) +#! !!, +)&e$#&!&!( 'e P!# L!9!"*e+ +!( E)#

K!9. D)*e/# +#! !!, &!"e(! $'+e &'$#()&!*) )() +)$#!) +e(0!( !!, ,e"!$!

*e/!0!) ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*) $!**! +!( !!, /e")(! !!# &e+#! *e/!0!) ,"'*e*

&'$#()&!*) !(!",e"*'(! &!"e(! ,e(!$,!)!( ,e*!((! +)!&!( 'e ',)()'(

e!+e" &e,!+! &'$#()&!((!.

D!!$ $'+e /!(!& !!, ,e*!( &'$#()&!*) +)*!$,!)&!( 'e $e+)! $!**!

&e,!+! &'$#()&!( *e!"! /e"!(!). D!!$ $'+e e"*e/#% (!$,!& /!! &'$#()&!*)

$!**! *e!# /e"&e(!!( +e(0!( 0!e&ee,e"*% "e0#!'"% $e+)! +!( )e"* *e/e#$

,e*!( *!$,!) &e !#+)e(e. D!!$ ,"'*e* e"*e/#% ,e*!( /)*! $e(0!!$) "e+#&*)%

+e)!*) $!#,#( $!(),#!*) 'e /e"/!0!) ,)!& +!( &e,e()(0!( +e(0!( ##!(

$e(+!,!&!( ee& !(0 +))(0)(&!( ,!+! !#+)e(e. Oe &!"e(! )#% $e+)! $!**!

$e$,#(!) ,e"!( !(0 *!(0! *)0())&!( +!!$ &'$#()&!*) $!**!.

2.$.3 Model Aristoteles

M'+e A")*'ee* !+!! $'+e &'$#()&!*) ,!)(0 &!*)&% !(0 *e")(0 #0!

+)*e/# $'+e "e'")*. F)'*' #(!() A")*'ee* !+!! '&' ,!)(0 +)() !(0

$e(0&!) &'$#()&!*)% !(0 )()(! ,e"*#!*)% )! /e"!*! +!!$ $e"#$#*&!( $'+e

&'$#()&!*) 8e"/! ,e"!$!. K'$#()&!*) e"!+) &e)&! *e*e'"!(0 ,e$/)!"!

$e(!$,!)&!( ,e$/)!"!((! &e,!+! &!!!& +!!$ #,!! $e(0#/! *)&!,

$e"e&!. Te,!(!% )! $e(0e$#&!&!( )0! #(*#"e +!*!" ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*)% !)#

,e$/)!"! *,e!&e"7% ,e*!( $e**!0e7% +!( ,e(+e(0!" )*e(e"7.

11


12/25

S!! *!# &ee$!!( $'+e )() !+!! /!! &'$#()&!*) +)!(00!, e('$e(!

!(0 *!)*. Se*e'"!(0 /e"/)!"!% ,e*!((! /e"!!( &e,!+! &!!!&% +!( &!!!&

$e(+e(0!"&!(. T!!,-!!, +!!$ ,e")*)! )# /e"#"#!( &e)$/!(0 e"!+) *e!"!

*)$#!(. D) *!$,)(0 )#% $'+e )() #0! /e"'* ,!+! &'$#()&!*) !(0 /e"##!(

+)*e(0!!7 !(0 e"!+) &e)&! *e*e'"!(0 /e"#*!! $e$/##& '"!(0 !)( #(#&

$e(e")$! ,e(+!,!(!.

Kee$!!( !)( $'+e "e'")* )() !+!! )+!& +)/!!*(! !*,e&-!*,e&

('(8e"/! +!!$ ,e"*#!*). Me*&),#( +e$)&)!(% &)! !"#* /e"*)&!( !+) #(#& )+!&

$e()!) *#!# $'+e &'$#()&!*) +e(0!( ,e"*,e&) &e&)()!(. Je!* /!! $'+e

A")*'ee* )() e! $e(0)!$) ,!"! ,!&!" &'$#()&!*) !)((! #(#& $e"!(!(0

$'+e-$'+e &'$#()&!*) !(0 e/) /!"#. Ke/!(!&!( $'+e &'$#()&!*) e/) /!"#

!(0 +)&e$/!(0&!( ,!"! !) *e!& 9!$!( A")*'ee* e!, $e(0!(+#(0 )0! #(*#"e

!(0 *!$! < *#$/e" !(0 $e(0)")$&!( ,e*!(% ,e*!( !(0 +)&)")$&!(% +!( ,e(e")$!

,e*!(.

2.$.14 Model Lass5ell

M'+e &'$#()&!*) L!**e /e"#,! #(0&!,!( 8e"/!% !&()<

W'

S!* W!

I( W) !((e

T' W'$

W) W! Ee>

M'+e )() +)&e$#&!&!( H!"'+ L!**e !#( 1@4 !(0 $e(00!$/!"&!(

,"'*e* &'$#()&!*) +#! #(0*)-#(0*) !(0 +)e$/!((! +!!$ $!*!"!&!. L!**e

$e(0e$#&!&!( )0! #(0*) &'$#()&!*)% !)#< ,e"!$!% ,e(0!!*!( )(0(0!( !(0

$e(0)(0!&!( !(00'!-!(00'! $!*!"!&! !&!( /!!! +!( ,e#!(0 +!!$

)(0(0!(= &e+#!% &'"e!*) /e"/!0!) /!0)!( e",)*! +!!$ $!*!"!&! !(0

$e"e*,'(* )(0(0!(= +!( &e)0!% "!(*$)*) !)"*!( *')! +!") *#!# 0e(e"!*) &e

0e(e"!*) !)((!

M'+e L!**e +)&"))& &!"e(! $'+e )# $e(0)*!"!&!( &e!+)"!(

&'$#()&!'" +!( ,e*!( !(0 /e"##!(. M'+e )# #0! +)!(00!, e"!#

$e(e+e"!(!&!( $!*!!. Te!,)% *e)!, *e$#! $'+e !(0 /!)&% $'+e L!**e

$e$'*&!( ,e"!)!( ,!+! !*,e&-!*,e& ,e()(0 &'$#()&!*).

