4. awelj§p bpxôm - scert.kerala.gov.inscert.kerala.gov.in/images/text_books/tb_cls4/04.pdf · 27...

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27 SÙm YÙ›m TœßL∞p Tp˙Yfl L˚X Y•YeLs Es[]. AYt-fls £XYt˚\l Tt±V Æ[dLeL˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs˙YÙm. 4. AWeLjßp BPXÙm TiTÙh”f £u]eLs LWLÙhPm SÙh”l◊\d L˚XL∞p ™L‹m TZ˚UVÙ]’ LWLÙhPm. LWLÙhPdLÙWoLs ReLs LÙpL∞p NXe˚LL˚[d Lh•´/lTo. B”m ˙TÙ’ A˚Y Np Np Np G] K˚N G›l◊m. LWLjßu ˙UpTœß´p UXo —t\lThP ·m◊ Y•Ym C/dœm. ARu S”lTœß´p øiP œf£ Jufl ˘NeœjRÙL C˚QdLl Th• /dœm. œf£´u Ef£´p J/ ˘TÙnd°∞ ˚YdLlTh•/dœm. LWLm B”m ˙TÙ’ °∞Ÿm —Zufl ˘LÙi˙P C/dœm. C’ T\lT’ ˙TÙufl ˙RÙuflm. ˚SVÙi•˙U[m CdL˚Xdœl TdL˙U[UÙLl TVuT”jRl T”°u\’. C˚Ndœ›Æ]o YhPUÙL ®tTo. Aq YhPjßtœs œßj’m. EhLÙok’m, K•Ÿm, A˚Nk’m ˙RÙsL˚[ A˚Nj’m, ˙U[jßtœ HtT SP]UÙ”Yo. LWLm ∏˙Z ÆZÙRYÙfl BhPdLÙWoLs ß\˚UVÙL B”Yo. ˘TiLfim BiLfim LWLÙhPm B”Y’i”. UWdLÙpBhPm UWdLÙp BhPm B”TYo H\jRÙZ Bfl A• ø[ÿs[ UWdLh˚PL˚[j Rm TÙReL˙[Ù” ˙Noj’d Lh•´/lTÙo.

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SÙm YÙ›m TœßL∞p Tp˙Yfl L˚X Y•YeLsEs[]. AYt-fls £XYt˚\l Tt±VÆ[dLeL˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs˙YÙm.

4. AWeLjßp BPXÙmTiTÙh”f £u]eLs

LWLÙhPmSÙh”l◊\d L˚XL∞p ™L‹m TZ˚UVÙ]’ LWLÙhPm.

LWLÙhPdLÙWoLs ReLs LÙpL∞p NXe˚LL˚[d Lh•´⁄lTo.B”m ˙TÙ’ A˚Y ‘Np Np Np’ G] K˚N G›l◊m.

LWLjßu ˙UpTœß´p UXo —t\lThP ·m◊ Y•Ym C⁄dœm.

ARu S”lTœß´p øiP œf£

Jufl ˘NeœjRÙL C˚QdLl Th• ⁄dœm.œf£´u Ef£´p J⁄ ‘˘TÙnd°∞’˚YdLlTh•⁄dœm. LWLm B”m ˙TÙ’°∞Ÿm —Zufl ˘LÙi˙P C⁄dœm. C’T\lT’ ˙TÙufl ˙RÙuflm.

˚SVÙi•˙U[m CdL˚XdœlTdL˙U[UÙLl TVuT”jRl T”°u\’.C˚Ndœ›Æ]o YhPUÙL ®tTo. AqYhPjßtœs œßj’m. EhLÙok’m, K•Ÿm,A˚Nk’m ˙RÙsL˚[ A˚Nj’m, ˙U[jßtœ HtT SP]UÙ”Yo.LWLm ∏˙Z ÆZÙRYÙfl BhPdLÙWoLs ß\˚UVÙL B”Yo.

˘TiLfim BiLfim LWLÙhPm B”Y’i”.

UWdLÙpBhPmUWdLÙp BhPm B”TYo H\jRÙZ Bfl A• ø[ÿs[

UWdLh˚PL˚[j Rm TÙReL˙[Ù” ˙Noj’d Lh•´⁄lTÙo.

