3. ptd - participatory technology development

PTDPhttrinkthutcsthamgia

(Tibnln2)

Binson:NguynDuyCn(Chbin)JohanRockNicoVromant

PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA

i

Ligiithiu

Trongmtnlcnhmmcchgipchohotngkhuynnngchiuqu,ChngtrnhKhuynNngCSThamGiaCcTnhPhaNam (PAEX)do tchcHp tcPht trinvH trK thutcaVngqucB(VVOB)phihpviVinNghincuPhtTrinngbngsngCuLong,ihcCnThthchinnhiukhohunluynchocnbkhuynnngcctnhngbngsngCuLongvPTD PhngphpPhttrinkthutcsthamgia. y l tiliurtquantrngcdnKhuynnngngbngsngCuLong (MDAEP) xut bn ln th nht nm 2006.Cun sch ny sdngchocckhahunluyn,nlcsllunvlthuytcbncacch tipcnkhuynnngc s thamgia,v c tnghp tnhiungunt liukhcnhau.Vvy, PAEXchotibn ln2cunschPTDPhngphpPhttrinkthutcsthamgiapngnhucucacgi,lmtiliusdngchooto,hunluynvthamkho.

Nidung ca cun schnybaogm cc thng tinv cc c imtng qut caPTD, cc knng v thi , cc cng c vphngphp tipcn trong tin trnhPTD trongnngdn l trng tmtrong tin trnhkhuynnng c s thamgia.Ti liuny cvitmtcchcng,ngin, trnhbych thngvcnhiuvdminhha,cthgipbncthuntintrongthamkhovpdng.

Mc d y l ln ti bn th hai, nhng chc chn vn cn nhiukhimkhuyt,chng ti rtmongnhn c sgpcabn c,ngisdnglnxutbnsauchonthinhn.

Ngy6thng7nm2009

NguynDuyCn&SimonJeanmart


ii

CcchvitttPTD ParticipatoryTechnologyDevelopment (PhttrinKthutCsthamgia)

TOT TransferofTechnology (Chuyngiaokthut)

CBKN Cnbkhuynnng

CLB Culcb

TN Thnghim

TNV ThnghimvinMARD MinistryofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment (BNngnghipvPhttrinNngthn)

NAEC NationalAgriculturalExtensionCenter (TrungtmKhuynnngQucgia)


iii

Danhschhnh

Hnh1.Sdngngnnhcthkhngthchhp 28

Hnh2.Sdngngnnhcththchhp 28

Hnh3.Cyvnvtmchthnglot 38

Hnh4.Cytng 43

Hnh5.MatrnxphnglachnccginglathnghimtimtCLBnngdn

46

Hnh6.Thchnhngnoviccthghi 95

Hnh7.CyvnvmtCtyxebus 107

Hnh8.Nngdnthamgiaxphngmatrnlachncytrngutin

113


iv

MclcLigiithiu................................................................................ iCcchvittt............................................................................ iiDanhschhnh............................................................................ iiiPhnIGiithiuvPTD...................................................... 1

Phttrinkthutcsthamgia....................................... 3 PTDvcctngikhc............................................ 3 CccimchyucaPTD............................... 3 CcbccaPTD...................................................... 7 VaitrcacnbkhuynnngtrongPTD.......... 10 Nhngtrngiivisthamgia....................... 12

Cngngkhngngnht................................................ 14 Khcnhauvkinht................................................. 14 Khcnhauvgii,gianamvn........................ 15 Khcnhauvtuitc,gianngdntrvgi... 15 Khcnhauvsthch............................................... 15

Nhngkhcnhauvgii...................................................... 18 Cngvicsnxut..................................................... 19 Cngvicnh............................................................. 19 Cngvicxhi......................................................... 19

PhnIICcknngvThi............................................ 21CcknngthamgiavThi......................................... 23

Nhng li thnggp tronggiao tipvinngdn...............................................................................

23


v

Ccknngthamgiavthi............................. 25 osubngcchno?........................................... 29 Trcquanha............................................................ 32

PhnIIITintrnhPTD........................................................ 33Bc1Xcnhcctrngi/nhucu............................... 35

Xcnhcctrngi/nhucu.................................. 35 Cchchnvnmuchtgiiquyt.......... 37

Bc2Xcnhgiiphp/tngmi......................... 40 Xcnhccgiiphpkhthi,tngmi......... 40 Cchphthingiiphpkhthi............................. 41 Chngiiphpthnghim................................ 46

Bc3Thnghimgiiphp/tngmi................... 49 Thnghimcanngdn......................................... 49 Nghincuthnghimhinticanngdn...... 52 Cngcthnghimcanngdn......................... 56 Theodivnhgithnghim............................. 62 Phttrincctiuchtheodivnhgi........... 63 Sdngtiuchcanngdnnhgi.......... 63 Cchgiranhngtiuchcanngdn......... 65 Thuthpsliuvghichp.................................... 67 nhgithnghim................................................. 68

Bc4Phtrinktqui................................................... 75 QungbtrongToTvPTD................................... 75 QungbtruynthngvPTD............................... 78 Phngtinnghenhn............................................ 80


vi

Tiliubm............................................................. 85 Thamquanhctp.................................................... 86 NngdnNhngkhuynnngvin................... 89

PhnIVCccngchtr................................................... 93Phngphpngno......................................................... 95

Vtdngcnthit...................................................... 95 Ccbc...................................................................... 96 Nhnguim......................................................... 97 Nhngnhcim................................................... 98

Phnnhm(buzzgroup)....................................................... 99 Nhngvtliucnthit........................................... 99 Ccbc...................................................................... 99 Nhnguim......................................................... 101 Nhngnhcim................................................... 102

Cyvn(problemstree)................................................... 103 Nhngvtliucnthit........................................... 103 Ccbc...................................................................... 103 Nhnguim......................................................... 106 Nhngnhcim................................................... 106

Phngvnbncutrc......................................................... 108 Ccbc...................................................................... 108 Nhnguim......................................................... 109 Nhngnhcim................................................... 109

Xphngmatrn(matrixranking)..................................... 111 Nhngvtliucnthit........................................... 111


vii

Ccbctinhnh.................................................... 111 Nhnguim......................................................... 114 Nhngnhcim................................................... 115

Xphnggiungho........................................................... 116 Giithiu.................................................................... 116 Ldoxphng........................................................... 116 Ccbc...................................................................... 117

Tiliuthamkho................................................................ 119

PTD PHT TRIN K THUT C S THAM GIA 1

NGY:THIGIAN:

HNGDNVIN:

MCTIU:

Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurcckhinimv c im chnh caPTD,hiu rvai tr ca cnbkhuynnng (CBKN) trongPTD,hiu r skhcbitvcng ngvgii.

PhnIGiithiuvPTD


CCNIDUNG:

1.GiithiuPTDvcctnkhc2.GiithiucccimcaPTD,ccbctrongPTD3.VaitrcaCBKNtrongPTD4.Nhngtrngiivisthamgia5.Giithiuvskhngngnhttrongcngng6.Phntchnhngkhcbitvgii

YUCUHUNLUYN:

S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm,hctnhhung,v.v...choccnidungtrn

TRHUNC:

LCD hay OHP projector, bng phn, giy kh ln (A0), vitmarker


PHTTRINKTHUTCSTHAMGIA(PTD)

PTDVCCTNGIKHC

PTD l tnvit tt ca Participatory technologydevelopment,tmdchlPhttrinkthutcsthamgia.PTDcnccctnkhc:

Nghincuvkhuynnngcsthamgia Nng dn ngi ng vai tr chnh trong nghin cu v

khuynnng ThnghimvkhuynnngtrncscngngCCCIMCHYUCAPTD

NhngcimchyucaPTDbaogm: Nghin cu v khuyn nng c hng theo nng dn.

Nng dn ngi ng vai tr chnh trong nghin cu vkhuynnngckthpmtcchchtch.Skthpny

PhnIGiithiuvPTD

Bichngdn


xyracpcanngh,khngphichcpcacccquannghincuvkhuynnnghptcvinngdn.

Cc cng ng nng dn th khng ng nht. Trong cngng cnhngnngdn kh/giu,mt sngi khc thnghohn,mtshlnam,vmtsln.Mtsngitrongcngng thch trng la,mtskhc th thch trngcynquhn,v.v.

Nghincuvkhuynnngtheotruynthngcxuhngtp trungvonhngnngdnkhgivnamgii.Nhngnngdnnghohnvphnthngkhngcchti.Tuynhin,phngphpPTDcgnglmchonhngnhmthitthicththamgiavo.QuanimcahstrnnlmtphnquantrngcatintrnhPTD.

PTDthanhnnngdnnhlnhngchuyngia,gingnhlccnhnghincuvkhuynnng.TrongPTD,ccnhnghincuhaycccnbkhuynnng(CBKN)vnngdnhotngbnhng,nhnhngitc.

Nngdncrtnhiukinthcvkinhnghimthct.Hlun nghin cumi trng ca h,mi trng t nhincngnhmitrngkinhtvchnhsch.

Hlintcthchinthnghim,thnghimnhngtngmi, c gng thchnghi vinhng thay i bn trongmitrngcah.Quanimnygipcc thhnngdnphttrinhthngcanhtccah,thngcachnhh.

Nngdncngcthhctnhngngikhc.Hkhuyncovchdnlnnhau.Thtvy,sphtrintnngdnnnngdnlmttrongnhngkiukhuynnngchiuqunht.


Ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngcthgipchonngdntngshiubit.Hctharanhngkinmimnngdnchaaratrc.

Tngtnhvy,ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngcthhchirtnhiutnngdn.Nngdncthgiphhiuchthngcanhtcaphng.Nngdncthgiph tm kim cc k thutmi t cch nhn ca nng dn.TrongPTD,cckinthcbnacanngdnvkinthckhoahccaccnhnghincuhaykhuynnngscgnktvinhau.

TrongPTD,trngtmlnngdnlmccthnghimhnlCBKN lm cc trnhdin chonngdn.Nhng thnghimcanngdncthdnnnhngkhuyncokthut.

TrongPTD,nngdnsnmlyquynlnho.Nngdnsquytnhvngnncgiiquyt.Hsquytnhccthnghimgsclm.Nngdnsthitk,thchinvnhginhngthnghimny.Hcngsphbinccktqucaccthnghim.

Vai tr ch yu ca cn b khuyn nng l iu hnh tothunlichoqutrnhny.CBKNcnphilmchccccngcvphicknngtronggiaotipcsthamgia.HphichcchnrngttcccthnhvincaCLBnngdn(haynhmnngdn)ucthamgiavocuctholun,cbit lnngdnnghovnhngphn.Hinnhin lCBKN c th a ra cc kin ca chnhmnh trong cuctholunnhngkhngptn.


SOSNHPHNGPHPTOT&PTD

Cctiuch TOT PTD

Mcch pdngcctinbkthutmi

Phttrincctinbkthutmibichnhnngdn

Ngunkthutmi

Canhnghincu

Canngdncbsungbinhnghincu

Phngphpthnghim

Phngphpkhoahcthunty(thngk)

Phngphpcanngdncbsungbiphngphpkhoahcngin

Phbinktqu

Khuynnngvin,phngtinthngtinichng

adng:nngdn,khuynnngvin,thngtinichng,v.v.

Tintrnh/giaotip

Bibn,chottrnxung,pt

Bnchnhthc,csthamgia

Vaitrcanngdn

Nginhn,ngipdng

Ngisngto,quytnh,thnghimvin,nginhgi,sdng

VaitrcacnCBKN

Ngidy,ngikimsot

adng:ngiiuhnh(thcy),htr,idin,v.v.


CCBCCAPTD

Trc khi bt u tin trnh PTD, trn thc t c nhiu hotng chun bnn c thchin.Nhnghot ngny baogm: chn la cc im cng ng v cc cu lc b (cu lc b

khuynnnghayculcbnngdnvitttlCLB), giithiuchngtrnhnccthnhvincaCLB, thchinPRAcnhnghiubitcbnvCLBvcch

thngcanhtcaphng, hunluynchoccCBKNtiim,vvv...

TintrnhcaPTDbaogm5bcdinralintc.PTDgmccc bc xc nh v phn tch vn , tm cc gii php, thnghim,phbinktqu,vthchhanhnrngPTD.

1. XC NH TR NGI/ NHU CU

2. XC NH GII PHP, TNG MI

3. TH NGHIM CC GII PHP

4. PH TRIN KT QU

5. TH CH HA - NHN RNG


Bc1Xcnhtrngi/nhucuCcthnhvincaCLBsxcnhvphntchccvnmhanggpphi.Hscgngxcnhccnguynnhnchyucaccvnnyvthitlpnnmiquanhgianguynnhn huqu.H squytnhccvnnomhmungiiquyt.

Bc2Xcnhccgiiphp,tngmiCc thnhvin caCLB s xc nh ccgiiphpkh thi (ccchnla)iviccvnmhmungiiquyt.Nhngchnlanyc tccngunkhcnhau: tchnhnhng thnhvincaCLB,ccnngdnkhc,ccCBKN,cctrmnghincu,boi,vv..

CcthnhvinCLBsnhgittcccchnlavquytnhchnlanohmunlmthnghim.