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13/25

2.$.11 Model Ne5'o!6

Te'+'"e Ne'$/ 1@537 $e$!(+!(0 &'$#()&!*) +!") ,e"*,e&) ,*)&''0)-

*'*)!. M'+e(! $e(0)(0!&!( &)! !&!( +)!0"!$ !")(0!( &e'$,'& !(0 +)/#!

'e ,!"! ,*)&''0 *'*)! +!( $e"#,!&!( '"$#!*) !! $e(0e(!) &'(*)*e(*)

&'0()). D!!$ $'+e &'$#()&!*) e"*e/#% Ne'$/ $e(00!$/!"&!( /!!

*e*e'"!(0% A% $e(!$,!)&!( )('"$!*) &e,!+! *e'"!(0 !)((!% B% $e(0e(!) *e*#!#%

. M'+e e"*e/# $e(0!*#$*)&!( /!! '")e(!*) A *)&!,7 e"!+!, B +!( e"!+!,

*!)(0 /e"0!(#(0% +!( &e)0!(! $e"#,!&!( *#!# *)*e$ !(0 e"+)") +!") e$,!

'")e(!*).

1. O")e(!*) A e"!+!, % !(0 $e),#) *)&!, e"!+!, *e/!0!) '/e& !(0

!"#* +)+e&!) !!# +))(+!") +!( !")/# &'0()) &e,e"!!!( +!( !!(!(

&'0())7.

2. O")e(!*) A e"!+!, B% +!!$ ,e(0e")!( !(0 *!$!.

3. O")e(!*) B e"!+!, .

4. O")e(!*) B e"!+!, A.

D!!$ $'+e Ne'$/% &'$#()&!*) !+!! !"! !9)$ +!( ee&) !(0

$e$#(0&)(&!( '"!(0-'"!(0 $e(0'")e(!*)&!( +)") e"!+!, )(0(0!( $e"e&!. I()

!+!! *#!# $'+e )(+!&!( &'$#()&!) +#!-'"!(0 !(0 +)*e(0!!. M'+e )()$e(0)*!"!&!( /!! *e)!, *)*e$ !,! ,#( $#(0&)( +)!(+!) 'e &e*e)$/!(0!(

&e!!( +!( /!! *e)!, ,e"#/!!( +!!$ /!0)!( $!(! ,#( +!") *)*e$ e"*e/#

!&!( $e()$/#&!( &ee0!(0!( e"!+!, &e*e)$/!(0!( !!# *)$e")% &!"e(!

&e)+!&*e)$/!(0!( !!# &e"!(0!( *)$e") *e!"! ,*)&''0)* )+!& $e(e(!(0&!(

+!( $e()$/#&!( e&!(!( )(e"(! #(#& $e$#)&!( &e*e)$/!(0!(.

S)$e") +)$#(0&)(&!( &!"e(! *e*e'"!(0 A7 !(0 *)!, $e$,e")#(0&!(

,e")! *e'"!(0 !)((! B7. S)$e") #0! $e(0e*!&!( '")e(!*) *e*e'"!(0 e"!+!,

. I() $e"#,!&!( !"! !)( #(#& $e(0!!&!( /!! &)! $e$,e"'e +#(0!(

*'*)! +!( ,*)&''0)* /!0) '")e(!*) !(0 &)! !&!(. J)&! B !(0 &)! !"0!) $e()!)

+e(0!( !"! !(0 *!$! *e,e") &)!% &)! e(+e"#(0 e/) $e!&)() '")e(!*) &)!.

M!&! &)! ,#( /e"&'$#()&!*) +e(0!( '"!(0-'"!(0 !(0 &)! !"0!) $e(0e(!) '/e&%

,e")*)!% '"!(0% +!( 0!0!*!( *e$#!(! e"$!*#& 7 !(0 ,e()(0 /!0) &)! #(#&

$e(!,!) &e*e,!&!!( !!# &''")e(!*) !!#% $e(00#(!&!( )*)! Ne'$/% *)$e").

A*)$e") $e"#,!&!( /!0)!( +!") $'+e Ne'$/ &e)&! '"!(0 :*e## #(#& )+!&

*e##;.

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14/25

De(0!( &!! !)(% /)! A +!( B $e$#(!) *)&!, ,'*)) e"!+!, *!# *!$! !)(

+!( e"!+!, '"!(0% 0!0!*!(% !!# /e(+!7 #/#(0!( )# $e"#,!&!( *)$e"). B)! A

+!( B *!)(0 $e$/e()% +!( *!! *!# $e(#&!) % *e+!(0&!( !)((! )+!&%

#/#(0!( )# #0! $e"#,!&!( *)$e"). A&!( e!,)% !,!/)! A +!( B *!)(0 $e(#&!)

e!,) $e"e&! )+!& *e,e(+!,! $e(0e(!) % $!&! #/#(0!( $e"e&! /#&!( *)$e").

D!!$ &'(e&* )()% &ee0!(0!( $#(0&)( !&!( $#(# !(0 $e(#(# $e"e&!

#(#& $e(!") &e*e)$/!(0!( +e(0!( !"! $e0#/! *)&!, *!# ,)!& e"!+!, ,)!&

!)((!% !!# *)&!, $e"e&! e"!+!, . M!&! +!,! +),!!$)% /)! *e'"!(0 ,")! !(0

$e$##*&!( #(#& $e()&!) !()! !!# $e$/e) $'/) !(0 $e(#"# *e/!0)!(

'"!(0 "!(0 ,!(!* /!0)(!% e"#* *!! $e$)(! ,e(+!,! '"!(0 !)( !(0 &)"!-&)"!

$e(+#(0 &e,##*!((! )# +!( $e(0)(+!") ,e(+!,! !(0 /e"e(!(0!(.

