envacCONCEPT

A MAGAZINE FROM THE WORLD LEADER IN AUTOMATED WASTE COLLECTION

2:04THEME: STOCKHOLM – SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT

NEWS - STOCKHOLM, URBAN EXPANSION - HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD, FOCUS ON SUSTAINIBILITY - SÖDRA STATION, 1980’S IDEAL OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT - HALLONBERGEN, A SIXTIES PROJECT - RESEARCH: FUTURE DEMAND ON WASTE COLLECTION

envacCONCEPT

2

Stockholm - Sustainable urbandevelopment

Sustainable urban development - a concept everyone talks about but no-onereally seems to know how to implement. The Brundtland Commission definedsustainable solutions as those that “satisfy our needs today without jeopardisingthe capability of future generations to satisfy theirs”. But how do we implementthem in practice and what criteria shall we apply to evaluate just how sustainablea particular solution may be? There appears to be no unequivocal answer to thisquestion.

In its thematic strategy document on the urban environment, the EU Commissionpoints out the need to create urban environments that are less dependent onmotor vehicles. This is to be achieved by increasing the density of built-up areasas well as varying the use of the buildings. But also by creating attractive, safe,healthy and high-quality urban environments for people to live and work in.

Underground waste-transport systems are a way of improving the urban environ-ment. Stockholm was also a pioneer of vacuum waste transportation. The firstsuch installation in a residential area was set up in Sundbyberg as early as 1967.It is still in operation. Over 80 systems of this kind are currently in operation inthe Stockholm region. Some 120,000 households use stationary or mobile under-ground waste-transport systems on a daily basis.

In this issue of Envac Concept, we look more closely at how urban trends haveaffected the building of residential areas in Stockholm and the design of waste-collection systems. We will also illustrate how the requirements for an improvedwork environment for waste collectors affect collection systems.

A measure of sustainability is obtained by looking at the continued viability of a technology in a longer perspective. How well can it satisfy and adapt itself tothe changing demands of its surroundings? Looking at sustainable urban wastecollection in Stockholm, we focus particularly on the work and residential environments. The economic dimension is illustrated with examples of evaluationmodels for the selection of waste-collection systems. We discuss the social dimen-sion from how the way waste inlets have integrated in the living environment.

Jonas Törnblom

HOW SUSTAINABLE IS SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT?

PublisherChrister Öjdemark, President & CEO Envac Centralsug AB

Editor-in-chiefJonas Törnblom, Director Corporate Marketing &CommunicationEnvac Centralsug ABjonas.tornblom@envac.se

Editorial boardJonas TörnblomMaria Ståbi

WritersJonas TörnblomMaria Ståbi

PhotographyEnvac Centralsug AB

ProductionReklamAssistans, Motala

ReproLithoteknik, Motala

Printing and distributionAB Danagårds Grafiska, Ödeshög

ENVAC CENTRALSUG ABSE-117 84 StockholmSwedenOffice address: Bryggvägen 16Phone: + 46 8- 775 32 00Fax: + 46 8- 726 18 16www.envac.net

NEWS

3

THE SILVER BROOM AWARD ODENSE ENHANCES HOUSING QUALITY WITH UNDERGROUND WASTE HANDLING

YIT AND ENVAC BEGIN COOPERATION

The Danish municipality of Odense hasdecided to install an underground trans-port system for waste. The system willbe installed in Vollsmose, a residentialarea hitherto in serious decline.

The installation of the Envac system is alink in Odense’s municipality’s initiative“Vollsmose in transformation”, anextensive development project whichaims to raise the residential quality andsecurity of the area. The installation ofthe Envac system will create a betterand healthier environment both forlocal residents and workers as well asincreasing safety and reducing collectioncosts by eliminating heavy truck trafficin the area. The order is worth € 3,7million.

undisputed global market leader in itsfield, because this type of solution linksup flexibly to our range of buildingsystems services, including life cycleresponsibility. It also provides us withadvanced technology that has proven itsstrengths in our Norwegian operations.In the future, environmental values andconvenience will play an even greaterrole in people’s decisions on where tolive and work. We consequently seegreat potential for the system,” saysPekka Hämäläinen, Executive Vice President of YIT Fastighetsteknik.