Bc3ThnghimCc thnh vin CLB s th nghim cc gii php c chn.CBKNcthgiphthitkccthnghim(ngin!).Ccthnhvinthamgiathnghimsphitqunlccthnghim.H s sdng ccngun tinguyn sn c cah.Cc thnhvinthchinnhkcccucvingthmimthnghimvtchccccuchpgimstccthnghim.Nhngnngdnkhc(khngphilthnhvincaCLB)cngcththmimthnghim.Vocuithnghim,ccthnhvincaCLBsnhgiccthnghimsdngcctiuchcah.

Nhng khuyn co k thutkhcnhau s cpht trin chonhngnngdnkhcnhau,tyvotnhtrngkinht,giitnh,tuitc,sathchvv.


Bc4PhtrinktquCcktqu thnghimvnhng tinbk thutscphbinnnhngnngdnkhc,hunhsphbinnythngquanngdnnnngdn.CBKNcthhtrchosphbinnybngcch tchcnhngbuiving thmvccbuitphunnngdnnnngdn.Trongshptcvinngdn,hc thpht trin ti liubm,phbin trn tivihocbngvideo,vv.

Bc5Thchha,NhnrngMtvithnhvincaCLBcthchunluyntrthnhngiiuhnhchnhCLBcah.Hc th tipqunvai trcacnbkhuynnng.CBKNcthinvngkhcvlmvicvicccngngkhc.

Culcbcthktnivicctchccanngdn.Nhngtchcnycthgipchonngdninnhngcamkt,vdthtrng,hptcx.Hcthlinktnngdnvicccquantndngvtitkim.Hcthmphnvinhngvinchccachnhquynvcccngty.

CBKNvcc thnhvinCLBnn lm ti liu cktcckinhnghimcahvphngphpPTD.Hcthvitccbibo,avo trong cc trangweb, to ra cc ti liunghenhn,vv.Nhngkinhnghimbngtiliunhvycthrthuchchonng dn, cc nh nghin cu v hot ng khuyn nng nhngvngkhc.

Banqunldncthsdngnhngkinhnghimnyvnngcccquannghincu,cctrungtmkhuynnngvcquannhnc.Hnncgng thuytphcccnh lmchnhsch h trphbinphngphpPTD ti cchuyn, tnh,


ngay c cc vng khc.Nhng nh lm chnh sch c thmrng PTD trong cc chnh sch nng nghip, c th cung cpngunlcchohunluynoto,v.v.

NhngCBKNphtrchtiimcbaogmtrongPTDcnhimvnhl:

Ngiiuhnh(thcy)FacilitatorsNngdnscnxcnhvphntchnhngtrngicah;xcnhvlachnccgiiphp;thitkthnghim;xcnhcctiuchunnhgi;thchin,theodivnhginhngthnghimcah;phbinvvitbococcktqu.

CBKNphtrchimsiuhnhtonbtintrnhny.

Cuni(mnglivin)CBKNph trchim skhuynkhch s traoigianhngnngdnvinhau.HsgnktnhngnngdnviccCLBkhc,cctrmnghincu,qunldn,v.v.Hscungcpccphn hi t nng dn ti cc Trung tm khuyn nng, vinnghincu,qunldn,v.v.

HunluynvinCBKNphtrchimslmtngshiubitcanngdnvccnguynlsinhthinngnghip,cctrngi,nhngtinbkthut,v.v.Hsnngcaonnglccanngdnchnoncctrngi,thitkthnghim,theodivnhgi,v.v.

VAITRCNBKHUYNNNGTRONGPTD


CBKNcngsgipcithinccknnggiaotipvthitheophngphpcsthamgiachotrngnhm/chnhimCLBvccthnhvin.Ngaychcthtphunmtvithnhvinvsdngcccngc.

NgihptcnghincuCBKNph trchimsnggpnhngquanimringcah, cc tng, thng tinv k thut,v.v... trongnhng tholunvinngdn.

H s thchinnhngquan st ringv cc thnghim, thmvonhngthnghimthchinbichnhnngdn.

Tvn

Saumtvimav,CLBcthduytrhotngtheocchringcah.Mtvi thnhvinCLB c th m angphn ln siuhnhvccvaitrkhccaCBKNim.CBKNimcthh trh trn cnbn l tvn,v c th thnh thongvingthmh.


Khikhuynkhchm rngphngphpPTD,mt s cc trngiphickhcphc.Diylnhngtrngimangtnhph bin, nhng khng phi tt c u c lin quan n tnhhungVitNam.

Mtvinhnghincuvkhuynnngchuynnghipcthnhnthyrtkhchpnhnrngnngdncthlnhohocngay c nggpvo spht trink thut.Hnghrngquanhiunmgiodcbibn,hcrnluyntinrngkinthckhoahcvccquitrnhlsiuvit.Hcthnhgithpgitrcakinthcdngianvkinhnghim.

Nhngnngdnthcthcmnhnmnhthpkmsovinhnghincuvkhuynnngchuynnghip.Nngdnth c thh thpnhng khnng ring cah.H c thkhngthngxuyngiaoluvingingoi,ngimtngttrthnhbnhng,itc,ngihchihv.v.

Nhngcmnghnhvyslmnhnhtccnhmbthitthi trongni b cng ng.Ngingho,phnhay ccnngdn trc thngh h thpkmhnngigiu,namgiivnhngnngdnkcu.

Khi lng cngvicnngnhc,nhng rngbucvnhav.v. c thhn ch s thamgiamt cch cngbng.Vd,phncnhiuvic ltvtnhvbquachithamd cc cuc hp.Nhng ngi tr tui c th khng cphp pht biu trong lc c s hin din ca ngi ln.

NHNGTRNGIIVISTHAMGIA


Nhnghnngdnnghoviuttmttiskhngcthigianthamgia,v.v...

nhiunc,ccnhmthius(chngtc,cctngiohaydn tc thiu s)c thchu thit thihocngaycbphnbit i x.H c th bngc i binhngnhmmnhhn.

Cctchc,kctchcthucchnhphvphichnhph,cthkhngquantmnghincuvvnharingchotngcngng,cthhtrsthamgiagiaotipvinngdn.H thius linhhotcn thit trongccchng trnhc stham gia.Cc t chc c th b lnh o bi bmy hnhchnhquanliuhaylnhopt,tcngqunhiutrongskim sotccnhnvincah.Nhngnhnvinc thgpkhkhn giao tippht trin s thamgiavinhmmctiucah.

Nhngnngdnc thcnhngkinhnghimkhng ttvinhng chng trnhpht trin tng t trongqukh.iunycthtorasmtlngtinvinhngchngtrnhmisauny.

(Ngun:Vedhuizenetal,1997)


CNGNGKHNGNGNHT

Cng ng th khng bao gi ng nht. Chng lun lunkhng ngnht.Trongmtx, c thhinhu cc iukinsinh thi nng nghip khc nhau. Cc nng dn sng trongnhngmi trngkhcnhauc thsnxutcc loicy trngkhcnhau,ccgingvtnuikhcnhau,vv. Squn lngrungcahcngcthskhcnhau.

Vdnhmtphntcaxcthbnhhngbisxmnhpmntrongsutmakh,phncnlithcbovbibao.Trongvngb nhhngbincmn,nngdn chtrngclamtvnhvoncma.Trongsutmakh,h c thnui tm.Tuynhin, trongvng cbovbi bao,nngdncthcanhtclahaihocbav.

KHCNHAUVKINHT

Mtshcthlhckinhttngikh,cchkhccthnghohn.Mtshcthcnhiuthncchkhc.Mtlnna,skhcnhaunyscphnnhtrongthctcanhtccah.

Vd,nhngnngdnkhgissdnglaongthumn,mt s lng lnphnbnv cc loimyko,vv.Nngdnnghochdavolaonggianh,sdngcngclaongbngtaynhleng,cuclmtvbntphnhn.


Nhngnngdnkhcththchinnhngvmactnhrirocaov tnnhiuvn.Nhngnngdnnghohn th trngnhnghoamutrirohn.

Nhngnngdnkhc thquytnh tp trungvomthochai loihoamuem li linhuncao,ngayc tnnhiu thigian.Tuynhin,nhngnngdnnghohn thkhng c tinmtdtrsn,chonnh thchcanh tcadng,nhiugingcytrngmthigianthuhochtngingn.

KHCNHAUVGII,GIANAMVN

Vdphnthchnuiheohaytrngraucitrnvngnnh.Phn c trchnhimnu n chogia nhnnh thch trngnhngloicbitngonvihithigiannuthn.

KHCNHAUVTUITC,GIANNGDNTR&GI

Vdnhnhngnngdntrthngthamgianhiutrongcchotngphinngnghiphoclmthutrongnngnghip.

KHCNHAUVSTHCH

Sthchcnhncanngdncthkhcnhau.Vdngoisthch c nhn,mt s nng dn thch trng u xanh,mt snngdnkhclithchtrngunnhhn.

Ttcskhcnhaunyscphnnhtrongnhngnhucukhcnhau,nhngsutinkhcnhau,nhngthchkhcnhauvv.iunycngsdnnnhngmuthuntrongnngdn.

Theocchthngthng,nhngkhcnhauvsinhthicxemxtnghin cu,nhng thngkhngxemxt skhcnhauvkinh t,gii tnhv tui tc.Nghin cuvkhuynnngnh


vy thng tp trung vo nhng nng dn kh, nam gii vnhngnngdnlntui.

Ccldo:

ikhildoschnlathntrng.Mtvikthutmunph trin i hi nhiu ngun lc (vn, tn dng, t, laong).Do,CBKNcnnhclachnlmvicvinhngnngdncnhngngunlcnhvy.

CBKNc thkhngnhn thycnhngkhcnhau trongmtcngng.Hochcthnhgithptmquantrngvmi quan hmt thit ca nhng khc bit ny.Nhngnngdnkhthngcgiltintin,nginbivhsnsngthchinnhngkhuyncocaccnhnghincuvkhuynnng.Nhngnginngdnkhc thmincng thchinchonnhcgi l bo th.iunyhontonsai!Nngdncnhngldongntchimtkhuyncono.Ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngcthkhngnhnracnhngldony.

CBKNcthnhnraskhcnhauvkinht,giitnhvtuitc gia cc nng dn nhng b qua, hoc cha quan tmngmc.


Box1.Nhngluquantrng

Trong phng php nghin cu v khuyn nng c s tham gia(PTD):

ChngtacnnhnraskhcnhaubntrongmtcngnghayCLB. Cn nghin cu nhng s khc nhau v cc quan h cachng.Skhcnhaucthlvsinhthi,kinht,cngnhdntc,giitnhvtuitc.

Chngtacntmraailai.Vdbitpvxphnggiunghocthcsdngxcnhnhngnngdnkhvngho.

XuynsuttintrnhPTDchngtacnquantmskhcbitnyv lunnghnn trongu.Khichng ta tho lunvcc trngi,ccnhucu,ccutin,cctiuch,v.v...,haykhinhgicck thutvcc thnghim,chng tannphnbitgiaquanimcanngdnkhvngho,namvn,ngilntuivtr.Ngay c dn tc khc nhau th cc quan im cng c th khcnhau.

Cc khcnhauv tnh trngkinh t,gii tnh, tui tc, ...sdnnmuthunvnhngquantmkhngthtrnhkhi.

Khngphilunlunccsnhttr.Viccgngccsnhttrsddnnschiphicanhngnngdnciukinvc thpbucnhngnngdnngho,nhngphnvngitrtuicthphiribculcb.

Tuynhin,trongnhiutrnghpnhngquantmkhcnhaucthcthamn.Vdchngtaquantmnccvncacnginghovkh, chng ta c th sdng cc tiu ch ca cthnhvinnamvn.Chngtannutinchonhngquantmcanhng tng lpb thit thi (ngingho,phn,vv..).Hyquantmnngichuthitthitrctin.


NHNGKHCBITVGII

Skhcnhauchyugianamvnl:- nhimvvtrchnhim,

- tipcnvkimsotvccnguntinguyn(ngunlc),

- tipcnvkimsotvcclich,

- vaitrquytnh.

Nhngskhcbitnykhngcxcnhbngyu tsinhhc,nhngncxcnhrhnbinhngyutvnho,kinht,xhi.Nhngskhcbitgyrabinhngyutvnho,kinht,xhicgilnhngskhcbitvgii.

Do s khc bit v gii ny, gia nam v n c nhngmongmunkhcnhauvhngphttrin.Hscnhngnhucuvutinkhcnhau.Thdnamgiicthquantmvsnxutla,trongkhiphnschtmhnvsnxutraumu.

Skhcbitvgiithngxyradihnhthcbtbnhng.Phn thng rivo thbt li.Vdphn thng mng nhiu cng vic gia nh.Nhng cng vic ny chimnhiuthigianvcthcntrphnthamgiatronghihpvkhuynnng,chnghn.


ikhi,nhngnlcphttrincthctcngbtlinvaitrcangii.Chngcthlmthihnsbtbnhngangtntihoctorasbtbnhngmi.

Cngviccthchiathnh3loichnh:Cngvicsnxut,cngvicnh,vcngviccngng/xhi.

CNGVICSNXUT

Snxuthnghovccdchvchovictiuthvbunbn.Cnamvnc th thamgiavovicsnxut,mcd thngthnghcnhnghotngkhcnhauvvaitrkhcnhau.Vicsnxutcaphnthngtcgitrhnnamgii.

CNGVICNH

Chmscgianh,sanhvchmsctr,chunbban,lycinc,muasm,chmscsckho,v.v.Nhngloicngvicnyquytnhstnticagianh,nhngnchacxemlcngvic tht s.N cxuhngmtnhiu thigianvhunhthngdophnvcongimnhntonb.