2.$.12 Model 7estle8 dan Ma'Lean

T!#( 1@5% B"#e We*e +!( M!'$ M!Le!(% &e+#!(! e'"e)*

&'$#()&!*)% $e"#$#*&!( *#!# $'+e !(0 $e(!, &'$#()&!*) !(!",")/!+) +!(

&'$#()&!*) $!**!% +!( $e$!*#&&!( #$,!( /!)& *e/!0!) /!0)!( )(e0"! +!") ,"'*e*

&'$#()&!*). M'+e We*e +!( M!Le!( )() +),e(0!"#) 'e $'+e Ne'$/%

*e!)( #0! 'e $'+e L!**e +!( $'+e S!(('( +!( We!8e". Me"e&!$e(!$/!&!( #$! ,e")*)!% 0!0!*!(% '/e&% +!( '"!(0 !(0 )+!& e"/!!* +!")

1 )(00! ''7% !(0 &e*e$#!(! $e"#,!&!( :'/e& '")e(!*)%; $e(e$,!&!( *#!#

,e"!( +) !(!"! A +!( B% +!( $e(e+)!&!( #$,!( /!)&.

Me(#"# &e+#! ,!&!" )()% ,e"/e+!!( +!!$ #$,!( /!)& )()! !(0

$e$/e+!&!( &'$#()&!*) !(!",")/!+) +e(0!( &'$#()&!*) $!**!. U$,!( /!)& +!")

,e(e")$! /e"*)! *e0e"! +!!$ &'$#()&!*) !(!",")/!+)% *e$e(!"! +!!$

&'$#()&!*) $!**! /e"*)! $)()$! +!( !!# e"#(+!. S#$/e" +!!$ &'$#()&!*)

$!**! /e"*)! $)()$! +!( !!# e"#(+!. S#$/e" +!!$ &'$#()&!*) !(!!",")/!+)

e/) e/) /e"#(#(0 +!"),!+! &'$#()&!*) $!**! +!!$ !") /!! +!!$ &'$#()&!*)

!(!",")/!+) *#$/e" +!,! !(0*#(0 $e$!(!!&!( #$,!( /!)& +!") ,e(e")$!( #(#&

$e(0e!#) !,!&! ,e*!((! $e(!,!) *!*!"!( +!( *e*#!) +e(0!( ##!(

&'$#()&!*)(! !!# )+!&. D!!$ &'$#()&!*) $!**!% *#$/e"% $)*!(! ,e(e"!$!

!0!$!% !'( ,"e*)+e( !(0 /e"+e/! +!!$ "!(0&! &!$,!(e ,'))&% !!# ,e$!*!(0

)&!(% !(0 +)*)!"&!( ee8)*)% )+!& +!,! *e!"! !(0*#(0 $e(0e!#) /!0!)$!(!

14


15/25

,e(e")$!!( ,e*!((! 'e &!!!& ,e$)"*!. U$,!( /!)& +!,! *!! +)e")$!

,e(0)")$ ,e*!(% e!,) $#(0&)( /e/e"!,! !") !!# /e/e"!,! $)(00# &e$#+)!(.

D!!$ $'+e We*e +!( M!Le!( )() e"+!,! )$! #(*#"% !)# < '/e&

'")e(!*)% ,e*!(% *#$/e"% ,e(e")$!% +!( #$,!( /!)&. S#$/e" A7 $e('"') *#!#

'/e& !!# ,e")*)! e"e(# +!!$ )(0(0!((! 7 +!( $e(),!&!( ,e*!(

$e(0e(!) ! )# 7 !(0 )! &)")$&!( &e,!+! ,e(e")$! B7. P!+! 0))"!((!%

,e(e")$! $e(0)")$&!( #$,!( /!)& $e(00e(!) ,e*!( &e,!+! *#$/e".

We*e +!( M!Le!( $e(!$/!&!( *#!# #(*#" !)( 7. !+!! :,e(!0!

0e"/!(0; gatekeeper 7 !!# ,e$)$,)( ,e(+!,! opinion leader 7 !(0 $e(e")$!

,e*!( 7 +!") *#$/e" $e+)! $!**! A7 !!# $e('"') '/e& '")e(!*) 3% 47

+!!$ )(0(0!((!. Me(00#(!&!( )('"$!*) )()% ,e(!0! 0e"/!(0 &e$#+)!(

$e(),!&!( ,e*!((! *e(+)") 7 !(0 )! &)")$&!( &e,!+! ,e(e")$! B7. $!&!

e"/e(#&! *#!# *)*e$ ,e(!")(0!( &!"e(! ,e(e")$! )+!& $e$,e"'e )('"$!*)

!(0*#(0 +!") *#$/e"(!% $e!)(&!( +!") '"!(0 !(0 $e$)) )('"$!*) +!") /e"/!0!)

*#$/e". M)*!(!% /)! A(+! ,#(! $)(! ,!+! &'$#()&!*) e!(% A(+! +!,!

$e$/!! *e#$! /# +!( $e('('( )$ +'$e(e" !(0 +)*)!"&!( +) ee8)*)

$e(0e(!) ! e"*e/#. A(+! +!,! $e()(00#(0 *e*#!# !(0 /e"&!)!( +e(0!(

e&*,e")$e( #(#& $e(0!!") *)$,!(*e #(#& $e(00#(!&!( /!!*! !(+! +!!$

,e"!&!,!( A(+! +e(0!( *e'"!(0 e$!(. M!&! A(+! $e(!")(0 )('"$!*)% +!(

*e&!)0#* $e$/e" *#!# )(0(0!( !(0 /e"/e+!% &!"e(! A(+! $e$/#! e$!( A(+!

$e('"') *#!# '/e& '")e(!*) !(0 )+!& /e"!+! +!!$ )(0(0!((! !!# !(0

*e/e#$(! )+!& )! ,e"!)&!(.

D!!$ &'$#()&!*) $!**!% #$,!( /!)& +!,! $e(0!)" +e(0!( )0! !"! < +!")

,e(e")$! &e ,e(!0! 0e"/!(0% +!") ,e(e")$! &e *#$/e" $e+)! $!**!% +!( +!")