YIT Fastighetsteknik AB has concludeda cooperation agreement with Envac onthe introduction of underground wastesystems to the Finnish and Russian mar-kets.

The close and successful cooperationbetween Norway’s YIT BuildingSystems AS and the Envac Group overseveral years has resulted in the installa-tion of several systems in various partsof Norway. YIT’s construction programfor residential and business premisesoffers excellent opportunities for theirutilization.

“We chose to team up with Envac, the

In June 2004, the prestigious SilverBroom Award was conferred on EnvacIberia.

This is the first time since the awardwas introduced in 1987 that a supplierof underground waste-collectionsystems has been distinguished in thisway.

The prize was handed over in Madridduring the “International Week ofUrbanism and the Environment”, alsoknown as TEM -TECMA, held between8 and 11 June. The jury consisted ofrepresentatives from ATEGRUS and theEuropean Environment Agency.

ATEGRUS is the only Spanish organisa-tion whose services cover all forms ofwaste handling and urban cleaning.

A total of 1500 apartments, dividedbetween three housing cooperatives,Egeparken, Bøgeparken and Birkepar-ken, will be connected to the system.It will be able to handle two waste frac-tions, organic and paper, and is expec-ted to be in operation by May 1, 2005.

Julian Uriarte (l), chairman of ATEGRUS,and Carlos Bernad (r), Managing DirectorEnvac Ibéria, at the prize ceremony..

4

Efforts have been made to counter

this move away from the inner city

by creating conditions for building

on brownfield sites, especially in old

centrally located industrial and har-

bour areas and in locations offering

good access to public transport.

Some 1.8 million people currently live in the Stockholm region, which has developed in recent

decades to become a major growth centre in northern Europe. Sweden has a longer tradition

of environmental protection and awareness than most other countries. The consequences of

our lifestyle on the environment became an issue as early as the 1960s. The first UN conferen-

ce on the environment was also held in Stockholm in 1972.

STOCKHOLM – HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD, SÖDRA STATION, HALLONBERGEN

STOCKHOLM- urban expansion and waste collection

URBAN EXPANSIONStockholm’s built-up areas have a

density similar to that of other Euro-

pean cities such as Amsterdam,

Frankfurt and Zurich, with some 50

inhabitants per hectare.

Building land is scarce in Stockholm,

so that new building has taken place

largely outside the city limits. Above

all, the strong trend to establish

shopping centres in the suburbs has

contributed to an increased depen-

dence on cars and has led to a decli-

ne in local trading in the inner city.

New high-qualityapartments are underconstruction on former industrialland.

5

The focus is on reducing stress injuri-

es. A waste collector in Stockholm

lifts and/or pulls an average of almost

400 containers with a total weight of

5000 kg per day. During a whole

year, that amounts to almost 100,000

containers and over a thousand tons.

Such high stress levels may be compa-

red with the annual training program-

me of a top athlete.

A series of demands is thus made on

waste collection with the aim of

placing the working environment at

centre stage.1 These demands include

setting an upper limit to lifting - a

maximum of 15 kg - and to pulling

- a starting maximum of 300 N and

200 N in continuous motion. Moreo-

ver, demands are also made on the

transport routes - the presence of

doorsteps/thresholds, the type of sur-

face, distance, slope etc. - and on the

refuse storage rooms - their lighting,

ventilation, room for manoeuvre etc.

The ever increasing demands on the

working environment also require the

adaptation and development of both

refuse collection vehicles and equip-

ment for storing and moving waste

containers. This requirement is par-

ticularly difficult to satisfy for older

The mobile vacuum system emptying waste from residential buildings in Hammarby Sjöstad.

Another aim has been to maintain a

high density of buildings in the newly

redeveloped areas.

Good examples of this are the redeve-

lopment of the Södra Station (South

Station) district, where 2800 apart-

ments were built on and above an old

rail-track and station site. Another

example is Hammarby Sjöstad, where

8000 apartments are being built in an

old harbour and industrial district.

We report on both these projects in

this issue of Envac Concept: both

districts have chosen vacuum techno-

logy to collect their household waste.

DRIVING THE WASTE COLLECTIONThe first underground waste trans-

port system was installed in Sundby-

berg, a residential area in a suburb of

Stockholm in 1967. Since then, 80

such systems have been installed and

over 200,000 people use them on a

daily basis for handling their waste.