CNGVICXHI

Thamgiavonhngskinxhivdchv,vdlknim,pht trind n, tham gia trong nhng t chc, tham gia vonhnghot ng chnh tr, ...N ihi sp xp thi gianvquan trng lnngcaovpht trincngng.Cnamvnuthamgiavocngviccngng,mcdhthngcvaitrkhcnhau.

Cnamvncththamgiatrongc3loicngvictrn.Tuynhin, trong nhiu t chc x hi, ph n c xu hng mng hu ht cc cng vic nh v cng vic sn xut.Khi


lngcngvicsnxutvcngvicnhcaphncthcntrhthamgiavocngvicxhi/cngng.

Box2.NhngluquantrngtrongPTD

LmcchnochngtacthphnthamgiavoPTD?LmthnochngtacthemlilichchophntPTD? Tp trungvonhng u tin caphn, tc nggipphn

chnnuivtrngtrt.

Trnhschiphivthinvnamgii,tipthuquanimcaphn.

Thchinnhngthnghimtrnrungcaphn. Gipnngdnnhgi(mtmnh,yu)vtcngcanhngk

thutmiiviisngphn.Nhvy,nhngkthutmicthdnnnhngbtbnhngsbtchi.

Tchccccuchihpnhngnithunlichophn,vdgnnh.

Thigianhpnnchn lcthun lichophn,vdcuibuichiu.

Trnhbycclnhvclinquanngngn. Ngnngcndhiuchophn. Sdngtrcquanhacngnhiucngtt.


NGY:THIGIAN:

HNGDNVIN:

MCTIU:

Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurccknngthamgiavthitronggiaotipvinngdn,cthpdngngaytrongvnhnhPTD.

PhnIICcKnng&

Thi


CCNIDUNG:

1. Nhnglithnggptronggiaotipvinngdn2. CcKnngthamgiaThi3. osubngcchno?4. Trcquanha

YUCUHUNLUYN:

S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm,hctnhhung,v.v...choccnidungtrn

TRHUNC:



CCKNNGTHAMGIA&THI(Skills&Attitude)

NHNG LI THNGGP TRONGGIAO TIPVINNGDN

Trong giao tip vi nng dn chng ta thng dmc phinhng liviuny lmhnchs thamgiacangidn.Diylnhnglithnggptrongtipxcvingidn:

Bn thiu ch v k nng v thi . n phng vphngphpkhngphicsthamgia!

Bnthhinsthiukhimtn,knhtrng, Bnlntcuctholun.ChnhimCLB,nngdngiu,hay

namgiilntcuctholun.

PhnIICcKnng&Thi

Bichngdn


Bnthvisimlngvkhngbaoqut(nhngnngdnngho,phn,nngdntr,vv.)!

Bnptquanim,cmnhncabn.Bnkhngkhchlnhngquanimcanngdn(ngingho,phn).Vd:- chngtalnlpthayvlngnghe,quanstvhchi,- trong trnghp chng ta khng ng vinhng g

nngdnni,chngtakhnglngnghe,- chng ta cm thynngdnnikhnghayv t ch

bai,- chngtatrnncugt/gin.

Bnnghcutrli,vd,thngquacuhidn.Nhngcu hi m c th c tr li vi t n gin c haykhnglcuhidn.Vd:

Anhkhngnghrng..? ylmtginglatt,phikhng?

Cuhikhngrrng;tngkhoahc Qunhiucuhicngmtlc Bnlmginonnngdn(hocmtthnhvincanhm) Bnsdngsaingnngcth(bodylanguage).Vd:

- Chngtaccchralnh,quanchc- Chngtathhinthiusquantm:mtng,thhin

bittrciungikhcspni,khngmttheodi.- Mmcivithnhvinkhckhinngdnni(thhin

khngtin), Bnduytrnhiukhongcch:bnngitrngh,hdit, Bnnmcchichut, Bnmincngbnhiuthigianrang,


Bnthhinviv, Bnpdngcngnhc,thiulinhng,sngto, Hithngtinbnkhngcn, Bn lmmt th gi ca nng dnm khng c k hoch

trc,

Bnaranhngcmunkhngtht, Bnpbucthigianclichobn,khngclichoh.CCKNNGTHAMGIA&THI

Nhng thivcchngxsauyc thgipbn thnhcngtronggiaotipviuhnhtothun lichosthamgiacangidn.

Khngdyh,thayvohngdn,tothunli, Khng ngh cu tr li, trnhnhng cuhidn/hng

trc.Thayvodngnhngcuhim(cuhibtuviai,cig,u,khino,tisao,nhthno),

Dngcuhirrng,tngngin, osu(tngbc,inchitithn), Khnglmginonnngdnhocnhngthnhvintrong

nhm(trtrnghphixach),

Thhinsquantm,saym,hiu.Vd,quanhmt(eyecontact),gtu trongkhinngdnni,hmm,hmm,haynith,tihiuri,


Quanst(nhn,lngnghevhi)visuynghm.Nhnnhiukha cnh, ngay c nhn kha cnh khngmong i.Ch ngnngcthcanngdn:

ntmt,

hngcacth,

gingni.

Trnh ln t bi trngnhm,nngdn giu c,nam gii.Tosquantmbaogmnhngthnhvinimlng,ngingho,phn,tr:

- spxpchngi,

- quay lng bn n ngi ang ln t, hng nhn vongiangimlng,nginghovphn,

- mtnh,

- hikincah,hihtrc!

- hsdngcngc,

- sdngtiuchringcah,

- lmvicvinhngnhmring(tchngigiuvngho,phnvnamgii),

- trong trnghphgpkhkhn chayvit, cgngdnghnhnhcngnhiucngtt,

Cn thn vi nhng cu hi nhy cm (lin quan n giungho,bnhtt,ringt):

- dngtngcnthn

- nlccui

- khnghitrcnhngngibnngoi.


Thoimi,khngvivng:- dnhthigiannhiuhndkin

- gp g h (ngi ngho, ph n) khi thun tin vi h,khngphichvingibnquenbittrc

- khnghiqunhiucuhicngmtthiim

- thnhthongmmci,tiulm

Khnglmvicqulu.Dnglitrckhinngdntrnnmt

Thhinskhimtn,knhtrng:- hanhpvinngdn,khngngiquxavih,khngtcaomnhvih,

- nmcgind,- chohi,giithiu,- trnhngnngcthkhngthchhp,- khngbaogitrnntcgin,- chpnhnthcn,ncungcah,vv.

Tphbnh,snsngchpnhnsaixt,hctsaixt.


Cnbkhuynnng(CBKN)vnngdnngkhongcchxanhau.CBKNnhnrtnghimtrang,rthnhthc,khngvuiv,CBKNtptrungtrnsghichpcaanhta.

Nngdnnhnxung,vaihitrxung,iunychngtngtakhngthoimi,phctngtrccnb.

Hnh1.SDNGNGNNGCTHKHNGTHCHHP

Cn b khuyn nng (CBKN) v nngdn rt gn gi vi nhau.CBKNvnngdnthhinsthoimi,hcinivuiv.Hthhinsgngi,cngbng,litccanhau.

Nngdntrnhdiniuanhtani;CBKNthhinsquantm.

Hnh2.SDNGNGNNGCTHTHCHHP


OSUBNGCCHNO?

Bnngbaogihilngvicutrliutinkhibnphngvnnngdnmtvn no .Bn cn o suhn cnhiuthngtinhnvncnggipbnthmnhlinhnggvacnghe.Sauylccgigipbnosuthngtin:

Saukhinngdnngngni,duytrnhmtvimtvigiy.Bncng c thgt u.iunykhuynkhchnngdntiptcni.

Hichosngthn.Vd,Anh/ch lm n ni thm chtxuviuny?;Anhniiunycnghalg?

Lpliiunngdnvani,theohnhthccacuhi.Vd, Vy l, n khng li bnh?. iu ny c th khuynkhchnngdnmrngvchtholun.

Linhnlinitrc:Vd.Hinyanhni...iunycthgipnngdn linh linhng li/vnanhtanitrc.

Tmtttheotngringcabniumnngdnvanivhihbnhiuchnhxchaykhng.iunys lmnngdnbitlbnanglngnghevchiu.Ncngcthgipbnkim tra li sgii thch cabn c nghaykhng.

Tocuhitrncunicanngdnbngcchsdngcuhim.Vd:ai,cig,tisao,thno,khino,u?


BITPTHITLPCUHIM

Nhngcuhidn NhngcuhimAnhtrng2vlaminm,phikhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................

Anhlmkhlabngmysy,ngkhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................Bivkhngclaongnnanhkhngpdngphngphpsy,ngkhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................

Philavomamaltrngilnnht,ngkhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................Nhngtnthtsauthuhochthngdoct,sutla,phivboqun,ngkhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................

Ailnhngthnghimvincbitvngny..,ngLmphikhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................

Phnmngvicphilanhiunht,ngkhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................nngthnglmcccngvicnngnhc,phikhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................Mysyrtr(SRR)nngdndvnhnhphikhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................Sylatrongmamacnhiutrngi,ngkhng?

..........................................................

..........................................................


BITPTHITLPCUHIOSU

1 I:Anhnghnhthnovvaytndng?

F:Chngti,chngtikhngcnvaytndng.I:.................................................................................................

2. I:Culcbcbaonhiuthnhvinln?F:Chngtichc4phntrongCLB.I:...................................................................................................

3. I:Anhtrngnhngcytrngg:F:Chngtitrnglavmang.I:..................................................................................................

4. I:Anhcmthythnovnhngtrnlny?F:c..chngtikinhnghimchungsngvil.I:..................................................................................................

5. I:Trngiquantrngnhtivicytrngnylg?F:Bnh.I:..................................................................................................

6. I:Anhnghnhthnovgicthtrng?F:Thi.I:.................................................................................................

7. I:Anhthyccdchvkhuynnngaphnganhnhthno?F:...ncvimtttvviimyu.I:..................................................................................................

8. I:AnhsosnhgingAvigingBnhthno?F:GingAchonngsutcaohn.I:..................................................................................................

Chthch:I=Ngiphngvn;F=Nngdn


Thngtincthcminhhabngcchsdngnhngbiutng,hnhv,tranhnh,vv.Sminhhanhvytuyticnthitkhilmvicvingikhngbitchhaykhkhncvvit.Ngayckhilmvicvingibitch,trcquanhacnhiuthunli:

Ddnghiunhnggbnni, Dnh thngqua tho lun.Nhngngi thamd sbit

ltnhniubnanglinhn.

Ddngvndng,vd,ddngdichuynmthnhnhhnlthayimtcuchdi.

Lmvuimt,nhiuchvcuchcthtrnnrtchn. Nhngngi thamd c th thch xemnhng biu tng,

hnhv,v.v.iunyrtcliv:

- Chvittaycthrtkhc.

- ngqun,nhiunngdn c thkhkhn cvvitnhnghkhngni.

Bnnnchcchnnghacattcccbiutngcmingihiung.thchnhtt,bncthlplinghacan.Khngbaogmqunhiuchitit.iunycthlmstrcquanhakhnghiuqu.

DE

TRCQUANHA


NGY:THIGIAN:HNGDNVIN:

MCTIU:

Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurvcththchnhcccbckhcnhaucatintrnhPTD,phntchcctrngi,tmkimgiiphpvtngmi,thnghim,vphtrin.

PhnIIITintrnhPTD


CCNIDUNG:

1. Bc1Phntchcctrngi

2. Bc2Xcnhgiiphp

3. Bc3Thnghim

4. Bc4Phtrin

YUCUHUNLUYN:

S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm, thc hnh ng vai, v.v... cho cc ni dung trn. Thchnhrnluynknngvthirtquantrng

TRHUNC:



BC1XCNHCCTRNGI/NHUCU

XCNHVPHNTCHCCTRNGI/NHUCU

Nhngtrngimnngdngpphicthlinquannsnxut,nhngcngcthlinquantiboqunsauthuhoch,thtrng,chbin,thcphm,ccvnxhivchnhsch.

Ccbcsauycthgipxcnhvphntchcctrngi:

1. Xcnhcctrngi.

ngno(suynghnhanh)vchianhmnhcthcsdnglitkcctrngi.

2. Phntchccnguynnhnvhuqucacctrngi.

Nguyn nhn v hu qu cng l nhng tr ngi.Mt trnginylnguynnhncatrngikhc,nguynnhnnydnntrngikhc.Cyvn(problemtree)cthcsdngxptcctrngitheothctlgic.

PhnIIITintrnhPTD

Bichngdn


3. Cyvnslmrnhngvnnonncxemxtnhlcnnguynhayvnmucht.Nngdnnnchnlcmthocnhiuhncctrngimuchtmhmungiiquyttrongmavcanhtcti.

Box3.Nhngluo Trong sutv saukhi suynghnhanh,ngi iuhnhcn tho

lunosunhiuchitit.Nngdncthlnlngiaccvntrngivgiiphp.Vd,nngdncthnithiuphnvgiphncao.Rrngiunybiuhinmttrngicbnhn,lphcatbsuygim.

o Quan im cangingoivnngdn c thkhcnhau.iungibnngoic thcho l trngi,c th trong thc tkhngphi l trngiivinngdn.Chnghn,ngingoicho lxungging tr lmt trngi.Tuynhin,nngdnquyt nhxunggingtrhniphvitrngivlaong,vv...

o Ngi ngoi c th khng hiu bit tt c nhng tr ngi aphng.Tuynhin,ccbctrnxcnhcctrngimuchtmcthcgiiquyt.

