4.0 design of marina structures and facilities

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7/27/2019 4.0 Design of Marina Structures and Facilities http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/40-design-of-marina-structures-and-facilities 1/23 4.0 DESIGN OF MARINA STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES The ultimate environmental performance of a properly sited coastal marina depends on the marina design, construction and operation. Guidelines for the design of marinas are currently available in Australia. 'Australian Standard AS3962-1991, Guidelines for Design of Marinas' details appropriate design and engineering standards for marinas in Queensland. However, given the World Heritage status of the GBRMP, and the sensitivity of marine ecosystems in the Park, engineering and design criteria which may meet these standards may still have unacceptable environmental consequences in the Marine Park. Subsequently, in some situations and environments the designer's job may require stricter, novel or more 'environmentally friendly' alternatives which minimise effects on the Park, as much as possible. It should be stated here that the guidelines outlined in this section are in no way prescriptive or mandatory by law and compliance with the guidelines does not necessarily guarantee the acceptability of a development. The following design notes are included as a helpful guide to developers as many specific approvals are the responsibility of State and Commonwealth authorities apart from GBRMPA. They have been included however because even if the marina design, construction and opera~.ion are in accordance with these standards, there is still potential for impact on the marine environment. Marina developments need to be judged on a case-to-case basis. However, it is hoped that more knowledge of the environmental implications of engineering and design recommendations as spelled out in these guidelines, will assist designers, developers and operators achieve sound, economical marina developments with acceptable environmental impacts. The layout of marina land facilities is usually determined by the physical constraints of the particular location and the need to enable efficient material and activity flow paths. It is recommended that a land to water area ratio of between 50:50 and 40:60 be adopted for preliminary planning of a marina development, depending on the extent of shore-based facilities to be provided. However, financial viability of land/water ratio must also be carefully considered as the 'real estate' created by reclamation in many marina developments is the principal financial asset of the development. Design of Marina Structures and Facilities 39

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Page 1: 4.0 Design of Marina Structures and Facilities

7/27/2019 4.0 Design of Marina Structures and Facilities

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4 .0 D E S I G N O F M A R I N A S T R U C T U R E S A N D

F A C I L I T I E S

T h e u l ti m a t e e n v i r o n m e n t a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f a p r o p e r l y s i te d c o a st al m a r i n a d e p e n d s

o n t h e m a r i n a d e s i g n , co n s t r u c ti o n a n d o p e r a ti o n . G u i d e l i n e s fo r th e d e s i g n o f

m a r i n a s a r e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e i n A u s t r a l ia . ' A u s t r a l i a n S t a n d a r d A S 3 96 2 -1 9 91 ,

G u i d e l i n e s fo r D e s i g n o f M a r i n a s ' d e ta i ls a p p r o p r i a t e d e s i g n a n d e n g i n e e r i n g

s t a n d a r d s f or m a r i n a s i n Q u e e n s l a n d . H o w e v e r , g i v e n t h e W o r l d H e r i t a g e s ta t u s o f

t h e G B R M P , a n d t h e s e n s i t i v i t y o f m a r i n e e c o s y s t e m s i n t h e P a r k , e n g i n e e r i n g a n d

d e s i g n c r it er ia w h i c h m a y m e e t t h e s e s t a n d a r d s m a y s ti ll h a v e u n a c c e p t a b l e

e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s e q u e n c e s i n th e M a r i n e P a rk . S u b s e q u e n tl y , i n s o m e s i t u a t io n s

a n d e n v i r o n m e n t s t h e d e s i g n e r ' s jo b m a y r e q u ir e s tr ic te r, n o v e l o r m o r e

' e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y f r i en d l y ' a l te r n a t iv e s w h i c h m i n i m i s e e ff ec ts o n t h e P a r k , a s m u c ha s poss i b l e . I t s h o u l d b e s t a t e d h e r e th a t t h e g u i d e l i n e s o u t l i n e d i n t h is s e c t i o n a r e

i n n o w a y p r e s c r ip t iv e o r m a n d a t o r y b y l a w a n d c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e g u i d e l i n e s

d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y g u a r a n t e e t h e a c c e p t a b i l i ty o f a d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e f o l l o w i n g

d e s i g n n o t e s a r e i n c l u d e d a s a h e l p f u l g u i d e t o d e v e l o p e r s a s m a n y s p e c if ic

a p p r o v a l s a r e th e r e s p o n s i b i l it y o f St at e a n d C o m m o n w e a l t h a u t h o r i t ie s a p a r t f r o m

