3rd Period (28)

Teotihuacan 1. Pallavi

Maya 2. Hadar

Toltec 3. Emma B

Aztec 4. Chloe

Anasazi 5. Lauren

Hopewell/Mississippian 6. Audrey

Chapter 11, Section 1, end before Moche (including the Chavin) 7. Michael Sprott

Moche 8. Michael N.

Tiwanaku/Wari 9. Aditi

Inca 10. Akash

Early Mongolian Conquerors 11. Matthew K

Il Khanate 12. Emma F

Golden Horde 13. Drake

Yuan Dynasty 14. Robert W

Timurids 15. Annie

Novgorod 16. Declan

Ming Dynasty 17. James

Korea 18. Matthew H

Japan 19. Alex

Vietnam (Annam) 20. Svea

Delhi Sultanate 21. Daniel C

Mali 22. Daniel J

Swahili Coast & Zimbabwe 23. Nikki

Aden 24. Stephen

Gujarat 25. Sam

Malacca 26. Induja

Tropical Lands & Peoples (Ch 13, Section 1) 27. Caroline

Religious Conversion (p. 336) 28. Lindsey

TeotihuacanName: Pallavi Kenkare- TeotihuacanSources:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teotihuacan#Origins_and_foundation2. http://www.sunofmexico.com/teotihuacan_mexico.php3. http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/District/8118144. http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/pyramids/teotihuacan.html 5. http://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=inquiry_2007 6. http://wideurbanworld.blogspot.com/2013/11/teotihuacan-and-origins-of-market.html

Geo

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Physical Landscape Valley of Mexico, highland plateau surrounded by mountains and volcanoes, swampy land good for growing crops.

Location Located in Central America in the Valley of Mexico in Mexico.

Political GeographyMany farm families were forced by elite to relocate to urban core of Teotihuacan, so many of city’s residents depended on agriculture. Elites organized city’s growing labor resources to bring land into agriculture production

Human/Environmental Interactions

Elite drained swamps, constructed irrigation canals, terraced hillsides, and constructed chinampas (raised field constructed along lake shores to increase agriculture yield)

Politi

cal

Nations/States Teotihuacán was a huge city-state.

Type of Government No one is sure what kind of government Teotihuacán had. It may have had an oligarchy, ruled by elite families.

Leaders There is no evidence of a single ruler. It is possible that alliances among elite families or weak-puppet kings controlled by these families ruled Teotihuacán.

Government Policies The city elite forced farm families to relocate to the urban core, and constructed much infrastructure to help with agriculture, sustaining the region’s growing population.

Government Actions Members of the elite controlled the state bureaucracy, tax collection, and commerce. They also organized the city’s growing labor resources to bring land into agriculture production.

Rights Social elite had rights over farmers; famers were at mercy of social elite. No structured government depicting rights of people though.

Persecution of othersIn a sense, the farmers of Teotihuacan were somewhat persecuted, since they were bullied and under the power of the city elite. However, there is no evidence of persecution with people not from Teotihuacan.

Wars

Teotihuacan had no walls or defensive structures surrounding it, suggesting that it initially enjoyed relative peace. However, evidence shows the city created a powerful military to [protect long distance trade and to compel peasant farmers to transfer their surplus product to the city.

Diplomacy Teotihuacan engaged in commerce with other centers, and there is evidence they expanded into Mayan territories and influenced Mayan politics.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Great belief in astronomy and divine power.

ScienceThe inhabitants of Teotihuacan would have to be very good at engineering and architecture to build pyramids on such a gigantic scale. Probably extensive study of astronomy, since city pattern was based on star movement. Herbal medicine.

Intellectual Movements None known of

Relig

ious

Religion

Teotihuacan was significant as a major religious center, and its name means “place where the gods are born”. Worship of many gods and lesser spirits. Enormous pyramids dedicated to the Sun and Moon (also pyramids dedicated to other gods) line central avenue. Other powerful gods are Quetzalcoatl (originator of agriculture and arts) who has a huge temple, storm god Tlaloc, and a powerful female god associated with fertility. The people of Teotihuacan practiced human sacrifice, and sacrifice was seen as a sacred duty to the gods, essential to the well being of society.

Beliefs Strong beliefs in astronomy (city center aligned with movements of stars) and agriculture, as shown by the worship of a fertility goddess and Quetzacoatl.

Relation with other religions

None known of, though the inhabitants of Teotihuacan may have influenced and attempted to expand into Mayan territory.

Artis

tic

Music None known ofLiterature Apparent lack of writing systemPainting Many murals depicting Gods in mostly red, but also blue green and yellow. The style is flat

and liner, with geometric patterns.

Architecture Much religious architecture, Huge pyramids dedicated to the Sun and Moon, 20 smaller temples to lesser gods and spirits. Gigantic temple dedicated to Quetzacoatl

Sculpture The sculptures are mainly of symbolic animals (ex. Jaguar, feathered serpent), pottery

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions None known ofCommunications Extensive trade across Mesoamerica, but no specific known method of communication

Tools Obsidian tools. Construction of giant pyramids must have taken a huge construction effort using many building tools, but these tools are not known.

Econ

omic

Jobs Agricultural laborers (farmers) merchants, military, bureaucrats, social elite who ruled city.Economic Policies Possible market economy.

Agriculture Huge part of life, 2/3 of city’s residents retained agricultural dependency, walk out from urban residences to their field. Played crucial role in sustaining region’s growing population.

Industry None known ofLabor Peasants labored in the fields to produce food for growing population

UrbanizationRapid growth in urban population because of set of volcanic eruptions that disrupted agriculture. City lite increased their power ad forced farm families from small villages throughout region to move to urban core. n

TradeExtensive trade across Central America, extending all the way to Guatemala and Mayan territories. Especially influenced Mayan culture (architecture and art styles). Teotihuacan was a big exporter of obsidian, gaining prestige throughout Mesoamerica.

Soci

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ATIO

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AM IN

FERR

ING

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The FamilyMost of the families were based on agriculture. In farming families, men, women and children labored in the fields, while in higher class merchant and social elite families, the men mostly held the public positions.

Children In farming families, they most likely labored in the fields while in higher class families they were probably take care of by their mothers.

Women In farming families, worked in the fields and raised children. In higher class families, probably raised children and supervised domestic affairs behind the scenes.

Gender Roles

Men most likely upheld agricultural labors and public positions, while women raised children and supervised domestic and occasionally financial affairs behind the scenes. Most likely, in lower class families woman could work in the fields. Both men and women could take religious stations.

Education Most likely, there was no education, but most inhabitants had a basic religious understanding, since religion was an extremely prominent part of Teotihuacan culture.

Social Classes Social Elite controlled trade, bureaucracy, and agriculture. Lower class consisted of peasant farmers, who worked hard and were at mercy of city elite.

Matriarchy/Patriarchy It was probably a patriarchal society, since men were seen as the ‘dominant’ sex because of their hard physical work in the fields.

MayaName: Hadar GendelmanSources:

1. http://bu.edu 2. The Earth and its Peoples3. http://tarlton.law.texas.edu 4. http://history.com 5. http://indians.org 6. http://wikipedia.org

Geo

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Physical Landscape Fragile soil, tropical climateLocation Mesoamerica—modern Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and southern Mexico.Political Geography South of TeotihuacanHuman/Environmental Interactions Environmental degradation due to constant abuse of land and swidden agriculture

Politi

cal

Nations/States Not a unified state; kingdoms competed in a power struggle.Type of Government Cities with the most power controlled a region of other cities as well as an agricultural zone.

Leaders

Were both priests and secular figures. Communicated with beings from other worlds in order to lead their respective state. Each state also had a supreme military commander called a nacom, who served a three-year term and was responsible of military strategy and conquests.

Government PoliciesGovernment ActionsRightsPersecution of others Done so in order to secure a group to slave.Wars Fought to secure captives rather than to obtain land. Celebrated and seen as a religious act.

DiplomacyIndividual city-states often allied with other city-states for mutual benefit or protecting against other city-states.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Centered a philosophy around the sun

Science Developed the solar year as well as the ritual cycle and long count, were using a numerical system while Europe was struggling with Roman numerals

Intellectual Movements

Relig

ious

Religion Everyone believed in the same religion, which was centralized to the different aspects of nature.

BeliefsThere are three layers of the universe: the heavens (characterized by a sky-monster), earth, and the underworld. A sacred tree ran through all the layers. Temples were often elaborately decorated and resembled essential elements to their religion.

Relation with other religions

There was no other religion in the civilization, and they stayed in their lane so they didn’t really feel the need to practice tolerance versus intolerance.

Artis

tic

Music No music, but over one thousand dance forms were created, and many of them are still practiced today.

LiteratureWriting was a form of hieroglyphics, featuring characters that signified both entire words and phonetic sounds. Scribes recorded everything from records to religious text, and onto buildings and altars, making Maya cities sacred texts.

Painting Used glittery paint based from mica to create paintings and decorate buildings.

Architecture Built pyramids, which were seen as sacred mountains to heaven, while their doors led to the underworld. Chechen Itza is an example.

Sculpture Various altars and monoliths were erected.

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions Corn tortilla, chocolate, rubber, and a religious ball game.Communications Amongst city-states, but no reaching out to other civilizations.

Tools No access to pulleys, carts, wheelbarrows, or metal tools. Instead, used rubber, levers, and stone tools.

JobsMost jobs were agricultural or religious professions. Scribes, merchants, and more also thrived.

Econ

omic

Economic Policies Uhm.

Agriculture Practiced swidden agriculture, in which they periodically burned everything to the ground and then started over.

IndustryAgriculture required thousands of people to sustain the population due to the status of the land.

Labor Lots.Urbanization When some land lost value, it became part of the city.Trade Self-sustained.

Soci

al

The Family Managed exclusively and entirely by women.Children Were under their parent’s supervision until the age of marriage.

Women Not many women did, but a few directly ruled some Mayan kingdoms (example: Lady Wac-Chanil-Ahau)

Gender RolesWomen were typically expected to adhere to the same gender norms that we all know and love today.

Education Common children were only educated to their parents’ careers, but children of nobility were highly educated in all subject matters.

Social Classes Typically organized by clan.

Matriarchy/PatriarchyPatriarchy intact, but matrilineal noble relevance sometimes outshone patrilineal status, so children to whom that applied could use their mother’s heritage to rise in class.

Toltec (900-1175 C.E.)Emma Blome, GPIRATES Chart, 3rd Period, October 27, 2014Geography

Located in central Mexico, from north of Mexico City to Central America Gulf of Mexico on the East and Pacific Ocean on the West, in the Valley of Mexico Political capital at Tula (originally called Tollan) Other core cities included Teotihuachan, Tulancingo, and Huapalcalco

Political One state influenced from the capital Tula Monarchy The first Toltec leader was Ce Técpatl Mixcoatl, but his son Ce Acatl Topilitzin would become more famous and come to be

known as the great god Quetzalcoatl Leaders were called Tlatoani which means “king” Some sources say power was divided between two kings or chieftains Governors were chosen from nobles and made up a council that would elect a king from a pool of candidates hoping to be

named heir These governors would also collect tribute from allied cities or regions Driven out of Teotihuachan and forced to migrate to Tula by Huémac 1

Intellectual Discovered pulque or octli, a traditional Mexican drink made from the fermented sap of the maguey plant Credited with producing huge maize crops and colored cotton in blue, red, yellow, and green

Religion Polytheistic religion with native gods Although they worshipped many gods, there were two main gods: Quetzlcoatl who represented culture, fertility, and

holiness and Tezcatlipoca who represented the opposite of Quetzlcoatl, war, tyranny, and evil Mostly focused on human sacrifices in which they would cut the heart out of the body while it was still beating Toltecs also played a game similar to basketball called tlatchli as a part of their religion Believed souls left the body after death to join other souls and become one, whole being

Artistic Often had snakes, skulls, and Chak-mool (reclining figures) on the walls Built enormous statues of Atlantes, men carved into columns Many sculptures of rulers had elongated noses possibly because they wore nose pieces as a sign of wealth Had many pyramids as temples for the gods It was common to use statues as columns Toltecs had barely any written language so literature was either stories or songs One song about the circle of life was passed down from the Toltecs to the Aztecs

Technology Used agricultural techniques such as irrigation and hill terracing to grow their crops Also known for their accurate use of herbal medicines Highly skilled in metallurgy and pottery

Economic The Toltec economy depended on agriculture and trade. Maize, beans, and chili peppers were the main crops Artisans used obsidian to create weapons which were exported to other civilizations Textiles and ceramics were also exported Their main imports included beans, cacao, and mushrooms. Majority of people were farmers; other popular jobs were merchants, artists, craftsmen, priests, and warriors.

Social Husbands would support the family and teach children until the age of ten when the sons and few daughters would be sent

to a temple for religion and military training. Most daughters would stay home and learned from their mothers to perform household duties.

Most emperors were men and boys received more education, but women were allowed in the military. Military officers and priests were the valued the most behind the king. Artists, craftsmen, and merchants were also held in high value. Farmers made up the middle class, which was the largest Slaves were the lowest ranked, but could be freed if physically abused, pregnant, or married.

SourcesThe Earth and Its Peoples AP World History Textbookhttp://www.saylor.org/site/HIST101-Subunit-8.2.3-Toltecs-FINAL.pdfhttps://sites.google.com/site/tolteccivilization/social-structurehttp://www.ancient.eu/Toltec_Civilization/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toltec_Empire#Society

AztecAnasazi

Hopewell/MississippianName: Audrey FriedSources:

1. http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/hopewell/who_were_hopewell.html 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition 2. http://www.earthworksconservancy.org/hopewellearthworks/ 3. The Earth and its Peoples 5th edition4. http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/mississippian.htm 5. http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/mississ.html 6. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/nat_amer/pre/htmls/m_tech.html 7. http://www.naturealmanac.com/fixtures/sidebars/mississippians.html#who 8. http://www.silverbuffalo.org/NSA-NativeScience.html

Geo

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Physical Landscape Formed from glaciers that carved its channel, valley, and broad watershed. The region has rolling hills that range between 660 ft. to 1310 ft. above sea level.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Appeared along the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys of what is now the United States in North America.

Spread west to the current states of Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, east to New York and Ontario, and south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida.

Political Geography

Hopewell and Mississippian tradition was not confined to a specific location with set political boundaries.