Xc nh cc tr ngi:ng no, chia nhmtholun,sdngbnglitkcctrngi

Cyvncsdngtmcctrngimucht(root

problems)

PhntchnguynnhnvhuqucctrngiSdngcyvnspxpcctrngi

theoththtlgc


CCHCHNVNMUCHTGIIQUYTDiylccvncthcxemxtkhichnvnmuchtgiiquyt.Nhnglitkdiykhngbaogmttc,nngdncththmnhngvnnnxemxtkhc.

Cbaonhiunngdnbnhhngbitrnginy? Hotngsnxut/kinhdoanhbnhhngbitrnginy

quantrngrasao?

Trnginynghimtrngnhthno? Trnginychngtacthgiiquytckhng? Ccquannohayaikhcvanggiiquytvnny

cha?

Khngphi lun lunc snht trchunggiacc thnhvinCLB.Nhngthnhvinkhcnhaucthmungiiquytnhngtrngikhcnhau.KhiccthnhvinCLBcthgisuyxt,mt trngichnhc thcchn.MtCLBc thchngiiquytnhiuvntrngicngmtlc.Mtkhc,ccvntrngicchnkhngnnqunhiu.CLBnntho lunchnvncthgiiquytctrongtmtay.

Box4.VaitrcaCBKN(fieldworkers)

o Cnbkhuynnngphtrchimsiuhnhttcccbc.o Bncn thn trng trnh lntbinhng thnhvinkhgi,

namgiihocculo.

o CBKNkhngnnptquanimringcamnh.


VDCYVNVTMCHT

Hnh3.Cyvnvtmchthnglot

NGI NUI TM B PH SN

VAY N, THIU N NHIU NNG SUT TM THP

TM B CHT HNG LOT

NGUN NC B NHIM

TM BNH THI TIT XU

TH LIN TC GING NHIM BNH

NGUYN NHN

VN CHNH

HU QUA


BITPXCNHTRNGI

Cccudiydonngdnara.Nhngvntrngigchmchatrongnhngcuny?Nhngtrngikhclgcthcnhnratchngthngquavicosuchitit?

1. Chngtiangpdngslancholahnlsdngmygieo.

2. Tibn200kgNvinngsuttrungbnhch2tnmiv.

3. Gnphnnauphngthuhochcbmcmng.

4. Chngtikhngcnhngcngcthchhplmctt.

5. Thiukmlmhnchnngsutbpy.

6. Chng tic thgia tng thunhpnu trngbpxencanhviu.

7. Chngtilunxunggingtrbivthiumycy.

8. ......


BC2XCNHGIIPHP,TNGMI

XCNHCCGIIPHPKHTHI,TNGMI

Theocchthngthng,giaionny,ccnhnghincuvkhuynnngthngcgngthuytphcnngdnpdngtinbkthutcah.Hbinlunrng:Chngtitngnghincuvnmbnangmungiiquyt.Chngtixcnhgiiphp thchhpri.Giiphpny tt.Chng ti tng thnghimnhiu ni, trong iu kinmi trng tng t nh ca bn. Bnkhngnnphthigiantmnhnggiiphpkhc.ylgiiphpttgiiquyttrngicabn.Binlunnysaivi2ldo:

Mi trng thng t khi ging nhau cho mi vng.Mitrngtnhincthkhcnhaunhiukhacnh.Ngoimitrngtnhin,mitrngkinht(cshtng,thtrng,gi c, vv.) cng c th thay i rt rng.Hn na, nhngkhcnhauquantrngcthhinhugiacciukinkinht v xhi canngdn kh vingho,nhngnngdnnamvin,vv...

Snxut lmthot ngkinhdoanh c tnh ri ro.Trongqukh,nngdncthcnhiukinhnghimkhngttvcckthutcgiithiubinhngngingoi.Vvy,nng dn s khng d dng chp nhn nhng khuyn co.Trctin,hs lun lmthchngtrckhithchini


trtrnrungh.Hnna,nngdnthchthnhiulachn(giiphp)khcnhau.

Ngi thchinPTD s cgnggipnngdnxc nh cngnhiugiiphpkhthicngtt.Nhnggiiphpkhthinhth(haynhnglachn)cthctnhiungun:

ChnhccthnhvinCLB, Nhngnngdnkhctrongcngp,x, Nhngnngdnkhcangsinhsngnhngvngkhc, NhngCBKN,nhnghincu, Cctrm/tringhincu, Tpch,tivi,i,vv...

CCHPHTHINGIIPHPKHTHI

nhmpht hin ra nhng giiphp kh thi t cc ngunkhcnhau,ccphngphpsaucthcsdng:

Hp/gpgCLB.Thngnngdncngsnivccgiiphpkh thi trongqu trnh tho lun cc bc trc trong PTD (v d,PRA,bc1,v.v...).Nh lngiiuhnh,bnnn tainghenhngkinnhvy.

Phngvnnhngnngdnkhc.Mtsnngdncngtrongp/xcthckinthcvkinhnghim.Mtsnngdnkhccthcbitnhlnhngnngdn lm thnghim rt tchcc (thnghimvinnngdn).CLBcthquytnhphngvnnhngnngdnnhvyhocmihhpcng.


Thamquanhctp.Thamquanhctpcthctchcchonngdnvngsu vng xa. C th t chc cho nng dn thm cc trmnghincu,vin,trngihc,v.v...Bivchiphtnkm,nhngcucthamgiahctpnhvynngimctithiunht.ChiphnncchunbttbitonCLB.ChmtsthnhvinCLB c th thamgia.Hnnbo co li cho ccthnhvinCLB cahktquv ccphnhi chi tit cachuyni.

Phngtinnghenhn.Ccphngtinnghenhnnhccchngtrnhtivivnngnghip, cc chng trnh ipht thanh, bo, tp ch, bnghnhvideo cng lnhngngun thng tin c thgipphthinccgiiphp.

Box5.VaitrcaCBKNo CBKNnniuhnhcuchp,phngvn,thamquan,v.v...

Hnncgngtrnhschiphilntvnnbaogmngingho,phnvnhngthnhvintrtuithamgia.

o CBKNnntchluvchiaschonngdnnhngkintipthuctrongqutrnhgiaotip,hctpvhunluyn,cschbo, thm ccvngkhc.Cc thnhvinCLB squytnhcnnxemxtnhngkinnyhaykhng.

o CBKN s ng vai tr nh cu ni gia nng dn v ccngunkhc,vd:cunivicctrmnghincu,cctrungtmkhuynnng,v.v...


TINTRNHi.HpCLBlnthnht

ChiaCLBthnhccnhmnhtholun.Ccnhmnhsxcnhccgiiphpkhthi(nhng lachn)chomivntrngimuchtcchncuibc1.

Hnh4.Cytng

HNHCYTNGVINHIUNGUNKHCNHAU


Ccnhmnh trnh by kt qu tho lunv tho lunchungchoccnhm.PhngvnCLBlynhngthngtinchititvmiccgiiphp.Ghinhnttcccthngtin.

Sdngphngphp ngno (brainstorming) ly kincc thnhvinCLBninochng tac th tm thmnhnggiiphp(tnhngnngdnkhctrongx?tn?;tnhngnngdn cc cng ng khc? tn cng ng no?; t cc trm/tringhincu?trm/trino?).Ghinhnttcccthngtin.

aranhngtngringcabn.Bncthnghmtsgiiphpcachnhbn,tholunchngviCLB.Bncthnghthamquanmtvinngdnkhc,cctrm/tringhincu,v.v...

GipCLB lmmt bng lit k cc tng phng vnnngdn,ccnhnghincuv.v...(chophngvn).Bncngc th a ranhng tng ring cabn.Nn chc chnrng bng lit k cui cng s bao gm c tt c nhngthngtincnthit(cciukintinquyt,ccngunlcihi,nhngriro).

Vitbococuchp,gimtbnsaochoCLB,mtbnsaochoDn.

ii.Thamquanhctp

Tham quanhc tpnhngnngdn khc, cc trmnghincu, vv...Mt s thnh vin s thchinnhng cuc thamquanny.

hphngvnnhngnngdn,nhngnhnghin cu,vv...Ghilittcnhngthngtin.


Vitbococamicuc thamquan.Boconn tp trungvo nhng thng tin quan trng nht i hi nh ginhnggiiphp(cclachn).

iii.HpCLBlnthhai

Trnh by cc bo co ca nhng cuc tham quan.Nhngnngdn,ngimi thamquanc thgipnhau trnhby.

cc thnhvinCLBxcnhnhng tiuchhmun sdngchovicnhginhnglachn.

Thchinbitpxphngmatrnvccnngdnchnnhnggiiphpc trinvngnht.Nhnggiiphpnyscthnghimtrongbc3.

nngdnphttringithuytnghincuchomiccgiiphpcchn.

BNGLITKTNGCHOPHNGVN

1. ng/b nhgi k thutnynh thno?Nhng immnh,nhngimyu.

2. Cciukintinquyt/cnthitlg?

3. Ccngunlcihi?(vd:tai;nc;laong;nhngutkhc;tinvn).

4. Nhnglichcakthutcthemli?(vd:nngsut;thunhp;githtrng;sgimchiph;khngsubnh;nngon;v.v...)

5. Nhngriro?


CHNGIIPHPTHNGHIM

CcthnhvinCLBcthsdngcngcxphngmatrnchnlanhnggiiphphmunthnghim.Ttccclachnclitktheotrcngangcamatrn.Cctiuchclitktheotrcng.Ccthnhvinchicnnhcmilachn(giiphp)ngvimitiuch.(chitit,xemtrangxphngmatrn).

Ccthnhvincthkhngngvimcho.ylmtvn,chngtakhngcncgngnhttrcmingi.Choccimkhcnhaucngc.iuquantrnglhiuvghilitisaoccthnhvinchoimkhcnhau.

Hnh5.MatrnxphnglachnccginglathnghimtimtCLBnngdn


Thng thng, xp hngma trn c th c s dng hinngdnxcnhnhnggiiphp lachnnoc trinvngnht.Lnna,snhttrttcthnhvincthkhngcnthitbivnngdn c tiu chkhcnhau, cnhng s thchkhcnhauvv...CLBcthcnhiuhnmtgiiphpthnghim.Chomi gii php c chn,mt gi thuyt nghin cu cncthitlp.iunygipnngdnnhnghachnhxchniumhmunthnghimvldotisao.Box6.VaitrcaCBKN

o Bniuhnhxphngmatrnvthitlpgithuyt.Trnhslnt(domination),

o Nhnggiiphpmkhngnmtrongyucucadn/haynhncnnloirangay.

o Trongvitrnghp,nhnggiiphpnngdnchncthkhng thuyt phc i vi CBKN. Bn nn chia s, giithch quan im camnh v c gng thuyt phc nngdn.Tuynhin,bnkhngnnptquanimcabn.

o Quytnhcuicngnnchonngdn.lcno,cthchophpnngdnmcsailm.Nngdncthhctnhngsailmnhvy.Trongthct,iunyschiuquhnlpbucnngdnlmtheoquanimringcangino.


VDVCCHTGITHUYT

(Chomtthnghimnuigiasckhngthlan)

tgithuytvmtthnghimnuigiasckhngthlan,bncthbtuvigithuytNU.....TH.......BIV........ NUNhiunngdnchnnuikhngthlan: TH:1. Bnhgiascc

kimsottt2. Nngsutcytrngs

caohn3. Gimxungtvi

hngxm4. Nngsutsacaohn

(bhaydchosa)5. Tremcthigiani

hc6. Giascdbchng

trngbng7. Tngcngvicctc

BI

V:

1. Chngtanhnthygia

scthngxuyn2. Chngtacths

dngphnchung3. Giasckhnggyhi

hoamu4. Ddngchonthcn

bsung5. Khngcnngichn

6. Giascskhngiligimtrngbng

7. Giascskhngttmcn

Ngun:Pretty(1990)


BC3THNGHIMGIIPHP,TNGMI

THNGHIMCANNGDN

Trongthctnngdnvnslunthchinthnghim,ngayckhikhngcccnhkhoahchaycnbkhuynnng.Nngdnthchinthnghimcnhiuldo:

Hmungiiquytmtvnbcxc, Hmunpdngk thutmi trongiukinva thch

cah;cckthutnycthdoccnhkhoahchoccnb khuynnng truyn tnhng cng c th t ccnngdnkhc,

Hayngin,hmunthnghimmtvitngmi.cimthnghimcanngdn:

Mtvicimquantrngcathnghimcanngdnnhsau:

Thnghimcanngdnkhngphi lun lunc lpkhoch trc.Thng thng, tngchocc thnghimxuthintrongmacanhtc.Vdnhsxuthincaccloidchhimi lnguynnhn ccnngdn thchin thnghimvcchqunldchhi.

Nngdncthrtrabihctccskintrnghp.Vdvthiuhtging,mtphncangrungscmtcy


thphn.Sau,nngdnquanstthyrngdcgimmtgingnhngvnkhngnhhngbtlinnngsut.Tskinnynngdnsrtracbihckinhnghim.Vtrongccmavsau,hscnnhcmtcchklnggimmtgingtrnmtdinrng.

Ccthnghimcahphnlnlsosnh.Hhunhchsdngmtbin.Vdhssosnhhailoiging,haimttrngvinhau.