G B R M P A. T h e y h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d h o w e v e r b e c a u s e ev e n i f t he m a r i n a d e s ig n ,

c on s t r uc t i on a n d ope ra ~.ion a r e i n a c c o r da n c e w i t h t he se s t a n da r d s , t he r e i s s t i ll

p o t e n t ia l fo r i m p a c t o n t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t . M a r i n a d e v e l o p m e n t s n e e d t o b e

j u d g e d o n a c a s e -t o -c a s e b a s i s . H o w e v e r , i t i s h o p e d t h a t m o r e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e

e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f e n g i n e e r i n g a n d d e s i g n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a s s p e l l e d

o u t i n t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s , w i l l a s s i s t d e s i g n e r s , d e v e l o p e r s a n d o p e r a t o r s a c h i e v e

s o u n d , e c o n o m i c a l m a r i n a d e v e l o p m e n t s w i t h a c c e p ta b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s .

T h e l a y o u t o f m a r i n a l a n d f a ci li ti es i s u s u a l l y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t r a in t s

o f th e p a r t i c u l a r l o c a ti o n a n d t h e n e e d t o e n a b l e e f fi c ie n t m a t e r i a l a n d a c t i v i t y f l o w

p a t h s . I t i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a l a n d t o w a t e r a r e a r at io o f b e t w e e n 5 0:5 0 a n d 4 0:6 0

b e a d o p t e d f or p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n n i n g o f a m a r i n a d e v e l o p m e n t , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e

e x t e n t o f s h o r e - b a s e d f a c il i ti e s t o b e p r o v i d e d . H o w e v e r , f i n a n c i a l v i a b i l i t y o f

l a n d / w a t e r r a ti o m u s t a l so b e c a r e f u l ly c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e 'r e a l e s t at e ' c re a t e d b yr e c la m a t i o n i n m a n y m a r i n a d e v e l o p m e n t s i s t h e p r i n c i p a l f in a n c i a l a s s e t o f t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t i e s 39

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4 . 1 B a s i n

M i n i m i s e v e r t i c a l l y f a c e d

s t r u c t u r e s .

S e e k e x p e r t a d v i c e i n

m a r i n a b a s i n s e x p o s e d t o

o c e a n w a v e e n e r g y .

D e s i g n o f t h e b a s i n m u s t

f a c i l i t a t e a d e q u a t e

f l u s h i n g o f th e m a r i n a .

G i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o th e

d i v e r s i o n o f s tr e a m s a n dc r e ek s t o h i g h f l u s h i n g

z o n e s .

M i n i m u m d e p t h o f t h e

b a s i n s h o u l d n o t b e l e ss

t h a n 2 .5 m a t M L W S .

M a x i m i s e t id a l e x c h a n g e

a n d m i x i n g i n th e b a s in ;

m i n i m i s e b a c k w a t e r s a n d

c u r r e n t c o n s t r i c t io n s .

I n t h e d e s i g n o f a m a r i n a b a s i n , t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o u l d

b e c o n s i d e r e d :

9 V e r t i c a ll y f aced s t r u c t u r e s l e ad t o r e f l e c t i o n o f w av e

e n e rg y , c a u s i n g c o n f u s e d s e a s a n d h i g h w a v e e n e r g yw i t h i n t h e b e r t h i n g a r e a .

9 B a s in s e x p o se d t o o c e an w a v e e n e r g y m a y b e

s u b je c t to l o n g e r p e r i o d o s c i ll a ti o n s a n d r e s o n a n c e

(seiche) .

9 A d e q u a t e f l u s h i n g o f a m a r i n a i s n e c e s s a r y f o r

m a i n t a i n i n g t h e w a t e r q u a l i t y o f t h e m a r i n a b a s i n a n d

a d j a c e n t w a t e r w a y . N a t u r a l c i r c u la t i o n n e a r th e si te

s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d w h e n e v e r p o s si b le . P o o r l y

f l u sh e d m a r i n a s c a n b e c o m e s t a g n a n t a n d p e r m i t t he

c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o l l u t a n t s f r o m t h e m a r i n a f a c il it y

a n d b o a t s. T h e se t t li n g a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n o f o r g a n i c

m a t e r i a l a n d f i n e s e d i m e n t s c a n r e s u l t i n d e c r e a s e d

d i s s o l v e d o x y g e n l e v e l s a n d s h o a l i n g w i t h i n t h e

m a r i n a b a s i n.

9 A d j a c e n t s t r e a m s o r c r e e k s s h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d t o

d i s c h ar g e i n to t h e m a r i n a b a s i n a s th e y m a y c a u s ew a t e r q u a l i ty p r o b l e m s .

