33 part 2-earthsoft-water - pollution-issues

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• Water cycle• What is pollution• Form of Pollution• Types of Pollution• Causes• Effect• Prevention• Ground water• Water quality• Diseases• Solutions

Index


Universal solvent


Cycle

It spreads pollutants introduced by human activity all around the planet.

The Earth’s water cycle is continuous


Cycle


Sources of Water pollution


State of waterNatural Water has,• Physical attributes (Temperature, Smell, Colour)• Chemical attributes – pH, DO, ions • Biological attributes – microorganisms Organisms & users will adapt to water with

physical, chemical and biological attributes• Salty sea • Fresh WaterWater Pollution• Alteration of the water features/attributes are

detriment to its inhabitants and users


Pollution


What is Pollution?• Pollution is the contamination of harmful

substances into natural environment say air or water causing harm to nature

• Pollution is anything which harms the environment in any way.

• Pollution causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.

• It makes those unfit for usage


Causes• Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be

foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring.

• When naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels.

• These can be chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light.

• Pollution is caused by man’s growth and improper disposal of waste materials generated

• Industrialisation has had a great impact on the type and volume of pollutants released.


Harmful Water Pollution• One thing that can be especially & most harmful

to the Earth, animals, plant life and human beings is water pollution.

• Water Quality - The degree of pollution from view of organisms living in or using the water

• If a water source becomes contaminated, it can devastate entire ecosystems.

• Becoming more educated on water pollution facts can help prevent this destruction.


Types of Pollution• Air Pollution• Water Pollution• Soil Pollution• Noise Pollution


AIRWATER EARTH

Types of Pollution


Types of Pollution


Air Pollution


Water Pollution


Pollution and Society• Pollution in our world effects two essential

aspects of our planet: air and water. • Air pollution is emitted though the exhaust of

motor vehicles, chimney, combustion of fossil fuels, etc

• Water pollution is the result of industrial waste and environmental accidents.


Pollution and Society• Pollution is harmful and a serious problem for

Earth but generally people don’t care. • Everyone needs to contribute to prevention and

pay attention to government control norms• Industry contributes a good share of the waste

polluting our planet• Government to define norms, regulate toxins, build

waste systems, to protect air and waters


Water Pollution


Introduction• Comprising over 70% of the Earths surface,

water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet; since only 2.6% water is usable

• Without the seemingly invaluable compound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent.


Water Pollution1. Industrial pollution2. Surface pollution3. Groundwater contamination4. Sewage pollution5. Oil pollution6. Thermal pollution


Water Stress

Every item needs water for production

Domestic bathing, flushing, washing, cooking, drinking…

Agriculture People require food to eat

Industry Increase demand for goods

Increase in Population

Power water evaporation from reservoirs of large hydro power projects


Pollution types• Thermal Pollution (Heated factory water or

cooler water from another basin)• Warmer …less dissolved Oxygen• Cooler …more dissolved Oxygen

• Suspended solids (Silts, Clay, living organisms, dead organic Matter).

• Dissolved solids (chemicals)• Acid rain water (Nox and sox) Leaching effects• Trace elements (Heavy Metals)


Water Pollution• "Water pollution" is defined as the addition of

harmful or objectionable material causing an alteration of water quality i.e. physical, chemical and biological property of water

• It affects plants, organisms & users• It is damaging to individual species, populations

and nature biological communities.• Water pollution are natural and man made.• It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly

or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful constituents


Water Pollution•Uncontaminated water does not occur in nature

•Less serious → Natural-N2, Co2, H2S ←Rain fall

•Serious → Sewage, Industrial waste, Agricultural waste, radioactive sub. ← Urbanization & industrialization


Water Pollution• Water pollution is the contamination of water

bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater.

• Contamination of water resources by harmful substances. Also affects drinking water

• Point source- derived from discrete location ( pipe or drain) and non-point source- no single point of origin, contaminants are spread over a larger area. ( leaching of fertilizer)


Water PollutionWater pollution is divided into: • Natural, derived from impurities contained in the

surface waters and groundwater’s Artificial associated with human activity:a) biological, due to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, protozoa and their toxinsb) chemical, refer to changes in chemical composition and pH.

• E.g. oil, petrol, grease, oil, detergents, fertilizers, pesticides,aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metal salts, strong acids, alkalis, phenols and cresols.


Water pollution

Run off from agricultural fields

Air pollutants dissolve in

rainwater

Untreated Industrial wastes

Tourism and religion

Soaps, Detergent, Chemical

PesticidesFertilizers

ChemicalsSMOKE

SMOKE from exhaust

Sewage Industrial waste

Acid Water


Natural impurities• Natural impurities derived from the atmosphere,

catchment area and soil but in such a low concentration that they do not pollute the water normally.

• Rather their presence is some time essential for maintaining the portability and other useful property of water.


Effect• All water pollution affects organisms and plants

that live in these water bodies and in almost all cases the effect is damaging either to individual species and populations but also to the natural biological communities.

• The effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the natural biological communities.

• It affects plants animals and organisms living in water bodies


Industrial Water Pollution • Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in

their wastewater including heavy metals , resin pellets, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids.


Industrial wasteIndustrial waste has severe detrimental effects on water quality


Water Pollution• It is chemical, physical or biological change in

the quality of water that has a harmful effect on any living thing that drinks or uses or lives in it


Ground Water PollutionPollution of aquifers• Non-point and Point sources• Pollutants slow to break down in cold & dark


Water PollutionInorganic plant nutrients

(fertilizers)• From agriculture, lawns &

gardens• Eutrophication

• Natural process• Accelerated by excess

nutrient input• Algae die, sink, become

oxygen-demanding waste


Water PollutionIn streams, rivers• Higher flow rate, dilution effect• Turbulent

• Well mixed• Well oxygenated

• Long riverbanks, contact with land• Subject to non-point source pollutants

• Often flow near cities


Water PollutionIn lakes, reservoirs• Low flow rate, long residence time• Deep, stratification• Pollutants can accumulate, concentrate


Water Pollution• Water pollution is the pollution in the water and

that can cause many problems and diseases to humans and animals.