Tuynhin,h cng snhn ra cc yu t khc, cc bin skhccthnhhngnktqucathnghim.Vdnhlngma,sxuthincadchhi,vv...Hsaccyutnyvoxemxtkhinhgithnghim.

Hsdngcctiuchringnhgithnghim. Hcthquytnh lp lithnghimtronghaihocnhiu

v,cbit lkhiktqucavu tinkhng thamn.Khilplithnghim,hcthquytnhthayimtviyutcathnghim.

Nhnghnch:

Nng dn thng th nghim cc gii php kh thi khcnhau.Hcthkhnghiucnhngtnhchtringbit(btthng)haynhnghuqucamigiiphp.Nhvy,thnghimcahsdatrnsthnghimlmvrtkinhnghim.iunyslmhaotnvchiph,cbitlmtthigian.

Nngdncthkhngnhnthccnhnggiiphpkhthichomtvnringbit.


Nngdncthkhngthycccyutnhhngnktqucathnghim.Nhth,hctharanhngktlunsailm.

Thitkthnghimcthnghonn,khngthchhpsosnhtnhxcthc.

Thnghimcanhkhoahc

Thnghimcanngdn

- Kinhphnhiu - Sdngngunaphng,uthnch

- Hngludi - Hngngnhn

- Btrvphntchphctp

- Nngdnbtrvphntchtngingin

- Tintrnhtheochun - Tintrnhkhngtheochun

- imringbit - imringbit

- Ccbinckimsot

- Theocchqunlcanngdn

- Tnhhungnhnto - Tnhhungthc

SOSNHTHNGHIMCANHKHOAHC&NNGDN


NGHINCUTHNGHIMHINTICANNGDN

Trckhi tinhnhnghin cu c s thamgiavinngdn,ngi thc hin PTD nn c gng nghin cu nng dn aphngthchinnhngthnghimringcahnhthno.

Ttnht lxc nhnhngnngdn aphng (namvn,khvngho)nhngngicbitnhlthnghimvin.y lnhngnngdncbitnh lnhngngi rthamthch lm th nghim v tch cc hn nhng nng dn bnhthng.

Cn lu l khng nn ln ln gia th nghim vin ti aphng vi nhng ngim cc nh khoa hc hoc khuynnngthngginngdntintin!.Hcgiltintinbivhsnsngpdngnhngtinbkthutcccnhkhoa hc hoc khuyn nng gii thiu.H c th d dng pdngnhng tinbk thutnybivh linktchtchvikhuynnnghoctrungtmnghincu,vbivhcynguntinguyn(vn,tai,sclaongv.v).Ngcli,thnghimvinaphngcthkhngpdngnhngtinbkthutcgiithiutbnngoi.Vldony,nhngnhkhoahcvkhuynnngcthgih[mtcchsailm]lnngdnbo th!.Ngi thchin thnghim ti aphngnh ththng t c iu kin (ti nguyn). Tuy nhin, h thc hinnhng th nghim rt nng ng, thng h khng c bnngoibitn.

Di y l danhmc nhng vn kho cu v s thnghimringcanngdnc thcsdngphngvnh.Bnc thbtubngphngvnCLB.K,bnnnc


gngphngvnmtvithnghimvinaphng.Mtvithnh vinCLB c th gip bn phng vn nhng th nghimvin ti aphng.Sau cng,nhngkhmph s c trnhby vi ton CLB.Nhng thnh vin CLB c th so snh vinhngquanimringcah.

Bn c th sdngphngphpphngvnbncu trc chomcchny(xemtrangringvphngvnbncutrc).

i.Tng:

Taphngsthnghimvlmthnghimlg?ii.Xcnhthnghimvintiaphng:

Nhngnngdnno trongvngcbitnh lnhngthnghimvinaphng?

Hlmthnghimg? Visgiptbnngoihoctbnthnh?Bncthtinhnhnhsau:

ivimtvn trnvtnui,cy trng,hocvnno , hi nhng thnh vin trong CLB nhng ngicxemnhnhng thnghimvinaphng (ngic nhiu kinh nghim v tng tin hnh nhng thnghimvvtnuihoccytrnghocvnno).

Lnlt,bncthyucuccthnhvinCLBlitkmtvi tinbnngnghipquan trng (linquan nnhiunngh)cphthin trong510nmqua.Yucu

HNGDNNGHINCUTHNGHIMCANNGDN


hchobittnnngdn,nhngngingvaitrquantrngtrongnhngthnghimvphttrinnhngtinbny.

iii.Cscathnghim:Tisaohthnghim?

iv.Lpkhochthnghim:

Nhng thnghimcbaonhiubin? (Nhng thnghimngin,vdnngdnthnghimvihaihocbagingmi[=mtbin]?Hocnhngthnghimphctphn,vdmtviging lami +pdngnhngmc bnphnkhcnhauhoctitiu,v.v...[=nhiubin]?).

Hthchinnhngthnghimu? Cbaonhiulchocngmtthnghim? Cbaonhiugiaschbaogmtrongthnghim? Lthnghimcdintchbaonhiu? Thi im thnghim?Khinoh bt u?Khino kt

thc? Nhngaithamgiavothnghim?Trongnngh?,hln

cn,vv..?Ailmg? Hlplithnghimbaonhiuln(v)?

v.Theodi/gimstthnghim: Loisliunohthuthptrongsutthnghim? Khinohthuthpnhngsliuny? Lm saohnhnhng s liuny? (Ghi chp theodng

no?)

vi.nhgithnghim: Nhngtiuchnohsdngnhgithnghim? nvo lngnoh sdng? (vt,nng sut,chi

ph,litc,vv..)


Nuhnhgithnghimlthnhcng,hslmgtiptheo?

Nuhnhgithnghimkhngthnhcng,hs lmgtiptheo?

vii. Ph trin: Nhng li chkhc t thnghimnh thno?

(trongnngh?trongcngng?).(AdaptedfromVeldhuizen,Laurensvan,DevelopingTechnologywithfarmers,1997)

Box7.Nhngluquantrng

o Trctin,ccthnhvinthucCLBscpntnmtvinngdn,nhngngithamgiavonhngthnghimcccnhkhoahchocCBKNtrinkhai.Tuynhin,bncngnncgngghinhntnmtvinngdn,nhngngitlmnhng thnghimringcah,mkhngnhnsgiptbnngoi.

o PhnlnccthnhvinCLBsckhuynhhngchobntnnhngnngdnkhgi,quanchcaphng,nhngngithchinnhng thnghimvisvn ln,vdnhng thnghim c skthpvic snxut lavinui trng thysn, hoc chn nui (b sa).Tuy nhin, nhng ph n vnngdnnghocngc th lmnhng thnghim!Thngnhngthnghimcahrtngin,vdcanhtcmtloiraumi.Bnnncgngbittnnhngthnghimvinphnvnngdnngho.


CNGCTHNGHIMCANNGDN

Mtiululnhiutchcnghincuthchinvihnhthcnghincutrnnngh.Thngthngccnhnghincuscgngqunlccthnghimny.Hthitkthnghimvsauhssdngphnlncctiuchcamnhnhgith nghim. S tham gia ca nng dn ch gii hn trong viccungcptaivsc laong,hoctrongthiimttnhth s a ranhngnhn xt camnhvktqu thnghim.HnhthcnghincunhvyKHNGcxemlnghincucsthamgiathts.

Trongphngphp Pht trin k thut tham gia (PTD),nhnghincucgngchonngdnqunlccthnghimcngnhiucngtt.Hchngincitincchthnghimcanngdn.

Mtscimquantrngcaloithnghimcsthamgia:

Nngdn s quyt nh ccvn s c gii quyt n(xembc1).

Nng dn s quyt nh cc gii php kh thi s c thnghim(xembc2).

Nngdnsthitkccthnghim. Nng dn s thc hin cc th nghim.H s s dng cc

ngunlccachnhhcngnhiucngtt.Hsiphvinhngriro.

Trongsutqutrnhthnghim,nngdnsttheodiquanstccthnghim.Hsduytrvicghichpcaringh.


Nngdnssdngcctiuchcaringhnhgiccthnghim.

Box8.VaitrcaCBKN

o CBKNsiuhnhtoiukinchonngdntholunvquytnh.

o CBKNcthhngdnvcchcitin,thitkccthnghim.Nhngcitinnyscaranhlnhngchnlanngdnxemxt.

o Nng dn s l ngi quyt nh cui cng v s thit k thnghim.

o CBKNnncgngnngcaoshiubitcanngdnv(ngha)k thut c th nghim trong th nghim.Vd: CB khuynnngcthgiithchchonngdnvvngicasury,iunysgipchonngdncscan thipng lc;CBKNc thgiithchchonngdnvhiuquludicamtloiphnnotrntphn,v.v...

o Ccnngdnlmthnghimsthchinvicghichptrongsutthnghim.Tuynhin,CBKNcngnncghichpring.Ghichpnycthcsdngsosnhviktqughichpcanngdnvlmphongphthmcuctholunvinngdn.

o CBKNnnvittiliuliccthnghim(ccquanstvbtr,cctiu ch c sdng trong nhgi, ccktqu,vv...).Ti liuny c thgip cho ccCBKNvnhngnngdnkhchchictccthnghim.


Box9.Mtvicnhboo Nngdn,khngphingingoi,nnlngiquytnhcui

cngvthitkccthnghim(TN).ikhi,bnthythitkcviimhnchcthlmchoTNthtbi.Bncththuytphcnngdn thay inhngkhngnn pbuc.Bn c th chonngdnhchitchnhnhngsailmcah.

o Nngdnnnngvai tr lchcaTN.Hc trchnhimviTN camnh. iu ny c ngha l nng dn nn s dng ccngun ti lc ca chnhh.Nunhnngdn ihi cung cpminphmtslnglnnhngvtcht,iunylduhiuchothyhkhngxemviclmnylcah.Hnna,viccungcpminphvtchtcthtonnmttnhhunggito.Nngdnskhng t chu cp thchinTNkhikhng c sgip cakhuyn nng trong tng lai. iu ny s lm cho kt qu TNkhngphhpvicciukincanngdn.

o Ngiiuhnh(CBKN)cnphicgngtrnhschiphibiccthnhvingiu,lntuivnamgii.Vd,gisrngculcbmun thnghimmtgingmi.Cc thnhvinkhgiumunsdngphnbnvimts lng ln.Trongkhimtsccthnhvinngho thkhng iu.Trong trnghpnhvy,hainhmTNcthcxcnh,mtnhmgmccthnhvinkh sdngnhiuphn,nhmkhc l cc thnhvinngho sdngtphnhn.

o MtvingithchinTNcthsrtrakhitintrnhTN.Do, sngi thamgia thchinTN lcban uphi tng inhiu(vd,3thnhvinkh,6thnhvinngho).

o NngdnphihiuvqunlcccTN.Vvy,chngtannthitkthnghimcngngincngtt.

o Bn cnphi linhhot trong sutqu trnh thchinTN.Trongqutrnhthchincthcmtviiuchnhcnthitivithitklcu.


Chnnngdnlmthnghim

Aislmthnghim?Ttcnhngthnhvinquantmhaychmtvingi?Nuchmtvi,tiuchgnnsdngchnh? (xemxt cc tiu chnh sgiungho,gii tnh,tuitc).

CgnggiihnthnghimchcnmtbinVd,ccgingkhcnhau,liulngphnbnkhcnhau,v.v...

LpliLm thnghim trnnhiurungkhcnhauhn l trnmtrung a ra kt lun tt hn.Chc chn cc iu kinrung thnghim (vd:t, ccmcqun l,vv...)cngingnhau.

ichngChng ta s thmtvik thutmi,vd ccgingmi.Chngtasnhgichngbiuhinnhthno?Chngtacnmtviichngsosnh,vdmtgingphbincnngdntrngrngri.

VtrcacclthnghimL th nghim phi i din cho ng rung.Cc l gingnhau (vdtgingnhau,cy trng trc gingnhau,v.v...).L thnghimnian ton, trnhnhngquyph (vd:gia sc, n trm,v.v...).L thnghim niddng vingthm.

CITHINCCHBTRTHNGHIMCANNGDN


CcutYucucnhngutg?Nhngutnycthlyu,bngcchno,vgic?

KchthccacclthnghimKhngqu ln (ri ro!),cngkhngqunh.Kch thc stythucvoloithnghim,vd:TNvgingkchthclcth10mx10m;Thnghimvchunbt:100mx20m.Lthnghimcphnranhgii,chial.

LoibnhhnghngbaVdlcthuhoch,loibcchba0.5m.

ThigianThigian ttnht bt u thnghim?Khino chunbt,s,ti,vv...Ttcnngdnlmthnghimcnglc?

Theodi&nhgiCuithnghimchngtacnaraktlun.Vvy,sliugchngtacnthuthp?Ailm,khino,vbngcchno?

pdngtheocnhn,cchqunlkhcnhauDng thnghimny c th c sdng th 1ging cymi, 1 vt nui laimi, 1 cch thc hinmi, vv...Nhng thnghimvinctdoquytnhcchqunlkthutmi.Vd1gingmic thc thnghim,mi thnghimvincthquytnhbaonhiuphnhspdng,mtgieo

CCDNGTHNGHIMCANNGDN


ssdng,slnlmcspdng,v.v...tytheoiukincah.