9 I t is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e m i n i m u m d e p t h w i t h i n

t h e m o o r i n g b a s i n ( a t M L W S ) s h o u l d b e n o l e ss t h a n

t h e m a x i m u m d r a u g h t o f m o o r e d c r af t p l u s h a l f t h e

p r e d i c t e d w a v e h e i g h t p l u s t o l e r a n c e o f 0 .3 m o r 0.5 m

f o r s e a b e d c o n d i t i o n s c o m p r i s i n g s o f t m a t e r i a l o r r oc k

r e s p ec t i v e ly , p l u s a l l o w a n ce f o r s i l ta t i o n . A s a g en e r a l

r u l e , t h e s e f ac t o r s s u m t o a t l e a s t 2. 5 m a s a m i n i m u md u r i n g M L W S .

T h e c o n f ig u r a t io n o f a m a r i n a b a s i n m a y e n h a n c e o r

h i n d e r f l u s h in g r a te s . O p e n m a r i n a s l o c a t e d o n

e x i s ti n g c h a n n e l s w i l l g e n e r a l l y h a v e t h e s a m e

f l u s h i n g r a t e as t h e c h a n n e l . M a r i n a b a s i n s w i t h

e x c e s s i v e l y d e e p o r d e a d - e n d a r e a s t h a t h a v e l o w e r

t h a n n a t u r a l r a t e s o f e x c h a n g e t e n d t o a c c u m u l a t e

p o t e n t i a l p o l l u t a n t s o r r e q u i r e i n o r d i n a t e p e r i o d s o f

t i m e f o r f l u s h i n g a n d o r g a n i c d e c o m p o s i t i o n .

S e m i -c lo s ed m a r i n a s o r m a r i n a s w i t h d r e d g e d b a s i n s

s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d t o m a x i m i s e t id a l e x c h a n g e a n d

40 Envi ronment al Guidelines for Marinas in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

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E n s u r e c h a n n e l d e p t h s

e l i m i n a t e ' s i l ls ' p o n d i n g

d e e p b a s i n a r e a s .

P r o v i d e tw o o p e n i n g s , o r

p a r t i a l w a l l s o n o n e s i d e .

M i n i m i s e ' de a d' w a t e r b y

c r e a t i n g c u r v e d s u r f a c e s .

M i n i m i s e l o n g r e a c h es

w h e r e w a t e r f l o w s a r e

r e s t r i c t e d .

4 .2 E n t r a n c e C h a n n e l

E n t r an c e c h a n n e l w i d t h

s h o u l d c o n f o r m w i t h

A S 3 9 6 2 - 1 9 9 1 .

E n t ra n c e c h a n n e l s s h o u l d

b e s t r a i g h t ; a l i g n e d i n t o

p r e v a i l i n g w i n d s ; a n d n o t

i n a n a r ea o f s h o a l i n g .

mixing wit hin the marina. Marina basin design

features that pr omote flushing include:

9 Basin depths tha t are not deeper than the open

water or channels to whic h the basin is connected an dnever deeper th an the marin a access channel. Basin

and channel depths should gradually increase toward

open water. Dredging of natural channel sills for

larger marinas should be avoided.

9 Two openings at opposite ends of the marina to

establish flow-t hrough currents.

9 Basins with few vertical walls and ge ntly round ed

corners or circular or oval shaped basins. Even

bottom contours, gently sloping toward the entrance

with no pockets or depressions.

9 For rectangular marinas, the length to breadth ratio

should be in the range of 0.5-3.0 to pro mote good

mixing characteristics; for similar reasons, entrances

should be centrally located.

While the widt h of entrance channels is clearly

dependen t on many factors, AS3962-1991 states that

the channe l should be the greatest of 20 m, or, the

length of the longest boat to use the marina plus 2 m,

or 5 times the beam of the broadest mo noh ull to use

the marina. For marina bas ins of say 200 to 300 berths

the entrance channel should have a mi nim um

navigable width of 30 to 50 m in unexposed

conditions.

The entrance channel should be as straight as possible

and follow an existing natura l ch annel if available.

The entrance channel should also be aligned in the

direction of prevailing wind s to promot e mixing. The

entrance shou ld not be located in areas of shoali ng as

increased maintenance dredgin g is required and sills

between the marina and open water can form causing

reduction in flushing.

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t ie s 41

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B e r t h a c c e s s c l o s e t o

m a r i n a o f f i c e .

B e r t h s f o r h ir e a n d b a r e

b o a t c h a r t e r cr a ft s h o u l da l l o w g r e a t er t o le r a n c e f o r

i n e x p e r i e n c e d d r iv e r s.