• Water pollution is a very harmful pollution.


Water PollutionPollutants discharged

• Directly• From land

• Poisonous


Water Pollution• It is a large set of adverse effects upon water

bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities

• Irrigation• Clear cutting of forests• Watershed disturbance• Loss of minerals through runoff• Desertification


Water Pollution• Harmful or objectionable material in sufficient quantity

in water to measurably degrade water quality


Water PollutionNon-point and Point sources


Water Pollution


Polluted River


Pollution of Lakes

Eutrophication


Water Pollution


Agricultural runoffsThe stuff not dissolved / suspends is bad for us


Open well


Water Pollution


Polluted water


Water Pollution


PURE WATER!! Do we have


Dumping of solid wastes


Pumping of sludge


Industrial effluents


Human interaction


Sand mining


More food required to feed the growing millions'


Converting forests into croplands

Fewer Forests

Water Pollution

Fertilizers and pesticides

Chain


Topsoil washed out into freshwater sources & reduced recharge of water into the ground

Fewer Forests


Fertilizers and pesticides easily dissolve in water. They enter surface water sources through rainwater and irrigation runoff and also percolate into the ground to contaminate groundwater sources.

World agricultural area under irrigation

Global fertilizer consumption

Agriculture


Overgrazing – soil washed out into freshwater sources

Animal bathing in freshwater sourcesAnimal faeces pollutes water and soil

Water pollution caused by food processing industries

Increased demand for animal products


Clothes we wear – dyes and bleachesPaper, paper, paper everywhere

Leather bags and shoesBatteries

Metal platingPaints

PlasticsPharmaceuticals

Let’s look around us …..Increase demand

for goods


More Industrialisation

All these industries are highly water polluting

Increased industrialization


The Damodar river travels through 6 coal fields, 183 coal mines, 28 iron ore mines, 33 limestone mines, 5 copper ore mines, 84 mica mines and Numerous graphite, silver and uranium extracting units.

‘ Water in this river is polluted beyond repair ’

Mining is a highly polluting industryIncreased mining


Lifestyle changes

Use and throw culture

Higher aspirations

Change in packaging

Disregard for natural resources

Inadequate waste management systems

Solid waste generation


• Waste dumped in surface water bodies

• Waste dumped in open landfills – toxic materials leach into soil and groundwater

• Waste burnt – air pollutants dissolve in rainwater and pollute surface water sources or seep into ground water aquifers

Solid waste generation


• Lakes, tanks and ponds being destroyed. Land filled for construction purposes.

• Unsustainable extraction of groundwater in urban areas, affecting groundwater quality.

• Receive sewage that cannot be handled by sewage treatment plants.

• Disposal of solid and liquid wastes above or into groundwater aquifers.

Additional water stress


• Hotels• Laundry – detergents, bleach, hot water• Landscaping – fertilizers, pesticides• Cleaning and washing• Waste generation• Kitchen• Travelers• Sanitation • Bathing in rivers• Waste generation (use and throw)

Most tourism is close to water sources and areas of rich biodiversity

Tourism & water pollution


Bathing in holy rivers More than10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily! During the annual Kumbh Mela, more than a million people take a dip in Allahabad alone!

Dead bodies

Prayer materials

Idol immersionPaints contain many

heavy metals

Religion & water pollution


Not just Fresh Water, We are polluting our Oceans too

Ocean & water pollution


Ocean pollution

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Jacuecanga_Angra_dos_Reis_Rio_de_Janeiro_Brazil_Brasfels.JPG


Ocean pollution


Water Pollution: Many Forms• Synthetic Organic Compounds• Organic chemicals• Inorganic chemicals & Mineral Substances such

as Acids, Inorganic plant nutrients, etc.• Oxygen-demanding wastes• Plant Nutrients• Thermal Discharges• Pathogens, parasites• Sediments• Radioactive material• Heat (thermal pollution)• Usually from sewage, feedlots, slaughterhouses


Water PollutionViruses - Bacteria (cholera, ...)

• Coliform bacteria usually not pathogenic,• Used as indicators of pollution

• Protozoan parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)• Oxygen-demanding wastes• Organic materials from sewage, slaughterhouses,

etc.• Decomposed by bacteria

• Bacteria require, consume dissolved oxygen• “Biological Oxygen Demand” (BOD)

• Measure of water quality• Low in pristine water


Water PollutionInorganic chemicals• Mostly from industry• Heavy metals

• Lead, arsenic, mercury, copper ions, etc.• Ammonia• Acids

• Sulfuric acid, nitric acid from acid deposition• Also from industry

• Bases (caustic alkalines)


Water PollutionInorganic plant nutrients (fertilizers)• From agriculture, lawns & gardens

• Leaching into groundwater• Run-off into surface waters

• Stimulate growth of algae (algal blooms), eutrophication• Algae die, sink, become oxygen-demanding

waste


Water PollutionOrganic chemicals• from industry, restaurants, cars, households,

farms• Gasoline, oil• Engine coolant (ethylene glycol)• Solvents• Detergents• Pesticides

• insecticides, herbicides, fungicides• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)


Water PollutionSediments• Erosion from construction sites, streets & roads,

farms, sewage• Dense sediments sink, accumulate

• Sedimentation in reservoirs• Less dense sediments may stay in water

• Reduce clarity (increase turbidity)• Reduce light penetration & photosynthesis


Water PollutionRadioactive material• From spills, waste from atomic weapons

production• Hanford, Washington• Savannah River Plant, South Carolina

• From nuclear power plants (minor)• Closely regulatedHeat (“thermal pollution”)• Heated water from cooling of electrical

generating equipment• Alters ecosystem of river, lake


Water Pollution


Manmade pollutants of water• Pesticides and biocides.• Radioactive substances from nuclear weapon

test.• Domestic sewage (bathing, washing, cooking)

water waste.• Plastics.• Industrial waste (toxic agents ranging from metal

salts to complex synthetic organic chemicals).• Thermal pollution.• Agricultural pollutants (fertilizers, pesticides).• Physical pollutants (thermal pollution, radioactive

substances).


