3.7:cell respiration aerobic cell respiration: glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
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3.7:Cell Respiration Aerobic cell respiration: glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy. 3.7.1 Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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3.7:Cell Respiration
Aerobic cell respiration:glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy
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3.7.1 Define cell respiration. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
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3.7.2: State that, in cell respiration, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down byglycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP.
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IB Question: In the cytoplasm of the cell, glucose is broken down into pyruvate in a process called glycolysis. State one product of glycolysis. [1]
ATP / NADH + H+ / 2 NADH / reduced NAD [1]
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3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP
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IB Question: List two end products of aerobic cell respiration. [2]
aerobic respiration;
Carbon dioxide , water, ATP
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IB QUESTION: Distinguish between the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast and humans. [2]
yeast: pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide; humans: pyruvate to lactic acid; [2] Award [1 max] if products are appropriately linked to organisms without the mention of pyruvate.
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3.7.4 Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be brokendown in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP.
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IB Question: Using a table, compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration in a eukaryotic cell. [5]
Award [1] for each correct row, up to [5 max].Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respirationoccurs in mitochondria occurs in cytoplasm;requires 2 O occurs without 2 O ;both produce pyruvate from glucose (glycolysis);uses fatty acids/lipids/amino acids doesn’t use fatty acids;(Krebs cycle) produces 2 CO and 2 H O (fermentation) produces ethanol / 2 CO(in yeast) ;(Krebs cycle) produces 2 CO and 2 H O (fermentation) produces lactate inanimals (humans) ;NADH produced in both;large amount of ATP (36 per glucosemolecule) producedsmall amount of ATP (2 per glucosemolecule) produced; [5 max]
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IB Question: Explain the process of aerobic cell respiration. [8]
cell respiration produces energy;controlled release of energy;by breakdown of organic molecules/glucose;energy from them is used to make ATP;aerobic respiration is in mitochondria;requires oxygen;pyruvate is produced by glycolysis / glucose broken down;pyruvate is broken down in the mitochondria;into carbon dioxide and water;large production of ATP;per molecule/mass of glucose;much higher production of ATP than in anaerobic respiration; [8 max]
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IB Question: Compare anaerobic cellular respiration and aerobic cellular respiration. [5]
Direct comparisons must be made to achieve a mark.anaerobic in the absence of oxygen whereas aerobic in the presence of oxygen;both may produce 2 CO ;both produce ATP;aerobic releases considerably more ATP per glucose molecule than anaerobic;anaerobic/fermentation in plants produces alcohol / anaerobic in animals produceslactic acid neither produced in aerobic respiration;glucose can be the substrate for both;glucose can be the substrate for both;anaerobic entirely in cytoplasm whereas aerobic requires mitochondria/specializedregion of membrane;glucose is broken down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm in both; [5 max]
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3.8: Photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
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3.8.1 State that photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy intochemical energy.
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IB Question: i. State the principal conversion of energy that occurs in photosynthesis. [1]
ii. State the molecule necessary for this conversion of energy.
(i) light (energy) to chemical (energy)/ATP/glucose/NADPH/sugar; [1](ii) chlorophyll [1]
[1]
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3.8.2 State that light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths (colours).
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IB Question: Outline the difference in absorption of red, blue and green light by chlorophyll for the process of photosynthesis. [1]
red and blue light is absorbed and green light is reflected / blue light is absorbedthe most and green light is absorbed the least [1]
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3.8.3 State that chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment.
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3.8.4: Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue and green light bychlorophyll.
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3.8.5 State that light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water molecules (photolysis) to form oxygen and hydrogen.
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3.8.6: State that ATP and hydrogen (derived from the photolysis of water) are usedto fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules.
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IB QUESTION: Outline how light energy is used and how organic molecules are made in photosynthesis. [6]
chlorophyll is the (main) photosynthetic pigment;absorbs (mainly) red and blue light;green light is reflected;light energy absorbed is converted into chemical energy;ATP produced;water split;to form oxygen and hydrogen;ATP and hydrogen used to fix carbon dioxide to make organic molecules; [6 max]
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3.8.7 Explain that the rate of photosynthesis can be measured directly by the production of oxygen or the uptake of carbon dioxide, or indirectly by an increase in biomass..
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IB Question: Explain how the rate of photosynthesis can be measured. [5]
rate can be measured by the disappearance of raw materials / 2 CO (in solution);rate of change of 2 CO can be measured (indirectly) by pH change;rate can be measured by the appearance of products/ 2 O /starch;rate can be measured by measuring rate of change of biomass;description of apparatus to measure the rate of photosynthesis / annotated diagram;explanation of expected experimental outcome: e.g. increased photosynthesis inan aquatic plant – more 2 O bubbles counted per unit time; [5 max]
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IB Question: Explain how photosynthesis can be measured both directly and indirectly. [3]
(a) directly:by production of oxygen / measuring thevolume/number of bubbles of gas produced;by measuring the uptake of carbon dioxide;changes in pH;⎧⎨⎩Do not accept “production of gas”.indirectly:by measuring the increase in biomass;by measuring the production of glucose / starch / other suitable molecule; [3 max]Award [2 max] if only indirect measurements or direct measurements are addressed.Apply ECF if direct and indirect is confused for more than one method.
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3.8.8: Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxideconcentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
Effect of Temperature on rate of photosynthesis
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Effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis
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Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on rate of photosynthesis
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IB Question: Outline how three different environmental conditions can affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants. [6]
light: [2 max] rate increases with increasing light; it reaches maximum then plateaus; as all chloroplast molecules are working at optimal pace; temperature: [2 max] rate increases with increasing temperature; to a maximum/optimum temperature; but then falls off rapidly; as enzymes are denatured above the optimal temperature; carbon dioxide: [2 max] rate increases with increasing carbon dioxide level; it reaches maximum then plateaus; as photosynthesis operating at optimal level; [6 max] Award any of the above points if clearly drawn in a diagram.
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IB Question: Outline the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis. [6]
Award credit for the following points if annotated on sketched graphs.all three variables can be classified as limiting factors;as temperature increases, photosynthetic rate increases;maximum rate of photosynthesis at optimum temperature;at (very) high temperatures photosynthesis slows/stops;as light intensity increases, photosynthetic rate increases;at high light intensity, photosynthesis stops increasing;minimum light intensity necessary for photosynthesis to occur;(because concentration is rarely high) 2 CO is the main rate-limiting variable;as concentration of 2 CO rises, photosynthetic rate rises (up to a certain point); [6 max]