M a r in a b e r th s m a y b e f i x e d

o r f l o a t i n g .

E f f e c t i v e ( d e s i g n ) b e r t h

w i d t h s a n d l e n g t h s f o r

f i x e d m o o r i n g s a re :

(W b) = B + 1 .0 m

(W db ) = B 1 + B 2 + 1 .5 m

(Lb) = L + 2 .0 m

S u g g e s t e d b e r t h

d i m e n s i o n s f or f l o a t in g

b e r t h a r e :

(W b) = B + 0 .6 m

( W d b ) = W b l + W b 2(Lb) = L + 1 .0 m

9 A c c e s s to b e r t h s s h o u l d b e c l o s e t o t h e m a r i n a o f

r i c e ( f o r s e c u r i t y r e a s o n s ) .

C a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t io n s h o u l d a ls o be g i v e n t o t h e

a l l o c a t i o n o f b e r t h s f o r h ir e a n d b a r e b o a t c h a r t e r c r a f ti n t h e m a r i n a . I n g e n e r a l, h i r e b o a t s a r e u s e d m o r e

f r e q u e n t ly , a n d b y l es s e x p e r i e n c e d p e o p l e t h a n

p r i v a t e l y o w n e d b o a t s a t t h e m a r i n a . B e r t h s fo r t h e s e

b o a t s s h o u l d b e r e a d i l y a c ce s s ib l e t o t h e o p e n

w a t e r w a y s s o as to m i n i m i s e m a n o e u v r i n g w i t h i n th e

m a r i n a . T h e y s h o u l d a ls o b e w i d e r t o a c c o m m o d a t e

i n e x p e r i e n c e d d r i v e r s.

M a r i n a b e r t h s m a y b e f i x e d , i .e . p i l e d j e t ty , o r

f l o a t i n g , i .e . p o n t o o n t y p e . F i x e d m o o r i n g s u s u a l l y

c o n s i s t o f p i l e d w a l k w a y s ( je tt ie s) a n d m o o r i n g p i le s .

O n e b o a t m o o r e d b e t w e e n a p ai r o f m o o r i n g p i l e s i s a

t y p ic a l a r r a n g e m e n t . F l o a t in g m o o r i n g s a re u s u a l l y

p o n t o o n s a r r a n g e d t o p r o v i d e w a l k w a y s t o v e ss e ls .

T h e se w a l k w a y s m a y b e l o ca te d b y m e a n s o f g u i d e

p i l es o r c a b l e s / c h a i n s ( a t ta c h e d t o a n c h o r b l o c k s) ,

a l l o w i n g fr ee v e r t ic a l m o v e m e n t . T h e b o a t s a r e

m o o r e d i n e it h e r si n g le o r d o u b l e b e r th s , s e p a r a t e d b y

f i n g e r p o n t o o n s . I n a re a s o f h i g h t i d a l r a n g e , f l o a t i n gb e r t h s a r e c l e a r ly a d v a n t a g e o u s , w h i l s t f ix e d b e r t h s

a r e m o r e a c c e p t a b le i n r e d u c e d t i d a l r a n g e s .

A n a l l o w a n c e s h o u l d b e m a d e i n t h e d e s i g n o f c r af t

b e r t h s f o r m a n o e u v r i n g ( t ak i n g a c c o u n t o f c r os s

c u r r e n ts ) a n d a ls o c l e a r a n c e s w h e n m o o r e d . C r a f t

m a y b e m o o r e d i n b o t h s i n g le a n d d o u b l e b e r th s . T h e

e f fe c t iv e ( d e s ig n ) b e r t h w i d t h s a n d l e n g t h s f o r fi x e d

m o o r i n g s a r e as f o ll o w s :

S i n g l e B e r t h w i d t h ( W b ) = B + 1 .0 m

D o u b l e B e r t h w i d t h ( W d b ) = B 1 + B2 + 1.5 m

B e r t h l e n g t h ( L b ) = L + 2 .0 m

A s w i t h f i x e d b e r t h s , c l e a r a n c e s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r c r a f t

i n f l o a t i n g b e r t h s ( r e f e r F i g u r e 5 ). T h e b e a m

r e q u i r e m e n t i s n o t a s h i g h , h o w e v e r , b e c a u s e t h e

c r a ft 's b e a m a t th e w a t e r l i n e i s g e n e r a l l y s m a l l e r t h a n

t h e m a x i m u m b e a m , a n d c r a ft o n f l o a ti n g b e r t h s c a nb e m o r e t a u t l y m o o r e d t h a n i n fi xe d b e r t h s w h e r e

s o m e s l ac k is p r o v i d e d i n m o o r i n g l in e s to a c c o u n t f o r

t i d al v a r i at io n s . T h e s u g g e s te d b e r t h d i m e n s i o n s f o r