,e$)$,)( ,e(+!,! &e *#$/e" $e+)! $!**!. We*e +!( M!Le!( )+!& $e$/!!*)

$'+e $e"e&! ,!+! )(0&! )(+)8)+#. B!&!(% $e"e&! $e(e&!(&!( /!! ,e(e")$!

$#(0&)( *#!# &e'$,'& !!# *#!# e$/!0! *')!. Me(#"# $e"e&!% *e)!, )(+)8)+#%

&e'$,'& !!# **e$ $e$#(!) &e/##!( #(#& $e(0)")$ +!( $e(e")$! ,e*!(

*e/!0!) *!"!(! '")e(!*) e"!+!, )(0(0!(.

M'+e We*e +!( M!Le!( $e(!, /e/e"!,! &'(*e, ,e()(0 < #$,!(

/!)&% ,e"/e+!!( +!( &e$)"),!( &'$#()&!*) !(!",")/!+) +e(0!( &'$#()&!*) $!**!%

+!( ,e$)$,)( ,e(+!,! !(0 ,e()(0 *e/!0!) #(*#"e !$/!!( +!!$ &'$#()&!*)

15


16/25

$!**!. M'+e )() #0! $e$/e+!&!( ,e*!( !(0 /e"##!( purposive7 +e(0!( ,e*!(

!(0 )+!& /e"##!( nonpurposive7. Pe*!( !(0 /e"##!( !+!! ,e*!( !(0

+)&)")$&!( *#$/e" #(#& $e(0#/!/ )"! ,e(e")$! $e(0e(!) *e*#!# +!!$

)(0(0!(. Ke)&! A(+! $e(!$,!)&!( ,e*!( &e,!+! *e'"!(0 e$!( $!!*)*!

/!! +'*e( !(0 $e$/e" A(+! ()!) #)!( !(0 /#"#& +)*e/# killer % A(+!

$e(0)")$&!( ,e*!( !(0 ,#",'*). Pe*!( !(0 ('(,#",'*) !+!! ,e*!( !(0

+)&)")$&!( *#$/e" &e,!+! ,e(e")$! *e!"! !(0*#(0 !!# $e!#) ,e(!0! 0e"/!(0

e!,) )+!& +)$!&*#+&!( #(#& $e$e(0!"#) ,e(e")$!. B)! A(+! $e(+e(0!"

*e'"!(0 +'*e( !(0 /e"&'$e(!" $e(0e(!) *e'"!(0 $!!*)*! &e,!+! +'*e( !)((!%

,e*!( e"*e/# /e"*)! ('(,#",'*). D!!$ &!*#* )()% ,e*!( e"*e/# *e/e(!"(!

$e"#,!&!( '/e& '")e(!*) +!!$ )(0(0!( ,e(e")$!.

2.$.1$ Model 9er6ner

M'+e Ge"/(e" 1@567 $e"#,!&!( ,e"#!*!( +!") $'+e L!*e. M'+e )()

e"+)") +!") $'+e 8e"/! +!( $'+e +)!0"!$!)&. M'+e 8e"/! Ge"/(e" !+!!

*e/!0!) /e") <

1. Se*e'"!(0 *#$/e"% &'$#()&!'"7

2. Me$,e"*e,*)&!( *#!# &e!+)!(

3. D!( /e"e!&*)4. D!!$ *#!# *)#!*)

5. Me!#) *#!# !! *!#"!(= $e+)!= "e&!!*! )*)&= !*))!* !+$)()*"!) +!(

&ee$/!0!!( #(#& +)*")/#*) +!( &'("'7

6. U(#& $e(e+)!&!( $!e")

. D!!$ *#!# /e(#&

. D!( &'(e&*

@. !(0 $e(0!(+#(0 )*)

1C. !(0 $e$#(!) *#!# &'(*ee(*)

M'+e +)!0"!$!)& Ge"/(e" !+!! *e/!0!) /e") <

16


17/25

1. Se*e'"!(0 +),e")!&!( *e/!0!) M !(0 /e"!") $!(#*)! !!# $e&!()* M /)!

#"#!( &'$#()&!*)(! $e)/!&!( !! $e&!()*. M $#(0&)( ,e(0)")$ !!#

,e(e")$! ,e*!(% ,e"!((! +)$!&(!) /e"+!*!"&!( e!&(! +!!$ #"#!(

&'$#()&!*)

2. E !+!! &e!+)!( e8e(7 *e/!0!)$!(! +),e"*e,*) 'e M

3. SE !+!! ,e"(!!!( $e(0e(!) ,e")*)!

4. SSE !+!! *)(! $e(0e(!) ,e"(!!!( $e(0e(!) &e!+)!(

5. SSSE !+!! !*) !(0 +)&'$#()&!*)&!(

J!+) $'+e Ge"/(e" $e(#(#&&!( /!! *e*e'"!(0 $e$,e"*e,*) *#!#

&e!+)!( +!( $e(0)")$&!( ,e*!( &e,!+! *#!# "!(*$)e" !(0 ,!+! 0))"!((!

$e(0)")$&!( *)(! &e,!+! ,e(e")$! "ee)8e"7% +!!$ "!(*$)*) )# *)(!

$e(0!+!,) 0!(00#!( +!( $#(# *e/!0!) SSSE /!0) *!*!"!( +e*)(!)'(7.

2.$.1* Model Berlo

M'+e !)( !(0 +)&e(! #!* !+!! $'+e D!8)+ K. Be"'% !(0 I!

&e$#&!&!( ,!+! !#( 1@6C. M'+e )() +)&e(! +e(0!( $'+e SMR% &e,!(!(0!(

+!") S'#"e*#$/e"7% Me**!0e ,e*!(7 !((e *!#"!(7 !(+ Ree)8e" ,e(e")$!7.

Se/!0!)$!(! +)&e$#&!&!( Be"'% *#$/e" !+!! ,)!& !(0 $e(),!&!( ,e*!(% /!)&

*e*e'"!(0 !!#,#( &e'$,'&. Pe*!( !+!! e"e$!!( 0!0!*!( &e +!!$ &'+e

*)$/')&% *e,e") /!!*! !!# )*!"!% *!#"!( !+!! $e+)#$ !(0 $e$/!! ,e*!(%

+!( ,e(e")$! !+!! '"!(0 !(0 $e(!+) *!*!"!( &'$#()&!*).