In addition to these 80 stationary

waste stations, mobile vacuum

systems have also been installed in the

city and currently serve some 40,000

households

The main driving force for the selec-

tion of waste collection systems in

Stockholm was the need to improve

the working environment for the

waste collectors

6

The inlets are centrally placedin the courtyards and becomea natural part of the residen-tial environment.

CONTINUE STOCKHOLM

used to be tucked away in the cellar

or in a corner of the backyard, refuse

chutes were installed on every floor in

the residential blocks of the 1950s to

the 1970s. They were connected to a

refuse shaft that led to an under-

ground waste-transport system or to

containers in the basement. This

nearby location offered residents high

convenience. In many cases, however,

residents complained of smells and

noise, especially where the refuse

shaft ended in waste containers in

cellars or basements.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the inlets

were increasingly placed at the

entrance level. This location still offe-

red high convenience and had lower

installation costs than shaft solutions,

but put the same high demands on

cleaning and operation.

More recent planning of residential

environments has stressed social

aspects. In order to avoid sterile and

anonymous residential areas, an

attempt is made to create natural and

pleasant places where people could

meet. So the refuse inlets are now

often placed centrally in well-tended

inner courtyards, surrounded by

flowerbeds, trees and shrubs.

This has not only meant lower costs

for the contractors - more households

can share one refuse inlet - but also

encouraged a community spirit. By

creating attractive refuse inlets, placed

centrally in a residential environment

and open to view, littering and vanda-

lism are discouraged and the respect

for waste separation is promoted. 1 Eliminate overweight - informationsheet from the Swedish Transport Workers Association.

buildings in the inner city environ-

ment, where waste has traditionally

been stored in cellars and back yards.

An attractive alternative here is the

installation of a mobile vacuum

system. The cellar space which is

frequently available can then be used

to store the refuse. As the mobile

waste system also means that collec-

tion costs decline and the demands

on the working environment are satis-

fied, Stockholm’s municipal council

encourages property owners to link

up to a mobile vacuum system by

offering a discount of 20% on waste

collection charges.

PLACEMENT OF REFUSE INLETS Where should we place the refuse

inlets? It is of interest to note that

residential and urban-district planners

are now increasingly placing them in

central locations. Whereas refuse bins

7

HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD

Hammarby Sjöstad - a showpieceof sustainable urban developmentLocated only a couple of kilometres fromStockholm’s city centre along the shores ofLake Hammarby, a new metropolitan districtis taking shape. On an area of 200 hectares,8000 new apartments and 400,000 m2 ofshopping and office space are being built inwhat is currently the largest constructionproject in northern Europe.

Hammarby Sjöstad’s environmental objectives strive to maintain a closed cycle for all types of refuse.

This would have been the site of the 2004 Olympic

village if Stockholm had succeeded in its bid to host the

Olympic Games back in 1996. The city’s ambition was to

make the Olympic Games a showpiece of environmental

planning for the rest of the world. Extensive environmen-

tal plans were consequently drawn up for the area, which

had been badly contaminated by decades of pollution due

to small-scale industrial activity.

8

The whole area is linked by water.

The houses are reflected in the surface

of Lake Hammarby and the nume-

rous canals and ponds that criss-cross

the area. The water surfaces also

mean that the apartments are gene-

rously bathed in light.

The area is dominated by 4-5 storey

buildings built in the neo-functional

style. The light-filled apartments have

large windows and spacious balconi-

es. The views over water and green

spaces are a particularly ubiquitous

feature of the development. All the

blocks have one side facing water or

parkland.

FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT The environmental aim of the Ham-

marby Sjöstad project was to reduce

energy consumption and the impact

CONTINUE HAMMARBY SJÖSTAD

The whole area of Hammarby Sjöstad is linked by water. All the blocks have one sidefacing water or parkland.

on the environment by 50% compa-

red with other parts of Stockholm.

Although this aim was not reached

everywhere, in many places it has

been both attained and exceeded. A

significant part of this aim was to

find solutions to reduce conventional

traffic. Since many residents of Ham-

marby Sjöstad work elsewhere in the

city, it was important to facilitate col-

lective forms of transport. Thus the

area is linked to adjacent parts of the

city by a tram service. A regular boat

service to the city centre also runs

from the quay on Lake Hammarby.