The cultures spread through civilizations in modern day North America. The approximate boundaries are shown on the map.

Human/Environmental Interactions

Known for their monumental earthworks and mounds that were used for religious ceremonies.

The enormous earthworks were highly complex, precise, geometrical, and were astronomically aligned with the stars.

Politi

cal

Nations/States

Mississippian and Hopewell cultures were located in multiple settlements that were connected through trade along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.

In the current states of Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, east to New York and Ontario, and south to Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida.

Type of Government Chiefdom- a form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns.

Leaders

Chiefs organized rituals of feasting and gift giving to link diverse kinship groups and guarantee access to specialized crops and craft goods.

They also managed long-distance trade for luxury goods and additional food supplies. The position of chief was hereditary.

Government Policies The chief was responsible for its civilization's individual policies. The chief's most important action was organizing a group of men to build mounds for

religious burials.Government Actions Chiefs organized rituals and celebrations, managed long-distance trade, controlled the

military, led expeditions, and organized the construction of mounds and earthworks.

Rights Women could either chose their marriage partners or they were assigned by her parents

when she was a little girl. Women had the right to divorce their husbands under certain circumstances.

Persecution of others Civilizations along the Hopewell Exchange System had different variations of Mississippian

and Hopewell cultures, so tribes were often accepting of other people's views. Some researchers believe that different religious positions led to wars.

Wars Wooden stockades surround the later Mississippian sites, which is evidence of warfare

between neighboring tribes. The reasons for war remain unknown, however, it most likely for religious purposes.

Diplomacy The chief was in charge of diplomatic relations with other tribes. They controlled trade within the region and offered gifts to other leaders to maintain

peace.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy

Religious philosophy shows belief in an afterlife and the importance of the natural environment.

Worshiped many gods, including the sun god.

Science Studied cycles and patterns within the world, and believed they could be understood using mathematics.

Intellectual Movements They understood the movement of the sun and the phases of the moon. Used these patterns to determine the time of the day and the day of the month.

Relig

ious

Religion Believed that aspects of the natural environment held a special importance. Worshiped aquatic animals as well as male and female gods, which they idolized at

ceremonies.

Beliefs Believed in an afterlife, and they built mounds for deceased leaders. Buried leaders in vaults surrounded by valuable river pearls, copper jewelry, and sacrificed

women to accompany a dead chief in the afterlife.Relation with other religions

Differences in religious belief was most likely the cause of war between civilizations. However, there is no evidence to support this theory.

Artis

tic

Music Made panpipes out of copper Panpipes are musical instruments that are made from a row of short pipes tied together.

They are blown across the top to produce a sound.Literature Neither Hopewell nor Mississippian culture had a writing system.

Painting Artists painted images related to fertility, military cults, and ancestral worship onto objects

such as copper plates and conch shells. They used natural materials such as berries, flowers, and blood to make the paint.

Architecture

They constructed enormous, geometrical, astronomically aligned earthworks. They also built mounds that reflected sunrise and moonrise patterns. Towns had common characteristics including square or rectangular houses built out of

timber, mud, and thatch aligned in orderly patterns, centrally located plazas, and stockades or embankments surrounding the town

Sculpture

The Hopewell created intricate works out of grizzly bear teeth, fresh-water pearls, sea shells, shark's teeth, bone, wood, copper, and silver.

They crafted pottery, pendants, carvings, mats, earthworks, and pipes with religious significance.

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions The Hopewell and Mississippian cultures added crushed freshwater mussel shells to the

mixtures of clay which made pots and ceramic pieces thinner, smoother, and lighter.

Communications

Hopewell and Mississippian peoples communicated with other tribes through trading along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers.

It is unclear whether each civilization spoke a different language or different dialects of the same language.

Tools Used tools such as bow and arrows, knives, sharp objects made of flint and obsidian, and bone hooks.

Econ

omic

Jobs Hopewell and Mississippian cultures had specialists such as metal workers, artists, mound

builders, warriors, engineers, and merchants.Economic Policies Complex economies.

Trade was important for the civilizations, and goods from civilizations have been found all over North America, hundreds of miles away from their original location.

Craft production was significant in interregional trading.

Agriculture

Improved agriculture led to population growth. In the Ohio Valley, people depended on locally domesticated seed crops such as maize,

beans, and squash. Maize was the dietary staple.

Industry Industry was centered around agriculture.

Labor Labor in Hopewell and Mississippian culture included building mounds, making pottery

and other forms of art, growing food, hunting and gathering, and trading with other regions.

Urbanization Improved agricultural productivity required less people to farm, and people moved into

urban areas.

Trade

Hopewell and Mississippian civilizations were connected by a common network of trade routes called the Hopewell Exchange System. S

ocieties exchanged goods by means of waterways, especially the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, all over the United States.

Items that were traded include copper, silver, flint, shells, shark teeth, iron, pipes, pottery, and mica.

Soci

al

The Family The family was made up of blood related and non-blood related kin, extended family, and tribal community.

Children Mississippian and Hopewell children helped their parents with everyday tasks. They were given a basic education about culture, but most of their time was spent

learning skills such as farming and craftmaking.

Women Women were responsible for child-rearing, cooking, crop cultivation, processing animal skins, pottery making.

Gender Roles Women usually tended to the crops, prepared meals, and maintained the needs of the

family such as cleaning the house. Men hunted and fought in battles.

Education

Children were educated through myths and stories told orally by older members in the civilization.

Boys learned how to hunt from their fathers, and girls learned household skills from their mothers.

Social Classes social ranks were a fundamental part of Hopewell and Mississippian cultures. The two groups were the elites and the commoners. Elites had a higher social standing than commoners.

Matriarchy/Patriarchy Mississippian and Hopewell cultures were matriarchal.

Chapter 11, Section 1, end before Moche (including the Chavin)Name: Michael SprottSources:

1. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Geo

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Physical Landscape South American Andes mountain rangeLocation(continent, region, modern country)

South America, Andes mountain range,

Political Geography Chile, EcuadorHuman/Environmental Interactions

The mountains forced the natives to create technologies to adapt to their environment

Politi

cal

Nations/States None, only loosely associated clans or kingships

Type of Government ayllu Andean lineage group mit’a- organized groups of aylluor kin-based community. Or

Leaders Ayllu made decisions collectivelyGovernment Policies Mit’a organized ayllu into alliance groupsGovernment Actions N/ARights N/APersecution of others N/aWars N/ADiplomacy Mit’a organized ayllu

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy N/AScience Domestication of quinoa, a local grainIntellectual Movements None

Relig

ious

Religion No organized formBeliefs N/ARelation with other religions N/A

Artis

tic

Music N/ALiterature N/APainting -------------Architecture ----------------------Sculpture No viable examples remain

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions N/ACommunications Presumably some form of early oral languageTools -------------

Econ

omic

Jobs ---------------------------Economic Policies --------------------------Agriculture Grew quinoa, local grainIndustry ------------------Labor ---------------------Urbanization --------------------Trade Unknown

Soci

al

The Family Clan groups dominated political ARENAChildren ---------------Women Gatherers, child bearersGender Roles Men were hunters

Education -----------------------Social Classes -----------------------------Matriarchy/Patriarchy unknown

MocheName: Michael NoelSources:

1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/386887/Moche 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_culture 3. AP World History Textbook – The Earth and It’s Peoples

Geo

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Physical Landscape Hot and aridLocation Northern coast of modern day PeruPolitical GeographyHuman/Environmental Interactions Created canals and complex irrigation systems

Politi

cal

Nations/States No unified political structuresType of Government Had urban centers, possibly run in TheocracyLeaders Rulers were often military or religious leadersGovernment Policies Forced commoners to maintain irrigation systems that supplied fields with waterGovernment ActionsRightsPersecution of othersWars The Moche launched military conquests against neighboring landsDiplomacy

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy

Science Skilled metal smiths made tools and objects out of various metals including gold and silver. Craftsmen and women also made textiles through weaving.

Intellectual Movements

Relig

ious

Religion Religion held a key place in Moche society. Priests were of high social status and power.

Beliefs They believed in an afterlife, and executed servants when elites passed away so that the servants could serve them in the afterlife.

Relation with other religions

Artis

tic

MusicLiteraturePainting They painted many murals on walls. These murals depicted many parts of Moche life.

Architecture The Moche were known for crafting multipurpose pyramid shaped buildings known as Huacas. These were typically found in urban centers.

Sculpture The Moche are very well known for their ceramics in the form of pottery and sculptures.

Tech

nolo

gy

InventionsCommunicationsTools The Moche people sometimes used molds to make their pottery.

Econ

omic

Jobs Most people worked as subsistence farmers. Many also worked as artisans, making textiles, metallurgy, and ceramics.

Economic PoliciesAgriculture Moche cultivated maize, quinoa, beans, manioc, and sweet potatoesIndustry They were known for producing textiles as well as metal tools and jewelryLabor Rulers forced labor to be done by the commoners and servants.UrbanizationTrade

Soci

al

The FamilyChildren

Women Women likely held status equal or greater of that than men, as many female Moche rulers have been excavated.

Gender RolesBoth men and women worked as farmers and could hold elite status. Women also produced textiles as a special role.

Education

Social Classes Priests and military leaders were at the top of the social chain, and held most of the power and influence.

Matriarchy/Patriarchy

Tiwanaku/WariName: _____Aditi Choudhury___________Sources:

7. The Wari Culture http://www.tampere.fi/ekstrat/taidemuseo/arkisto/peru/800/wari_en.htm

Geo

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Physical Landscape -Surrounded by lakeside marshes-Altiplan: dry desert-like area to

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Near Lake Titicaca in Bolivia

Political Geography

-Wari was close to Tiwanaku and might have started as a dependency then evolved to a competing state-They could have both formed independently and shared elements from an earlier group of people

Human/Environmental Interactions

-Drained marshes for agriculture-Used llamas for a trade

Politi

cal

Nations/States

-Tiwanaku(300-1000 CE) and Wari were separate cities-They both rose and fell around the same time- Tiwanaku (the city) was center of an empire- Wari “empire” was network of city states

Type of Government -Hereditary elite led stratified socieityLeaders -Hereditary eliteGovernment PoliciesGovernment ActionsRightsPersecution of others -Used people from other lands for human sacrificesWars -Military conquests provided resources from distant regionsDiplomacy

Inte

llect

ual

PhilosophyScience -astrologyIntellectual Movements

Relig

ious

Religion

-Deities related to agriculture-Major deities: Viracocha- Possible ancestor worship- human sacrifice

Beliefs -City of Tiwanaku was moral and religious center of Tiwanaku cultureRelation with other religions -Influenced a lot of later civilizations, especially the Inca

Artis

tic

MusicLiteraturePainting

Architecture- Tiwanaku: advanced stone masonry- Terraced Pyramids- Kalyasasa and Akapanu pyramids

Sculpture - Distinctive Wari pottery style that spread to other cultures

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions -Suka kollus “flood-raised field” agriculture-artificial ponds

Communications-No written language-Puquina language, now extinct, is probably what they spoke

Tools -They dragged the stones used in their buildings from quarries

Econ

omic Jobs

Economic PoliciesAgricultureIndustry

LaborUrbanizationTrade

Soci

al

The FamilyChildrenWomenGender RolesEducationSocial ClassesMatriarchy/Patriarchy

IncaName: Akash MandavilliSources:

1. http://www.ushistory.org/civ/11c.asp2. http://incas.mrdonn.org/geography.html3. http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/incas/collier.htm 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Inca_Empire 5. http://www.shareintl.org/archives/religion/rl_plesoteric-Inca.htm 6. http://enloehs.wcpss.net/projects/candc/merg/ememerg7/ememerg7.html 7. http://incas.mrdonn.org/professions.html 8. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/farming-like-the-incas-70263217/?no-ist

Geo

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Physical Landscape

In their land the Inca had rich coastal area, high mountains, tropical rain forests, and a few deserts here and there. In their land they had the Andes mountains. The Amazon Jungle and a desert coastline. Overall the Inca had a very diverse landscape that they used to their advantage by camping in the mountains and using the jungle and deserts as natural barriers.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

It stretched 2,500 miles from Quito, Ecuador, to beyond Santiago, Chile.

Political Geography

The Incas did not have much of a political geography that would be familiar to us, since they had occupied various parts of different countries whose names may or may not be the same now, but to list the lands they occupied and protected it would be: part of Ecuador, Brazil, Chile, and many more that we may or may not know about.

Human/Environmental Interactions

The Incas were incredibly intelligent; they used their environment to their advantage, even though it was highly diverse and tough terrain. By tough I mean hard to maneuver or establish civilization in. They made their cities high up in the mountains and used bridges to connect cities, but in a time of invasion they burned down their bridges so no one could enter. Also, they used the desert and the jungle to their advantage since they served as natural barriers on either side of the mountain.

Politi

cal

Nations/States The Incas called their state Tawintin-Suyu which also means “four quarters” in their language. Anti-Suyu was the land east of Cusco; it contained the mountains and forests. Cunti-suyu was all the lands on the west of Cusco; this state included all the conquered empires. Colla-Suyu was the largest, and was the South of Cusco and contained modern regions like Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. Chincha-Suyu was the region north of Cusco that encompassed all the lands and tribes to the north. As you can see the regions are based as Cusco being the middle of everything.

Type of Government

The Inca Empire is considered federalist/monarchy because it consisted of a large central government with the Sapa Inca at its head, who controlled everything and did everything he wanted to. Then there was the four quarters or states, that were listed above, which were ruled over by a governor. Also, every time a new tribe or enemy was conquered, an Incan governor was put in charge and expected to report back to the central government and the Sapa Inca.

LeadersThe leader in Inca civilization was the Sapa Inca, an all-powerful leader who made all the laws, owned everything, and ruled everything. After the Sapa Inca there were regional governors of the four quarters and also of the conquered peoples.

Government Policies

Government policies in the Inca Empire were primarily concerned with taxes and people not paying them. If people did not pay their taxes there were very harsh punishments ranged from mutilation up to death. Taxes in the Inca were a little bit different though, they did not ask for money but manual labor as taxes. Besides taxes the Inca were also concerned about stealing, murder, and also cursing the gods.

Government ActionsThe only government action that the Inca had was a large bureaucracy to collect taxes and distribute it throughout the government. Also they created laws which highly restricted the freedom of the common people.