Natural impurities of water• Dissolved gases (nitrogen,CO2, H2S etc. which

may be picked up during rainfall)• Dissolved minerals like: Salts of Calcium,

Magnesium, Sodium etc. from the soil of catchment areas.

• Suspended impurities (Clay, silt, sand and mud).• Microrganisms – mainly the enteric bacteria,

viruses etc.


Causes & effect• When harmful components are added to

water sources such as Chemicals , fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides etc.

Causes:-• Untreated water from factories , Excessive use

of fertilizers and insecticides, Sewage disposal, Oil leakage etc.

Effects:-• Diseases, unfit drinking water, aquatic plants

and animals also die due to polluted water.


Effect• It effects on the Health of man and animals• About four million children die yearly in India• Biological water-borne disease (cholera,

dysentery, gastro enteritis, diarrhea, jaundice, typhoid, hepatitis and guinea pig disease).

• Chemical borne diseases (heavy metal disease like minamata disease, bone softening disease)

• Increase concentration of floride cause damage to dental enamel.

• High nitrite content –cyanosis in infants.• High arsenic content in endemic areas cause

arsenic poisoning.


Effect• Water is polluted by infectious bacteria,

inorganic, organic chemicals & excess heat.• Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or

physical change in water quality that has a harmful effect on living organisms.

• The WHO estimates that 3.4 million people die prematurely each year from waterborne diseases.

• In the U.S., an estimated 1.5 million people a year become ill from infectious agents.


Effects of polluted water• Improvement of water quality - Removal of

organic matter thru aerobic decomposition; chlorination to remove bacteria, suspended solids; precipitation of salts, desalination etc during water treatment is expensive for polluted water

• Increased salinization and salt runoff leading to salinization of major rivers

• Heavy metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water;

• Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste & discoloration to drinking water;


Effects of polluted water• Hard water with usually high levels of calcium

and magnesium can cause a build-up of minerals in pipelines/boiler scales and cause erosion and blockage problems. Water softeners and conditioners can be used in the water to reduce limescale but can be expensive.


Effects of polluted water• 1. Effects on Agriculture:-use of wastewater and

polluted surface and groundwater which contaminate crops and transmit disease to consumers and farm workers; Depositions of deleterious chemicals in soil leading to loss of soil fertility

• 2. Effects on Environment/ecosystems:-pungent smell, discolourisation; increased temps; contamination; change the pH; decreased oxygen; detergents that create a mass of white foam in the river waters


Effects of polluted water• 3. Enrichment of groundwater with salts,

nutrients from irrigated lands; eutrophication / algal blooms - what is the effect on recreational activities, water treatment plants/water providers; loss of aesthetic value; Algae clogs our waterways

• 4. Domestic effects;-toxic substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and chromiumor cyanide, which may affect the use of the receiving water for domestic use or aquatic life.


Effects of polluted water• 5. Effects on industry; boiler scales, Heavy

metals cause unpleasant taste and odour to drinking water; Suspended particles cause unpleasant taste & discoloration to drinking water

• 6. Economy• Unsightly color, reduced clarity, and obnoxious

odor of the receiving waters also make it unfit for recreation and other productive uses;

• Adverse effects of water pollution lead to economic losses in terms of reduced health, agricultural productivity, and low-quality tourism.


Effects of polluted water• There is also economic losses to family income

due to the desire for safe bottled water which is more expensive than unbottled water.

• When water is polluted, fish and other aquatic resources can perish, which leads to a decline in fisheries production.

• Erosion from degraded uplands and pollution from silt and sedimentation, as well as untreated sewerage, cause productivity losses in fisheries. Silt and sedimentation are major causes for losses in fishery production.

• High levels of turbidity leads to economic losses


Effects of polluted water• 7. Leisure • Swimming pool water can become contaminated

with a number of different pollutants and may cause changes in water colour and odour, some pollutants may also be harmful to human health.

• Discolouration of the swimming pool water could be due to a number of reasons. It may be dirty and cause the water to change a milky colour if the filter is inadequate or blocked.

• Algae contamination can also cause discolouration, black algae cause black spots to appear in the pool.


Effects of polluted water• Other forms of algae contaminate pools when

chlorine levels are too low, these often turn the water a green colour.

• Chlorine is used in many swimming pools to keep them clean. There are detergents and some forms of make-up, that don’t mix well with chlorine. These can cause adverse effects to human health such as skin and throat irritations.

• Pond water can also become polluted with different chemicals or microbes. This can make the pond less attractive and can be harmful to aquatic life within the pond.


Effects of polluted water• An overgrowth of algae and accumulation of leaf

debris are often the main problems with ponds in the home; UV filters are efficient at reducing algae levels in ponds and also remove decaying vegetation. These are useful for long term maintenance of your pond.


Effects of polluted water• 8. Effects on human health;• Increased incidence of tumours, ulcers due to

nitrate pollution; skin disorders due to contact with pollutants; constipation, diarrhea, and infections to intestine; Dangerous effects on growing foetus in pregnant women; Concentration of pollutants due to bioaccumulative pesticides through secondary and tertiary food chains in case of non-vegeterians;


Effects of polluted water• Still births, abortions, and birth of deformed

children; Blue baby disease caused by methaneglobinema-which results in asphyxia (reduced oxygen supply);

• Reduced activity of immune system; Loss of memory power and reduced mental sharpness; Water borne diseases like jaundice, hepatitis, gasteroenteritis, will be more prevalent due to water pollution; Reduced bone development and muscular development; Reduced male fertility; Shifts in physiological cycles of human body.