Both these forms of transport are

now greatly appreciated. In order to

minimize the use of private vehicles, a

car-sharing pool has also been set up.

It is currently used by just below 10%

of the households.

An important part of the environmen-

tal aim is described in the Hammarby

model. In brief, it specifies that all

waste and run-offs produced shall be

redistributed to the area as heat or

other forms of energy. The intention

is to maintain a closed cycle.

Now, as we all know, Stockholm fai-

led in its Olympic bid for 2004. The

Stockholm municipality nevertheless

decided to keep to its environmental

objectives for developing the area.

- “We have tried to set high but rea-

listic standards for the redevelopment

of the area”, says Lars Fränne, Stock-

holm municipality’s project head in

Hammarby Sjöstad.

Two years have now passed since the

first houses in Hammarby Sjöstad

were presented at the residential exhi-

bition BoStad 02. The rapid expan-

sion of this city district has attracted

a young population, a phenomenon

not expected by the planners. This

has made it necessary to build addi-

tional schools and kindergartens in

the area. The dominant age group is

between 25 and 40.

”All waste and run-offs produ-ced shall be redistributed to thearea as heat or other form ofenergi”

9

The most important environmental

objectives affecting waste collection

were to:

- Reduce waste collection by heavy traffic by 60%

- Reduce the total quantity of household waste

- Introduce at-source sorting close to the households of the bulk fractionsof paper, organic waste as well as residual waste.

SELECTION OF WASTE COLLECTIONSYSTEMIn 2000, a mobile vacuum collection

system from Envac was installed for

the waste collection for the apart-

ments in the first phase of the project.

- “The choice was made in view of

the constraints of the project at that

time. We are now planning to install

stationary systems for future phases.

That will give us better conditions for

collecting all three bulk waste frac-

tions especially for shops, restaurants,

offices etc. which use large waste

bags”, adds Lars Fränne.

In order to obtain an accurate deci-

sion basis for selecting a waste collec-

tion system for the future phases,

Stockholm’s municipal street-cleaning

and waste-collection administration

(Renhållningsförvaltningen) commis-

sioned engineering consultants

SWECO in 2002 to evaluate the avai-

lable alternatives.1

The studies carried out by SWECO

compared and evaluated conventional

manual collection with rear-loading

trucks, mobile vacuum and stationary

vacuum systems. The study covered

both the investment and operating

costs for the three alternatives.

Comparisons were also made with

other areas and installations.

The comparison of investment costs

observed the guidelines for the design

of the waste storage rooms and access

ways laid down by the street-cleaning

and waste-collection association and

the transport workers’ federation.

The costs for equipment and buil-

dings as well as their installation/

construction were also considered.

The occupation of surfaces on street

and ground levels was also assessed

and estimated. The present value of

the investment and replacement costs

were compared on the basis of

system life of 30 years and an interest

rate of 6%.

The running costs included operating

costs (labour and energy costs) as

well as maintenance and repair costs.

The wast collection tariffs which

depend on the type of systems instal-

led, were used as the basis for the

collection costs. Apartments linked

to a stationary vacuum system pay

2/3 of the collection charges for

Inlets for several waste fractions.

Investment, including costs for technicalequipment, construction costs, civil worksand lost revenue for occupied space inbuildings.

Type of collection systemInvestment cost for three fractions per apartment

(all costs converted at 9.2 EUR:SEK)

Conventional container collection € 2,120

Stationary vacuum system € 2,100

Mobile vacuum system € 1,880

Annual running costs, including operatingand maintenance costs, collection chargesbased on 2002 rates, capital costs and lost rental revenue for occupied space inbuildings.

Type of collection systemAnnual cost for three fractions per apartment

(all costs converted at 9.2 EUR:SEK)

Conventional container collection € 265

Stationary vacuum system € 175

Mobile vacuum system € 203

manual collection and those connec-

ted to a mobile vacuum system pay

80% of conventional rates.

The comparison was made for collec-

ting three waste fractions, namely

organic, paper and incinerable waste,

calculated for a housing stock com-

prising 1500 apartments.

