34827456 simple apprehension

8/6/2019 34827456 Simple Apprehension

1/34

SIMPLE APPREHENSION


2/34

FormationofIdeaor Concept

1. Perception the process by which we make

use of our material sense organ (sense of

sight, smell, hearing, taste and touch) to form

a sense perception in our brain center.

Product: Phantasm the formed object of the

memory and imagination


3/34

FormationofIdeaor Concept

2. Abstraction the mental process by whichwe draw orgrasp the universaland essentialcharacteristics

Product: Idea or Concept t he intellectualrepresentation of things of the same kind

Term- sensible, conventional sign, expressiveof an idea


4/34

Properties ofa Term

Comprehension sum total of all elementsexpressive of an idea (also called implication orconnotation)

Extension sum total of all individuals and groupof classes to which an idea can be applied(denotation)

*the greater comprehension, the lesser extension

*the lesser comprehension, the greater extension


5/34

Comprehensionand Extension

Comprehension

Rational, sentient,living,material substance

Sentient,living,material substance

Living,material substance

Material substance

Substance

Dominican, Catholic, Private UniversityCatholic, Private university

Private University

University

Extension

Man

Animals, Man

Plants, Animals, Man

Minerals, Plants, Animals, Man

Spirits, Minerals, Plants, Animals, Man

USTUST, La Salle, Ateneo, etc.

UST, La Salle, Ateneo, Siliman, etc.

UST, La Salle, Ateneo, Siliman, UP, etc.


6/34

ClassificationofTerms

1. Accordingto Extension

1.1. SINGULAR when applied to one single objector subject

1.1.1 Proper Noun Maria Clara, Ana Hulaton

1.1.2 Superlatives First Place, most beautiful

1.1.3 Demonstratives This class, That wall

1.1.4 modified byarticle the the pale moon, theman

1.1.5 personal pronoun I, you, he, she, it, they, we


7/34


1.2 PARTICULAR whenthe termrepresents a

partor portionofthe whole

1.2.1IndefinitePr

onouns Some children,Severalmen,few,many,most

1.2.2Use ofnumbers Nine planets, Seven

dwarfs,12apostles

1.2.3article aor an an employee,alogic

student


8/34


1.3 UNIVERSAL when the term representsthe whole

1.3.1 Universal Expressions All, Every,whichever, whatever, No one, none etc.

1.3.2 Universal Idea Man is a rationalanimal., Apple is a fruit bearing tree.

1.3.3 a, anor theif the idea is universal-The lion is a carnivorous animal. A moment oftruth is a moment of freedom.


9/34


2. Accordingto Definition

2.1.First Intention understandingofaterm

accordingtoreality. God is a Supreme being. All women belongtothe female

specie. Ghosts are spirits

Second Intention understandingofaterm

accordingto particular situations. Thatman is a womanizer. Perfumes are the products ofhis

company. A movie is sometimes boring.


10/34


3. Accordingto Comprehension

3.1 Concrete one that presents to the mind a

form as inherent in a subject (woman, book,priest, musician, dog, bag)

3.2 Abstract one that presents to the mind a

form as separated from its subject (goodness,

rationality, beauty, freedom, tableness,

sweetness)


11/34


4. According Quality

4.1 Positive signifies what a being possesses

(alive, beautiful, wise, tall, sunny, happy)

4.2 Negative signifies the non-existence or

non-possession of something (blind, dirty,irrational, dark, dead, foolish)


12/34


5. Accordingtothe mannerofmeaning

5.1 Univocal /homologous if a term signifies one andsingle meaning

3 Instances ofunivocity

1. when the term has no other possible meaningother than itself (Proton, Electron, NaCl2, classicalphysics)

2. if the term used is defined

(Man is a rational being composed ofbody and soul.A king is the head of state in a monarchical form of

government.)


13/34


3. Whenthe terms used are takento signify

one meaninginatleasttwoinstances

Wateris heavierthanair. The airis fresh.

A bookis a usefultoolfor education. It would be

good toread a bookonce ina while.