Rights

Incan women were able to become leaders and warriors as well as become a housewife until the conquest of the Spaniards. The common people had little to no freedom, there were laws limiting movements, bathing and eating, and also laws that required a majority of time to be spent working.

Persecution of othersThe Incas were very strict with their punishments, especially for higher level crimes. Just for robbery a hand was cut off, anything higher than robbery usually resulted in death or imprisonment for life which was not as common as death.

WarsThe Inca had many wars but they were usually for purposes of conquest, but they also did wage war with the Spaniards when they came. Also, the Incas had a few civil wars that were fought by two brothers fighting for the title of Sapa Inca.

DiplomacyThe Incas were diplomatic in some cases, they did have peaceful conquest when the tribe or people they were conquering accepted the Inca and pledged allegiance to the Sapa Inca, but it was not as common as violent conquests.

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy

The Inca were a very intellectual people and came up with complex theories such as reciprocity which is “in our daily lives we function within a worldwide system of exchange”. These early people have already hinted at money-minded world. Also, the Inca had three major commandments: search for the truth, work hard, and respect every form of life.

Science

Although the Inca were a very advanced people they lacked basic scientific inventions such as the wheel for transport, a writing system, or iron tools. They did have quipos which were a type of writing using knots that were knotted a special way or were a special length. They were also able to create sturdy stone buildings, suspension bridges, and pontoon bridges. Also, one of there more important inventions would have been aqueducts.

Intellectual Movements The Inca had little to no intellectual movements, because the commoners were highly restricted in what they could do and were not exposed to any higher level concepts.

Relig

ious

ReligionThe Incas worshipped many nature deities, but some of the more important were Inti, the sun god, Viracocha, the creator, Pachamama, the earth goddess, and many more that represented various natural forces.

BeliefsThe Incas believed in nature goddess that required sacrifices and rituals to be appeased. They also believed that if they pleased their gods they would have a good harvest year, and a good overall year.

Relation with other religions

The Inca religion is not unlike many other nature based religions that evolved around a certain main god, in this case Inti, the sun god.

Artis

tic

MusicThe Inca had many instruments such as the Charango (a guitar-like instrument), the Zampona (a type of pan pipe), and many types of flutes and drums. These instruments were played at all ceremonies and were used to entertain high leveled officials in the empire.

Literature The Incas mostly had literature based on their gods. This literature was naturalistic and very myth-like; it usually explained a natural phenomenon such as the coming of spring or the rising of the sun.

Painting

The Inca had lots of art that were drawn in caves, houses, and dwellings of the leaders. Although they did have a lot of art, they had even more pottery and metal sculptures. Also, most of their paintings revolved around nature and the gods.

Architecture

The Inca had the most significant pre-Columbian architecture. Their buildings were made out of semi-worked stone blocks or adobe. They had many types of buildings such as temples, palaces, and even houses for commoners. Most Incan architecture had rectangular rooms that could be expanded into more rectangular rooms. Also, they created many types of bridges between mountains or cities such as the pantoon bridge.

Sculpture

The Inca were very famous for the metal sculptures and diverse pottery. Most pottery followed a single design with few variations and usually consisted of large jars with wide necks. They also had there metal sculptures that were created by taking a piece of precious metal such as gold and carving it into a shape or jar, but only high leveled officials and priests had these pieces of art.

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions The Inca invented many things such as aqueducts, a network of roads and bridges, khipus which were string arrangements that could be read by trained officials, it served as a writing system, they also invented terrace farming that allowed them to farm on the mountains, and finally they also developed freeze drying such as the one used by NASA.

Communications

The Inca had a highly sophisticated network of roads and bridges and efficient messengers. These messengers had their family and life threatened if they messed up a message or could not deliver something, this is why they were very careful and efficient with their job.

Tools

The Inca had tools made of hard stone or bronze such as chisels, knifes, and stakes. They also used large ramps made of dirt to raise large stones. Their tools were not as developed as other civilizations since their home on the mountains was not convenient for mining which led them away from the use of steal.

Econ

omic

JobsMost people in the Inca were farmers, some people were lucky enough to become government officials. There were also warriors, herders, fishermen, craftsmen, weavers, sorcerers, and chosen women.

Economic Policies

The Inca were not very diverse when it came to economics. Their main economic priority was collecting taxes, which was done by an extensive bureaucracy who collected then distributed the taxes. They had many punishments for anyone who did not pay their taxes or tried to use loopholes to get out of paying taxes.

AgricultureThe Inca were very good at farming; they used terrace gardens, and developed fertilizer to use. They mostly grew tough crops that could withstand the high altitudes of the Andes such as potatoes, quinoa, and corn.

Industry

The Incas had one of the greatest textile industries in the world, they used cotton form alpacas and llamas and sometimes even rare wool found from vicunas and guanacos. Textiles played a very important role in trade and even conquering, because whenever a new area was conquered a textile was given to the ruler symbolizing the acceptance of the Inca.

LaborThe Inca had a mandatory public service known as Mit’a. This actually served as a tribute to the Incas; all citizens who could perform labor were required to do so for a set number of days every year.

Urbanization

The most visible sign of the Inca’s urbanization would be the development of roads and buildings. The Inca created a very effective system of roads which made it easy to develop an empire that had substituents that could be easily contacted. Also, seen at Machu Pichu, there was increased terracing showing the increase of population and movement in to the cities.

Trade

The Inca had no currency, instead they traded through agriculture. The Inca economy was based off of trade, and in turn they built lasting trade routes which were extensions to there already effective road system. The main trading routes were from the North down to the South in Chile. They also traded with other close peoples whom they eventually ended up conquering.

Soci

al

The Family The family unit for the Incas was named ayllu. The Incas lived with their extended family and called themselves a clan. The leader of their clan was a Mallcu who was advised by a group of family elders. Men were the soldiers and farmers in this family unit whereas the others usually did housework.

Children

Children in the Inca usually helped with house work, but they also had another more important purpose. They were used as sacrifice for many important rituals and were literally thrown in to volcanoes to please the gods. This sacrifice was usually done to beautiful or important children who were drugged then thrown into the volcano.

Women

Women in a family were responsible for child birth, and they also weaved in the family. Common women actually had very good opportunities to move up in society, actually more so than men if they were good weavers. The good weavers usually ended up marrying rich men and living a privileged life.

Gender RolesMen were the warriors and farmers while women did the childbirth and the housekeeping. Rich women seldom did anything, because they had slaves and workers to do it for them.

EducationEducation was mainly useful for boys because they learned military tactics, religious ceremonies, and how to use quipu. Only privileged girls got to learn, and all they learned was weaving, cooking, and sometimes religion.

Social ClassesAt the top of the social hierarchy was the Sapa Inca or the emperor. Then the highest priests, royal family, and other bureaucratic related jobs. Then came the public administrators and finally the commoners.

Matriarchy/PatriarchyThe Incas had a definite patriarchy; women were regarded to as housewives or sat in the house doing nothing if they were privileged. Also the role of Sapa Inca passed from father to son.

Early Mongolian ConquerorsName: Matthew Kee

Sources: 1. En.wikipedia.org: “Mongol States”, “Mongol Empire”, “Mongol Invasions and Conquests”, 2. http://mongols.mrdonn.org/ : Ancient Inventions: Gifts the Mongols Gave the World3. www.discovermongolia.mn : “Post and Communication”4. ryanwolfe.weebly.com : “Weapons”5. http://www.everyculture.com/ : Mongols - Economy

Geo

grap

hy Physical Landscape

Mountain-forest steppe Mountain steppe Semi-desert Desert

Location Landlocked plateau of Central Asia between China and Russian Siberia, Mongolia.Political Geography Mostly nomadicH/E Interactions Swift at invading nearby cities for resources.

Politi

cal

Nations/States

Xiongnu Xianbei Nirun Khitan

Type of Government Great Khan-Absolute Monarchy

Leaders

Genghis Khan Ogedei Khan Guyuk Khan Mongke Khan Kublai Khan

Government Policies Those who were loyal were placed in high positions Supreme judge was part of bloodline Literacy was encouraged

Government Actions Government did not care for specifics as long as order was maintainedRights Death sentences and threats kept people in line

Persecution of others Any who rebelled died Weak depended on the strong No segregation apart from labor camps of prisoners

Wars

1205-Invasion of Western Xia 1207-Conquest of Siberia 1211-1234-Conquest of Northern China 1222-1327-Mongol Invasions of India 1231-1259-Invasion of Korea 1235-1279-Conquest of Song Dynasty

Diplomacy Diplomatic Immunity was stressed heavily under the Mongols

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Ensured complete religious freedom

Science Bows Catapults Flaming Weapons

Intellectual Movements House of Wisdom

Relig

ious

Religion ShamanisticBeliefs All religions could be practicedRelation w/ other religions

Did not care for other religions, but did not try to convert as well

Artis

tic

Music Long song Horse-head fiddle Throat singing

Literature Heroic epics in the forms of xiqin and dombra The Secret History of the Mongols

Painting Heavily influenced by religious works

Architecture Yurts Tents

Sculpture Kurgan Stelae Deer Stone

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions

Applique Whistle Arrows Gers Salty Tea

Communications Developed Postal Service

Tools Composite Bows Halberds Sabres

Econ

omic

Jobs Merchants Warriors Slaves

Economic Policies Attempted paper money, failed Copper became the staple coinage

Agriculture Pastoralists: focused on livestock such as sheep, goats, cattle, horses, and camels

Industry Gold, Silver, Iron, Wood, Leather, and Textiles Focused more on maintaining the Silk Road

Labor Herders Women and Children perform the cooking such as butter, cook, sew, child-caring

Urbanization Early Mongols focused more on urbanizing other civilizations such as Russia, China, Iraq, and Iran.

Trade Silk Road was heavily used. Ended up spreading the plague.

Soci

al

The Family Patriarchal

Children Became pawns of diplomacy. Parents could wield political power through arranged marriages as young as the age of 8.

Women Could obtain political power from their children. Rank the same risk of assassination or execution.

Gender Roles Males ruled while females focused on the succession process for a son or a male relative

Education After invading China, civil service exams were suspended temporarily due to the paranoia of the Mongols

Social Classes Mongolians were on top Prisoners of war or refuges

Matriarchy/Patriarchy Patriarchy although women could heavily influence the lineage

Il KhanateName: Emma FarnhamSources:

1. Textbook2. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Il-Khan_dynasty 3. http://www.waset.org/publications/1584 4. http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/EasternPersia.htm

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape mountainous area with broad basins (plateaus) where many cities are constructedLocation(continent, region, modern country)

Based at Tabriz [primarily in Persia]; controlled much of Iraq and Iran

Political Geography Controlled Iran, Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, and parts of ArmeniaHuman/Environmental Interactions

started out as a nomadic group, living and working off of the land

Politi

cal

Nations/States one unbroken empire with an indigenous Muslim populationType of Government monarchy; khan (ruler) had absolute power over all subjects

Leaders Hulegu, Ghazan (not the only two, but by far contributed more to the history of the Il-Khanate)

Government Policies granted concessions to interests of local peoples (especially within Persia); they were technically under the control of the Mongol Great Khan, although they lost contact with him

Government Actions Ghazan promised to reduce taxes, which never became reality because of the need for revenue

Rights tolerant of other religions (until conversion to Islam)Persecution of others When Ghazan converted to Islam, Jews and Christians especially were treated as lower-class

Wars civil war between later Mongol factions destabilized the government; engaged in open warfare with the Mongols in Russia; near-constant state of war with the Mamluk Sultanate

Diplomacy talks w/ Pope Nicholas IV; efforts to remove inter-Mongol tension; Hulegu made repeated efforts to ally himself with the French and English kings

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Nasir al-Din, in addition to being a mathematician and scholar, also wrote about philosophy

and ethicsScience model of planetary motion (Earth moves around the sun); geometric models of lunar motion

Intellectual Movements in addition to advancements in astronomy, there was the creation of decimal notation and a more precise understanding of the value of pi

Relig

ious

Religion at first gravitated toward indigenous shamanism; eventually became Muslim in following Ghazan’s example

Beliefs worshipped Buddhist/shamanist idols at first before conversion to IslamRelation with other religions

Islam was an early point of tension but was eventually accepted by the Il-khanate at large; after widespread conversion, followers of other religions became a point of contention

Artis

tic

Music not much documented; what there was most likely lost to time

Literaturehistorians Juvaini (narrative of Ghenghis Khan’s empire) and Rashid al-Din (attempted to write the first history of the world); Nasir al-Din wrote about history, ethics, poetry, and religion

Painting miniature paintings accompanied some of Rashid al-Din’s work; Chinese composition techniques inaugurated a period of Islamic miniature paintings

Architectureengineering and mathematical advancement progressed together; the Mongols were impressed with the idea of colorful architectural decoration, although colorful buildings became noticeably fewer after the introduction of Islam; mostly religious centers

Sculpture not many documented, considering they started out as nomads

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions new foundations for algebra and trigonometry

CommunicationsRashid al-Din collaborated widely to bring together administrative techniques that resembled those used in Russia and China

Tools platforms, instruments for decimal notation, and armillary spheres

Econ

om

ic Jobs craftsmen, merchants, militaryEconomic Policies reinstituted paper money (which failed, putting the economy into depression)

Agriculture peasants worked the farmland; the government used tax farming – the goal of which was to collect as much revenue as possible

Industrymany farmed; scholars found success, especially in mathematics; merchants were also prosperous

Labor peasants worked the farmland, but harsh taxation practices including soliciting payment via torture and pillaging created intolerable conditions for those peasants

UrbanizationIl-khan rulers initially maintained their nomadic lifestyle, but eventually an urban culture replaced the nomadic ways. More and more people settled down in more permanent locations.

Trade caravans and small industries (funded by money collected from taxes); expansion of trade routes led to cross culturalization/cultural diffusion between Iran and China

Soci

al

The Family all family members deferred to the father/male head of the household

Childrenchildren, no matter who their mother was, were all considered legitimate and could claim an inheritance; oldest child usually inherited more from parents

Women divorce was uncommon; women played prominent roles but lost more of their freedom as Islam became more prevalent

Gender Roles men were dominant in society, but women were also valuedEducation

Social Classes Khan and powerful/important families were considered the “elite”; peasants and slaves were at the very bottom with everyone else falling somewhere in the middle

Matriarchy/Patriarchy patriarchal society; males dominated, although women could still have less prominent roles

Golden HordeName: Drake MackleySources:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horde#Early_rulers_under_the_Great_Khans_.281241.E2.80.931259.292. http://countrystudies.us/mongolia/21.htm3. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/237647/Golden-Horde4. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-the-golden-horde.htm5. The Earth and It’s Peoples 5th Edition AP

Geo

grap

hy

Physical LandscapeFlat steppesNE of the Caspian Sea there are the Ural Mtns.S are the Tian Shan and Caucus Mtns.