Effects of polluted water• 9. Effects on animal health;• Large scale death of aquatic and terrestrial

animals; Reduced reproduction rate; Increased disease incidences; Imbalances created in secondary foodchains; Accumulation of bioaccumulative and nonbiodegraddable pollutants in animal bodies; Bioaccumulation eg of organochlorine pesticides; Biomagnification; Cause health hazards like impotence, cancerous tumours etc


Types of water pollution


Water pollutants come from?• Point Sources – A single definable source of the

pollution, Contaminants enter a waterway at a discrete point

• e.g. a factory, a sewage plant, etc. Point-source pollution is usually monitored and regulated.

• Non-point sources – No one single source, but a wide range of sources, e.g. runoff from urban areas, or farmland.

• Contamination gathered by water over a large area

• Non-point sources are much more difficult to monitor and control.


Point and Nonpoint Sources


Point and Nonpoint Sources

Urban streets

Suburban development

Wastewater treatment plant

Rural homes

Cropland

Factory

Animal feedlot

Point sources


Sources of water pollution


Sources of water pollution• The leading sources of water pollution are

agriculture, industries, and mining.

• Agricultural activities from erosion, overgrazing, fertilizers and pesticides, and excess salt from irrigated soils.

• Industrial facilities & mining are another large source of water pollution


Sources of water pollution• Non-biodegradable waste• Insecticides, pesticides leaching into

groundwater• Oil spill• Hot water from industries• Untreated waste and nutrient accumulation• Toxic chemicals


Sources of water pollution• Throwing trashes in water• Throwing low batteries in water, lakes, rivers,etc• The chemicals from factories that might flow to

rivers


Point sources• Single large source• Can localize it to one spot• Industrial Plants• - Sewage pipes


Point sources• LUST - Leaky Underground Storage Tanks


Point sources• Clearing of land can lead to erosion of soil into

the river. • Sewage generated by industry can get into the

water supply, introducing large organic pollutants into the ecosystem.

• Factories, including oil refineries, pulp and paper mills, and chemical, electronics and automobile manufacturers, typically discharge one or more pollutants in their discharged waters (called effluents).


Point sources• Point source pollution refers to contaminants

that enter a waterway through a discrete conveyance, such as a pipe or ditch.


Point sources• Various types of point-source pollutants found in

water are as varied as the types of business, industry, and urban sources that produce them.


Point sources• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the

temperature of a natural body of water caused by human influence. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers & being discharged at a source


Point sources


Point sources• Thermal pollution kills fish outright, block fish

migrations, grow the nuisance species, and create series of other problems as well.


Non-point sources• Non-point source (NPS) pollution refers to

diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source.

• NPS pollution is often the cumulative effect of small amount of contaminants gathered from a large area

• Example:- The leaching out of nitrogen compounds from agricultural land which has been fertilized is a typical example


Non-point sources• Agriculture, including commercial livestock and

poultry farming, is the source of many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater.

• These contaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers.


Non-point sources• Diffuse source or many smaller point sources• Automobiles• Fertilizer on fields


Non-point sources


Non-point sources• Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow"

over an agricultural field or a forest


Non-point sources


Non-point sources• Contaminated storm water washed off of parking

lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff


Non-point sources• The run offs due to rain, from places like parking

lots and garages may contain pollutants.• The pollutants in runoff can be quite harmful.


Non-point sources• Mining operations can generate significant

amounts of non-point source pollution. • Abandoned mining operations can leach iron

and other chemicals such as copper, lead and mercury into nearby water bodies


Non-point sources• Garbage dumps get washed away due to heavy

rains and floods and get stagnated in the nearby water bodies


Ground water• 95% of all fresh water on earth is ground water.

Ground water is found in natural rock formations. These formations called aquifers, are vital natural resource with many uses.

• Ground water is one of the pure forms of water stored in the aquifers (space between rocks).

• Nationally 53% of the population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas this figure is even higher.

• Eighty one percent of community water is dependent on ground water.


Ground water• Although the 1992 Section 305(b) State Water

Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nations ground water quality is good to excellent, many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination

• Ground water pollution refers to the contamination of the ground water present in the aquifers.

• Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills


Ground water pollution• Experts rate groundwater pollution as a low-risk

ecological problem; however it is rated as a high-risk health problem

• The extent of groundwater contamination is generally unknown

• Prevention is the most effective and affordable way to protect groundwater from pollutants.


146

Coal strip mine runoffPumping well

Waste lagoonAccidental spills

Groundwater flow

Confined aquiferDischarge

Leakage from faulty casing

Hazardous waste injection wellPesticides

Gasoline station

Buried gasoline and solvent tank

SewerCesspool septic tank

De-icing road salt

Unconfined freshwater aquifer

Confined freshwater aquifer

Water pumping wellLandfill

• Low flow rates• Low oxygen

• Few bacteria• Cold temperatures

Ground water pollution


Ground water pollution • >70,000 chemicals are used; effects of many

are not known• Each year additional 700-800 new chemicals

are produced• 55 million tons of hazardous chemical wastes

are produced in the US each year• The 20 most abundant compounds in

groundwater at industrial waste disposal sites include TCE, benzene, vinyl chloride…all are carcinogens, and also affect liver, brain, and nervous system


Ground water pollution• Fertilizers and pesticides

applied to crops reach underlying aquifers, if the aquifer is shallow and not "protected" by an overlying layer clay, of low permeability material

• Drinking-water wells located close to cropland may contaminated by agricultural chemicals.


Ground water pollution• Aquifers in industrialized areas are at significant

risk of being contaminated by chemicals and petroleum products.

• E.g. contamination of ground water by petroleum leaks while extraction and also due to leakage of chlorinated chemicals.


Ground water pollution• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) has recorded that there have been over 400,000 confirmed releases of petroleum-based fuels from leaking underground storage tanks.


A special case: Groundwater• What forms of pollution can affect groundwater?• All of them except thermal pollution!• Renewal time of groundwater is important

• Rivers: 12-20 days• Soil Moisture: 280 days• Groundwater: 300 years


Molgora WartapH sourcepH coursepH tapTemperature sourceTemperature courseTemperature tapWater hardness sourceWater hardness courseWater hardness tap

Properties


Can you name things that dissolve in water?Know any 2 that can be called ‘pollutants’ –those dangerous to life?