Trongtrnghpny,ccmcqunlcththayinhiugiaccthnghimvin.iunycthgipnghincusp ng ca k thutmidi cc iu kin khc nhau.Mtkhc,ssosnhtrnghpnycthkhkhn. ThnghimsosnhNngdnscthmunsosnhgia2mcphnbnkhcnhau, hoc 2 cng thc cho n khc nhau, v.v... Nhng thnghimvin s cgngginhngbinkhckhng i,h cgngqunlkthutmunsosnhvicngiukinnhnhau(vd: cng loi t, cngging, trng cng lc, cngmt ,v.v...).

Nhvy,spngtrcvsaucanghimthccthcsosnh.Mtlnna,ccbinkhcihigikhngi.

Dngthnghimnycthddngsosnh.Tuynhin,cvilu l sut qu trnh th nghim, cc th nghim vin c thkhngthduytrccmcqun lnhnhau.Vdtrongsthnghimvin,cthcvithnghimvingptrngidocqunhiuvhquytnhnhc.iunysnhhngktqu.Thng thnghimvinc thkhngnhn thcchuquccbinkhngthnghimhgyra.


THEODIVNHGITHNGHIM

Cui th nghim, nng dn cn nh gi c v kt qu thnghimvphngphpthnghim.Snhginysannhngkhuyncov:- ssdngcakthutmi,- sthchinccthnghimtrongtnglai.

toiukinddngchovicnhginy,nngdncnxcnh:- nhngmcchcathnghim,- nhngtiuchnhgi,- nhngchbo(indicators).

Hcngcnquytnh:- loisliugnnthuthp,- aisthuthpsliu,cchno,khino,u,- nhngsliunyscghinhthno,v.v...

Nngdnlunluntheodivnhginhngthnghimringcah.Thnghcngghichplithngtin.Trc,chngtatmhiunhngthctcanhngnngdnny.Bygi,chngtacthgiphcithinstheodi,ghichpvnhgicah.


PHTTRINCCTIUCHTHEODIVNHGI

o Nhng tiu chgnn sdng? (iunygip c thhamcch.iug lmmtging tthn,vd.Nngsut, laongihi,nngon,cli,vv...).

o Nhng ch bo g s cho bit c t cnhng tiu ch haykhng?(vd,nngsut:[kg/ha]).

o Chngtacnomnhngg?o Nhng thng tin g cn thit phi thu thp?V d: din tch l;

tngcngsnlngcal;v.v...

o Chngtaombngcchno?lythngtinbngcchno?,ailm,khino,u?(vd:Lcthuhoch,nngdnolngsnlngbngnvaphnggi,CBKNschuynisau;

o Cchghichpnhngsliunynhthno?(vd:biughichp,sghichp).

SDNGTIUCHCANNGDNNHGI

Khi nhgimtk thut,nngdn thng sdngnhngtiuchkhcnhautheotnhtrngkinhtcah,giitnhvtuitc. V d,mt nng dn kh gi c th quan tm gi c thtrng,trongkhinngdnnghohniuquantmtrctincthlantonlngthc.Nngdnlphncthnthigian,dlm,vv...

NHNGCUHICHCHT


iunycnghalcngmtkthutcthcnhgittbimtsnngdn,trongkhinhngnngdnkhctchikthut.Ttcucnhngldoxcngnhginhth.

NhlCBKN,chngtacthsdngmtscngclunranhngtiuchkhcnhauny.ChngtaKHNGnncgngpbucmingitrongCLBunhttr.Thayvo,chngtaccthnhvinkhcnhausdngnhngtiuchkhcnhau.

o iukintinquyt,vd:yucuthayivqunlngrung;hptcvinhngnngdnkhc;CBKN,cnbthynhkthmving,v.v...

o Nhngiukintinquytcthcthomn?Tnhthct?o Ccngunlccyucu(chiph):tinvn;t;nc;laong;ccvttkhc.

o Linhunem li:vd,nngsut; li (gi th trng);gimchiph (t vt t, t lao ng i hi; khng su bnh; thi giannu;ngonming,vv...

o Linhuntmthihayludi?o Riro.o pdngtrntonbngrungcah,trntonvng,v.v...o Phnngkhcnhthno?

MTSTIUCHPHBINSDNGCHONHGI


CCHGIRANHNGTIUCHCANNGDN

Mtscngccthcsdngxcnhnhngtiuchcanngdn:

nhgituyti

ivimigiiphp (lachn)bnhicc thnhviniugthchvkhng thchvn,v ti sao.Nhvy,migiiphpcnhgitrngitrringcan,chtlngringcan.

Sosnhcp

Migiiphpcsosnhvittcnhnggiiphpkhc,tnggiiphpmt.Bnhiccthnhvingiiphpnohnnchnnuhphichngia2lachnny,vtisao.Bncngcthhiccthnhvinsosnhmigiiphp(vdccgingkhcnhau)vithctcah(vdgingcaaphngh).

Xphngccgiiphp

Ccthnhvincyucuxphngttcccgiiphpt(tia)athchn(tithiu)athch.Bnyucuhgiithchtisaomigiiphpnycathchhngiiphpkia.

giaionny,ccthnhvinchalmthnghimviccgiiphpkhcnhau.Hcthkhngnhnthcttcnhngnghacaccgiiphp.NgaycCBKNcngc thkhngnhn thcttcnhngngha.Do,mts tiuchc thkhngcxcnhgiaionny.Cthbsungthmnhngtiuchsauny trongqu trnh thchin, theodivnhgi thnghim(bc3).


Box10.VaitrcaCBKN

o CBKNcniuhnhbitpny,o Bn nn c gng bao qut trnh ln t ca nng dn giu,

ngi lnhaynamgii.Chng taKHNGcpminginhttr.Chngtacthlmvicringtngnhmnh(vd:nhmnngdnkhgi,nngdnngho,nhmphnkh,nhmphnngho).

o Nngdncthkhngquenvittcccgiiphp.Bncthtrangbchobnkinthcvkinhnghimringchiasvih.

o Nngdncthbqunmtstiuchlinquan.Chngtacthnhchnhngtiuchnyvyucuhchng.Tuynhin,chngtakhngaratiuchringcachngta.

o Mtngoilrtquantrngiviluttrn!Dnvchnhphcngcthcnhngtiuchring(vd:kthutmikhngnhhngvmitrng;chngkhngtorascngthngvmtxhitrongvng;nngdnkhng lmnhnghotngphiphp;ccgiiphpchiphkhngqucao,dnskhngtitrchng).

o K thutmi tng i n gin v cho kt qu thi gianngn.

o Nhngquantmnhvycthcchuynthnhcctiuch.ychlnhnggivtiuchvcthcaratholunvinngdn.


THUTHPSLIUVGHICHP

Nnquan tmv tnhhiuqu, trnh lmmtqunhiu thigianchonngdn.Chnhngsliucnthitchonhgi(theonngdn)thnncthuthp.

Sliukhngphirtchnhxc,khngihiomchnhxc.Tuynhin,ccnhhngvsaistnnc trnhcngnhiucngtt.

Nhngdingiivolngtheocchaphngnncsdng,vdcngthayvha,githaychotn.

Thuthpvghichpsliunnchthng.CcthnhvinCLBnnhiurvngailmg,khino,tisao.Cccngcnncngngincngtt.Cccngcsdngtheophngphpngnht.Tuynhin,ihilinhhot.HpCLB(khngphicnhn!)quytnhnhngiuchnh.

o Biughichp (sheets).CBKNc thgipCLB thitkbiughi

ngin.Cthsdngnhnghnhvkhilmvicvithnghimvinkhngbitch.Mtlachnkhc,tremihccthgipchamkhngbitchduytrsghichpvobiu.

o Lchghi.Lchghic thcsdng ghichpnhngskinquantrng.Hocthigianbnphn,xtthuc,vv...

o Ccbncanngdn.Cthcsdngghichp,vdsly lan cadchbnh trong thnghim, cck thutqun lkhcnhau,vv...

VDVCNGCGHICHPSLIU


o CLBstchcnhngcuchptheodivthmrungnhkchonhng thnghim.Nhngcuc thm ngvhpnhvyc thc t chc nhnggiai on thchhp ca thnghim.Trongnhngcuchptheodi,nhngghichpcthcsosnh,hngktqucthara,nhngiuchnhcthlm,nhngtiuchmicthnysinh,vv...CBKNcththamdviuhnhnhngcuc hp v thm ngnh vy.Nhngnng dn khng phi lthnh vin CLB c th c mi trong cc cuc thm ng thnghim(phtrin!).

NHGITHNGHIM

giaioncuithnghim,nngdnsnhgicckthut(ccgiiphp)hthnghimtheocchmhthchin.Snhginyschocckhuyncocvssdngcckthutvquytnhnhngthnghimtnglai.

Nngdnsnhgi,CBKNtchcviuhnh.Snhginntu tin trnht lk thut thchhpchonngdn,khngphi chonhnghin cu.Do phngphp nhginn n gin.Cui cng, nng dn c th t h thc hin snhgitheocchringcah.

Tintrnh

Trckhinhgi,CBKNnnnghincukccsghichpcnhncanngdn lm thnghim.CBKNc thgiphhonchnhsghichpvhiuchnhccsaist.Vicxemccsghichptrcnhgithcsrthuchbivncthgiplmnhanhvtchcnhgitthn.NcthgipCBKNxcnhnhngchquantrngchotholun.


1. CBKNnn gipnngdn lm thnghimnh li (xem li)

mcchcathnghim.Hnnhiurmcch.Sutqutrnhnhgi,hnnghinhmcchthnghimtrongu.Vicnhginntptrungvomcchthnghim.

2. Sut qu trnh nh gi, nng dn lm th nghim nn sdngnhng tiu ch ring cah, cpht trin trc trongtintrnhPTD(bc2).Hnnnh li(xem li)ttccc tiu ch, tng cimt.Mi tiu ch h phi r v hiuthngnhtnhau:ttcthnghimvinnngiithchntheomt cchgingnhau.H cngnnxc nh s liu c thihichocctiuch.

3. Nngdnlmthnghimtrnhbysliucah(vd,nngsut).CBKNspxpnhngsliunytrongmtbng(xemvdtrangktip).Mtssliuslnhlng.Ccsliukhcc thnh tnh,phn nhdihnh thcmtkhiutngtrng,vd:

xxx,xx,hayx+,hay,.hay/

Trnghpcnhngkhcbitchnhgiaccs liu,nngdn lm thnghimnncgng tmra ldo tisao.Nhngkhcbitnyxyranh thno?Hcngsphicungcpccthngtinlinquankhc,vdlngphnsdng,tnhtrngcdi,vv...Ccthngtinnycthcphnnhlinhnhnglutrongbng.

Cc thnghimvincngcn thit tm rabtknhng tnhhungcbit,haybtthngnomcthlmsailchktqucathnghim,vdlngmacaohaythpbtthng,vv...NngdnvCBKNnnnhlmiunykhinhngkt


qukhngtnhmongmun.Nhngnhngtnhhungbtthng,vd tsubnhxyramtcchbtthng,cthcngcnhhngttnccktquthnghim.Nhvy,ccktquskhngidinchomtvbnhthng.Vvy,ngay c nu cc kt qu ph hp vi hay vt qu vi smongi,nngdnvCBKNvncnthitthichnhmnhcbtknhngtnhhungbtthngnokhng.

4. Ccs liukhng tincyc th loib.Vd l thnghimcamtnngdncthbthithinngdogiascthrong,dnnktquthtthotnngsutln.Sliunngsutcangyskhcrtnhiusoviccthnghimvinkhc.Bnc th loibs liucang ybivns lmsai lchsphntch.

Nhng cn thn, ng loi b s liu qu sm! ng xemchngnh s liukhng tin cyqu sm.Nhngkhcbitthtscthcgiasliucanhngthnghimvinkhcnhau.Lunluncgngtmraldotisao.Thngnhngskhcnhaunyldoskhcnhauvmitrnghaykhcnhauvsqunl.Nhngskhcnhaunhvycthrtidinchoskhngngnhttrongcngngvcncxemxttrongqutrnhphntch.

5. Thitlpccgitrdybinthinvtrungbnh(averagesandranges).Hycn thn,cc trungbnhc thgip tm ttmtb s liunhng chngcng c th chegiunhng skhcbitquantrng.Trongthct,rtcnthitphnnhdybinthincasliu(thpnhtncaonht).


VDVCHUNBBNGNHGI

Bng1.Nngsutccgingla(tn/ha):ThNghimVin(TNV)

GingA GingB GingC Nhnglu

TNV1 7.0 5.0 5.0 TNV2 6.5 5.5 4.5 TNV3 6.0 4.5 4.5 TNV4 4.5 4.5 4.0 BntphnTrungbnhBinthin

6.04.57.0

4.84.55.5

4.44.05.0

6. Ccthnghimvinnnaraktluntheocctiuchkho

st:gingnobiuhintttheotiuchny?(Vdgingnochonngsutcaonht?Dinhngiuking?).Trongkhiaraccktlun,ngqunrngcciukinkhcnhaugianngdnnyvinngdnkhc.Cnngdncttthn,cnngdntxuhn.Mtvinngdnctinvnnhiu hn, nhng ngi khc c t hn, v v.v...Ging ttnhtivimtnngdnnycthkhngttivinngdnkhc.

7. Lplibc2nbc6chottccctiuch,tngtiuch

mt.Phn nh tt c cc tiu chv cc trungbnh/dybinngtrongmtbngmi,trntgiyln(xemvd).