Location Western Asia, mostly present day Russia

Political Geography Capital was Sarai BatuMade of modern day Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Georgia, China and Poland

Human/Environmental Interactions Conquerors, Shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism

Politi

cal

Nations/StatesIt was a Khanate (province) of the Mongol Empire10 states – 2 big ones: Blue Horde, controlled the East (Khazarla and Volga-Bulgaria), White Horde, controlled the West (Ulus Shiban and Ulus Tok-Timur)

Type of Government Semi-elective monarchy Hereditary Monarchy Muscovite AutocracyLeaders Batu Khan, Guyuk, Alexander Neveski (Kiev) and Andrey Neveski (Valimir-Suzdal)Government Policies Indirect rule through local leaders, Yassa law codeGovernment Actions Said they would reduce taxes, but never didRights Harsh code of laws, tolerant of other religions unless they rebelledPersecution of others Cities were destroyed and slaughtered at any sign of resistance

Wars Constantly conquering, but Civil war (1260-1280) between Khublai Khan and Ariq Boke. Jochids joined Kublai Khan (1262) Large tax collector massacre

DiplomacyDual-Leadership (1281-1299) between Töde Möngke and Kublai Khan after Tode returned Kublai Khan’s sons to him. Peace between Mamuluks and the Hordes as well as the Byzantines helped push the Ill-Khanate back into the Middle East

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persian)

Science Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persian) invented the decimal for more accurate measure of solar eclipses. Down to fractions of a day.

Intellectual Movements Nasir al-Din Tusi (Persian) starting intro to science through his interest in poetry, ethics and religious standpoints.

Relig

ious

Religion Tengrism (A.W.) , Shamanism, Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism (1240-1313) and Islam (1313-1502)

Beliefs Ancestor Worship, mixed with mono and poly theistic valuesRelation with other religions

Islam was state religion in 1313 and the entire Khanate was converted by 1315 and other religions were taxed higher.

Artis

tic

MusicMoved professionals from other countries to where they were needed. “Long Songs” – 10 words 4 minutes Topics: philosophical, religious, romance, or celebratoryHorse Head Fiddle – 2 strings, horse head carving at top, symbol of the country

LiteratureMoved professionals from other countries to where they were needed, but historians were active throughout the country. Nasir al –Din Tusi was a famous poet and writer. (1227) The Secret History of the Mongols oldest text

Painting Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed.

Architecture

Preferred to build in wood because it was more comfortable, but they fortified important buildings with stone ramparts. Moscow’s Kremlin was built entirely out of stone. Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed. After stating Islam as their main religion, populations were urbanized. Houses were built after Yurts (nomadic tents). Bullet shaped domes for Mosques.

Sculpture Moved professionals from other countries to where they were needed. Ceramics can still be found today,

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions Passport, Horse-Head fiddle, upgraded catapult, new mathematical equations in astronomy, decimal

CommunicationsPassports were a symbol of identification for merchants, goods and diplomats (normally in Turkish) could travel 152mils a day on Horseback

Tools Improved bow, used stirrup, plumb line and armillary sphere

Econ

omic

Jobs Merchants and Warriors normally, but farmers were also great additions to the populations

Economic PoliciesPaper money (1227) backed by precious metals and silk. Chinese silver ingot was used as a public account. Gold, silver and copper coins were used more often in Russian area (1253). Tax release to Merchants.

Agriculture About 75% of agriculture was pastoral herding and croppingIndustry Common jobs were Merchants, Buddhist lamas and warriors

Labor Members of the Golden Khanate family were given rights to a percentage of the captured booty from conquering.

UrbanizationAfter stating Islam as the state’s official religion, populations became denser around trading centers.

Trade Was promoted highly by Mongols due to their bringing of necessary supplies, could travel from one side of the Empire to the other without being robbed.

Soci

al

The FamilyPatriarchal, daughters were married off and sons have wives brought to them, eldest son considered the most noble.

Children Taught to ride on donkeys and small children by the age of 6, they were required to pull much of their own weight in early years

Women Power to influence society, married women wore headdresses to signify they were married, first wife placed her yurt to the east and the rest followed towards the west, widows allowed to remarry

Gender Roles (Great Khan) Encouraged wives to sit with him and encouraged them to voice their opinions, arranged marriages, physical work for both genders (tough),

EducationSocial Classes Senior and Junior lineages, Elite and peasants based on how direct your bloodline was.

Matriarchy/Patriarchy Wife-giving clans were inferior to wife-taking clans. Bigger and Older = better than smaller and younger

Yuan DynastyName: Robert Williamson

Sources:

1. Yuan Dynasty

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/yuan/

2. Chinese History-Yuan Dynasty

http://www.chinaknowledge.de

3. Window on Asia

http://asia.isp.msu.edu/

4. The Earth and Its People 5th Edition

The Role of Women in Yuan Dynasty Disciplines

Mongolian and Tibetan Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 3

The Yuan dynasty was founded in China by Khubilai Khan after his family refused to accept him as the Great Khan. Khubilai then moved his court to Beijing.He established the Yuan Empire and ruled until his death in 1294. The Yuan lasted from 1271 to 1387 after surrendering to the Ming Dynasty.

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape Ranged from desert to monotonous to being heavily forested.Location(continent, region, modern country)

Included all of China, Korea, parts of the Middle East, and of course Mongolia.

Political Geography Capital in Beijing, ChinaHuman/Environmental Interactions

Mining and deforestation for timber.

Politi

cal

Nations/States China, Korea, Tibet, many provinces.Type of Government Autocratic, but it had elements of the Chinese bureaucracy.Leaders Khubilai Khan, Khulug KhanGovernment Policies taxation and census takingGovernment Actions Census and Tax collection emphasized, organized China into provinces, used local

governors to gain complete control.Rights Based on ethnic class. Mongols were at the top and had the most rights, followed by

Semu (Central Asians), Northern Chinese (Han), and Southern ChinesePersecution of others Southern Chinese given less rights and seen as inferior.Wars Conquered China and Korea, invaded Japan and Vietnam but was unable to conquer

them.Diplomacy Arranged for Annam and Champa to pay tribute after failure to conquer both

regions.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy- Mongols were kind to each other generally but hostile toward others. The used terror

tactics to conquer their enemies.Science- Unprecedented progress in science and mathematics.Intellectual Movements

Relig

ious

Religion- Shamanism combined with primarily Tibetan Buddhism.

Beliefs- Nature spirits and idol, as well as Buddhist beliefs.Relation with other religions-

Had conflicts with the primarily Muslim Golden Horde

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions- flamethrower, cannons, trebuchets, mangonels,perfection of moveable type, dominoes.

Communications- Many ethnic minorities migrated and spread, use of postal serviceTools tea pots, iron and steel tools.

Econ

omic

Jobs farming, military jobs, government positions, arts, artisansEconomic Policies ports opened for trade, foreign good welcomed to domestic marketAgriculture rice and other grains, cottonIndustry cotton textilesLabor practiced debt slavery, commoners did agricultural workUrbanization established capital in Beijing, other cities include Shandu and KaipingTrade Silk road and Indian Ocean trade

Soci

al

The Family some practice Confucianism which is very family orientedChildren helped with labor around the houseWomen footbinding, expected to obey their husbandsGender Roles men were warriors, women were expected to take care of the homeEducation the elite were educatedSocial Classes (High to low on social ladder) Mongols, Semu, Hans, and southern ChineseMatriarchy/Patriarchy patriarchal society

TimuridsName: _Annie LimSources:

1. The Earth and its Peoples: 5th Edition2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulugh_Beg3. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/courts-and-courtiers-v4. http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_interdisciplinary_history/

v039/39.2.lapidus.html5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty 6. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/timu/hd_timu.htm 7. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/596414/Timurid-dynasty 8. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/economy-vi-in-the-timurid-period 9. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Timurid_Dynasty 10. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/economy-vi-in-the-timurid-period 11. http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm 12. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/carpets-viii

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape Steppe-prairies, good for herding but not farming; much land is arid and unproductiveLocation(continent, region, modern country)

Iran, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, Pakistan, Syria, India Anatolia

Political Geography Samarkand, capital, was the crossway of Europe and Asia; Caucasus is crossway between Middle East and Eastern Asia/Europe

Human/Environmental Interactions

Conquered to control Silk Road (trade East to West and vice versa)Irrigation systems installed, repaired, maintained

Politi

cal

Nations/StatesAfter death of Timur, empire fragmented (b/c princes wanted to establish their own kingdom which led to civil war). Most fell from neighbors and only 2 remained: Khorasan and Tranoxina and ruled by separate branches of the family

Type of Government Hereditary seat “amir” (Muslim prince) who is ideally subordinate to khan but in reality, chooses khans who are mere puppets.

LeadersTimur/Tamerlane-founder of Timurid empire, brilliant tactician and general, most powerful ruler in Muslim world, relocated craftmen, architects, artist, poets, and teachers to Samarkand (capital)

Government PoliciesGovernment ActionsRightsPersecution of others Non-Muslims were treated harshly at times

Wars Defeated Mamluks in Syria and Ottomans (temporarily) at Ankara.Civil war after death of Timur

Diplomacy Much of the time- politically stable and peaceful- until invasion of Uzbeks

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy

Science Accurate eclipse predictionsUlugh Beg (grandson of Timur): accurately found the Earth’s axial tilt of 23.52°.

Intellectual Movements Decimal notation inspired by Chinese, improved trigonometry- sine and cosine

Relig

ious

ReligionTimur was Sunni Muslim, which led to adoption of Persian Arts. Timur became Muslim partially to legitimize his rule.Level of devotion varies between rulers

Beliefs Everyone had access to spiritual realm (no need for Shamans). Like politics, religious leaders had to compete for recognition and influence.

Relation with other religions

Religious freedom at times: Non-Muslims held administrative postsTried to spread Muslim

Music Military band for rulers; court musicians for softer music at festivals

Artis

tic

Literature

Sponsored historical writingCalligraphyPoetrybookbindingBlended Turkic and Persian culture; Chagatai (among royalty) and Persian (majority) language used

Painting Peak of Islamic miniature painting- illustration for text

ArchitectureObservatory built for Ulugh Beg.Turquoise tiles forming geometric patterns on buildings were commonBuilt mosques, madrasas (university), and shrines

Sculpture Jade carving

Tech

nolo

gy

InventionsCommunications Samarkand and Herat were place of exchange of ideas among peopleTools Used firearms in army to counter cavalry of the opponent

Econ

omic

Jobs Army-multi-ethnic and merit based to confirm loyalty from all ethnicity of the conquered people

Economic PoliciesBeg allowed relocated artists to return to their home, which resumed production of local craftsAttempted to reestablish trade routes in Silk Road (failed

AgricultureRepaired and increased irrigation system-led to high yieldsCultivated cereals, legumes, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flowersChief source of tax revenue

Industry Had carpet industriesCarpets-entirely wool, geometric and arabesque designs

Labor Labor was mostly done by peasants and slavesUrbanization Relocation of artistic professionals to Samarkand attracted people

TradeSamarkand and Herat-urban and major trading centersServed as site of exchange between nomads and sedentary peopleTraded porcelain, leather, linen, spices, silk, precious stones, melons, grapes

Soci

al

The Family Hereditary governmentChildren

Women

Active patrons of architectureRoyalty- participated social and political activities: in ceremonies, celebrations, weddingsMarriage used to secure legitimacy of new branches of familyMust wear veil

Gender Roles Men dominated politics, but women also had some influence as well. Men may serve in army while women usually tended to housework and took care of children.

Education Sponsored Muslim education

Social Classes

No single class had absolute power.Divided into ethnic lines: military=Turko-Mongolian; administration=PersianTurkans (nobles) had privileges e.g. tax exemption, immunity from certain punishments, not required to provide horses for army

Matriarchy/Patriarchy partriarchy

NovgorodName: Declan JonesSources: 1. The Textbook2. Encyclopedia Britannica3. Infoplease.com4. Wikipedia

Geo

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hy

Physical Landscape Lots lowlands, lakes, and rivers run on the land nearby. Mountains to the east. Forested throughout the area.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Located in Northeastern Europe in Present day Northwest Russia.

Political Geography Many principalities based in cities which were hereditary and later chosen, in Kievan Empire.Human/Environmental Interactions

Forestry, farming and fur trade were big. Boats and steppe caravan were used by traders for commerce centered around cities. Important post for forest exploration.

Politi

cal

Nations/StatesFirst an independent principality, then part of the Kievan and Mongol empires, specifically the Golden Horde. Later an independent state starting in 1136.

Type of Government Principality, first hereditary then elected by Veche, a town council.Leaders Included Oleg, Vladimir I, Alexander Nevskii, prince from 1236-1263.

Government Policies Policy of submission to the Mongols and policies that encouraged inter and intra regional trade. Oppressed the peasant class as well.

Government Actions Took actions to maintain control of Volga river trade to sustain economy. Nevskii convinced a few princes to submit to Mongol rule willingly in 1240.

Rights Peasants were oppressed by the Prince regarding taxes.Persecution of others Persecuted peoples of other religions started by Vald I.

Wars Attack and capture of Kiev in 882 by Oleg, created Kievan Empire. Nevskii fought the Teutonic Knights and Finns in alliance with the Mongols.

Diplomacy Negotiated with invading Mongols to make Novgorod the favored Russian city and make Nevskii the most powerful Russian prince after the sacking of Kiev.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Began To use the Rule of Law during cultural peak.

Science Began to develop the base of natural sciences

Intellectual Movements Very popular movement for increased education and literacy rates, which were the highest in its region at the time, and started an iconography movement.

Relig

ious

Religion Practiced Christianity, and later Orthodox Christianity instituted by Vladimir I in 989.

Beliefs Later rulers forcefully converted inhabitants to Christianity, as it was made the state religion by Vladimir I.