10

SÖDRA STATION

Stockholm South Station, anold railway site in the centreof the city, was redevelopedin the late 1980s. The projectwas inspired by the con-temporary debate on urbandevelopment, which ques-tioned the ideal behind theresidential projects of the1960s and 1970s. The aimwas to try to recreate theolder town’s “liveliness andauthenticity”.

At the same time, the needfor green spaces was to besatisfied. The urban archi-tects wanted to reduce thesize of the built-up area inorder to create a betterbalance between private andpublic spaces. They drewtheir inspiration from thework of architects Rob andLeon Kriers in their recon-struction of “the Europeancity”. The project was hotlydebated both during thebuilding phase and in thesubsequent period.

Plans to build housing on the South

Station site in Stockholm’s Södermalm

district had been mooted since the

beginning of the twentieth century.

In 1979, the Stockholm municipality

purchased the greater part of the sta-

tion site from the state railways. The

old track area was to be covered over

to construct the new buildings and a

new commuter train station. Planning

work began in 1980 with an ideas

competition and a district plan was

approved in 1984. The first houses

began to be built in 1985. The

municipal housing office started to

allocate land to interested contractors

according to this plan. The choice of

several contractors and different

forms of authorisation was motivated

by the wish to achieve a diversity of

buildings. The district was to have a

varied urban character and the muni-

cipality set up a program defining

how this was to be achieved. The

The Södra Station district - an example of the1980s

ideal of urban development combining high-density with diversity

The South Station district is built on the railway area and is characterized by the 1980s ideal of high-densi-ty and varying urban development. The waste collection system is an important contribution to limit theheavy traffic in the area.

11

-

Example of increasing buildingdensity.

simultaneously leaving room for

green spaces. Many apartments are

located more than 50 m from the

nearest street. If the planners had

opted for conventional waste collec-

tion technology, the waste would

have had to be pulled or carried over

long distances. This is now obviated

with the underground waste system

and every household is close to its

waste inlet.

The waste transport terminal went

into operation with the first phase of

new residents in early 1987.The main

developers of the area signed an

plan included the municipality’s wish

for the waste handling in the district

to be implemented by a communal

underground waste-transport system

for environmental reasons. This

requirement was introduced as a

special condition in the subsequent

siteleasehold agreement.

The whole South Station site consists

of some 2800 apartments and some

60,000 m2 of commercial premises.

A concrete tunnel was built over the

railway line with adjacent tracks for

commuter trains. The housing blocks

and an office building now stand on

top of this. The residential blocks

comprise some 6-8 floors each and

are grouped in relatively small units.

The district was developed during

the period 1986-1991. In 1990, the

average household comprised 2.7

persons.

An important aim of redeveloping the

South Station district was to combine

good access to the facilities of the city

with suburban calm. Large parts of

the district are protected from traffic

and noise by means of footpaths and

cycle paths separated from major

roads, or local streets with restric-

tions on traffic and parking. A large

part of the street network consists of

cul-de-sacs in order to prevent

through traffic. Garage facilities are

located below street level.

THE UNDERGROUND WASTETRANSPORT SYSTEM - AN IMPOR-TANT PRECONDITION FOR THEPROJECTThe underground waste transport

system has played an important

part in achieving the balancing act

between high area utilisation with

buildings of restricted height while

agreement on installing and opera-

ting the system in 1985. The produc-

tion costs of the terminal and the

central pipe system were shared on

the basis of each party’s utilisation

area. The underground waste trans-

port system in the South Station

district is now owned by a cooperati-

ve association. It is operated and

administered on the latter’s behalf by

a private operating company, namely

BoDAB (Bostadsföretagens i Stor-

Stockholm Drift AB). “All stairwells now have refusechutes linked to the under-ground waste system”

12

Investment VACUUM COLLECTION MANUAL COLLECTIONCONVERTED AT EURO: SEK 1:9.2

Investment cost per apartment 1,506 1. 1,384 2.