14/34


5.2 Equivocal if the term expresses two or moretotally unrelated and different meanings

3 instances ofEquivocity

1. Equivocal in pronunciation only

sun-son, flair-flair, pail-pale

2. Equivocal in writing only

bow (of an arrow) bow (inclination)

live (life) live (actual)

3. Equivocal in writing and pronunciation

bark (of a tree)- bark (of a dog)

pen (for writing)- pen (cage)


15/34


5.3 Analogous if a term expresses similarly dissimilarmeaning

Analogy by attribution if a term can be applied todifferent things because of an intrinsic relation

Good- life,job, health, day, man, book

Healthy- body, food, exercise, athletes

Analogy by proportion if a term can be applied todifferent things because ofsome resemblance

Head- of a body, of the familyfoot- of a body, of mountain

mountain- mass of land, mountain ofpaper/work


16/34


6. Accordingto Relation

Contradictory terms expressing opposition to oneanother

living non-living, white- non-white, male-non-male

Contrary terms expressing extremes among objectsof a series

black white, large small, rich-poor

Privative two ideas, one of which signifies perfectionand the other denies the perfection

sight-blindness, sanity-insanity, light-darkness


17/34


Correlative two incompatible ideas that bear

mutual relationship with one another in such

a way that one cannot be understood without

the other.

husband-wife, ruler subject, master-

servant, mother-child, bride-groom


18/34


7. Accordingto Meaning

7.1 Absolute Terms- terms that signify a

concept of the meaning of a completesubstance endowed with its independent

reality.

7.2 Connotative Terms terms that signify a

concept as an existing accident in a substance.


19/34


20/34

SuppositionofTerms

Supposition sub (under) + ponere (to put or

to place)

-the precise meaning that a term bears in a

sentence

-the meaning of a term in a proposition


21/34

ClassificationofSupposition

A. Proper Supposition stands forthe properobjectinthe realorder.

1. Material Supposition stands forthe termitselfas either writtenor spoken.

Cu

rtain is a sevenletter word.

Torunis averb.

Lionis a two syllable


22/34


2.Formal Supposition stand foraconceptor

a universal

2.a. Logical stands foramere concept

Man is a specie.

Man is a universalidea.Corruption was the topicofthe

seminar.


23/34


2.b. Real Supposition stands forthe thing

itself

Allmen are mortal.Allmen are bodily substances.

Allmen are twolegged individuals.


24/34


B. Improper Supposition- stands for another

term that it suggests. (metaphorical or

figurative)

Lion is the national emblem of Great

Britain.

The Board of Directors adjourned the

meeting at 5pm.


25/34

Definition

Definition definire to set the limits

- is a process ofsimplifying the meaning of

the word at hand through the use of othersigns or words

- a statement which explains what a thing

is


26/34


27/34

Elements ofa Definition

1. Definiendum refers to the thing or

expression to be defined

2. Definiens- refers to the defining expression

Philosophy came from two Greek wordsphilos and sophia.


28/34

Rules ofa Good Definition

The definitionmust be clearerthanthe thingsdefined

The definitionmustnotcontainthe ideaor

termto be defined

Itmustnot be circular

The definitionmust be convertible withthe

idea defined The definition should whenever possible be

expressed in positive terms


29/34

Types ofDefinition

1. Nominal Definition expresses what a

name means not what the thing is.

Etymological Definition definition derived

from the meaning of the original word or

words from which the definiendum is defined.


30/34

Types ofDefinition

Synonymous Definition gives the same

connotation of the term

Definition by Description Definition by Example

Definition by Illustration

Ostensive definition by simple identification


31/34

Types ofDefinition

2. Real Definition definitionthat explains the

essential properties ofthe objectrepresented

by the definiendum

Essential Definition definition by genus and

specific difference


32/34

Types ofDefinition

Definition by genus that whichmakes a

thing similartoothers

Definition by specific difference that which

makes athing differentfromthe others

A square is a polygon withfour equal sides.


33/34

Types ofDefinition


34/34

34827456 simple apprehension

Documents