Thct,bng2trnhbymtxphngmatrn.Ccsvccloi cho im khc nhau c th d dng c chuyn ithnhnhngduchm.Ncngrtlthsosnhmatrn


ny vima trn c lm trc y trong tin trnh PTD(bc2caPTD):cbtkskhcnhaunogia2matrn?Tisaocnhngskhcnhauny?

8. Ccthnghimvinschoktluncuicngcahvphttrin cc khuyn co. Nhng cu hi sau y c th gipngiiuhnhhngdnnngdn:

Cuhigi:

o Nhng la chn no (v d, cc ging) th hin l c trin vngnht?Tisao?Dinhngiuking?Choitngnngdnno?

o Hiuquvhthngcanhtc:- Nhng k thutny c gip gii quyt cc trngi khc khng?Haytoranhngtrngimi?Nhngtrngino?

- Chng(ccgiiphp)ctoranhngchimichosphttrinccmhnhcanhtcsaunykhng?Nhngchino?

- Chngcgiptngssdngccnguntinguynkhng?Vdchnggipphttrinskthpcytrngvvtnuikhng?

- Chngc lmchohthngcanhtcadnghnv trirohn,nhlsbinngvgic,lngmathtthng,v.v...

o Chngtacthxemnhngktluntrnlngtincykhng?o Chng ta sn sng sdng cc la chn trinvng trnnngtrichngta,trnquimlnhn?Cbtcnhngyucuvsthchnghino?

o Chngtasnsngphbinchngchonhngnngdnkhc?o Haychngtacnthchinthnghimthmna?


9. Cuicng,ccthnghimvinnnnhgicchhthchinthnghim.Nhngimmnhvnhngimyutrongcch chng ta b tr v thc hin th nghim l g?Cn cnhngcitingnnthchinchonhngthnghimcavmati?

VDVCHUNBBNGNHGI

Bng2.Bngnhgitnghpcctiuch:

Tiuch GingA GingB GingC Cclu

Nngsut(tn/ha)

4.57.0TB:6.0

4.55.5TB:4.8

4.05.0TB:4.4

Apngviphncao

Khngchyl

xx x x

Ngoncm / . Gi n +


Box11.Yucuvknng&thi

o Suynghm!Scmnhncanngdncthkhcvibn.Cccmnhnkhcnhaucngscgianhngnngdn.

o Khngpbuc thngnht chung, thngnht chungkhngihi.

o Cgngtrnhslnt.o Yucunhiucuhiosu.Sdngnhiucuhim.o Cgngsdngccnvo lngaphngmnng

dnquenthuc.

o Trcquanhaminhhartquantrng.Vdsdngcctgiylnvccbngbiu.Cgngsdngccbiutngtngtrngchocctiuch,gitr.

o Snhgicanngdnvcc thnghimrtquan trngtrongPTD.Dnhthigian,khngviv(nhnlp!).

o Khngkodibuinhgiqu lu.Ttnht,c th trinkhainhgiqua2cuchpkhcnhau.

(PartlyadaptedfromVeldhuizen,Laurensvanetal,Veldhuizen,Laurensvanetal,1997.DevelopingtechnologywithFarmers,ETC)


BC4PHTRINKTQU

QUNGBTRONGTOT&PTD

Phngphpkhuynnngthngthng(ToT)tptrungvoschuyngiaocck thutnngnghip.Huhtnhngk thutnycphttrinvkhuyncobiccnhkhoahchaycccngty,nhmthuytphcnngdnsdngnhngkthutny.Ccthngtinthgiihn,chnghnccthngtinlinquann nhng hn ch ca k thut.Cc thng tin thng c xuhngchtrngvkthut.Cckhacnhkinht,xhi,vnha,v.v...thngbqua.Nngdnthhunhkhngcbaogmtrongsphttrincctliuqungbtheocchny.

Tuynhin,trongPTDchngtacgngphbinnhngthngtinvcckthutcphttrinhaycthcnghimbichnhnngdn.Khngnhmthuytphcnngdnsdngmtk thutringbitno.Thayvo,chng tacungcpchohmt gi (basket) nhng k thut mi (nhng la chn) vkhuynkhchh thnghimnhng lachnny.Chng tacungcpchohttcnhngthngtinihicthlachn.Cc thng tinv k thut cngnh v cc lnhvc sinh thi,kinht,xhi,vnhascbaogm.Trongthct,ccthngtins tp trungvocc tiuchmnngdnsdngchovicthchinthnghimvnhgithnghimcah(xembc3).


Cstrinvngvnhnghnchcanhngkthutmichoccitngnngdnkhcnhau(vkinht,giitnh,tuitcv.v)cngsccpvo.iunyihinhngthnghimvinban u cng sbaogm trongvicpht trin cc t liukhuynnng.

Hnna,trongPTDchngtakhngchcphbinrngricckthutctrinvng,chngtacncphbinphngphpPTD.NngdnvCBKNcthphbinnhngquanimcahvphngphp,v cc cng ch sdng,v ccknnghbitc,v.v...Nhvy,chngtacgngphbinchonhngnngdnkhcvCBKNchnhhthnghimphngphpPTD.


Tiuch TOT PTDPhbinnhngg?

Cctinbkthutmi

Cctinbkthutmi+nhngkinhnghimviPTD

Ngunkthutmi

Cckthutmicphttrinbiccnhkhoahc

Cckthutmicphttrinhaythcnghimbichnhnngdn

Mcchnhm

Thuytphcnhngnngdnpdngkthut

Khuynkhchnngdnthnghimchnlacckthutphhpvih

Slngcclachnara

Mtkthutmi Giccgiiphpkthutkhcnhau(nhnggiiphpkhcnhauchocngmtvn)

Loithngtin

Huhtlccthngtinkthut.Hunhtutrungvkhnngcakthutmi

Ccthngtinvkthutcngnhvsinhthi,kinht,xhi,vnha,v.v...Ttcnhngthngtinyucucthlachn.Baogmcthngtinvkhnngvhnchcakthut.

Quanimvnhmmctiu

Cccngngcanhtcgingnhau.Hunhkhngcskhcnhaugiaccnngdn

Cccngngcanhtckhngngnhtnhau.Docsluvkinht,gii,tuitc,dntcv.v..khcnhaugiaccnngdn

Aithitkcctliu?

CnbKhuynnng(CBKN)

Nngdn+CBKN

SKHCNHAUGIAToTVPTDTRONGQUNGB


QUNGBTRUYNTHNG&PTD

TrongPTD,trctinchngtacgngnghincunhngcchtruynthngvqungbtruynthng.Mtvivdcccchvkxoqungbtruynthngnh:

Nngdn thmving bn cah.Trongnhng cucvingthmnhvy,cckinhnghim,vtcht,vdhtgingctraoi.

Nngdnni chuynvi thng li.Trongnhng cuc trchuynnhvynngdncththuthpnhiuthngtinvnhucuthtrng(ccsnphm,chtlng)vgic.

Nhngcuchuyn,biht,chuyntucchiastrongcccuchp/gpg,cbitcccucgpgkhngchnhthc,chnghnqunx,mtic,v.v...

Biudinvnnghaphng,rphtaphng,chngtrnhphtthanhnhnngaphng,v.v...

Nhng c ch truyn thng v qung b truyn thng nythng rt c hiu qu. Thc t, nhiu k thutmi v nngnghip c ph bin thng qua nhng c ch nh vy,mkhngcbtcsthamgianocaCBKN!

Dnhin,nhngcchtruynthngnycngcnhnghnchcan,chnghn:

Squngbnyxyramtcchtnhc,chkhicchin,khngckhochtrc.

Squngbnngikhc,nhnghngxmaphngcthchm.


Giivnhnghnchkhccavnhaxhicthcntrsphbinnhanh.

Nhngthngtincthdbbpmo/sailchkhitruynbtmingnginysangngikia(tamsaothtbn).

PTDscvndngvcngccccchtruynthngvqungbtruynthngny.Mtvivdcthpdng:

CBKNcachng taqu t.Hkhng th lmvicvi ttccccngng trongmthuyn.Tuynhin,mtsxcthlinktgngivixkhc.Cnhius truyn thngangxy ragia cc x trong cm x.CBKN c thbt u tintrnhPTD mt x trong cm.C ch truyn thng truynthng sgip phbinkinhnghimPTDv ccktqunccxkhctrongcm.

Nngdn s baogm trongqungb.Chng ta c th tphunvhtrcckhuynnngvinnngdn.

Chngtacthtchcnhngcucthamquantraoigiaccnngdn.

Sdngphng tinnghe nhn.Cngvicnyc thbaogmvicghihnh,ghimcccuctholungianhngnngdn, cc bi ht, kch, v.v...C thpht chng trnTV hayradio,cngcthsdngtrongcccuchpvinngdn,niqunx,nihihpkhc,v.v...

Tiliubn,bntintrnbo,tiliuchonngdn,v.v...


PHNGTINNGHENHN

Phngtinnghenhnnhbngvideo,daCD,phttrnTV,pht thanh radio,v.v...c thgip lm tng thm squan tmcanngdnvcckthutmi.

Tuynhin,khngnnmongmiqunhiustcngcacngcnghe nhnn l.Chngnncsdngkthpviccphngphpqungbkhcnhtiliubm,stay/cmnang,thamquan,tphunthct.

Hnna,hinticnhiuchngtrnhnghenhnkm.Vd,nhngqungcothngmithuctrsutrnTVlnhngvdxucththyr.Nhngqungconykhnghlucungcpchonngdnnhngthngtinccnnhck.Chngnthunmunquynrnngdnmuasnphm.

Diylmtshngdnvcchtoranhngvt liukhuynnngnghenhnchiuqu.

NHHNG

1. Nnnhhngchchophng tinnghe nhn.Trctin,bnnn nhngha r rngvn bnmunni n.Tonbvicghihnh,ghimnntutrungvochcth,khnglmlchch.

2. K n,bn cnxc nhkhngi cabn.Ai lngimthng tin sphcvn?Chonngdn mi trng sinhthi nng nghip no?Cho nngdn giu hay ngho?Chonnghayphn,KinhhayKhmer?vv...Khi thitkccvtliukhuynnngnghenhn,bnnnlungitrongulthngtinphcvchokhngicabn.


3. Nng dn thch chn la t gi ca nhng gii php kthut.Nucth,phngtinnghenhnkhngnnchcpmtmtthnhtlnhiugiiphpchomtvn.Vd,nhiuginglachnsm,nhiuloinngdcphngtrrynu,nhiucchphila,v.v...

4. Nngdn thng la chngiiphpmt cchkhng chnhthc.Ttcthngtinyucucthlachnnncbaogmtrongvicghi hnh,ghim.Khngchccthngtinvkthut,mcnccthngtinvsinhthi,kinht,xhi,vnho,v.v...vnhngncacclachnkhcnhau.Ctimnngvnhnghnchcamigiiphpnncbaogm.TrongPTD, chng ta sphbinnhngktqu ca cc thnghim c nng dn thc hin.Nhng th nghim vinnngdnnysdngnhngtiuchringcahnhgicclachn.Nhngtiuchnysrtlinquannnngdnkhc.Do,ccphng tinqungbnghe nhncachng tann sdng cc tiu ch cho nh gi ca nhngnngdnthnghimvin.CBKNcthbsungthmnhngyutkhc.

5. rngkhngischnhphnmhnghevnhnthy.iunyc1nrtquantrngvnidungcaphngtinkhuynnngnghe nhn.Nhngbng hnh ca chng tannnhmtngsquantmchcanngdn.Nhngbng hnh khng nn cung cp qu nhiu chi tit, thng tin kthut.Vd,chnhxc liu lng thuc trsu, lngphnbn, chi titk thutmy sy,v.v...Khngi s trnnchnvskhngnhttcnhngchititny.Thayvo,nhngbnghnhnntutrungvonhnguimvnhcimquantrngcanhnglachnkthutkhcnhau.Nunng dn quan tm v cc la chn k thut ny, nhng


phngphpkhuynnngkhcscungcpvinhiuchititkthuthn,vdccti liubmvkthut,cmnang,thamquan,thctptphundoCBKNhaynhngnngdnlmthnghim.

CCHTRNHBYTHNGTIN

1. Vicghihnh,ghimnnbtchtvthuhtsquantmcakhngi.Tonbhnhghituncuinnthhinmtcchtnhin.Ghihnhkodicngmtngicphngvn,cngmtnginhnvomyquayvnichuyn,v.v...trnndnhmchn.Ngixemsnhanhchngmthngth.

2. Huhtccbitngthutnnctrnhbybingicging tt (ngi bit cch kim sot ging), chuyn nghip.Ging cahnn r rng, tnhin.Hnnbit cchnhnmnhnhngquan trng.Nn trnhniviginguusdlmnhmchn,mtsthuht.

3. Cht lng thng tinc thc trnhbybngnhiucch.Mtsvdnh:Ngitngtrnhcthtrnhbymtcuchuyn.Cuchuynnyc thcminhhavihnhnhnhnmnhnhngimquan trngcacuchuyn;Ccbicahay th c thc sdng trnhby thng tin theocchgiitr/thgin.Lnna,cchnycthkmvihnhnhminhhachonhngimquantrng;Dinkchdonngdnhaykchscthcghihnhli;Nhngtam,tholunngngiaccnngdncthghihnhli,haylphngvnnngdnvkvkinhnghimcah.Ccphngvnvtholunnycthikmvighihnh(quayphim).