Dissolution

• Arsenic• Nitrate• Fluoride• Heavy metal


Is water polluted?

Sometimes it stinks……but not always

Sometimes polluted water changes colour…..but not always

Sometimes it tastes different ……..but not always


Is water polluted?• Water pollution can be confirmed only by testing it in

a lab


Water can get polluted naturally

When water seeps into the ground, it absorbs different substances depending on the type of soil and rock that it flows through.

Natural way


Water can get polluted naturally

Some of these substances (arsenic, iron, fluoride etc) can be harmful to health

Natural pollution is a non-point source of pollution

Natural way


Arsenic

Fluoride

Natural pollution can introduce chemicals that collect in our bodies. This can cause chronic

problems and even life – threatening diseases

In groundwater

In groundwater

Pollution way


Does Man Pollute Water?

“ If you had a bottle of life-preserving fluid, would you

pour into it all in sewage along with other poisonous

chemicals? And yet, that is exactly what we are doing to

our water supply – all over the world.”

This is what a people have to say


The various ways

Untreated municipal sewage

Yamuna, when it leaves Delhi, resembles a sewer full of the city’s wastes.

Downstream is Agra, where this ‘sewer’ is the main municipal drinking water source.

An example of Point source of pollution

The various ways in which man pollutes water

Making earth little softerReaches ground water bodies

Untreated sewage seeps in and contaminates groundwater aquifers, Such aquifers show a

higher than acceptable level of nitrate content

The various ways


The various ways

When garbage is dumped in a landfill, toxic chemicals leach into the soil and groundwater.

Dumping garbage in surface water bodies


The various waysOver 10 million people bathe in the Ganga daily!

Washing and bathing introduces detergent, phosphates and other chemicals into water


The various ways

Agriculture is a major source of groundwater contamination.

Agriculture - An example of Non- Point

source of pollution

dissolve in irrigation water or rainwater. They contaminate surface water and groundwater with pollutants like nitrates, phosphates and non degradable synthetic organic pollutants


The various ways• Wastes of Agro industries have high

concentration of dissolved organic matter

• E.g. Sugar, food processing• Waste of Chemical Industries are

not treated properly, the chemicals destroy soil and water resources

• E.g. Pulp and paper, distilleries• Water used in the process in

Petroleum refining needs to be separated from all the oil before releasing it into nature


The various ways• Thermal power plants – water is needed to cool

the process.• The water gets hot and when it’s released into a

larger water body, it upsets the ecology by modifying the delicate temperature balance.

• This is called ‘Thermal pollution’


Effluent treatment plants• Liquid wastes from an industry are treated in

effluent treatment plants.• Large industries would have in-house effluent

treatment plants• It’s expensive for small industries• A group of small industries have a common

effluent treatment plant.


Eutrophication• When wastes with high organic content (such

as sewage wastes) are dumped into a water body like a lake or pond, eutrophication can occur, killing all life in the water body.

• Organic wastes are rich in nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)

• They stimulate excessive plant growth – especially weedy species


Eutrophication• On dying, the plants add organic waste in water• Microorganisms decomposes organic material in

water, a lot of dissolved oxygen is used• This depletes the available oxygen in the water

and upsets ecological balance, since species like fish perish without adequate oxygen.

• Eventually all the oxygen is used up.


Eutrophication


Eutrophication• Anaerobic organisms then attack the organic

wastes, releasing gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide.

• The result is a foul smelling, waste filled body of water, quite like many of the lakes in India.

• These water bodies are also natural groundwater recharge system and their contamination leads to groundwater pollution


Eutrophication• An increase in the concentration of nutrient

content to an extent that increases the primary productivity of the water body.

• It is the "bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a water body.

• Organic wastes such as sewage impose high oxygen demands on the receiving water leading to oxygen depletion.

• Increases in nutrient loading may lead to eutrophication


Effects of eutrophication• Increased biomass of phytoplankton• Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species• Increases in blooms of gelatinous zooplankton• Decreased biomass of benthic and

epiphytic algae• Changes in macrophyte species composition

and biomass• Decreases in water transparency

(increased turbidity)


Effects of Eutrophication• Dissolved oxygen depletion• Loss of desirable fish species• Reductions in harvestable fish and shellfish• Decreases in perceived aesthetic value of the

water body• Colour, smell, and water treatment problems


Minamata disease

• Industrial wastewater from Chisso corporation (manufacturing fertilizers and other chemicals) was released into the Minamata Bay in Japan

• The waste water was rich in methyl mercury• Mercury content in shellfish increased• People ate the shellfish and the cats ate the

leftovers


Did you know? One mercury thermometer can contaminate up to 95,000 litres of water to beyond the drinking water standard.

Mercury


Mercury• Strange things started to happen – cats had

convulsions and died, crows fell from the sky, dead fish floated..

• Young children had convulsions and difficulty in walking and speaking

• People died• Investigation showed organic mercury poisoning

affecting the nervous system• First discovered in 1956• Lawsuits and claims continue till today


Critical elements of PollutionCauses of Water Pollution


Activities that contribute• Overgrazing• Poor agricultural land management• Removal of riparian vegetation• Sewage, industrial, and domestic discharges• Construction, Mining• Release of gases and aerosols to the

atmosphere• Mismanagement of reservoirs• Accidental spills


CausesMain Causes of Water Quality Degradation• Pollution due to Domestic Wastewaters:• Environmental problems are water supply,

wastewater generation and its collection, treatment and disposal.


Causes• The causes of water pollution• Marine dumping• Dumping of litter in the sea can cause huge

problems. Litter items such as 6-pack ring packaging can get caught in marine animals and may result in death


Causes• The substances that pollute water are called

water pollutants• Types of water pollutants:-• Sediments• Organic wastes• Organic compound• Inorganic nutrients• Inorganic chemicals


Causes• Garbage• Oil spills• Harmful chemicals released by factories • Sewage water released in water bodies• Defection in open


Causes• The sewers of the city• They contain large amounts of

human excrement and should be purified.

