• 4. Economic influence: Forces states to do its will using $.– a. Grants-in-aid: $ given to state/local gov’t for a

particular project (matching basis)– b. Categorical Grant: Given for specific purpose with

strings attached.– c. Block Grants: $ given for general purpose.– d. Threats of withholding funds.– e. Revenue Sharing: Part of taxes goes back to states.

• 5. Sometimes called mandates– a.Legal sticks: leg.(elastic cl.), jud. Interp. (Comm Cl)– b. Financial Carrots: gov’t funds to bribe states.

• 5. Reasons for Expansion of Nat’l Powers–a. US has changed from a relatively simple

farming nation to a complex tech society.–b. US expanded 13 to 50 states, 4million to

300 million, more territory/people=more problems.–c. World power in 20th century, role of an

international policeman.

Sec.3:Relations among states.

• 6. Interstate Relations: Resolve conflicts that existed under the Articles– a. Full Faith and Credit Cl: Each state honors

public records of other states.–b. Extradition Cl: Return criminals to state where

crime was committed, initiated by crime state’s gov., can refuse with cause.– c. Privileges and Immunities Cl: Same privileges

must be extended to citizens of all states (some exceptions).

• d. Fugitive Slave Cl: Keep Southern delegates from bolting.

• Interstate Compacts: Cooperative programs, to avoid nat’l gov’t intervention.

• S.C. has original jurisdiction in dealing with state disputes.

• 7. Admission of States– No new state within a state, no combining state,

Congress and Pres. Must approve and can impose conditions (AZ and AK). Once admitted, all states are equal.

Answer the following on your paper from the beginning of class:

• Select two powers or clauses that you think could result in conflict between either the Federal/State Governments or between various state governments based on real current events.

Sec.4: Federalism and Political Life

• A. Federalism and Public Policy: Course of action a gov’t take in response to some issue or problem.–1. Encourages state and local

experimentation w/ new ideas/policies• a. Georgia and 18 year olds vote• b. Colorado (Sunset Laws): Check gov’t

agencies to see if still needed.• c. Florida (Sunshine Law): Prohibits public

officials from holding meetings not open to the public.

–2. Nat’l gov’t will impose new policies on states in which local pressure groups have resisted change.• a. Federal laws affecting the civil rights and

voting rights of blacks in the South.–3.Federalism creates pluralist democracy,

ppl have many options for getting policies passed.

• B. Federalism and Political Parties: There are local, state, national elections, federalism strengthens a 2 party system.

• C. Federalism has impact on citizens’ political participation: Citizens have many points of access to gov’t and opportunities for influencing public policy.

• D. Federalism contributes to real economic and political differences among the states because it permits each state considerable freedom in arranging its own internal affairs: we have mobility, more choices.