Relation with other religions

Low tolerance of other religions by later rulers. Women continued to exhibit polytheistic influences in medicine and jewelry.

Artis

tic

MusicMostly utilized the heterophony chorus and a few primitive string instruments like the Gudok, which was played with a bow, and the treshchotka, an idiophone that mimics hand claps.

LiteratureHad unusually high literacy rate for a city at its time. Wrote on birch-bark. All peoples of all classes wrote, including women. Documents recovered detail business transactions, archbishop writings, and religious texts as well as diaries.

PaintingPaintings were mostly of religious icons. Palaeologus-Byzantine style, and European Romanesque and Gothic styles were used in the paintings. Painted saints said to protect against elements of the economy like Saint George, who protected the fields.

ArchitectureBuilt with wood but turned to stone for ramparts and other fortifications. Gradually integrated stone into all buildings. Later built an ancient version of the Kremlin. Contained dozens of cathedrals. Streets were paved with wood.

SculptureIncluded many sculptures of the saints said to protect against harm and religious icons as well.

Tech

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gy

Inventions

Created Kokoshnik, a traditional Russian headress, Kvass, a non-alcoholic fermented beverage, the multidomed church, birch-bark documents, the Gudok, a ancient string instrument that could have been invented in Novgorod, the treshchotka, an instrument that mimics hand clapping, the sokha, a light wooden plow, and Lapta, a ball-and bat game similar to baseball.

Communications Traveled along the region's rivers and used the extensive trade routes as communications routes.

ToolsUsed plows for farming, also utilized a Byzantine fire retardant water system that ran along the streets, the sokha, which was wooden and lighter and allowed for more efficient ploughing.

Econ

omic

Jobs Herdsmen, farmers, merchants, nobility, priesthood.

Economic Policies Encouraged long distance trade and maintained trade with Central Asia through extensive trade routes. Later part of the Hanseatic League of European cities.

AgricultureUsed slash and burn agriculture because of the infertility of the land. Rotated crops on farmland. Used the sokha for quicker, more efficient plowing

Industry Had artisan class that worked on manufactured products like glassware and mosaics.Labor Done by peasants.

UrbanizationNovgorod grew substantially in population and size, and people from the countryside migrated there starting ca. 900 CE.

TradeTraded as a part of the Hanseatic League, and took advantage of being situated near major rivers and on the east-west trade routes headed to Central Asia. Also traded with the Byzantines.

Soci

al

The Family Families usually kept the same occupation across generations unless they amassed much wealth. Lived in different sized houses depending on class. Families were usually smaller.

Children Made apprentices at early ages. Helped with household chores.Women Kept house and helped the husbands. Wrote manuscripts as well.

Gender Roles Men did the farming, construction, business and governing. Women child reared and kept house while seldom helping the men.

Education Very high literacy and education rates. Education probably coincided with religious education.

Social Classes Peasantry->merchants/artisans->priesthood->nobilityMatriarchy/Patriarchy Patriarchy

Ming DynastyName: James Wang Sources:

1. ___chinaknowledge.de 2. ___http://totallyhistory.com/ 3. _http://www.princeton.edu/ 4. http://www.metmuseum.org/ 5. http://www.china.org.cn/ 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/ 7. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/

Geo

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hy

Physical Landscape During this time, The capital was moved to the north, and the physical landscape can be described here as flat on the capital, but mountains surrounding it.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

North China, Asia. Capital is Beijing which was the ancient capital during the Yuan Dynasty. Area included everything straight below the Great Wall of China.

Political GeographyThe borders of Ming never moved after they reached the north to counteract the Mongols. The great wall of China which was completed around this time was what the reason of border during this time.

Human/Environmental Interactions

Yongle sent voyages across the southern sea, and voyages helped map, interact with, and loot across the sea. Zheng He is credited with these achievements. Other than that though there was strict import limitations and foreign visitors placed by Hongwu.

Politi

cal

Nations/States 15 provinces with separate seats of governors

Type of GovernmentWere like the Yuan Dynasties. Continued with provincial structure and observe hereditary professional categories. There was only one department-The Secretariat. They controlled 6 ministers, which controlled directors all under the Emperor.

Leaders Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu) YongleGovernment Policies Limiting imports and cut of relations of Central Asia and the Middle East.

Government Actions Finished off our current known Great Wall of China. Stayed defensive. Created the Forbidden City in Beijing

Rights There were 4 classes in the Ming Dynasty. Although rights were upheld, most of the time the Class starting at the bottom with merchants were given less leeway.

Persecution of others None could be found

Wars Main enemy were the Mongols in the North. Fought against Japanese invaders tried to invade Korea (A Ming State). Pirate attacks

DiplomacyWhen Zheng He sought to cement allegiance with an island full of Chinese Merchants and they resisted, he slaughter them as an example. These expeditions stopped though after Zheng He and Yongle died.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy

Believed a harmonious relationship with nature. Dominant beliefs at times were Daoism and Budhism.

ScienceImproved military weapons like the Huochong Gun, A projectile firearm. A medical book named Compendium advanced knowledge in the medicine. Agricultural production increased due to technological advancements.

Intellectual Movements The Mongols accentuated a movement to advance military improvement.

Relig

ious

ReligionAt this time, Taoism and Buddhism were the main “religions” of the time. Christianity was also introduced here.

Beliefs Practices were done to stay in harmony with nature.Relation with other religions

Obviously took in some religion like Christianity. At the start of the Dynasty though, Foreign people were not allowed to enter, so there were limits.

Artis

tic

MusicMusic was split in matter of location. In the north, music was more feverish and lively compared to the softer southern melodies. Wei LiangFu was a composer and writer who was praised as creator a new style of romantic music since the Tang.

Literature Important literature would be the Story of the Lute by Gao Ming. It is actually a play. Kun Qu is a big part of Opera (music) that is part of this time period. Literatures such as Romance of the 3 kingdoms, Outlaws of the Marsh, and Journey of the West are very important.

Painting The Ming carried on the style of the Yuan with the Free Style brush and Ink developed in the “Wu School” Yongle Dadian was the crowning achievement of Zhu Di

ArchitectureThe Forbidden Palace is the most renowned piece of Architecture created by the Ming. The Goldhall in the south.

Sculpture Scultures would be characterized like the ecleteric legacy of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

Tech

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gy

Inventions Inventions include Ship Rudders, Bristle toothbrush, Color printing using woodblocks, and the Yongle Encyclopedia or Dadian.

CommunicationsHongwu began at the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to create communication routes for the military courier system.

ToolsThere were agricultural tools and carts to help with advances. In the military, fire arrows, the Huochuong gun, and tools helped against invaders. Helped in large scale production of crops.

Econ

omic

JobsJobs included government jobs with the examination system. Farmers in agriculture. The Examination system allowed for everyone to get a chance to become a big deal.

Economic Policies Laissez faire like the Han. Had the Largest economy in the world at the time. Tried using Paper Money, but failed and ended up using silver as a means of exchange.

Agriculture Farmers used Crop Rotation as a means to get maximum nutrition and food. The economy allowed for the growing of Cash Crops.

Industry Industry was privatized in the Ming. Laissez Faire was practiced, and a wealthy merchant group had replaced the state as dominant movers behind Chinese industry.

Labor Abolished mandatory forced labor by peasants and replaced it with wage laborers.Urbanization Development in industries caused and promoted market economy and urbanization.

Trade Thrived on trade with Europeans and Japan. The flow of silver through China was very serious. Trade and commerce was thriving due to the creation of canals and routes.

Soci

al

The Family Family has always been regarded as an important aspect of Chinese life, and that did not change. Family in the Ming still had the man in charge of the household.

Children Children were children, but now there was a huge emphasis on the examination test.

Women Women were regarded as a relative low status, especiallyfor unmarried girls. Can only inherit a small of her family. Belongs to their husband. Protected right to divorce.

Gender Roles Man over Female

Education Great attention was given during this time on the examination exam. The exam was life for most people during that time.

Social Classes 4 broad classes the Shi, Nong, Gong, and ShangMatriarchy/Patriarchy Patriarchy

Korea

JapanName: Alex KwanSources:

1. http://www.about.com/education (Mongol Invasion)2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page (Mongol invasions of Japan)3. http://aboutjapan.japansociety.org/index.cfm (Japan’s Medieval Age: The Kamakura & Muromachi Periods)4. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/weai/exeas/resources/pdf/japanese-family-imamura.pdf 5. http://www.about.com/education (The Four-Tiered Class System of Feudal Japan)

Geo

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hy

Physical Landscape 4 main islands, closest part to Asia was 100m from Korea Mountainous and heavily forested

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Asia Kyushu Island Japan

Political Geography The many islands made it difficult to form a centralized government including all

groups. Being close proximity with Korea and China invaders often pushed into Japan.

H/E Interactions The mountainous area in Japan affected the cultivable land for any population to grow.

Politi

cal

Nations/States Northern island of Kyushu, but spread to the main central island of HonshuType of Government Feudal Military DictatorshipLeaders Lost to Mongols under the Kamakura Shogunate

Government Policies Under the Mongols, the Shogun was a military leader that distributed land and

privileges to his followers. This created a decentralized system were warlords around the country gained overwhelming power

Government Actions The shogun pushed towards a centralized military after the first Mongol attack. Local warlords banded together to form a centralized community throughout Japan

Rights The Shogun distributed privileges to his followers. Through fear of the Mongols, followers popped up no matter the submission needed.

Persecution of others Envoys sent by Khubilai Khan about submission were executed

Wars

First invasion in 1274- 40k warriors, starting from Korea moved in with archers and sailors to the Hakata Bay

2nd invasion in 1281- bringing 140k troops over. Won due to Japanese swordsmen boarding Mongol ships. The Kamikaze- a typhoon hit and sank around half of the Mongol ships.

Diplomacy The warlords and shoguns around Japan relayed together to defended against the Mongols. Banning together to form a national system of defensives fortifications

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy

Growing wealth and peace stimulated artistic creativity, reflected towards the gardens and architecture seen around Japan. The aesthetic style presented in the artwork leads to Zen Buddhism. Emphasizes personal expression of a person’s daily life, pointing towards the benefit of others.

Science Improvements on already present ideals

Intellectual Movements With the end of the Mongol invasions, it set a lasting influence towards their defensive

structures. Rebuilding coastal defenses walls and forming a national infrastructure setup for trade and communication.

Relig

ious

Religion Zen Buddhism

Beliefs Mainly Buddhist beliefs, leaning towards the expression in one’s daily life rather than, pushing followers to pursue words written on text

Relation with other religions

A different sect of Buddhism, but is quite similar to teaching of Confucianism. Having followers to purse a way of life rather than a complete religion

Artis

tic

Music none

Literature With the peace after the Mongolian invasion, it formed a lot of artistic creativity.

Artists during that period created contemporary art, and created a plays that were performed in the Noh Theater.

Painting Art was mainly shown in the many Zen gardens present during that time. As well as landscape art, and the architecture present in royalty.

Architecture Influenced mainly by the Chinese, the building techniques were shown through many of the large central capitals.

Sculpture Mainly made of bronze representing warlords or Shogun military leaders. Based on the

worship of Buddhism or the Shintoism. The “Great Buddha” statue in Nara

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions Mainly imported technologies from other civilizations, creating water wheels and improving the plow.

Communications With the Mongol aggression, it forced communication between parts of japan, rallying

together warlords to ban together. This developed into a road system and increased trade between islands.

Tools Steel swords were a contributing factor towards the Mongol invaders, were Japanese swordsmen boarded the Mongol ships.

Econ

omic

Jobs Many jobs were formed to build and maintain coastal defensive against the Mongols. A large military was made from this as well.

Economic Policies Many amenities were paid in rice or other coinage, such as copper coins. Money

lending from the government pushed military warriors into large debts.

Agriculture Improvements in agricultural technology created a hefty surplus. Such as the

procedure of double cropping, this is the practice of growing 2 or more crops in the same space during a single growing period.

Industry Merchants relaxed during the peaceful period. This caused greater access to market. Many ways of payment such as rice, bills, coins, and pledges.

Labor Farmers leaned towards jobs in the market instead of an agricultural based job.

Even with that there were agricultural surpluses, with the innovations in cropping and animal plows.

Urbanization Farmers transferred to more of a merchant job so that pushed them towards the city to work.

Trade There was evidence of trade with Ming China. The Ashikaga shoguns created a

system were trade between guides would be taxed. The ports along the coast around Kyushu forming trade with the people of southern Korea.

Soci

al

The Family Mainly based off Confucian ideals. The main of the family was based off an

agricultural household. A child most of the time the eldest son, remains in the household and carries on with the family business and cares over his aging parents.

Children

Most of the time the sons move on out and form a branch completely separate from the original. While the daughters married into separate families, learning the ways of her new household. Engaging herself in that family business and taking care of her aging parents-in-law.

Women

For the most part women were caretakers for the children. Main role of women was to safeguard the household and pass it on to the next heir. They honored the main line’s family ancestors. Women were the connectors between households. Had large roles in

Gender Roles

With the help of Buddhism females practiced more outdoor activities, such as pilgrimages to temples, gave public lectures, and led temple groups. Males like in all societies took the normal route, of moving out of the house and forming their own family and normal jobs such as military, merchant, and providing for the family.

Education Both sexes joined into religious education. Copying a form of Chinese system of

writing, for the most part, everyone with decent social class had a literary education. Had classes of higher learning, made by the nobility and imperial court.

Social Classes

Warriors/Samurai (answering only to the Daimyo, whom answered to the shogun) The Farmers/Peasants (food was look greatly upon) The Artisans (food over weighed beautiful clothing) The Merchants (looked down upon, because they profited on the labor of other

classes)

Matriarchy/Patriarchy Power was mainly vested in the male household leader, had the central political

leadership, with just the moral authority, and the control of property.

Vietnam (Annam)

SOURCES:Wikipedia.comasianhistory.about.comA philosophy of war by Alexander Moseley

GEOGRAPHY

Annam was the southernmost province of the Chinese empire. it is now part of present-day Vietnam

Vietnam is located on the eastern margin of the indochinese peninsula

It borders the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Gonkin, and south China sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia.

Vietnam is a beautiful country on the outside, but a far more deadly issue is happening underneath the surface, which is Vietnam’s environment. Over the past century, Vietnam has witnessed problemafter problem relating to theVietnamese environment. One of these is in the form of rapid population growth.