• Sludges can contain microorganisms that cause diseases (cholera, salmonellosis, etc.), and can be very dangerous for human.


Causes• Agriculture• Pesticides used in agriculture remain on the

ground and plants, so when it rains the water enters in the ground and it becomes polluted.

• Then water reaches water-bearing stratums where nitrates and phosphates, which are in it because of fertilizers used in agriculture, are released and then they spread.


Causes• Sewage is the term used for wastewater that

often contains urine and laundry waste.• Untreated sewage water in such areas can

contaminate the environment and cause diseases such as diarrhoea.

• Sewage is treated in water treatment plants and the waste is often disposed into the sea.


Causes• Unfortunately, the everyday products we use,

such as household cleaning products, personal hygiene products and pharmaceutical medications are some of the most significant causes of water pollution. .


Causes


Water Pollution & Cleanup


A special case: Groundwater• What forms of pollution can affect groundwater?• All of them except thermal pollution!• Renewal time of groundwater is important• Rivers: 12-20 days• Soil Moisture: 280 days• Groundwater: 300 years


Water Pollution - WasteGeneral causes:• Release of sewage• Industrial waste

Response• Sewage treatment plants• However, some substances are non-

biodegradable


Forms of Pollution – Details• Inorganic – acids, salts, toxic metals• One gram of lead in 20,000 liters of water

makes it unfit for drinking. Lead is often found in the pipes of older homes

• - What is the safe drinking water limit for arsenic?

• - For lead? How much does UA water supply have?

• - How much does OU’s water have?


Oxygen and Water• Biochemical Oxygen Demand – What does this

mean?• Anything in the water that bacteria can break

down. • Bacteria will use up oxygen in the water• Other aerobic organisms will dieWhat else can affect the amount of O2 in the

water?• Temperature• Speed of water flow• Roughness of surface • Over which water flows


Succession in Aquatic Habitats

Lake

Sediments &Nutrients Accumulate

Oligotrophic Eutrophic Low in nutrients High in nutrients

Can sometimes see Methane gas bubbling up From sediments – process of decomposition


Marine dumping• Cardboard – Takes 2 weeks to degrade.• Newspaper – 6 weeks• Photodegradable packaging – 6 weeks• Foam – 50 years• Styrofoam – 80 years• Aluminum – 200 years.• Plastic packaging –400 years• Glass – It takes so long to degrade that we don’t

know the exact time.


Industrial waste• Many industrial facilities use freshwater to carry

away waste from the plant and into rivers, lakes and oceans.


0500

10001500200025003000350040004500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Volu

me,

mld

Value of wastewater Generated from Different Industries in India (Total 10,215

mld)

Series11.Distilleries

2.Pulp& Paper

3.Fertilizer plants

4. Steel Industries

5.Sugar industries

6.Textiles (Cotton)

7.Engineering

8. Organic Chemicals

9. Others

Industrial waste


Comparison of pollution load generation from domestic and industrial sources

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1 2 3

IndustrialDomestic

Wastewater Generation (mld)

BOD Generation ( t/ d)

BOD Reduction ( t / d )

Comparison


Microbial contamination• Microbial contamination of water• Over 1 billion people lack access to safe water

supplies, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation. This has led to widespread microbial contamination of drinking water.

• Water-associated infectious diseases claim up to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.


Drought• Drought causes more damage and suffering

than any other natural disaster.• 80 countries experience droughts lasting more

than 1 year.• According to the UN, almost 500 million people,

in 31 countries experience chronic water shortages today.


Flooding: oversupply• Water Logged Soil• Nutrient Leakage• Topsoil Erosion


Acid rain• Acid rain is formed when moisture in the clouds

mixes with sulfur or nitrogen in the air. • Acid rain includes rain, sleet or snow with a pH

level that falls below 5.6 (normal rainwater). • The sulfur and nitrogen get into the air by the

burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gasoline.• The average pH of rainfall is 4.3.


Acid Rain


Acid participation• When Air Pollution Becomes Water Pollution


Acid Rain Effects• Acid preparation - When the pH drops below 6.0

species start to die off.• When a species dies, others dependent also die


Acid Neutralization• How does this work?• Cation Exchange on clay minerals• Role of chemical weathering


Mobilizing metals• How does acid kill the fish?One reason is mobilizing metals• When all base cations are striped from soils • Acid now reacts with metals e.g. aluminum • Normally aluminum is immobile• below pH 5 - mobile aluminum • Fish breath in the water • Aluminum comes out of solution• Clogs gills - suffocate


River pollution• Asian rivers are the most polluted in the world. • Three times as many bacteria from human

waste as the global average• 20 times more lead than rivers in industrialized

countries.


Mass fish killing


Plastic waste in water• Each year, plastic waste in water and coastal

areas kills up to:• 100,000 marine mammals• 1 million sea birds, and • Countless fish


Non-biodegradable waste• Covers surfaces or obstructs current pathways

preventing or poisoning organisms.• Clogs waterways restricting movement of

aquatic organisms


Hot water• Derived from industrial sources where water is

used for cooling.• Can kill organisms due to high temperatures and

also change the abiotic conditions of habitat.• Solution - Cooling of water before release


Freshwater Streams• Streams can recover from moderate levels of

degradable water pollutants if the flows are not reduced.

• A combination of dilution and biodegradation can allow recovery of stream pollution

• The breakdown of pollutants by bacteria creates an oxygen sag curve. Organisms that have a high oxygen demand can’t survive in the curve.

• Volume of the stream, volume of wastes entering, flow rate, temperature, and pH levels all affect how great a sag curve is produced.

Making earth little softer216

Oxygen Sag Curve


Pollution of Rivers• Developed countries have reduced point source

pollution, but toxic chemicals and pollution from non-point sources are still problems.