Be"' #0! $e(00!$/!"&!( &e/##!( ,e(!(+) encoder 7 +!( ,e(!(+) /!)& decoder 7 +!!$ ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*). E('+e" /e"!(00#(0 !!/ $e(0e&*,"e*)&!(

17


18/25

$!&*#+ *#$/e" +!!$ /e(#& ,e*!(. D!!$ *)#!*) !!,-$#&!% #(0*) ,e(!(+)!(

+)!&!( e! $e&!()*$e 8'&! +!( *)*e$ '' *#$/e" !(0 $e(0!*)&!( ,e*!(

8e"/! +!( ('(8e"/!. N!$#(% $#(0&)( #0! e"+!,! *e'"!(0 !)( !(0 $e(!(+)

,e*!(.

D!!$ *)#!*) !!, $#&!% &e'$,'& &e) +!( &'$#()&!*) ,#/)& ,)+!'7%

*!#"!( &'$#()&!*)(! !+!! #+!"! !(0 $e(!#"&!( 0e'$/!(0 *#!"!. D!!$

&'$#()&!*) $!**!% e"+!,! /!(!& *!#"!( < ee8)*)% "!+)'% *#"! &!/!"% /#% +!(

$!!!. M'+e Be"' #0! $e#&)*&!( /e/e"!,! !&'" ,")/!+) !(0 $e$e(0!"#)

,"'*e* &'$#()&!*) < &ee"!$,)!( /e"&'$#()&!*)% ,e(0e!#!(% *)*e$ *'*)! +!(

)(0(0!( /#+!! *#$/e" +!( ,e(e")$!. Pe*!( +)&e$/!(0&!( /e"+!*!"&!( ee$e( %

*"#&#"% )*)% ,e"!!(% +!( &'+e. S!#"!((! /e"#/#(0!( +e(0!( ,!(! )(+e"! <

$e)!% $e(+e(0!"% $e(e(#% $e$/!#)% +!( $e"!*!). M'+e )() e/) /e"*)!

'"0!()*!*)'(! +!"),!+! $e(+e*&"),*)&!( ,"'*e* &!"e(! )+!& $e(e!*&!( #$,!(

/!)&.

S!! *!# &ee/)!( $'+e Be"' !+!! /!! $'+e )() )+!& e"/!!* ,!+!

&'$#()&!*) ,#/)& !!# &'$#()&!*) $!**!% e!,) #0! &'$#()&!*) !(!",")/!+) +!(

/e"/!0!) /e(#& &'$#()&!*) e"#)*. M'+e Be"' #0! e/) /e"*)! e#")*)

$e"!(0*!(0 ,e(0e!#!(7% &!"e(! $e")() #(*#"-#(*#" ,e()(0 +!!$ ,"'*e*

&'$#()&!*). M'+e Be"' #0! $e$))&) &ee"/!!*!(. Me*&),#( Be"' $e(0!(00!,

&'$#()&!*) *e/!0!) ,"'*e*% $'+e Be"'% *e,e") #0! $'+e A")*'ee*% $e(!)&!(

&'$#()&!*) *e/!0!) e('$e(! !(0 *!)* &e)$/!(0 e('$e(! !(0 +)(!$)* +!(

e"#* /e"#/!.

2.$.1- Model De"leur

M'+e Me8)( L. DeFe#"% *e,e") $'+e We*e +!( M!Le!(%

$e(00!$/!"&!( $'+e &'$#()&!*) $!**! &e)$/!(0 &'$#()&!*) !(!",")/!+).

Se,e") +)!) DeFe#"% $'+e(! $e"#,!&!( ,e"#!*!( +!") $'+e-$'+e !(0

+)&e$#&!&!( ,!"! !) !)(% &#*#*(! S!(('( +!( We!8e"% +e(0!( $e$!*#&&!(

,e"!(0&! $e+)! $!**! mass medium device7 +!( ,e"!(0&! #$,!( /!)& feedback

+e8)e7. I! $e(00!$/!"&!( *#$/e" source7% ,e$!(!" transmitter 7% ,e(e")$!

receiver 7% +!( *!*!"!( destination7. Se/!0!) !*e-!*e !(0 +)0!$/!"&!( S"!$$

*'#"e , encoder, signal, decoder, destination7 +!!$ ,"'*e* &'$#()&!*) $!**!.

T"!(*$)e" +!( "ee)8e" +!!$ $'+e DeFe#"% *e,e") #0! "!(*$)e" +!( "ee)8e"

18


19/25

+!!$ $'+e S!(('( +!( We!8e"% ,!"!e +e(0!( e('+e" +!( +e'+e" +!!$ $'+e

S"!$$. Source +!( transmitter !+!! +#! !*e !!# +#! #(0*) /e"/e+! !(0

+)!&!( *e*e'"!(0. Ke)&! *e*e'"!(0 /e"/)!"!% )! $e$)) *)$/'-*)$/' #(#&

$e(!!&!( $!&(! +e('!) +!( &'('!) $e"#$#*&!( $!&(! &e +!!$ ,e*!(7 +!(

&e$#+)! $e(0#!,&!((! *e!"! 8e"/! !!# $e(#)*&!( *)$/'-*)$/' )()

*e+e$)&)!( "#,! *e)(00! /e"#/! $e(!+) ,e")*)! !(0 +!,! +)+e(0!"&!( !!#

+))! !(0 +!,! +),e"*e,*) *e/!0!) "!(0*!(0!( 'e &!!!&(!.