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˚LLs, LÙpLs, EPm◊ B°VYt˚\ ÿu‡m©u‡m SuœA˚Nj’j RÙ[S˚Pdœ HtTf —Y”˚Yj’ B”Yo. Rt˙TÙ’ £XCPeL∞p Uh”˙U CqYÙhPj ˚Rd LÙQ ÿ•°\’.

ÆZÙdLs Utflm FoYXeL∞u ˙TÙ’ C’ BPl T”°\’.CqYÙhPm BiL[Ùp Uh”˙U BPlT”°\’. UWdLÙp BhPdL˚XOoLs BhPjßu ˙TÙ’ Kn‹ G”j’d˘LÙs[ EVWUÙ]SÙtLÙ≠L˚[l TVu T”jßd˘LÙsYo.

E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm

• EeLfidœj ˘R¨kR L˚X Y•YeL∞u TPeL˚[j ßWh”eLs, ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙd œeLs

B•d LÙh”˙YÙm

• EeLs TÙPNÙ˚X´pS˚P˘Tflm ÆZÙÆpSÙh”l◊\d L˚X®Lrf£LsSPj’eLs.

NÆh” SÙPLmC’ °⁄jRYoL∞u

Ujß´p ˘NpYÙdœs[ J⁄SÙPL Y•Ym. NÆh” SÙPLjßp S•l◊, TÙh”, —Y” B°V] Ju±˚QkRRÙL A˚Ukß⁄dœm. ‘Rh”’ Gufl ̆ NÙpXlT”m AWe°p SÙPLm S˚P˘Tfl°\’. LÙXÙp ™ßdœm˙TÙ’ J≠ G›UÙfl TX˚LLsA”d°j Rh” ˘NnVlT”°\’. R˚WlTœß´≠⁄k’ —UÙo ÍuflA• EVWjßp Rh” A˚Ukß⁄dœm. Rh•u TdLjßp J⁄ ˘T¨V£¤˚Y ®fljß ˚YdLlT”m. NÆh” SÙPLjßu LRÙTÙjßWeLsTLhPÙ] ˙YP™h•⁄lTo.

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CkSÙPLm CWÆp SPjRlT”°\’. ©WÙojR˚]l TÙP˙XÙ”SÙPLm ̆ RÙPeœ°\’. E˚WVÙPpLs A˚]j’m TÙPp Y•ÆpRÙuC⁄dœm NÆh” SÙPLjßu BNÙu �‘AiQÙÆ’� Gufl A±VlT”°\Ùo. BiL˙[ ˘Ti ˙YPeLfim A¶Yo. ÿtLÙXeL∞pUR ÆZÙdL∞p Uh”˙U NÆh”SÙPLm CPm˘Tt\’. ©u]o ̆ TÙ’®Lrf£L∞¤m SPjRlThP’. °⁄j’Y NUV Ë≠u L⁄j’LsNÆh” SÙPLjßp TVuT”jRlT”°u\].

T¨˚N ÿh”dL∞

T¨˚NŸm, YÙfim TVuT”jß CdL˚X SPjRlT”°\’. T¨˚N˘NnYRtLÙL UWdLh˚P, C\œ ÿR≠V] TVuT”jRlT”°u\].Lÿ°u Uh˚PVÙp YÙs ˘NnVlT”°\’. J⁄˚L´p YÙfim,A”jR ̊ L´p T¨˚NŸm Hkß ®tTo. ̇ LPVm GuTRu Cu˘]Ù⁄˘NÙpRÙu �T¨˚N. YÙ˚[ Ke°Ÿm, T¨˚NVÙp R”j’m TX AP‹ÿ˚\L˚[ ˘Y∞dLÙh• B”°u\]o. £X CPeL∞p YÙfidœUÙt\ÙLj RiPm TVuT”jRlT”°\’. Ck’dLs, °⁄j’YoLs,ÿv≠mLs CdL˚X˚V SPjß Y⁄°u\]o. TÙXdLÙh•p CdL˚X‘YhPdL∞’ Gu‡m ˘TV¨p A±VlT”°\’. Tj’˙To APe°V£fl œ›dLs Cßp Teœ ˘Tfl°u\]o. EP≠p ˘U›˚L ◊Wh•d˘LÙsYo. ◊WÙQdL˚RLs L⁄l˘TÙ⁄[ÙL A˚UkR TÙPpL˚[lTÙ• B”°u\]o. TÙPpLs ˘Uh”Pu TÙPlT”m. BPp Tp˙YflA˚N‹LfiP‡m A˚Uk ß⁄dœm.