• Stream pollution in most developing countries is a serious and growing problem. Half of the world’s 500 major rivers are heavily polluted which run through developing countries. Waste treatment is minimal or not existing

• For example: Religious beliefs, cultural traditions, poverty, little economic development, and a large population interact to cause severe pollution of the Ganges River in India.


Pollution of Lakes


Ocean pollution


Cold water pollution• In many areas fish and other river organisms

are adapted to relatively warm water. • Building a dam results in very cold water release

downstream killing organisms and changing species


Oil spill- Causes of Water Pollution


Oil pollution• Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that

enters the ocean. The rest come from shipping travel, drains and dumping.

• A huge quantity of oil being spilt & is a severe problem

• Oil cannot dissolve in water and forms a thick sludge in the water. This suffocates fish, gets caught in the feathers of marine birds stopping them from flying and blocks light from photosynthetic aquatic plants.


Oil pollution• Most of the seas are polluted by oil, because its

water is renewed very slowly (80-100 years).• Some oil tankers wash their tanks with sea water• There are also a lot of accidents in sea. Million

tons of oil is discharged into the oceans. • The oil forms a thick, surface layer, called "black

tide", which prevents oxygenation of water and sunlight penetration.

• Organisms cannot live without oxygen & sunlight so damages to the environment are irreparable.


Oil pollution• Often, people pour motor oil down the drain after

performing an oil change. This can certainly pollute local water supplies. Instead, make sure to recycle any motor oil you want to get rid of.


Oil pollution• Both Point and Nonpoint Sources• Largest source is pipeline leaks and runoff• Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and

storage tanks• Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal

insulation and buoyancy, smothering• Significant economic impacts• Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and

blotters• Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and

dispersing agents


Oil pollution• Oil Pollution Act of 1990• Only about 15% of an oil spill can now be

recovered• Crude oil—3 years• Refined oil– 10-20 years

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.clarkson.edu/news/photos/oilspill.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.clarkson.edu/news/view.php%3Fid%3D1095&h=1193&w=1654&sz=503&tbnid=iL8bTpBXJ9wJ:&tbnh=108&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOil%2BSpill%2B%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG

http://images.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ibrrc.org/images/Treasure/penguins_oiled.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ibrrc.org/quick_facts.html&h=214&w=400&sz=18&tbnid=0wWEyOqJ1KoJ:&tbnh=64&tbnw=120&hl=en&start=9&prev=/images%3Fq%3DOil%2BSpill%2B%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DG


Forms of Pollution – Details• Organic: sewage, pesticides, plastics, etc.• One drop of oil can render up to 25 liters of

water unfit for drinking• One gram of 2,4 D can contaminate 10 million

liters of drinking water!• One gram of PCBs can make 1 billion liters of

water unsuitable for freshwater aquatic life!


Pollutant forms: Oil• Both Point and Nonpoint Sources• Largest source of oil pollution is pipeline leaks

and runoff• 61% ocean oil pollution river & urban runoff• 30% intentional discharges from tankers• 5% accidental spills from tankers


Oil Well Drilling & Groundwater


Oil Drilling Protocols• Well must be cased from surface to below

freshwater zone• Casing must be for 150 feet above pay zone• Logging apparatus must be retrieved


Oil Drilling Protocols• Drilling fluids must be disposed of properly –

e.g. no Midnight Haulers• Any spills must be reported and cleaned

immediately• Area will be subject to remediation efforts


Protest Drilling


Oil Spill Clean-up


Oil pollution


Ocean Pollution


Coastal Water PollutionPrevention• Reduce input of toxic pollutants• Separate sewage and storm lines• Ban dumping of wastes and sewage by maritime

and cruise ships in coastal waters• Ban ocean dumping of sludge and hazardous

dredged material• Protect sensitive areas from development, oil

drilling, and oil shipping• Regulate coastal development• Recycle used oil• Require double hulls for oil tankers


Coastal Water PollutionCleanup• Improve oil-spill cleanup capabilities• Sprinkle nanoparticles over an oil or sewage

spill to dissolve the oil or sewage without creating harmful byproducts

• (still under development)• Require at least secondary treatment of coastal

sewage• Use wetlands, solar-aquatic, or other methods

to treat sewage


Effect


Effects


Diseases due to water Pollution


Health

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Health_effects_of_pollution.png


Diseases• If we drink polluted water, we can get sick


80% of all illness in developing countries is caused by water related diseases.

90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged directly into rivers and streams without treatment.

Diseases


Major water related diseasesType Diseases Cause Effects Prevention

1 Water borne(Disease causing vector carried in water)

CholeraTyphoidDiarrhoeaDysentery

Drinking contaminated water

Eating contaminated food

Dehydration Use clean water for drinking

Keep flies away from food & water

Avoid unprotected water sources

2 Water washedDue to lack of water or improper use

ScabiesEye infectionsDiarrhoea

Not washingLack of enough water for washing

Itchy lashesSore eyesBlindnessFever from lice diseases

Increase water availability for washing

Improve personal hygiene

3 Water Based(Vector lives in water)

Bilharzias Worms from the snails enter through the skin in infected water

Blood in stoolPain in stomach

Reduce contact with infected snails

Control snails

4 Insect vector related

MalariaRiver blindness

Mosquitoes bites

Semolina worm

FeverAchesBlindness

Removal potential larvae breeding sites

Use mosquito nettingIntroduce fish in ponds river water


.Diseases• Diseases spread through water pollution• Diseases spread this way include: Cholera• typhoid fever• e-coli infections• PSA infections• diphtheria• enteric fever• dengue• Diseases also result from heavy metals

(mercury, lead, arsenic) and organic contamination (benzene, phenol, PCB) of the water


Effects of water pollution• Because of polluted water the sea creatures die

and when the people who are non-vegetarian eat them they get diseases.

• When we drink the bad water or bath with it we get harmful diseases.

• Water pollution also affects the marine food chain.