F#(0*) "ee)8e" +!!$ $'+e DeFe#" !+!! $e(e")$! )('"$!*) +!(

$e(!(+)-/!)&(!$e(0#/! ,e")*)! )*)& )('"$!*) $e(!+) ,e*!(. D!!$

,e"!&!,!( /)!*!% "ee)8e" )() $e"##& &e,!+! !! ,e(+e(0!"!( $!(#*)!% !(0

$e(e")$! 0e!"!( #+!"! +!( $e(0#/!(! $e(!+) )$,#* *!"!% *e)(00! $e(!+)

*)$/' 8e"/! !(0 +!,! +)&e(!. D!!$ &'$#()&!*) e"#)*% $e&!()*$e 8)*#!

$e$#(!) #(0*) !(0 *e!!".

Me(#"# DeFe#" &'$#()&!*) /#&!(! ,e$)(+!!( $!&(!. K'$#()&!*)

e"!+) e! ',e"!*) *e,e"!(0&! &'$,'(e( +!!$ *#!# *)*e$ e'"))*% !(0

&'(*ee(*)(! !+!! isomorfisme +)!(!"! "e*,'( )(e"(! $!&(!7 e"!+!,

*e,e"!(0&! *$/' e"e(# ,!+! ,)!& ,e(0)")$ +!( ,e(e")$!. I*'$'")*$e $!&(!

$e"##& ,!+! #,!! $e$/#! $!&(! e"&''"+)(!*)&!( !(!"! ,e(0)")$ +!( &!!!&.

2.$.1/ Model Tu66s

19


20/25

M'+e )() +)&e$/!(0&!( 'e Se!" L. T#//*. M'+e )() $e(00!$/!"&!(

&'$#()&!*) !(0 ,!)(0 $e(+!*!"% !)# &'$#()&!*) +#! '"!(0 +)!+)&7. M'+e

&'$#()&!*) T#//* *e*#!) +e(0!( &'(*e, &'$#()&!*) *e/!0!) "!(*!&*)% !(0

$e(0!*#$*)&!( &e+#! ,e*e"! &'$#()&!*) *e/!0!) ,e(0)")$ +!( *e&!)0#* #0!

,e(e")$! ,e*!(. Ke)&! &)! /e"/)!"! $e(0)")$&!( ,e*!(7% *e/e(!"(! &)! #0!

$e(0!$!) ,e")! $)"! /)!"! &)! +!( &)! /e"e!&*) e"!+!, ,e")!(! !(0 &)!

)! e"*e/#. P"'*e*(! /e"*)! )$/! /!)& !!# *!)(0 $e$e(0!"#). P"'*e*

&'$#()&!*) #0! /e"!(0*#(0 *,'(!( +!( *e"e(!&. K!"e(! )#% &)! $e)! /!!

&e+#! ,e*e"! &'$#()&!*) +)*e/# &'$#()&!'" 1 +!( &'$#()&!'" 2. Pe(00#(!!!(

('$'" 1 +!( 2 )# *e/e(!"(! /e"*)! *e/!"!(0 *!!% )+!& ''$!)* /e"!") /!!

&'$#()&!'" 1 *e/!0!) '"!(0 !(0 ,#(! )()*)!) ,e"!$! #(#& $e(0)")$&!( ,e*!(

,e"!$! &!)(! +!( &'$#()&!'" 2 *e/!0!) ,e(e")$! ,e*!( #(#& ,e"!$! &!)(!%

$e*&),#( #(#& $e$#+!&!( ,e$!!$!(% &)! +!,! *!! $e(0&'(*e,#!)*!*)&!(

&'$#()&!*) *e,e") )#.

K'$#()&!*) +!,! *!! +)$#!) 'e &'$#()&!'" 1 !!#,#( &'$#()&!'" 2.

N!$#( +!!$ &e(!!!((!% &e+#! '"!(0 )# $e(0)")$ +!( $e(e")$! ,e*!(

*e,!(!(0 !&#. D!!$ &e)+#,!( *e!")-!")% &'$#()&!*) )# *#!# ,"'*e* !(0

*)(!$/#(0% !(,! !! +!( !(,! !&)". A")(! !,! !(0 &)! !(00!, !!&'$#()&!*) )# *e/e(!"(! $e"#,!&!( &e!(#!( +!") e('$e(! &'$#()&!*) !(0

e"!+) *e/e#$(!% /!)& +e(0!( '"!(0 /e"*!(0!( !!# ,#( +e(0!( ,)!& !)(% +!(

!,! !(0 &)! !(00!, !&)" &'$#()&!*) #0! !&!( /e"!(# +e(0!( ,e")*)!

&'$#()&!*) /e")(!% /!)& +e(0!( +)") &)! !0) !!#,#( +e(0!( ,)!& !)(.

P!(+!(0!( "!(*!&*)'(! $e(0e(!) &'$#()&!*) $e(!"!(&!( /!! &)! $e(0!!$)

,e"#/!!( *e/!0!) !*) e"!+)(! &'$#()&!*). P!+! $'+e e"*e/#% ,e"#/!!( )()

$e(0)*!"!&!( /!! &'$#()&!*) /e"*)! irreversible. A")(!% &)! )+!& +!,! !0)

/e"!+! +!!$ ,'*)*) *e$#! /!)& +!!$ ,e(0e!#!(% ,e(0!!$!(% !!#,#( *)&!,7%

*e/e#$ *#!# ,e*!( +!)(0 &e,!+! &)!. L)(0&!"!(-)(0&!"!( $)"), *,)"! !(0 /e"!+!

+) /e!&!(0 )(0&!"!( ,e"!$! ,!)(0 +e,!(7 $e(#(#&&!( #(*#"e !&# !(0 e"#*

/e"!!(% $e(!(+!&!( &'$#()&!*) *e/!0!) ,"'*e* +)(!$)* !(0 $e()$/#&!(

,e"#/!!( ,!+! ,!"! ,e*e"! &'$#()&!*).

M'+e &'$#()&!*) T#//* $e#&)*&!(% /!)& &'$#()&!'" 1 !!# &'$#()&!'" 2

e"#* $e(e"#* $e$,e"'e $!*#&!(% !&() "!(0*!(0!( !(0 /e"!*! +!") +!!$

!!#,#( +!") #!" +)")(!% !(0 *#+! /e"!# !!#,#( !(0 *e+!(0 /e"!(0*#(0% #0!