Running costs per year and apartment

Operating cost 3. 53 65

Capital cost of equipment 4. 83 40

Last rental cost 19 106

Total annual cost € 155 € 2111. Complete system inclusive of installation, pipes, ventilators, waste terminal etc.2. Refuse room equipped with bag exchangers or wheeled containers and in some cases with bag lifts3. Collection, cleaning, service & administration4. An interest rate of 6% was used to calculate the capital costs

ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THEWASTE COLLECTION SYSTEMIn 1999, BoDAB commissioned an

evaluation of the stationary under-

ground waste transport system.1 The

comparison examined what it would

have cost to install a system based on

manual emptying with waste bags

and containers instead of a stationary

underground waste transport system.

The report, which was carried out by

an independent architects’ office, sho-

wed the underground waste system to

offer clear advantages.

An environmental comparison was

also made. It compared the transport

systems with respect to air-pollution

and noise emissions. The working

environment of the two alternatives

was also evaluated. The result of the

study “shows that underground waste

Certain buildings in the South Station area has been designed by the Spanish architect Ricardo Bofill.

CONTINUE SÖDRA STATION

collection in this type of building is

significantly less expensive and offers

clearly improved working and resi-

dential environments. The site utilisa-

tion can also be improved and large

car-free courtyards assured”. 1

Comparison of installation and operating costs of a stationary underground waste systemand a manual waste collection system performed on behalf of BoDAB in 1999.

1 Urban building with and withoutunderground waste transport. A comparison of utilisation, costs andenvironment, BoDAB, September 1999.ISBN: 91-630-8242-X.

13

SUNDBYBERG

The area Hallonbergen was built in the1960s and is characterized by the focus ofthat time - comfort and convenience. Allbuildings should be easily reached by car.

Sweden enjoyed strong economic growth in the mid-1960s. In Stockholm, the

underground railway (subway) system was built and the inner city was moder-

nised. Suburbs grew up around the city like mushrooms. New residential areas

were planned and built. We believed in technology and felt that it would solve

all our problems. In the typical spirit of the times, underground waste transport

systems enthused the planners of new residential areas.

The first off the ground was the resi-

dential area of Hallonbergen in the

district of Sundbyberg. Here, 2600

new apartments were to be built

around a new commercial centre with

a direct link to the newly constructed

subway line. The work was commis-

sioned by Förvaltaren AB, the munici-

pality’s own real-estate company.

The residential blocks were built on

top of an enormous garage covering

the entire area. Comfort and conveni-

ence was the order of the day and the

car was seen as the mode of transport

of the future. The residents were to

go directly from the bus or car to

their homes without getting their feet

wet. The main entrances to the apart-

ments are also located largely at gara-

ge level. So it was an obvious move to

install refuse chutes on each residenti-

al floor. The chutes led to a pipe

system that linked all the dwellings.

We like the system not only because it

works so well, but also because it

gives us a certain independent vis-a-vis

the municipal waste collection organi-

sation”, adds Torbjörn Lundh.

Hallonbergen in Sundbyberg - a sixtiesproject reflecting confidence in the future

- “Apart from some pipe blockages in

the beginning, we had no problems

with the installation”, says Torbjörn

Lundh, CEO of Förvaltaren AB.

“I really can’t recall any complaints or

problems at all over the last ten years.

14

“The municipality makes no demands

on this score. They pay for their

connection and a part of the existing

installation. They anticipate a pay-

back period of 5-6 years on their

investment as the building owners

pay lower waste collection charges”,

concludes Torbjörn Lundh.

Four years ago, Envac renovated the

vacuum system. The pipe system was

examined. Some bend-joints were

replaced or repaired and the terminal

was moved. But otherwise Envac esti-

mated that the system should remain

usable for another 20 years. The

company also took over its manage-

ment from Förvaltaren AB. An agree-

ment was concluded which gave

Envac an incentive to keep mainte-

nance costs and energy consumption

low. The installation is now attended

daily and is connected via modem to

Envac’s main office in a service tech

area in Stockholm.All buildings have inlets on each floorconnected to the underground waste system.

Torbjörn Lund,Managing Directorat Förvaltaren, whois carrying out aconsiderable exten-sion and renovationof the area.

Today, the residential area of Hallon-

bergen has a mixed population with a

strong contingent of immigrants from

all over the world. The vacuum waste

collection system has become a natu-

ral part of the infrastructure and

most residents are unaware that their

waste is transported underground.