Trongvicghihnh, thng tinvs lngc thc trnhby theo cc hnh thc nh bng biu, th, biu ngin.cbit,ccbiuhnhthanhhayhnhbnhcthdhiu.Cchnhnhcthghilitccpphch(posters)canngdntrongqutrnhthchinPTD,vdhnhnhvktqucabitpxphngmatrn.

4. Tngnndhiu,trnhnhngtngkhoahc.

5. Ghihnhnni t thng tin tngqutnnhng thng tinchitithn.

CUTRCCAKCHBN

i.Giithiu

Gii thiunn tmttgn, thi lngmtpht.Gii thiunntrnhbyvn tamun a ra.Cngnngii thiu tm ttnhnggiiphpkhthikhcchovn.

Phngiithiurtquantrng!Tanncgngtosbtchtgychnkhngingaytmu.Quayphimngiangnilcnynntrnh.Tthnlnnsdngghihnhminhhachovnvcclachn.

ii.Phnnidungchnh

Phnnidung chnh trnhby cc la chnkhcnhau chi tithn.Ttccc thng tinnngdncn thnghim,snhgicngbngcclachnkhcnhaunntrnhbyphnny.


iii.Ktlun

Ktlunnnlplitmttvnvnhngukhuytimcaccgiiphpkhcnhau.Mtvihnhnhquantrngghilcucthsdnglichoktlun.Hnhnhcthkmtheonhcgyshpdn.

Box12.Nhngluquantrng

o Cctliunghenhnnncxydngtheocchgngivinngdn.Nngdncthgipchngtaquytnhiugnntruynthngvcchlmnhthno.

o CcquanimcaccthnhvinculcbPTD,nhngthnghimvinvicc lachnkhcnhaunncbaogm.Hnhgicc lachn,sdngcctiuchringcah.Cc tiu chv snhginy linquannhiu nnhngnngdnkhc.Hc thbitnhng lachnnophhpchonngdnkhgiu,cinophhpchongingho,cinophhpchongiivcinonamgii,v.v..vtisao!Thngtinnyrtcnthitchosphttrincctliukhuynnngchiuqu.

o Kch bn ca cc t liu khuyn nng nghe nhn ny nnctrnhbyvtholunviccnngdnthucitngkhngidkin.Nhnggpcahc thgipchng taiuchnhlncui.


C2dngca ti liubm: (i)Ti liubmk thutv (ii)Ti liugi squan tm (nh cc t riqung co).Mt cchtngqut,tiliubmcnhngcimsau:

1. Huhtcctiliubmcmcchgingnhnhngcngcnghe nhnkhc.Chngcng tonnschcanngdn.Tiliubmnnitimtvnringbitvmtcmt sccgiiphpkh thi.Chngnncungcpchonngdnccthngtincnthitnhgimilachn.

2. Ni dung v cu trc ca ti liu bm ging nh nhngphng tinnghe nhn (xem cu trc kch bn).Cc bngbiu,ccbiucthcsdngtrnhbyccthngtinnhlng.Hnhnh,hnhv,hahnhv.v...cthcsdnglmtngthmccimquantrng.

3. Cctiliubmvkthut(haycmnangchonngdn)scungcpchititkthutnhiuhn.Tiliunythngthinvmtk thut,vd ti liubmvmt loi thuc su,mtloimysyla,v.v...Chngsbaogmttcccchititkthutihipdng.Cgngnhnmnhnhngthngtinquan trngnht cngnhiu cng tt.Cchnhv c thcsdngminhha,vdssdngantoncamtloithuctrsu,vcthtngbcmt.

4. Trnhbymttiliubmcntheocutrc(khngnnvitqunhiu trong ti liubm).Cchvaphi dc.Cungin,ngngn,dng tng thngdng.Sdngnhiuhnhv,nhminhhachonidung.

TILIUBM


Nhngcucthamquanhctpcthlcngcphtrinchiuqucao.Nhngnngdncquan tm nvnc thnocththamquannhngnngdnkhc.Nhngnngdnang tm c vimt loimy gt lami c th tham quannhngnngdnkhcthnghimloimynyri.

Nhng cucving thm trao inhvy c th c t chcgianhngnngdn trongcngmtx,haygianhngcngngkhcnhau.

Thigiancacuc thamquanc th thayi tviginctun, ty thucvomc ch ca chuyn thamquan.Cccuctham quan nhm lm gia tng s quan tm ca nng dn skhng tnnhiu thigian.Nhngcccuc thamquank thutstnnhiuthigianhnvnngdnhccchsdngmtkthutcthcthmtnhiungy.

TCHCNHNGCUCTHAMQUANNHTHNO?

Bnstchcnhngcucthamquannynhthno?Sauylmtvikhuynco:

1. Xydngmcchcacucthamquan.

Vngchngtamungiiquyt?Nhngkthutgchngtamunhchi?Cnnlcucthamquanchnhmlmtngschcanngdnvcungcpchohnhngthngtintngqut?Haynnlcucthamquannhmmcchitithn,tphunkthut?

THAMQUANHCTP


2. Xydng tiuch chnnhng thnhvin thamquan.Slngthnhvinthamquannngiihntial57ngidhngdnvgiaotip.

3. Chunbbng litk tng thamquan.Phncngnhimv,aitptrungvvngtrongbnglitk.

4. Spxpdngoi,vdtuxe,ch,tichnh,ngilinh,v.v...

5. Tchccktthngtinlisaucucthamquan.Nnbocolicigvcchno?

6. Tholuncchcthpdng,sdngnhngphthintmthy trong cuc tham quan. Pht trinmt k hoch hnhng.

7. Theodiktqucacucthamquan.Theodisthchincakhochhnhng.

NHNGUIM

Nngdncthhckinhnghimcanhngnngdnkhc.Hcththyccktqucanhngthnghimthchinbinhngnngdnbn.H c thhcvnhngkhnngvnhnghnchcacckthutmi.

Thngccvttnhhtginghaycccngcsctraoitrongnhngcucthamquannhvy.

Nhngcuc thamquannh thc th tomiquanhgnktludigianngdnvinngdnvvicccngng.

Mtcuc thamquannnhngnngdn thchinPTDcth gip ph bin phng php PTD.Nng dn vCBKNcthamquancthquantmbtuPTDringcah.


Nhng nng dn, ngi c nhng nng dn khc hocCBKNvingthmscmthytho.Httinvuytncah s tng ln. Tht s cng ging nh vy i vi ngithamquan.Hctpthnngdnbuchnvtrthnhthnhphncaonkhch.Hthovuytncngstngln.

NHNGHNCH

Nukhngc t chc tt,cuc thamquan skhnghiuqu.iuquantm ldnhthigianchochunbmtcucthamquanlrtcnthit.Saukhithamquan,dnhnhiuthigianhnlpkhochhnhng,theodiktqucacucthamquan.

Thamquanhctpcthtnkmnhiu. Lc,nngdncthquvuisngvqunmcchca

cuc thamquan.Hnh trnhnnhngaimxa, thayvhchi,trthnhmcchcacucdulch.


Nngdnlunlungivaitrquantrngtrongvicphbincckthutnngnghip,ngayckhngctcngcaCBKN.V d nng dn thung thm ving nhau v trao i kinhnghim,traoigingmi.

Lc lngCBKNthrt t.Hkhngthbaotrmhtcccngng.Tuynhin,trongnhiutrnghpCBKNcthsdngnhngngunlccachnhnngdn.Nngdntrthnhnhngkhuynnngvin.

1. Mtsnngdn cth lnhngthnghimvinthamgiatrongtintrnhPTD(bc3)cthtrthnhnhngngicknngtttronghngdnnhngnngdnkhcvcckthutmhthnghimvpdng.Hcthtruyntchonhngnngdnkhcmt cchkhng chnh thc, cngnhtrongcccuchihp,tphun,thamquan,v.v...

2. Saumthayvinm thchinPTD,mtsnngdnquendnvicccngcPTDvccknnggiaotipcahccithintt.NhngnngdnnhvycthbtutchcviuhnhcccuchpPTD.HcthcvnchonhngnngdnkhcvthitkccthnghimPTD.HcthiuhnhtheodivnhgiccthnghimPTD.Hcthvitti liucckinhnghimPTD.Dndn,hc thm trchvaitrcaCBKN.LcnyCBKNchthnhthongthmvinghvtvnchoh.

NNGDNNHNGKHUYNNNGVIN


Box 13. Nhng c tnh camt khuyn nng vin lnngdnchiuqu

o Nngdn tchcc lm thnghimcck thutnngnghipvtngthamgiatrongmtvithnghimPTD.

o Nngdnthhinkhimtnvtt.o Nngdnhnghigipnhngnngdnkhc.Thng

htngthamgiacngvictnguyntrc.

o Nngdncquanhttvicngngo Nngdncthigianrnhlmvicvinhngnngdn

khc.

o Nngdncmtsknngcbn(cchgiaotip).NHNGUIM

Nhngkhuynnngvin lnngdn thquenvicciukinmi trng aphng: sinh thi,kinh t xhi,vnhav tchc.Hcngquenvicc trngivchicaaphng.

Khuynnngvinlnngdnsdnglintingniaphng.Nngdncthhiuddng.

Nngdn tin tngKhuynnngvin lnngdnhn.Hcthhamthchhctanhtahn ltCBKN.SthamgiacakhuynnngvinnngdncthgimbtmtscngviccaCBKN.LcnyCBKNcthtptrungchocccngngkhc.CBKNsvnvingthmnhngkhuynnngvinnngdnnhngchvivaitrtvn.

Chiph chokhuynnngvin lnngdnhot ng th thnnhiusovichoCBKN.


NHNGHNCH

C th c nhng trng hp chn sai nhng khuyn nngvin l nngdn.H c th chnmt ngi khng c khnngkhuynnngcbn,nhngbivng tacuy tn,ca v, c th cho h cng vic lm, v.v... CBKN nn gipnhngnngdnxydngcc tiuch ttchovic lachncckhuynnngvinnngdn.

Mt s nng dn l ph n c th l nhng cng tc vinkhuynnnghiuqu.Nhngnhngnamnngdn c thkhngnhnrah.Hoclnhngrngbucxhi,vnhacthcntrhmtrchvaitrcamtkhuynnngvin.

Nhngkhuynnngvinlnngdncthcnhiunhimvkhc.Lc ,h c thxao lng cngvickhuynnngcah.

Nhngkhuynnngvin lnngdn c thhchi tngichmvihinhiushunluyn.

Nhngkhuynnngvinnngdncthcnhiukhkhntrongvicchunbccbocovcngvicgiytkhc.


Box14.Cchtrchokhuynnngvinnngdn

o CBKN s dn dn ngng vic iu hnh cc cuc hi hpPTD, thayvo lkhuynnngvin nngdn.CBKNsvn thnh thong thm cc CLB, nhng ch c vn nhngkhuynnngvinnngdnny.

o CBKN v cc t chc h tr khuyn nng nh Trung TmKhuynNng c th tp hun nhng khuyn nng vin nngdn.

o Cc t chch trkhuynnng c thgipnhngkhuynnngvinnngdnthitkcctliukhuynnng.

o Cc t chch trkhuynnngc thcungcpchonhngkhuynnngvinlnngdnccvnphngphm,ccthitbngin,schv,vcctpchlinquan,v.v...

o Mtskhuynnngvin lnngdn,hbnhiuthigianchocngvickhuynnng.Cc tchch trkhuynnngc th cung cpmt t tin th lao (bidng) cho s cnghincah.

DE


NGY:THIGIAN:HNGDNVIN:

MCTIU:

Saukhihcxongphnny,cchcvinshiurvcththchnhccccngcnhphngphpngno,phnnhm,xydngcyvn,phngvnbncutrc,xphngmatrnvxphnggiu ngho,m c thc sdng ccbckhcnhaucatintrnhPTD.

PhnIVCccngchtr


CCNIDUNG:

1. Phngphpngno2. Phnnhmnh3. Cyvn4. Phngvnbncutrc5. XphngMatrn6. Xphnggiungho

YUCUHUNLUYN:

S dng nhiu phng php: bi ging, ng no, tho lunnhm,thchnhngvai,v.v...choccnidungtrn

TRHUNC:



PHNGPHPNGNO

Phngphpngno (brainstorming)haycngi lphngphp suynghnhanh.Phngphpny c th to chi chonhiungithamgiavchophpbnthuthpcnhiuthngtintrongthigianngnnht.VTDNGCNTHIT

Giy kh ln (poster) hoc bngen,Thgiymu(cards),Bngkeogiy,VitMarkerhocphn.

PhnIVCccngchtr

Bichngdn

Hnh6.Thchnhngnoviccthghi(cards)


CCBC

1. Cc thnh vin thamd tp hp tho lun chung.H ngithnhmtnavngtrn.Ngiiuhnhtcuhi.

2. Chomtviphtccthnhvinthamdchunbkinphnhicnhnvcuhi.

3. Bygi,ngiiuhnhyuculnltmithnhvintrlicuhi.Trongvngu,mi thnhvin thamdc thchomtcutrli.

4. Ccthnhvinthamdkhngnnnhnxtcutrlicaccthnhvinkhc.Ngaycngiiukhincngkhngcphpnhnxt.Tuynhin,ngiiukhincthyucuccthnhvintrnhbyrhncutrlicahtrckhichuynsangnidungkhc.

5. Ngay c thnh vin thamd c ng vi c

3. ptd - participatory technology development

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