POLITICAL

Vietnam was part of Imperial China for over a millennium, from 111 BC to 938 AD. The Vietnamese became independent from Imperial China in AD 938, following the Vietnamese victory in the Battle of Bạch Đằng River. Successive Vietnamese royal dynasties flourished as the nation expanded geographically and politically into Southeast Asia, until the Indochina Peninsula was colonized by the French in the mid-19th century. Following a Japanese occupation in the 1940s, the Vietnamese fought French rule in the First Indochina War, eventually expelling the French in 1954. Thereafter, Vietnam was divided politically into two rival states, North and South Vietnam. Conflict between the two sides intensified, with heavy intervention from the United States, in what is known as the Vietnam War. The war ended with a North Vietnamese victory in 1975.Politically, Vietnam is a one-party Communist state. In 207 BCE, the first historic kingdom of Nam Viet was established in northern Vietnam and southern China by Trieu Da, a former governor for the Chinese Qin Dynasty. However, the Han Dynasty conquered Nam Viet in 111 BCE, ushering in the "First Chinese Domination," which lasted until 39 CE.

Between 39 and 43 CE,two sisters , Trung Trac and Trung Nhi lead a revolt against the Chinese, and briefly ruled independent Vietnam. The Han Chinese defeated and killed them in 43 CE, however, marking the beginning of the "Second Chinese Domination," which lasted until 544 CE.Led by Ly Bi, northern Vietnam broke away from the Chinese again in 544, despite the southern Champa kingdom's alliance with China. The First Ly Dynasty ruled northern Vietnam (Annam) until 602, when once again China conquered the region. This "Third Chinese Domination" lasted through 905 CE, when the Khuc family overcame Tang Chinese rule of the Annam area.Led by Ly Bi, northern Vietnam broke away from the Chinese again in 544, despite the southern Champa kingdom's alliance with China. The First Ly Dynasty ruled northern Vietnam (Annam) until 602, when once again China conquered the region. This "Third Chinese Domination" lasted through 905 CE, when the Khuc family overcame Tang Chinese rule of the Annam area.

Several short-lived dynasties followed in quick succession, until the Ly Dynasty (1009-1225 CE) took control. The Ly invaded Champa and also moved into Khmer lands in what is now Cambodia. In 1225, the Ly were overthrown by the Tran Dynasty, who ruled until 1400. The Tran famously defeated three Mongol invasions, first by Mongke Khan in 1257-58, and then by Kublai Khan in 1284-85 and 1287-88.

The Ming Dynasty of China managed to take Annam in 1407, and controlled it for two decades. Vietnam's longest-reigning Dynasty, the Le, next ruled from 1428 to 1788. The Le Dynasty instituted Confucianism and a Chinese-style civil service exam system. It also

conquered the former Champa, extending Vietnam to its current borders.

Between 1788 and 1802, peasant revolts, small local kingdoms and chaos prevailed in Vietnam. The Nguyen Dynasty took control in 1802, and ruled until 1945, first in their own right, then as puppets of French imperialism (1887-1945), and also as puppets of the occupying Japanese Imperial forces during World War II.

At the end of the Second World War, France demanded the return of its colonies in French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos). The Vietnamese wanted independence, so this touched off the First Indochina War (1946-1954). In 1954, the French withdrew and Vietnam was partitioned with the promise of democratic elections. However, the North under communist leader Ho Chi Minh invaded the US-supported South later in 1954, marking the beginning of the Second Indochina War, also called the Vietnam War (1954-1975).

The North Vietnamese eventually won the war in 1975, and reunited Vietnam as a Communist country. Vietnam's army overran neighboring Cambodia in 1978, driving the genocidal Khmer Rouge out of power. Since the 1970s, Vietnam has slowly liberalized its economic system and recovered from decades of war.

INTELLECTUAL

The traditional Vietnamese philosophy has been described by one biographer of Ho Chi Minh as a "perennial Sino-Vietnamese philosophy" blending different strands of Confucianism with Buddhism and Taoism.

Artifacts of human habitation in what is now Vietnam date back more than 22,000 years, but it is likely that humans have lived in the area for much longer. Archaeological evidence shows that bronze casting in the area began around 5,000 BCE, and spread north to China. Around 2,000 BCE, the Dong Son Culture introduced rice cultivation into Vietnam.

To the south of the Dong Son were the Sa Huynh people (c. 1000 BCE - 200 CE), ancestors of the Cham people. Maritime traders, the Sa Hyunh exchanged merchandise with peoples in China, Thailand, the Philippines and Taiwan.

RELIGIOUS

Vietnam is a country which has a rich and wide variety of religions. These include religions based on popular beliefs, religions brought to Vietnam from the outside, and several indigenous religious groups.As with other countries, the Vietnamese have several popular beliefs, such as animism and theism. The most widespread popular belief among the Vietnamese is the belief in ancestor-worship.But ancient Vietnam, Annam used to consist of mostly Buddhism, folk beliefs, Confucianism & Taoism, Christianity.Foreign religions imported to Vietnam did not exterminate the local folk beliefs, but they mixed with each other to derive specific variants for both sides. For example, Taoism could not lower the women’s role, which was reflected by widespread worship of Mau (Goddess). The features of polytheism, democracy, and community are manifested by the worship of groups of ancestors, and pairs of gods.

ARTISTIC

Vietnamese people have created art as long as they have existed, they've shown their different forms and styles of art through calligraphy, architecture and statues and other stone carvings.Throughout its history, Vietnam has been most heavily impacted by the Chinese musical tradition, as an integral part, along with Korea, Mongolia and Japan.

TECHNOLOGY

Archaeological evidence shows that bronze casting in the area began around 5,000 BCE, and spread north to China. Around 2,000 BCE, the Dong Son Culture introduced rice cultivation into Vietnam.

ECONOMIC/SOCIAL

Vietnam's economic growth remains hampered by the government's control of many factories as state-owned enterprises (SOEs). These SOEs produce almost 40% of the country's GDP the Vietnamese recently declared a policy of economic liberalization and joined the WTO.Vietnam exports clothes, shoes, crude oil, and rice. It imports leather and textiles, machinery, electronics, plastics and automobiles.

Like most of its neighbors, Vietnam was primarily an agricultural state, its survival based above all on the cultivation of wet rice. As in medieval Europe, much of the land was divided among powerful noble families, who often owned thousands of serfs or domestic slaves. A class of landholding farmers also existed, however, and powerful monarchs frequently attempted to protect this class by limiting the power of feudal lords and dividing up their large estates. The Vietnamese economy was not based solely on agriculture. Commerce and m

Delhi SultanateName: Daniel ChouSources:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate2. http://www.indianetzone.com/46/society_delhi_sultanate.htm3. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part1_08.html

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape

Occupied northern IndiaSouth of HimalayasDeserts to the westNorth of Deccan Plateau

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Continent of Asia, Northern India, Modern country of India

Political GeographyRemained isolated from many areas due to mountainous regions and deserts.India remained divided due to geographical differences.

Human/Environmental Interactions

Relied on seasonal monsoons in for planting and harvestingPlateaus and mountains separated the people of modern India

Politi

cal

Nations/States

Mamluk DynastyKhilji DynastyTughlaq DynastySayyid DynastyLodi Dynasty

Type of Government Sultanate

Leaders

Mamluk: Qutub-ud-din Aibak, Aram Shah (assassinated by next leader), IItutmish, Razia Sultana (first female sultan)Khilji: Jalal-ud-din Firoz Shah Khilji, Juna Khan, Ala al-dinTughlaq: Ghazi Malik, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq,Sayyid (Turkic): Sayyid Khizr KhanLodi (Afghan): Bahlol Lodi, Nizam Khan, Sikandar Lodi, Ibrahim Lodi

Government Policies

Required special tax from conquered peoplesBased on IslamCreated wage and price controlsTaxed Hindu BrahminsRaised tax policies to 50%

Government Actions

Network of spiesSeized GujaratCreated mandi marketsSeverely punished criminalsExecuted people who did not pay taxes

Rights Muslim upper classes modeled after Turkish and Persian rights

Persecution of others

Hindus and conquered peoples taxedTughlaqs massacred thousands of Hindus and other peoplesForced mass migrationsDestroyed Hindu and Jain templesIncorporated conquered lands

Wars

Battles against Bahmani and Vijayanagar armiesThe seizing of GujaratFailed attempt of invading China by the TughlaqsDelhi sacked by Timur Mongols

Diplomacy Conquering people, did not use many diplomats

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy Based on the Muslim way of lifeScience Extensive medical knowledge due to madrasasIntellectual Movements Created several new arts, literature, and architectureReligion Islam

Relig

ious

Beliefs Believed Islam to be superior to other religions initiallyReligious intolerance

Relation with other religions

Hindu were forced to pay special taxHindu traders paid double trade taxRestrictions on Hindu pilgrimagesHindu temples, education centers destroyed in favor of mosques and Muslim establishments

Artis

tic

MusicIndian and Arab music mixed with traditional Persian and Central Asian musicKhiyai: School of romantic music

Literature

Provided shelter to scholars who wrote literatureInterested in Persian literatureBooks/poetry done in Sanskrit, Persian etc…Sultans were patrons of scholars and poetsLed to growth of all religious languages in India

Painting Indian motifs like the lotus introducedPersian styles of art to decorate arches

Architecture

Pointed ArchDomeEnameled tilesGrey sandstone

Sculpture N/A

Tech

nolo

gy

InventionsConstruction using concreteDomesPointed arches

Communications Large amounts of trade in Delhi and Gujarat

Tools Use of horses and mules instead of elephants

Econ

omic

Jobs Farmers, industry workers, Sultans, noblemen

Economic Policies

Made most of money from taxes and invasionsBrought vast amounts of wealth from South IndiaSeparate taxes for Muslims and non-MuslimsReligious taxes on non-Muslims to live in Delhi lands

Agriculture

Main part of economyChief Crops: wheat, rice, sugarcane, jute, cotton, and othersFruits: grapes, dates, plantains, apples, oranges, and jack-fruitsTowns were center of agricultural distribution

Industry

Village and Cottage industriesVillage industries of sugar, scents, and spiritsCottage industries of cotton weaving and productionSmall weapons makingGold and silversmithsLargest industry was textiles

Labor Labor was family based and conservative.

Urbanization Gujarat and Delhi were major centers of trade.Many farmers moved to cities for work

Trade

Main traders: Gujaratis, Chettis, and BanjarasImported silks, velvets, horses, guns, gunpowder, and precious metalsExported grain, cotton, precious stones, hides, opium, sugar, and spicesGujarat was main trade center

Soci

al The FamilyBased on religionHindu women enjoyed respect and were educatedMuslims practiced polygamy and women were forced to be submissive.

Children Nobility were educated by private tutorsOthers educated in preparation for family practices

Women

Hindus:Respected in the familyParticipated in religious ceremoniesReceived educationWidows could not remarryMany committed sati or became woman hermitsMuslims: Purdah systemWere not respectedPolygamyNot educated

Gender Roles Men tilled and harvested cropsWomen took care of animals and took care of the house

Education

Madrasas (colleges)Extremely importantChildren of noblemen educated by private tutorsMedicine prevalentLiterature importantScholars protected and sponsoredVery little survived to the modern day

Social ClassesForeign Muslims (Highest), Indian Muslim, Hindus (Lowest)Based off of Hindu caste systemBased off of nobility, skill, and place of birth

Matriarchy/Patriarchy Patriarchy/Based on Rulers (Raziya Sultana)

MaliName: Daniel JeongSources:

1. http://mali.pwnet.org/geography/geography_land_water.htm 2. http://www.infoplease.com/country/mali.html 3. http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/1malgeo.html 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mali#Land_use 5. http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/mali/government 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Mali 8. http://www.asbmb.org/asbmbtoday/asbmbtoday_article.aspx?id=32437 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa#Learning_systems 10. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/360071/Mali/54974/Plant-and-animal-life 11. http://www.ambamali-jp.org/en/e04-05.html 12. http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryMaliEN.html 13. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/arts/design/in-mali-finding-art-as-authentic-as-life-itself.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 14. http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/resources/mali/ 15. http://www.taneter.org/writing.html 16. http://www.jobserveafrica.com/country-fact-file/32/mali 17. http://www.ambamali-jp.org/en/e03-02.html 18. http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Mali.html

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape-generally an elevated plateau with a very narrow coastal plain-includes: Fouta Djallon highlands, Bandiagara plateau, Hombori Mtns.-includes large stretch of the Niger River

Location(continent, region, modern country)

-Continent: Africa(west)-Region: landlocked country in the Sahara-Modern Country- Mali

Political Geography -Bamako, Djenne, Jenne, Kayes, Mali, Mali Federation, Mopti, Seguo, Sudanese Republic, Timbuktu

Human/Environmental Interactions -desertification, soil erosion, drought, inadequate supply of water

Politi

cal

Nations/States -June 20,1960- became independent as Sudanese Republic from the French, Aug 20, 1960 independent as Republic of Mali

Type of Government -RepublicLeaders -Before 1992=dictator, Post 1992- president

Government Policies -Decentralization policy, foreign policy, trade policy.-President, 9 Supreme Court Members, 147 Legislative members (5yrs each)

Government Actions

-President-chief of state, commander of armed forces, chairs cabinet member-Prime Minister- acts as a member of the cabinet of ministers-Supreme Court- judicial and administrative powers, reviews constitutionality of law-Legislative- debates and votes on legislation, question gov. ministers on government actions and policies

Rights -constitutional provisions- freedom of speech, press, etc-prohibitions- arbitrary arrest, torture, etc

Persecution of others -mainly persecution of Christians

Wars -Agacher Strip War (1985-VICTORY)-Northern Mali War (2012-VICTORY)

Diplomacy -receives much help from the foreign help/aid policies-followed socialist path but after the independence, foreign relationships increased

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy -had three philosophical schools in the golden age (12-16th century)

Science -astronomy- stars, calendar systemIntellectual Movements -navigation- sailing, vessels

-medicine- herbal plants

-architecture- pyramids and buildingsRe

ligio

usReligion -90% Sunni Islam

-10% Christian

Beliefs-monotheistic- belief of one god-believes that Mohammed is the messenger-that the Muslim community was to select the prophet’s successor to lead

Relation with other religions

-due to the reason above conflicted with the Shi’ite Muslims.-Lots of persecutions of Christians, who make up appx. 10% of population

Artis

tic

Music -consisted of stringed instruments, drums, and smooth voices

Literature -Askia the Great, ruler of the Sonhai ruler, was the patron of literature-literature also progressed exponentially when the French took over

Painting -masked performances-rock paintings were very famous

Architecture-social and religious buildings-mosques-stoned buildings

Sculpture -made out of wood and iron-usually sculptures depicting warriors/humans and animals

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions-vessels-herbal medicine-calendar

Communications-many form of scripts and hieroglyphics-main communication was the Nsibidi that was used to communicate between local languages

Tools -steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper/iron tools and weapons, nails, glue

Econ

omic

Jobs -farmers, herders, fisherman, traders, or artisans-low pay/income

Economic Policies -fiscal policy- taxes on goods-monetary & exchange policy- relating to world bank and lowering poverty

Agriculture -Main export was cotton-Rice, millet, corn, tobacco, vegetables, tree crops were main exports

Industry -gold, cotton, cattle, fish

LaborMen- farming, herding, fishingWomen- child bearing/raising, market trading, some artisansChildren- continually reducing child labor

Urbanization 1/3 of population, Bamako- capital, Timbuktu- legendary city with great historyTrade Cotton, gold, animal skin

Soci

al

The FamilyMen dominant over women in the stages of marriage but their[women] status and power improve through time.