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Rl◊ÿh”dL∞C’ ÿv≠m UdL∞˚P˙V ˘NpYÙdœ ˘Tt\d

L˚XY•YUÙœm. ‘Rl◊’ GuT’ Ko C˚Nd L⁄ÆVÙœm.UWdLh˚P˚V L˚Pk’ ARu J⁄ TdLm ˙RÙ≠]ÙpLhPlTh•⁄dœm. CkR ‘Rl◊’ ˚Y A•j’l TÙh”lTÙ•œ›YÙL B”YÙoLs.

œ›Æu R˚XYoTÙ”mTÙh˚Pl ©\oHtfll TÙ• —Y”˚Yj’B”°u\]o. YhPUÙL®ufl RU’ EP˚XÆRÆRUÙL A˚Nj’B”Y’ CdL˚X´u£\lTÙœm. ÿu]oAW© ˘UÙØ´¤s[TÙPpL˚[l TÙ•B•]o.

≈h”f NPeœL∞p Uh”Uu± ©\ ®Lrf£L∞¤m CdL˚XCPm˘Tfl°\’. ÿtLÙXeL∞p BiLs Uh”˙U CdL˚X˚VSPjß]o. Rt˙TÙ’ £X Lh”lTÙ”LfiPu ˘TiLfimCdL˚X˚V SPj’°u\]o.

Li”©•l˙TÙm

• Gu U]ߤs[ L˚X Y•Ym G’? œ±l◊Ls ˘NÙp°˙\uLi”©•ŸeLs.

(E.m) • SÙu LÙh•p Y£lTYu.• SÙu ÆXe°]j˚Rf NÙokRYu.• UÙ™Nj˚R˙V Ei˙Tu.• Gu ˘TV¨¤m TX CPeL∞p BhPm S˚P˘Tfl°\’?

AkR BhPm G’?• C’˙TÙu\ SÙh”l◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”Ls HWÙ[m Es[].

œ±l◊Ls G›l©, U]ßp ®˚]jR Æ˚[VÙh˚Pd ·fleLs.

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NRe˚L J≠A°Xm ÿ›’m Ke° ®tœm BPt L˚X˙V SÙh•VUÙm!C˚NŸm RÙ[ÿm TÙY˚]Ÿm

C˚\Yu A∞jR YWUu˙\Ù? (A°Xm)

ÿLm R≤p TÙY˚] ®ZXÙP ÿjß˚W ˚LLfim ˙NokRÙ”m!

ÆØLfim ÆWpLfim Æ˚[VÙP CRrL∞p ◊g£¨ ÈjÁ‹m!

(A°Xm)TÙReLs CVdœm NX]eL˙[

TWR SÙh•Vf £\lTÙœm!˙URœ L˚X´u SYWNeLs ¡h•˙V TWRm B•”˙YÙm!

(A°Xm)NRe˚L J≠´u RÙ[eLs

N˚T´˚]f ˘NÙdLf ˘Nnß”˙U!CRVm LYokR CdL˚X˚V

C≤˙R ˙TÙt±d LÙjß”˙YÙm!(A°Xm)

˘Uh” A˚Ul˙TÙm• TÙP˚Xl TX ̆ Uh”L∞p œ›YÙL‹m R≤VÙL‹m TÙ”eLs.

G]dœl ©•jR Y¨Ls• Æ⁄lTUÙ] Y¨Ls G˚Y? Hu?

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L˚XR˚X, U˚X,A˚X,Y˚X

LÆ˚R G›’˙YÙm• TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnŸeLs.

L˚XLs Ltflj ˙Rokß”˙YÙm ˛ SmLY˚XLs GpXÙm U\kß”˙YÙm!

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◊ßV ˘NÙtLs A˚UdL:

• LÆ˚R ˛ L˚R, LÆ, Æ˚R, ˚R

• £XlTßLÙWm ˛ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• TÙWßVÙo ˛ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• ß⁄dœ\s ˛ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• TÙWRm ˛ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• SÙh”lTtfl ˛ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

ÿR˘X›j˚R UÙt±l ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs A˚UdL:

• Dh• ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• Neœ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• UWm ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• Lufl ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• S˚L ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• Tg— ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• ß]m ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• ˙Rdœ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛

• Æ⁄k’ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