In recent years, the area has begun to

be modernised. House facades have

been repainted, balconies and bays

have been added and the commercial

centre is currently being renovated.

Apart from the rebuilding work, new

residential and business premises are

being constructed. The area is getting

a more dense structure and the aim is

to create greater variety. The munici-

pality is consequently also allowing

the private sector to be involved in

the development.

- “The private contractors connect

their buildings voluntarily to the

underground waste transport

system”, says Torbjörn Lundh.

”Still today new buildings areconnected to the waste collec-tion system”

CONTINUE HALLONBERGEN

15

Verner Jankevics: “The challenge is how tocreate collection systemsthat permit a high rate ofrecovery of resources and agood urban environment”

“Labour costs and demands

on the work environment

have been the driving forces

towards the development of

more automated solutions for

waste handling in Northern

Europe. We can now see that

the quality of the urban

environment and the scarcity

of raw materials in the world

will affect the development of

waste collection systems in

our cities”, says Verner

Jankevics researcher on waste

logistics at Linköping Univer-

sity.

“We will be giving priority to solu-

tions which encourage the improved

collection of waste with the aim of

maximising the recovery of materials

and energy. At the same time, the

urban environment is becoming ever

more important. However, if we are

to select solutions which minimise the

negative impact on our urban envi-

ronment, such as heavy traffic, air

pollution, noise, litter, hygiene and

accident risk, we have to be able to

evaluate these aspects in economic

and other terms.”

Verner Jankevics, former development

head at Envac, is associated with the

logistics centre at Linköping Univer-

sity as a researcher. His research uses

established logistical models to deter-

mine how we can characterise and

measure the performance of various

collection systems. Among the

questions it raises is how to evaluate

added value. Jankevics feels that we

must place more emphasis on the

value aspects of the use of primary

and secondary surfaces, for example,

in our evaluations of waste collection

systems in addition to their investment

and operating costs. But the environ-

mental impact of the waste collection

systems, their level of service to house-

holds as well as their total collection

performance in terms of the recovery

rate of raw materials and energy must

also be considered.

Urbanisation and globalisation tend to

even out the differences between

countries and regions as regards the

composition and volume of waste.

About the same volume of daily waste

is produced per person throughout the

Western world. The differences are

found in the population densities,

urban structure and meteorological

conditions of the cities. The challenge

we face is how well we can succeed in

creating collection systems that permit

a high rate of recovery of resources

and a good urban environment under

the prevailing local circumstances.

“I believe that this is the core of

sustainable waste collection”, says

Verner Jankevics.

Verner Jankevics,researcher on wastelogistics, means thatfocus should be on resource recycling andwhen choosing futurewaste collection system

16 16

Bom

an &

Com

pani

030

7

NORTHERN EUROPE

ENVAC SCANDINAVIA ABBOX 8849SE-402 71 GOTHENBURGSWEDENTEL : +46 (0 )31 65 83 50FAX : +46 (0 )31 51 90 08

ENVAC SCANDINAVIA ABSE-117 84 STOCKHOLMSWEDENTEL : +46 (0 )8 775 32 00FAX : +46 (0 )8 744 13 97

OPTIBAG SYSTEMS ABBOX 320SE-595 24 MJÖLBYSWEDENTEL : +46 (0 )142 185 00FAX : +46 (0 )142 185 40

ENVAC DANMARK A/SKLOVERMARKSVEJ 70DK-2300 COPENHAGEN SDENMARKTEL : +45 7025 1885FAX : +45 7025 1891

ENVAC NORGE ASENSJØVEIEN 14NO-0655 OSLONORWAYTEL : +47 22 08 70 00FAX : +47 22 08 70 01

EUROPE:ENVAC DEUTSCHLAND GMBHHALDESDORFER STRAßE 72ADE-22179 HAMBURGGERMANYTEL : +49 40 646 90 90FAX : +49 40 646 90 966

CENTRALNED BVPOSTBUS 318NL-2130 AH HOOFDDORPTHE NETHERLANDSTEL : +31 23 569 2596FAX : +31 23 569 2593

SOUTHERN EUROPE

SPAINENVAC IBERIA S.A.PARQUE EMPRESARIAL”EL CARRALERO”PARCELA N° 3ES-28220 MAJADAHONDAMADRIDTEL : +34 91 457 06 11FAX : +34 91 457 03 16