Children Ever since birth, they continued education and helped out with their parents

WomenIn charge of children and part of their education. Women in the rural generally have a harder time than the ones in the urban. Less represented than men and their ranking solely depends on their husbands.

Gender RolesWomen- child bearing, house chores, and tradingMen- outside agricultural farming, fishing, etc.

Education Learned from parents and first 9 years of education is free. The rest aren’t.

Social Classes Horonw-free people/nobles, nyamankala-semiprofessional groups including leather worker, griots, and smiths, Jonw/wolosow-slaves

Matriarchy/Patriarchy -patriarchy

Swahili Coast & ZimbabweName: Nikki SharmaSources:

1. The Earth and its Peoples, Global History : Bulliet, Crossley, Headrick, Hirsch, Johnson, Northrup2. http://ghanaempire.wordpress.com/hierarchy-of-government3. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Tajikistan-to-Zimbabwe/Swahili.html4. http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/africa-1500 5. http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/GreatZimbabwe_StudentsWorksheets.pdf

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape Swahili Coast: coastland, facing the Indian Ocean.Zimbabwe: Plateau south of the Zambezi River, Zambezi valley.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Both In the Eastern African Coast.Swahili Coast in the African Great Lakes region.Zimbabwe in the Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe

Political Geography-City-states-trading centers- also Zimbabwe being a capital of a large state

Human/Environmental Interactions

-Swahili coast: coastal and island peoples enriching the language and culture, and the merchants in both place allowed for expansion, mainly with trade.

Politi

cal

Nations/States-Swahili coast: state region in the region of Africa’s great lakes.-Zimbabwe: being a capital to The Kingdom of Zimbabwe / settlement

Type of Government Both had a Monarchy

Leaders Swahili coast: main king called the Ghana, one being King Reidja Akba (1400-1415)Zimbabwe: president currently- Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe

Government Policies Trading in both places provided the basis of the economy

Government Actions In great Zimbabwe the local craftsmen, built stone structures of the Great Zimbabwe rulers.-Swahili kings were in charge of the bureaucracy, taxes, army, justice and other duties.

Rights -in the Swahili coast, rights were birthday parties and frequent parties, if financially stable. And Arranged marriages.

Persecution of others Can’t find :/

Wars In Zimbabwe, many invasions and battles with early iron workers from Shona and San tribes invaded Zimbabwe b/c of the trading availability.

Diplomacy Because of the Invasions they were able to maturely remove them and protect their land.

Inte

llect

ual Philosophy Can’t find :/

Science -In Zimbabwe, were huge strong mortar-less stone structures.-Iron metallurgy

Intellectual Movements

Relig

ious

Religion -Islam, because of when the Bantu traders settled on the African coast.

Beliefs -Swahili and Zimbabwe people followed a very strict form of an Islamic Orthodox, practicing every little detail of the faith, ex. Ramadan

Relation with other religions -the more they interacted with others the stronger the Swahili Islamic identity got.

Artis

tic

Music -main instrument in Great Zimbabwe was the Mbira or Finger piano

Literature -poetry and script in the Swahili coast used African grammar enriched by Arabic and Persian terms.

Painting-most famous works of art in Great Zimbabwe were the Soapstone Birds, 8 birds carved in a soap stone found in the ruins of Zimbabwe

Architecture -Swahili coast: large masonry buildings, 4 stories high,-Zimbabwe: Royal Enclosures, larger than football, large conical stone towers.

Sculpture -female soapstone figures, proved power for women,

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions Pottery to store foods, glass beads,

CommunicationsLines were drawn to port cities, easy access for trading along with message transporting-also, the Swahili coast being the most important commercial center

Tools Cattle as transportation, also high temperature metallurgy

Econ

omic

Jobs -Main jobs, were traders, builders/ sculptors, miners, and farmers.Economic Policies Farming and cattle herding allowed for the basis of the growth of the economy

Agriculture-the abundance of salt, gold and other exotic goods brought a huge economic increase to both the Swahili coast and Zimbabwe

Industry -trading ports, intensive farming and mining fields, and iron metallurgyLabor Overseas transports, long- distance trade

Urbanization-in the Swahili coast because of the popularity it got and of how much new products they brought in, they were able to become very urban and the most important commercial center.

Trade -traded from the East African Coast to China, along with the Middle East, the Mediterranean, and Eastern Europe, along with neighboring African tribes.

Soci

al

The Family -man was the leader of the house, make decisions in order to preserve family honor. Also Swahili Women had considerable power in the daily life of thir family

Children-One right they were given was birthday parties, only if their family had money, in order to show social status.-young girls were married off

Women Swahili Women had considerable power in the daily life of their family. Young girls were married off early, arranged marriage.

Gender Roles -man was the leader and the worker, women did the behind the scenes work, stayed at home.

Education -men were allowed education, women were not, if they had the money they could “maybe” afford it, also social status determined the quality of the education they were given.

Social Classes

-rulers, priests, wealthy citizens-merchants and traders-commoners and women/ children- slaves

Matriarchy/Patriarchy Patriarchy, men were the leaders of the household and empires.

AdenName: Stephen WuSources:

1. http://www.nationsonline.org 2. http://www.infoplease.com/country/yemen.html 3. http://www.britishempire.co.uk/article/adenemergency.htm 4. The Earth And Its Peoples 5 th Edition 5. http://www.yostours.com.ye/mon_aden.htm 6. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Aden.aspx

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape Plateaus Plains Highlands

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Yemen Southwestern tip of the Arabian peninsula Asia

Political Geography Double advantage in the Indian Ocean trade Convenient stopover for trade with India, the Persian Gulf, East Africa, and Egypt

Human/Environmental Interactions

Monsoon winds brought rain fall Ibn Battuta (Moroccan explorer) sailed down the Red Sea Large Population

Politi

cal

Nations/States Aden was just a port city

Type of Government First under rule of Monarchy Northern Yemn was ruled by imams southern port of Aden was colonized by Britain

in 1839, and by 1937 expansion known as Aden Protectorate

Leaders

Kings Colonization (British) Sheikhs Sultan Emirs

Government Policies Embargo against Zeila because Shiite Muslims threw the stones for a mosque into the ocean

Government Actions Embargo against Shiite Increasing Trade

Rights

Women do not have any rights in politics Women could not go to school Men had most rights Story of a slave beating his rival and his master rewarding him for it so ability for

slaves to become freedmenPersecution of others Persecuted ShiitesWars 10 December 1963 Aden fights against the British for IndependenceDiplomacy November 30th 1967 British Troops withdraw from Aden

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy Sunni philosophy Followed Sharia Law

Science Scientific Method Astronomy saw Andromeda Galaxy

Intellectual Movements Islamic Golden Age Many scientific advancements Mathematical Advancement

Relig

ious Religion Sunni Muslims

Modern day Yemen is split roughly 50% Sunni and 50% ShiiteBeliefs Sunnis select their own

Shiites decedents of Muhammad

Relation with other religions

Had good relations unless provoked Modern day Yemen you can practice your own religion but cannot convert from

Islam to other religion proselytization is banned

Artis

tic

Music Used drums and sung Talking drum Djembre

Literature A Story about a slave who paid excessive amounts of money for a goat but didn’t

get punished because he beat his rival Arabian Nights

Painting Calligraphy Geometric Shapes Mosaics

Architecture

Mosque Domed top Archways with calligraphy Yemenite Indian Victorian

Sculpture Cannot have sculptures because humanoid shape Cannot worship

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions Boats to sail and trade with other port cities

Communications

Communications with many other counties India China Saudi Arabia Ethiopians

Tools Boats Saddles

Econ

omic

Jobs

Merchant Farmer Priest Official Advisor

Economic Policies Trade Embargos

Agriculture Cotton Grain

Industry Mainly trading and farmingLabor Farmers and Merchants

Urbanization One big port city Had traders Markets to sell

Trade

Traded with India Ethiopians Saudi Arabia Common stopping point while trading

Soci

al

The Family Father was head made the money Mother took care of children

Children Went to school Helped father Learned trade of family or went off to school

Women Stayed home took care of children Not allowed out of house without guardian

Gender Roles Women were inferior to men Men would do the main work outside the house Women were just objects of the men and caretakers of the house

EducationSocial ClassesMatriarchy/Patriarchy

GujaratName: Sam RameshSources:

1. http://www.importantindia.com/8657/geography-of-gujarat-and-its-physical-features/ ____________________________________________________________________________________

2. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Germany-to-Jamaica/ Gujaratis.html_________________________________________________________________________

3. http://www.india-travel-information.com/india-information/Indian-States/Gujarat/146- Industry.html________________________________________________________________________________

4. http://www.india-travel-information.com/india-information/Indian-States/Gujarat/146-Industry.html 5. http://www.gujarat-tourism.net/Gujarat_Economy.htm 6. http://www.gujaratindia.com/about-gujarat/art.htm 7. http://www.india-seminar.com/2002/513/513%20achyut%20yagnik.htm 8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat#Economy 9. http://www.everyculture.com/South-Asia/Gujarati-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html 10. The Earth and Its Peoples

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape A peninsular state. Split into 4 geographical regions: The Saurastra, The Kachchh peninsula, The Rann of

Kachchh, and The Gujarat Plain.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Located on the west coast of India. Gujarat is bordered to the west by the Arabian sea, north-west by Pakistan, north by

Rajasthan, east by Madhya Pradesh, and south by Maharashtra. Split into 4 main geographical regions. 20°01 North and 24°07 North latitudes and 68°04 East and 74°04 East longitudes.′ ′ ′ ′

Political Geography BJP ruling Democratic government

Human/Environmental Interactions

Worship the plants. Prone to earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and droughts.

Politi

cal

Nations/States Nation- India State- Gujarat

Type of Government State Government of Gujarat Has an executive branch. Democratic Republic Country

Leaders

Ahmed Patel- the Senior leader of Indian National Congress party. Narendra Modi- the Chief Minister of Gujarat and BJP Leader. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- the leader of the Indian independence movement in

British ruled India.

Government Policies

State Government of Gujarat It’s the governing authority of all of Gujarat. It consists of an executive, led by the Governor of Gujarat, a judiciary and a a branch. The Governor is the head of state of Gujarat is the Governor. He is appointed by the President of India. The governor’s role is mainly ceremonial.

Government Actions The Gujarat High Court has jurisdiction over the entire state.

Rights Rights for education and jobs were restricted if you were lower on the caste system. Women did not have restricted religious rights, but did have restrictions of jobs.

Persecution of others No major persecutions, a few religious persecutions recently.Wars Battle of Gujarat

Diplomacy Gujarat is able to interact well with other regions through trade or simply by being the

neighboring state.

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy

Panchamrut Philosophy is the vision for a more all-rounded Gujarat. Panchamrut Philosophy is a new rising form that has substantially increased the growth

Gujarat. The purpose of Panchamrut Philosiphy is improve the quality of life.

Science Agricultural and textile advancements.Intellectual Movements Gandhi’s independence movement.

Relig

ious

Religion

Around 90% of Gujaratis are Hindu. Muslims are also a significant part of the population. Other minor religions that can be found within the state are Christianity, Jainism,

Sikhism, Buddhism, and Zoroastrianism. The major branches of Hinduism practiced are Swaminarayan Hinduism and

Vaishnavism. Two major branches of Jainism practiced are Digambaris and Svetambaris.

Beliefs

The caste system is still strictly followed in Gujarat as opposed to in other states. Strict Gujarati Hindus hold bathing as utmost importance, for more spiritual reasons

than hygiene. Gujarat Hindu’s hope to better their life and afterlife by devoting themselves to God. Believe that all animals, trees, fire, and etc. are sacred. Believe in possessing spirits.

Relation with other religions

There is a large cultural diversity which is visible by the festivals that take place there. There is a big multicultural religious faith system which causes embracing and merging

of many religions There is a mix of Hindu and Islamic architecture

Artis

tic

Music

Music is considered to be the heart and soul of Gujarat. There is a great tradition of music and there are very famous musicians from Gujarat. Gujarat has contributed to several religious songs and chants. Has produced many of its own folk instruments.

Literature

Gujarati literature began when Trade and commerce influenced Hinduism and Jainism. Before Gujarati emerged in its own linguistic identity, the works were notably in Sanskrit and Prakrit Languages.

The Bhakti Movement spread across India, leading to the rise of Gujarati literature. Narsinh Mehta, a Gujarati poet, is considered the ‘Father of Literature.’

Painting

Sathia and rangoli are considered like paintings, they are made with powdered chalk by women at the entrance of a building or house, generally for festivals and other ceremonies.

The calico printing of Gujarat is famous painting. Tattoos are common forms of painting among castes in north Gujarat. Paintings in Gujarat are known for angular features and bold choice of colors.

Architecture

Cambay is considered the most architecturally rich cities in Gujarat. Considered to have beautiful and famous mosques there. The mix of Hindu craftsmanship and Islamic archetecure lead to the rise of an Indo-

Saracenic style.