20


21/25

*e$#! ,e(0!!$!((! +!!$ +!( ,e(0e!#!((! $e(0e(!) +#()! )*)& +!( *'*)!

!(0 $e"e&! ,e"'e e! )(+e"! $e"e&!. Pe*!( +!!$ $'+e T#//* +!,! /e"#,!

,e*!( 8e"/!% #0! ('(8e"/!% /)*! +)*e(0!! !!#,#( )+!& +)*e(0!!. S!#"!((!

!+!! !! )(+e"!% e"#!$! ,e(+e(0!"!(% ,e(0)!!(% +!( ,e"!/!!(. G!(00#!(

+!!$ $'+e T#//* e"/!0) +#!% 0!(00#!( e&()* +!( 0!(00#!( *e$!()&. G!(00#!(

e&()* !+!! !&'" !(0 $e(e/!/&!( *) ,e(e")$! $e"!*!&!( ,e"#/!!( +!!$

)('"$!*) !!# "!(0*!(0!( !(0 )/!% $)*!(! &e0!+#!(. G!(00#!( )() #0! +!,!

/e"!*! +!") ,e(0)")$ ,e*!(% $)*!(! '"!(0 !(0 $e(0!!$) &e*#)!( /)!"!. A!#

!(0 /e"/)!"! e"!# ,e!( )(00! (!")* )+!& e"+e(0!". G!(00#!( *e$!() !+!!

,e$/e")!( $!&(! !(0 /e"/e+! !!* !$/)(0 !(0 +)*!$,!)&!( ,e(0)")$.

R)(0&!* &!!% $e*&),#( +!!$ $'+e )# &'$#()&!'" 1 +!( &'$#()&!'" 2 $e$))&)

#(*#"e-#(*#" !(0 *!$! !(0 #0! +)+e)()*)&!( *!$! < $!*#&!(% ,e(!")(0% ,e*!(%

*!#"!(% 0!(00#!(% #(*#"e-#(*#" e"*e/# e!, /e"/e+! +!!$ $#!!((!.

2.$.1 Model 9ud8kunst dan i!

M'+e W))!$ B. G#+(* +!( '#(0 #( K)$ *e/e(!"(! $e"#,!&!(

$'+e &'$#()&!*) !(!"/#+!!% !&() &'$#()&!*) !(!"! '"!(0-'"!(0 !(0 /e"!*!

+!") /#+!! /e"!)(!(% !!# &'$#()&!*) +e(0!( '"!(0 !*)(0 stranger 7. M'+e&'$#()&!*) )() ,!+! +!*!"(! *e*#!) #(#& &'$#()&!*) !!,-$#&!% &#*#*(! !(!"!

+#! '"!(0. Me*&),#( +)*e/# $'+e &'$#()&!*) !(!"/#+!! !!# $'+e &'$#()&!*)

+e(0!( '"!(0 !*)(0% $'+e &'$#()&!*) e"*e/# +!,! $e"e,"e*e(!*)&!( &'$#()&!*)

!(!"! *)!,! *!!% &!"e(! ,!+! +!*!"(! )+!& !+! +#! '"!(0 !(0 $e$#(!) /#+!!%

*'*)'/#+!! +!( ,*)&'/#+!! !(0 ,e"*)* *!$!.

21


22/25

Se,e") $'+e T#//*% $'+e G#+(* +!( K)$ $e(0!*#$*)&!( +#! '"!(0

!(0 *e!"! +!!$ /e"&'$#()&!*)% $!*)(0-$!*)(0 *e/!0!) ,e(0)")$ +!( *e&!)0#*

*e/!0!) ,e(e")$!% !!# &e+#!(! *e&!)0#* $e!&!( ,e(!(+)!( encoding 7 +!(

,e(!(+)!( /!)& decoding 7. K!"e(! )#% !$,!& ,#! /!! ,e*!( *#!# ,)!&

*e&!)0#* #0! !+!! #$,!( /!)& /!0) ,)!& !)((!. Pe*!( !!# #$,!( /!)& !(!"!

&e+#! ,e*e"! &'$#()&!*) +)"e,"e*e(!*)&!( 'e 0!")* +!") ,e(!(+)!( *e*e'"!(0 &e

,e(!(+)!(-/!)& '"!(0 !)( +!( +!") ,e(!(+)!( '"!(0 &e+#! &e ,e(!(+)!(-/!)&

'"!(0 ,e"!$!. Ke+#! 0!")* ,e*!( !!# #$,!( /!)& $e(#(#&&!( /!! *e)!, &)!

/e"&'$#()&!*)% *e!"! *e"e(!& &)! $e(!(+) +!( $e(!(+)-/!)& ,e*!(. De(0!(

&!! !)(% &'$#()&!*) )+!& *!)*= &)! )+!& $e(!(+) *#!# ,e*!( +!( )+!&

$e!&!( !,!-!,! )(00! &)! $e(e")$! #$,!( /!)&. K)! $e$,"'*e* "!(0*!(0!(

!(0 +!!(0 $e(!(+)-/!)&7 ,!+! *!! &)! #0! $e(!(+) ,e*!(.

Me(#"# G#+(* +!( K)$% ,e(!(+)!( ,e*!( +!( ,e(!(+)!(-/!)& ,e*!(

$e"#,!&!( ,"'*e* )(e"!&) !(0 +),e(0!"#) 'e )e"-)e" &'(*e,#! !(0

+)&!e0'")&!( $e(!+) !&'"-!&'" /#+!!% *'*)'/#+!!% ,*)&'/#+!! +!( !&'"

)(0(0!(. L)(0&!"!( !(0 ,!)(0 +!!$% !(0 $e(0!(+#(0 )(e"!&*) !(!"!