ENVAC IBERIA S.A.DIPUTACIÓN, 276–2 0–1 a

ES-08009 BARCELONATEL : +34 93 342 64 33FAX : +34 93 412 16 45

ENVAC IBERIA S.A.AVENIDA LEHENDAKARIAGUIRRE, 11–4 aP– Dp t 11ES-48014 B ILBAOTEL : +34 94 447 46 60FAX : +34 94 447 29 11

ENVAC IBERIA S.A.AVENIDA INNOVACIÓN s /nED IF IC IO HÉRCULES 1 ° , MÓDULO 5ES-41020 SEV ILLETEL : +34 95 425 06 52FAX : +34 95 426 04 04

ENVAC IBERIA S.A.COCHABAMBA, 24–1°ES-28016 MADRIDTEL : +34 91 443 03 06FAX : +34 91 344 09 53

ENVAC IBERIA S.A.AVENIDA PIO X I I , 1 – ESC 3 , 146009 VALENCIATEL : +34 96 155 16 48FAX : +34 96 349 71 87

ENVAC FRANCE12 AVENUE DES SAULES BP6169922 OULL INS CEDEXFRANCETEL : +33 4 72 68 97 96FAX : +33 4 72 36 30 69

ENVAC CENTRALSUG AB PORTUGUESE BRANCHALAMEDA DOS OCEANOS, 315 .02D ESC. 7PARQUE DAS NAÇOESPT-1990 -217 L ISSABONPORTUGALTEL : +351 21 895 89 20FAX : +351 21 895 89 21

ASIA:

ENVAC FAR EAST Ltd.RM 4401 , 44 /F,CH INA RESOURCES BU ILD ING26 HARBOUR ROADWANCHAI , HONG KONGTEL : +852 2869 8838FAX : +852 2739 7121

ENVAC FAR EAST Ltd.SHANGHAIOFFICE 1501, GUOLU (CTS) MANSION1277 BE IJ ING X I ROAD200040 SHANGHAICHINATEL : +86 21 322 208 58FAX : +86 21 627 910 04

ENVAC FAR EAST Ltd.TAIWAN BRANCHC/O SWEDISH TRADE COUNCILRM 0812 INTERNAT IONAL TRADEBUILD ING333 KEELUNG ROAD, SEC 1TA IPE I 110 , TAIWANTEL : +886 2 2757 6573FAX : +886 2 2757 6723

ENVAC SINGAPORE PTE Ltd.161 LAVENDER STREET, #02–10SINGAPORE 338750TEL : +65 6292 51 23FAX : +65 6292 29 30

ENVAC (M)SDN BHDLOT 216 B , 2 ND FLOOR,PODIUM BLOCK,FABER TOWERSJALAN DESA BAHAGIA , TAMAN DESA58100 KUALA LUMPURMALAYSIATEL : +60 3 7984 85 57FAX : +60 3 7984 85 59

ENVAC CENTRALSUG ABKOREAN BRANCH5F, KYOBO BUILD ING1–16 , PYOLLYANG-DONG,KWACHON-SHIKYONGGI -DO, 427 -040SEOUL, KOREATEL : +82 2 507 2702FAX : +82 2 507 2704

ENVAC MIDDLE EAST FZEPO BOX 502154DUBAI , UAETEL : +971 4 3910 298FAX : +971 4 3904 659

NORTH AMERICA:ENVAC INC.15680 K ILMARNOCK DRIVEFORT MYERSFLORIDA 33912 USATEL : +1 941 768 3610FAX : +1 941 768 2484

HEAD OFFICE:ENVAC CENTRALSUG ABMail: SE-117 84 Stockholm, SwedenVisitors: Bryggvägen 16Telephone: +46 (0)8-775 32 00Telefax: +46 (0)8-726 18 16www.envac.net

OUR BUSINESS CONCEPTWe offer efficient and environmentally friendly systems for waste collection. Strong support during planning,

installation and operation will guarantee high user availability and flexibility. We strive to be regarded as a reliable long-term partner offering first class quality products.

SERVICES: Feasibility study, Turnkey installation, ServiceAPPLICATIONS: Residential, City Centre, Hospital, Kitchen, Airport