4-1 business research process 3. 4-2 data collection method monitoring communication
TRANSCRIPT
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Business Research Process 3
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Data Collection Method
Monitoring
Communication
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Experimental Effects
Perceptual Awareness
Research Environment
DescriptorsDescriptors
Question Crystallization Data Collection
Method
Time DimensionTime Dimension
Topical Scope
Purpose of Study
Research Design Descriptors
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The Time Dimension
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal
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Research Design Descriptors
Experimental Effects
Perceptual AwarenessPerceptual Awareness
Research Environment
Research Environment
DescriptorsDescriptors
Question Crystallization Data Collection
MethodData Collection
Method
Time DimensionTime Dimension
Topical Scope
Purpose of Study
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The Topical Scope
Statistical Study• Breadth• Population inferences• Quantitative• Generalizable findings
Case Study• Depth• Detail• Qualitative• Multiple sources of information
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Research Design Descriptors
Experimental Effects
Perceptual AwarenessPerceptual Awareness
Research Environment
Research Environment
DescriptorsDescriptors
Question Crystallization Data Collection
MethodData Collection
Method
Time DimensionTime Dimension
Topical Scope
Purpose of Study
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The Research Environment
Field conditions
Lab conditions
Simulations
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Experimental Effects
Perceptual AwarenessPerceptual Awareness
Research Environment
Research Environment
DescriptorsDescriptors
Question Crystallization Data Collection
MethodData Collection
Method
Time DimensionTime Dimension
Topical Scope
Purpose of Study
Research Design Descriptors
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Purpose of the Study
Reporting Descriptive
Casual -Explanatory
Causal -Predictive
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Descriptive Studies
When?When?
How much?How much? What?What?
Who?
Where?
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Descriptive Studies
Descriptions of population characteristics
Descriptions of population characteristics
Estimates of frequency of characteristics
Estimates of frequency of characteristics
Discovery of associations among variables
Discovery of associations among variables
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Research Design Descriptors
Experimental Effects
Perceptual Awareness
Research Environment
DescriptorsDescriptors
Question Crystallization Data Collection
Method
Time Dimension
Topical Scope
Purpose of Study
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Experimental Effects
Experiment• Study involving the
manipulation or control of one or more variables to determine the effect
on another variable
Ex Post Facto Study• After-the-fact report on what happened to the measured
variable
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Ex Post Facto Design
Fishing Club Member Non-Fishing-Club Member
Age High Absentee
Low Absentee High Absentee
Low Absentee
Under 30 years 36 6 30 48
30 to 45 4 4 35 117
45 and over 0 0 5 115
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Causation and Experimental Design
Random Assignment
Control/ Matching
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Mills Method of Agreement
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Mills Method of Difference
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Causal Studies
ReciprocalReciprocal
AsymmetricalAsymmetrical
SymmetricalSymmetrical
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Understanding Casual Relationships
Property
Response
Stimulus
Behavior
Disposition
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Asymmetrical Casual Relationships
Stimulus-Response
Disposition-Behavior
Property-Behavior
Property-Disposition
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Types of Asymmetrical Causal Relationships
Relationship Type
Nature of Relationship
Examples
Stimulus-response
An event or change results in a response
from some object.
• A change in work rules leads to a higher level of worker output.• A change in government economic policy restricts corporate financial decisions.• A price increase results in fewer unit sales.
Property-disposition
An existing property causes a disposition.
• Age and attitudes about saving.• Gender attitudes toward social issues.• Social class and opinions about taxation.
Disposition-behavior
A disposition causes a specific behavior.
• Opinions about a brand and its purchase.• Job satisfaction and work output.• Moral values and tax cheating.
Property-behavior An existing property causes a specific
behavior.
• Stage of the family life cycle and purchases of furniture.• Social class and family savings patterns.• Age and sports participation.
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Evidence of Causality
Covariation between A and BCovariation between A and B
Time order of eventsTime order of events
No other possible causes of BNo other possible causes of B
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Research Design Descriptors
Experimental Effects
Perceptual AwarenessPerceptual Awareness
Research Environment
DescriptorsDescriptors
Question Crystallization Data Collection
Method
Time Dimension
Topical Scope
Purpose of Study
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Participants’ Perceptional Awareness
No deviation perceived
Deviations perceived as unrelated
Deviations perceived as researcher-induced
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Research Design Descriptors
Category OptionsThe degree to which the research question has been crystallized
• Exploratory study• Formal study
The method of data collection • Monitoring• Communication Study
The power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under study
• Experimental• Ex post facto
The purpose of the study • Reporting• Descriptive• Causal-Explanatory• Causal-Predictive
The time dimension • Cross-sectional• Longitudinal
The topical scope—breadth and depth—of the study • Case• Statistical study
The research environment • Field setting• Laboratory research• Simulation
The participants’ perceptional awareness of the research activity
• Actual routine• Modified routine