,e(!(+)!( ,e*!( +!( ,e(!(+)!(-/!)& ,e*!(% +)&e))(0) )0! )(0&!"!( !)((! !(0

$e"e,"e*e(!*)&!( ,e(0!"# /#+!!% *'*)'/#+!!% +!( ,*)&'/#+!!. M!*)(0-$!*)(0

,e*e"! &'$#()&!*)% !&() '"!(0 A +!( '"!(0 B% +),e(0!"#) /#+!!% *'*)'/#+!!%

+!( ,*)&'/#+!!% /e"#,! )(0&!"!(-)(0&!"!( +e(0!( 0!")* !(0 e",##*-,##*. G!")*

e",##*-,##* )# $e(#(#&&!( /!! /#+!!% *'*)'/#+!!% +!( ,*)&'/#+!! )#

*!)(0 /e"#/#(0!( !!# *!)(0 $e$e(0!"#). Ke+#! '"!(0 !(0 $e!&)) $'+e

22


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#0! /e"!+! +!!$ &'!& +e(0!( 0!")* e",##*-,##* !(0 $e!&)) ,e(0!"#

)(0(0!(. G!")* e",##*-,##* !(0 $e$/e(#& &'!& e"*e/# $e(#(#&&!(

/!! )(0(0!( e"*e/# /#&!(! *#!# **e$ e"##, !!# e")*'!*).

G#+(* +!( K)$ /e",e(+!,!% ,e(0!"# /#+!! +!!$ $'+e )# $e),#)

!&'"-!&'" !(0 $e(e!*&!( &e$)"),!( +!( ,e"/e+!!( /#+!!% $)*!(!

,!(+!(0!( +#()! !0!$!7% /!!*!% #0! *)&!, &)! e"!+!, $!(#*)!% $)*!(! !,!&!

&)! !"#* ,e+#) e"!+!, )(+)8)+# )(+)8)+#!)*$e7 !!# e"!+!, &e'$,'&

&'e&)8)*$e7. F!'"-!&'" e"*e/# $e$e(0!"#) ()!)% ('"$!% +!( !#"!( !(0

$e$e(0!"#) ,e")! &'$#()&!*) &)!. Pe(0!"# *'*)'/#+!! !+!! ,e(0!"# !(0

$e(!(0 ,"'*e* ,e(!!!( *'*)!. S!! *!# #(*#" !(0 $ee(0&!,) $'+e

G#+(* +!( K)$ !+!! )(0(0!(. L)(0(0!( $e$e(0!"#) &)! +!!$

$e(!(+) +!( $e(!(+)-/!)& ,e*!(. L'&!*) 0e'0"!)*% )&)$% *)#!*) !"*)e&#"!

)(0(0!( )*)&7% +!( ,e"*e,*) &)! !!* )(0(0!( e"*e/#% $e$e(0!"#) !"! &)!

$e(!*)"&!( "!(0*!(0!( !(0 +!!(0 +!( ,"e+)&*) !(0 &)! /#! $e(0e(!) ,e")!

'"!(0 !)(. Oe &!"e(! '"!(0 !)( $#(0&)( $e$#(!) ,e"*e,*) +!( '")e(!*) !(0

/e"/e+! e"!+!, )(0(0!(% $e"e&! $#(0&)( $e(!*)"&!( ,e")! +e(0!( !"!

!(0 /e"/e+! +!!$ *)#!*) !(0 *!$!.

23


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BAB III

PENUTUP

$.1 esi!:ulan

M'+e !+!! "e,"e*e(!*) *#!# e('$e(!% /!)& (!! $!#,#( !/*"!&% +e(0!(

$e('('&!( #(*#"-#(*#" e",e()(0 e('$e(!. De(0!( !+!(! $'+e% ,e(e!*!( *#!#

e('$e(! +!,! +)e!*&!( +e(0!( $#+!. M'+e &'$#()&!*) $e"#,!&!( +e*&"),*) )+e!

$e(0e(!) !,! !(0 +)/##&!( #(#& e"!+)(! &'$#()&!*). M'+e &'$#()&!*)

$e"e,"e*e(!*)&!( *e!"! !/*"!& )")-)") ,e()(0 +!( $e(0)!(0&!( ")()!( &'$#()&!*)

!(0 )+!& ,e"# +!!$ +#()! (!!.

D!!$ )$# &'$#()&!*) *e/e(!"(! e"+!,! "!#*!( $'+e &'$#()&!*). K)! )+!&

$#(0&)( $e$/!!* $'+e-$'+e e"*e/# *!# ,e"*!#. N!$#( +!") !(0 e! +)#"!)&!(

+!!$ $!&!! )()% *e)!, $'+e $e$#(!) &ee/)!( +!( &e"!(0!((! $!*)(0-$!*)(0.

T)+!& !+! $'+e !(0 /e(!" !!# !(0 *!!. Se)!, $'+e !(! +!,! +)#" /e"+!*!"&!(

&e$!(!!!((! &e)&! +)!+!,&!( +e(0!( +#()! (!!% &#*#*(! &e)&! +)0#(!&!( #(#&

$e(!")(0 +!! +!!$ ,e(e))!(. Se!)( )#% $'+e !(0 +)"!(!(0% #(*#"-#(*#" $'+e +!(

#/#(0!( !(!"! /e"/!0!) #(*#" e"*e/#% /e"0!(#(0 ,!+! ,e"*,e&) !(0 +)0#(!&!( 'e

,e(e)) e/) !(#.

24


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DA"TA, PUSTAA

B#(0)(% B#"!(. 2CC6. Sosiologi Komunikasi: eori, !aradigma, dan "iskursus eknologi

Komunikasi di Masyarakat . J!&!"!< P"e(!+! Me+)! G"'#,

K'$!!% L#&)!). 2CC@. #lmu Komunikasi !erspektif, !roses, dan Konteks. B!(+#(0< W)+!

P!+!!"!(

M#!(!% De++. 2C11. #lmu Komunikasi Suatu !engantar . J!&!"!< PT Re$!! R'*+!&!"!

S)!/#+)(% A$!+. 2C11. Komunikasi $ntarbudaya Satu !erspektif Multidimensi. J!&!"!< PT

B#$) A&*!"!

S''$#&)% N#"!(). 2C12. !engantar #lmu Komunikasi. '0!&!"!< A" R#99 Me+)!

3. model - model komunikasi

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