Sculpture Wood carving is an important form of sculpting in Gujarat. Wood carvings have been used in temples and palaces or simply as objects for daily or

religious purposes.

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions Due to traditional techniques combined with the increasing amount of raw goods, new methods of making textiles were introduced.

Communications Gujarat often traded and communicated with the Middle East. Also along the Arabian Sea.

Tools People would often make their own tools through woodcarvings. During Dasahara, artisans worship their tools.

Econ

omic Jobs

Where people are on the caste system play a large role in the jobs that they get. Gujarati Jains have an important place in society and the economy. The higher caste, Bania caste, are very good business people.

Economic Policies The Hindu merchant caste became envied by the amount of money that they had profited from commercial activities.

Most merchant related activities were ran by Muslims.

Agriculture Agriculture is a crucial part of the state’s economy. It provides the raw materials needed for the agricultural based industries Gujarat is the biggest producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnut in India.

Industry

Gujarat is the leading industrial state in the nation. Ahmadabad is an important textile center. Gujarat controls some of the biggest industries in India. Some major industries include; electrical engineering and the manufacture of textiles,

vegetable oils, chemicals, soda ash, cement, fertilizers and petrochemicals

Labor Businessmen are very common in Gujarat. Famers were a large part of society since agriculture was a major industry.

Urbanization As people realized the limits of land based activity, urbanization occurred, branching

into a more modern society- commerce, industry, and technical education. After Gandhi’s death urbanization mixed with industrialization.

Trade

Gujarat benefited from the expanding trade along the Arabian Sea. During the 15th century, trade expanded to the Strait of Malacca. They exported cotton textiles and indigo in exchange for gold and silver from the

Middle East. Trade contributed to the spread of the Islamic faith. The conversion of a Hindu leader to a Muslim leader helped with trade.

Soci

al

The Family

Gujaratis usually marry within one’s caste but are allowed to marry outside their ‘clan.’ When newly married, they typically stay in father’s house. Arranged marriages are the norm. A joint family household is common.

Children N/A

Women Women of lower caste women are supposed to work to somehow contribute the family’s income.

Gender Roles Women’s roles consisted of house work. Women were not restricted of religious rights. Men focused on working in the industry.

Education

In the higher caste, education in reading, writing, mathematics, and accounting was of utmost importance and began earlier in life.

The male literacy rate is around 100 percent. Literacy for the rural people in the Gujarat state is around 60 percent.

Social Classes The social classes are within the caste system.

Matriarchy/Patriarchy A majorly patriarchal society. After marriage, the couple remains with the males’ family.

MalaccaName: Induja NidamartiSources:

1. Textbook. The Earth and its People. Page 390.2. http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/Place/4180203. http://www.melaka.gov.my/en/tentang-kami/sejarah4. http://www.kiat.net/malaysia/history.html5. http://stpetersmelaka.org/About-Us/history.html6. http://www.malacca.ws/attractions/culture-heritage.htm

Geo

grap

hy

Physical Landscape A Strait that connected water bodies. Narrowest part of the Strait. To the north are tropical forests.

Location(continent, region, modern country)

The Strait of Malacca lies between the Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra. Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia. Separated the Indian Ocean from the South China Sea.

Political Geography Location influences trade.

Human/Environmental Interactions

Due to being a pot city trade flourished over there. Along with trade religions and cultures also spread. Indian and Chinese influences took place.

Politi

cal

Nations/States Main city, Malacca

Type of Government

Kingdom of Siam controlled the upper part of the Malay Peninsula, while the kingdom of Majapahit controlled the lower part of the Malay Peninsula.

Malacca formed an alliance with China. It became a Muslim kingdom with an early ruler converting to Islam.

Leaders

A prince from Palembang called Parameswara founded Malacca and converted it from a small fishing village to a wealthy kingdom and center for trade.

Due to Malacca being a Muslim kingdom the rulers started to refer to themselves as Sultans.

Sultan became the absolute monarch.

Government Policies Merchants were given security by Malaccan government. There were also low taxes.

Government Actions Government was largely involved with trade of Malacca. Law codes were strictly enforced.

Rights

Well-defined set of laws set by the Sultan. Legal code defined four main government officials. Policies were based on hierarchy. Polices and laws had an Islamic base.

Persecution of others Tolerated many non-Muslim people. Open to other cultures and religions. When the Dutch arrived and took over Malacca in about 1511 many Catholics and

Christians were persecuted.

Wars

During the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah the Siamese Wars took place when the kingdom of Siam wanted to regain control of the Malaysian Peninsula.

In 1511 the Portuguese fleet arrived and seized control of Malacca which ended their “Golden Age” of trade and prosperity.

Diplomacy Many diplomatic relations with India and China. Formed an alliance with China that was sealed by the visit if the imperial fleet in 1407.

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy Malacca expanded language, culture, and literature.Science Efficient boats for trade.Intellectual Movements Malacca expanded language, culture, and literature due to its location as a trade center.

Religion Islam was the dominant religion. The Sultans practices Islam. Spread of Islam. Celebrations to Muhammad.

Relig

ious

Beliefs Due to the Sultans practicing Islam, all law codes and such were based on Islamic culture.

Relation with other religions

Many religions also flourished due to Malacca being a trade center. People from India and China were the main traders so Hinduism and Chinese Values

spread. Other religions were tolerated and even influenced the Malay culture.

Artis

tic

Music The ‘Dondang Sayang’ or ‘Love Song’ was introduced by Chinese decedents. They exchanged poems accompanied by traditional instruments.

Literature

Literature flourished Oral literature. Literature influences by Indian epics and such. Encompassed Malaccan myth and folklore.

Painting Painting styles from China and other places.

Architecture

Dutch, British, and Chinese (Peranakan) culture influenced architecture. Most notably they influenced traditional townhouses. Beautiful palace built on the Malacca foothill. Reflected wealth prosperity and power

and showed distinct Malay architectural characteristics.Sculpture Roof top sculpture at Sam Po Kong temple.

Tech

nolo

gy

Inventions Supposedly Malaccan tin was discovered in mines in that region. Tin ingots were created as their currency. Making of transportation: boats, etc.

Communications Malacca had communication with many places. Mainly in contact with India (mostly Gujarat) and China. Merchants from all over the world came here.

Tools Not many tools used since the main role was trade. Fields were not fertile, so tools for agriculture were not used much.

Econ

omic

Jobs

Four main state officials appointed by the Sultan Bendahara: Adviser to the Sultan, relation with foreign states. Penghulu bendahara: state treasure Temenggung: chief of public police and state security Shahbandars: Harbor masters, administered the foreign merchant communities.

Economic Policies

Low taxes were collected. Four officials administered the foreign merchant community. Trade center which controlled passageways of trade. Mansur Shah reduced taxes on trade items during his reign, which increased the

interest of merchants in trading through Malacca

Agriculture The fields were not fertile which is why the people did not engage themselves in agriculture.

Industry Huge trade industry.

Labor Agricultural labor was not common in Malacca. Majority of the people worked in government jobs or engaged in trade. Fishermen

Urbanization Expansion and development of Malacca as a trade city brought forth urbanization due

to the influence of merchants. The Dutch’s capture also brought urbanization.

Trade

Malacca was a center of trade. It connected the South China Sea and Indian Ocean. Merchants were welcomed and provided security. It was not just a meeting point, but also an emporium for Southeast Asian products.

Soci

al

The Family Family was very important because they learned to socialize and learned important

values such as respect for elders and the importance of education.

Children Children were cosmopolitan residents. Influenced by the cultures that spread.

Women Women had influence in the family.Gender Roles Women: active public roles, minor roles in commerce.

Men: Engaged in commerce, some were fishermen, etc.

Education Education was an important aspect of their society.

Social Classes

Sultan Aristocrats Officials Commoners Slave

Matriarchy/Patriarchy PatriarchyBibliography"HISTORY OF MALAYSIA." Kiat.net: Malaysian History. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014."Malacca Culture & Heritage - Malacca Attractions." Malacca.ws. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014."Melaka City." Melaka City. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014."Melaka History." - Official State Government Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014."St Peter's Church Melaka Malaysia | History | About Us." St Peter's Church Melaka Malaysia

| History | About Us. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2014.

Tropical Lands & Peoples (Ch 13, Section 1)Name: Lindsey AransonSources:

1. The Earth and Its Peoples2. Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran published by the Persian Heritage Foundation in the Library of Congress3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)

Geo

grap

hy

Location(continent, region, modern country)

Buddhism spread throughout India and into Central, Southeast, and East Asia, It also spread on the Silk Road By Turkic nomads

Silk Road connected Mediterranean with China by way of Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia

Judaism spread on Silk Road across Inner Asia to China Christianity had an early spread in Asia and Africa before Islam Shamanist Korea absorbed Buddhism and Confucianism Arabian peninsula and surrounding borderlands that extended northwards from Arabia

between Syria, Jordan, and IraqPolitical Geography Tropic of Cancer-Tropic of Capricorn

Human/Environmental Interactions

Sailors who rode monsoon winds in the Indian Ocean spread ideas to Africa, India, Malaysia, Southeast Asia, Arabian Peninsula, southern China, Persia, and the Mediterranean

Politi

cal

Nations/States

Sasanid Empire established Zoroastrianism as state religion & rivaled the Byzantines Nomads often spread religion Mauryan ruler Ashoka converted to Buddhism “Jerusalem in Palestine, Antioch in Syria, and Alexandria in Egypt became centers of

Christian authority soon after the crucifixion, but the spread of Christianity to Armenia and Ethiopia illustrates the connections between religion, trade, and imperial politics.”

Mecca was an Islamic center Jerusalem for Jews, Christians Tang opposition to Buddhism

Type of Government Religion became a political instrument. Ex. When Christianity and Zoroastrianism were proclaimed official faiths preceded the rise of an Islamic empire.

Leaders

Large temples and the creation of rituals showed ruler’s divine right to rule (example: Maya), and people were drawn to the centers.

Conquest Ashoka (Mauryan Empire, r. 272-232 B.C.E.) converted to Buddhism and inscribed stons &

pillars, spreading the ideas of Buddhism. Gupta kings were religiously tolerant Frumentius (Ethiopia) helped visiting Roman Christians establish Christian communites Muhammad!! Though of as a prophet. Succeeded by Abu Bakr and Ali Whu Zhao, the female Tang emperor, encouraged Buddhism

Government Policies In ca. 930, the Abbasid empire required all govt. officials to be Muslim

Government Actions When a ruler converted to a faith, the government (including religious leaders) serviced the needs of the ruling minority until the minority became the majority.

Rights Tax on non-Muslims

Persecution of others

Ruling minority may persecute majority Conversion to escape persecution Converts to Islam migrated to avoid persecution in their Christian, Jewish, Or Zoroastrian

communites Tang government closed Buddhist monasteries, thinking Buddhists were “Barbarians”

Wars In Maya & Aztec: warfare had religious meaning Siege of Baghdad (1258): Il-khan Mongol invasion of Abbasid capital, although later rulers

converted to Islam such as Ghazan of the Il-Khan

Inte

llect

ual

Philosophy Confucianism vs. BuddhismScience Scientist were called hereticsIntellectual Movements shifting to a religion that uses written texts=sophisticated

Relig

ious

Religion oftentimes, even if a religious label changed quickly, the same practices remained "the spread of Islam was limited by the vitality of the Christian churches" (Lapidus).

Beliefs Mahayana Buddhism attracted common people because it permitted absorption of local

gods and goddesses and was adaptable to different societies and classes

Relation with other religions

Because Islam merged with Christian and Jewish cultures, people were familiar with the faith and connected]

From the 4th century, Christian bishops called non-Christian faiths heretical and unacceptable-led to political rivalry w/ Sasanids and Byzantines

Literature

Buddhist texts in written in Sanskrit were translated into Chinese and became core texts of Chinese Buddhism; Mahayana in particular encouraged translation of texts, and accepted religious practices not based on texts.

Architecture Chinese architecture spread to Japan, along with Buddhism Pyramids/statues dedicated to gods

Sculpture “Great Buddha” statue “eye-opening” in Korea

Tech

nolo

gy Inventions

Indian Ocean ships with lateen sails and planks tied with palm fiber covered long distances on monsoon winds, spreading ideas

Camel saddles contributed to the rise of Arab-dominated caravan cities. These Arabs often adopted Christianity because they were familiar with the cultures and lifestyles of the Sasanids and the Byzantines

Communications Armenian alphabet in early 5th century facilitated spread of ChristianityTools Movable type allowed for spread of ideas/easy printing

Econ

omic

Jobs Bilingual Christian preachers were particularly needed in the Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic language areas of Europe

Economic Policies economic advantage to mass conversion (ex. Non-Arabs converted to Islam to avoid taxes)

Urbanization migration to urban/cultural centers with conversion (ex. Conversion-related migration to

Islamic cities enforced urban orientation to mirror Mecca) cities were ritual centers

Trade

missionaries, pilgrims, and conquerors spread knowledge of their faith; bandwagon effects Bilingual Jewish communities in eastern Roman Empire facilitated spread Christian and Zoroastrian missionaries and travelers along the Silk Road Buddhist monks, missionaries, and pilgrims crossed India or traveled the Indian Ocean,

bringing their religion to Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and later Japen (Zen). Constantinople’s Christian emperors sent missionaries along the Red Sea to seek converts

in Yemen & Ethiopia

Soci

al

The Family At first, Islam did not spread because Arabic was only spoken in the Arabian Peninsula, but

when families intermarried, bilingual offspring were produced and the religion could spread.

Children Children of bilingual and bicultural families were introduced to the religions of the men who traveled, and the men introduced the cultures they learned to their homelands

Women

Religions could gain support by appealing to people of lower status, like women and slaves. Ex. Slave women in the Gupta period escaped male control by entering a Jainist or Buddhist community.

Whu Zhao, the female Tang emperor, encouraged Buddhism Fujiwara noblewomen studied Buddhism

Gender Roles introduced new cultures/religions to traveling husbands

Education Invention of movable type, alphabets, and writing systems allowed for spread of

knowledge

Social Classes In Arab society, non-Muslims were attached as clients-mawali-to an Arab leader or clan.

The mawali were at the bottom of society so they often converted to Islam, because people of lower classes were often under pressure to convert.