• Extincsion of species


Effects on health• High blood pressure• Sleep disturbance• Color blindness• Aquatic animalsEffect on human organs• Cancer • Kidney stone formation• Organ Failure • Nervous Damage • Tooth Decay


Effects on health• Skin Irritation • Infection • Birth Defects and Fertility Problems (Male and

Female) • Susceptibility to H1N1 (Swine Flu)• Diseases caused by the ingestion of water

contaminated with pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or parasites include:

• cholera • typhoid • schistosomiasis • dysentery and other diarrheal diseases


Disease from water pollution• Water-associated infectious diseases claim up

to 3.2 million lives each year, approximately 6% of all deaths globally.

• The burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8 million deaths and the loss of greater than 75 million healthy life years.


Disease from water pollution• Disease: In developing nations, 80% of

diseases are water-related. • Synthetic Organic Compounds• Inorganic Compounds & Mineral Substances

such as Acids, etc.• Radioactive substances• Oxygen-demanding wastes• Plant Nutrients• Sediments• Thermal Discharges


Effects of water pollution• The food chain is damaged.• Diseases can spread via polluted water.• Acid rain.• Pollutants in the water will alter the overall

chemistry of water.• Marine food sources are contaminated.• Altered water temperatures can kill marine life.


Water Quality


• Water quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development.

• In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800?s.

• By the turn of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes


Water quality• Scientists monitor water quality by using bacterial

counts, chemical analysis, and indicator organisms.

• It is measuring the number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria present in a water sample.

• Drinking water should not contain any colonies/100 milliliters,

• Chemical analysis includes checking inorganic and organic chemicals present, sediment content, and turbidity of water.

• Indicator species are living organisms that are monitored to determine levels of pollution.


Water quality• Improvement since 1970• Surface waters no longer regarded as open

sewers• More and better sewage treatment systems• Less dumping of industrial waste • Clean Water Act of 1972, 1977 • Make all surface waters “fishable and

swimmable”


Water quality• Water Act, 1974• ‘Water Use Map’ of the country was prepared

based on the ‘Designated Best Use’• ‘Water Quality Map’ of India and ‘Water Use

Map’ of India will be super imposed, so as to identify water bodies which are in need of improvement (restoration)


Dissolved oxygen• Only a few fish species can survive in water less

than 4ppm at 20°C.


# Parameters Inland Surface waters

On land for

irrigation

Marine disposal

1 pH (mg/L) 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.0 5.5 - 9.02 TSS (mg/L) 100 200 1003 B.O.D (mg/L) 30 100 1004 C.O.D (mg/L) 100 - 2505 Hexavalent

Cr. (mg/L) 0.1 0.1 1.0

Disposal of Treated Effluents • Indian Standards


Monitoring Water Quality• Number of colonies of fecal coliform bacteria• Bacterial source tracking (BST) • Measure biological oxygen demand (BOD)• Chemical analysis• Indicator species• Genetic development of indicator organisms


Drinking Water Quality• Purification of urban drinking water• Protection from terrorism• Purification of rural drinking water• Safe Drinking Water Act• Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)• Bottled water


Drinking Water Quality• Development of LEDC’s and NIC’s has lead to a

general decline in water quality• Manufacturing chemical waste often untreated

and deposited into rivers only to be used further downstream for irrigation, cleaning and drinking water (R. Citarum West Java)

• 40% of world’s agriculture comes from irrigated land – this has salinity issues


Drinking Water Quality• Free of pollutants• Tastes good• Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium Sulfate in same

concentrations as found in saliva10 oC• As little chlorination as possible• Calcium & magnesium account for most water

hardness, death rates (cardiovascular disease) higher in areas soft water than in hard water

• Copper needed to absorb & metabolism iron, but >1mg/liter makes water unpalatable

• Does taste correlate with presence of toxic compounds?


Approach • For maintaining quality of water in the river, it is

necessary to limit entry of pollutants into the river both in quality and quantity.

• Treatment of effluent to the required degree before disposal is needed.

• The industrial and domestic effluents may be considered for reuse for Irrigation, Industries, etc after necessary treatment.

• Recharging of ground water after treatment of sewage should be considered.


A recap• Water can be polluted naturally• Water can be polluted by man• Sewage in our water bodies• Garbage dumps• Washing and bathing• Pesticides and fertilizers• Industries


References • www.wikipedia.org ; www.google.com, www.slideshare.net• Gannon; Osmond, , Humenik, Gale, Spooner, Agricultural Water Quality Water resource• U.S.A. Environmental protection agency, washington, dc (usa)• MacKenzie, SH The Ecosystem ISLAND PRESS, CA (USA), 1996, 240• Water pollution and society ByDavid Krantz and Brad Kifferstein• Water pollution, By Mahesh & Ram, By Shohail Motahir Choudhury, Prasen Raptan,Executive

Director,Jankalyana• Living in the Environment, By G. Tyler Miller’s• Authors Arnone Matteo,Belingheri Omar,Fasce Federico,Migliorino Lorenzo,Ernest Kyć,• Michał Stolarski,Adam Chłąd,Kamil Tratkiewicz• Water Pollution by Dr. B. Victor• Refresher course on sewage treatment plant design by PAUL• Trends and Scenarios in Agricultural Development by COLIN CHARTRES; International Water Management

Institute• Diamond Energy Water. The close relationship between Water & Our Body. 19 April 2008 • <http://www.be-with-you.com/dew/WaterAndOurBody.html>.• We Rise. Water Facts. Allabout_facts. 15 May 2008 <www.werise.us/allabout_facts.html>• “Olympic Science: The Hydration Rate.” Popular Mechanics. August 2008. 68.• Water Security: Leadership and Commitment by Shuichi Hirayama• Environmental Pollutants By Dr.Rathnakar U.P.MD.DIH.PGDHM (K.M.C. Mangalore)• Water Pollution By DiGiT• Water Pollution & Cleanup By Andrew J Penniman• Water Pollution by Home• Air, Water and Soil pollution - By B.Tungalagtuya• John Rodgers - Lecture 8: Water Pollution• pppst.com• kangenforall.com

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