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t i e s 43

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4 . 5 W a l k w a y s

R e c o m m e n d e d w a lk w a y

w i d t h s g i v e n i n T a b le 4.1 .

f l o a t i n g b e r t h s a r e:

S i n g l e B e r t h w i d t h ( W b ) = B + 0 .6 m

D o u b l e B e r t h w i d t h ( W d b ) = W b l + W b 2

Ber th L en g th (Lb) = L + 1 .0 m

W a l k w a Y w i d t h s d e p e n d o n l i ke l y u s a g e l e ve l s, le n g t h

o f w a l k w a y a n d t h e e x t e n t o f a n ci l la r y s e rv i c e s

m o u n t e d o n t h e w a l k w a y . T h e w a l k w a y s h o u ld b e

w i d e e n o u g h t o a l l o w t w o - w a y p e d e s t r i a n t ra ff ic w i t h

b a r r o w s . M a r i n a s w i t h l i v e -a b o a r d p a t r o n a g e w i l l b e

e x p e c t e d t o c o m p l y w i t h A S l 1 7 0 V e r s io n 2 l o a d i n g

s t a n d a r d s . W h e r e w a l k w a y l e n g t h s e x c e e d 150 m , t h e

m i n i m u m w i d t h s s h o u l d b e i n c re a s e d b y 0 .5 m f or

ev e r y 1 00 m o f l en g t h o v e r 1 5 0 m . Tab l e 4 .1 p r o v i d es

r e c o m m e n d e d w a l k w a y w i d th s .

F i g u re 5 . F l o a t in g b e r th d i m e n s i o n s

r B 2

~iii~i!~iiiiiii~ i ~ i i i i i i i i i i i

! ~ ! ! i i i ! ! i ~ i l i ~ i i i i ~ i i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

i i i i ii i ~ i ~ i i i i i i i i ~ i i i i i i i~ii!i}iii#iii!ii!iiii i i i i i i~ ig i i i i } i i i i i i ! i i i i i

i ii i i i i i i ! i i i i i i ! i i i i ! i:iii}!iiii!iiiii ' ii

iii:iiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii!ii: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :

W b W b l W b 2

W

44 Envi ron ment al Guidelines for Marinas in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

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O p t i m u m f in g e r l e n g t h i s

0 .8 Lb.

F i n g e r s h a v e l o w e r l e v e ls o f u s a g e ; h e n c e t h e w i d t h

m a y b e r e d u c e d to p r o v i d e p a s s a g e o f o n l y o n e

p e r s o n a t a t im e . T h e l e n g t h o f t h e f in g e r s s h o u l d f a l l

b e t w e e n 0 .6 ti m e s t h e b e r t h l e n g t h a n d 1 .0 t i m e s t h e

b e r t h l e n g th , h o w e v e r t h e o p t i m u m a p p e a r s to b e 0.8L b . T h i s i s s u f f i c i e n t ly l o n g t o e n a b l e b o a r d i n g a n d

s e c u r i n g o f t h e b o a t. S h o r t e r fi n g e r s m a y b e

s u b j e c t e d to o s c i l la t io n s f r o m s h o r t p e r i o d w a v e

a c ti o n , a n d m a y a l s o r e q u i re p r o v i s i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l

f r e e -s t a n d i n g m o o r i n g p i le s .

F e n d e r i n g i s r e q u i r e d a l o n g

w a l k w a y s o f b o t h f i xe d a n d

f l o a t i n g s t r u c t u r e s .

I t i s u s u a l t o p r o v i d e f e n d e r ( o r b u f f e r ) s t r i p s a l o n g

t h e e d g e s o f w a l k w a y s a n d f in g e rs . F e n d e r i n g is

n e e d e d a l o n g w a l k w a y s f o r t w o r e a s o n s. F i r s tl y i t

s h o u l d p r e v e n t v e s s e l s g e t t in g u n d e r f i x e d s t r u c tu r e s ,

a n d s e c o n d l y i t w i l l r e d u c e t h e d a m a g e i n th e e v e n t

o f a c o l li s ion . T he l a t t e r a pp l i e s t o bo t h f i xe d a n d

f l oa t i ng s t r uc t u r e s .

A ' te e ' s h o u l d b e

i n c o r p o r a t ed a t th e e n d o f

e a ch w a l k w a y .

A ' t e e ' s h o u l d b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n to t h e e n d o f e a c h

w a l k w a y to p r e v e n t w a v e b u f f e ti n g o f b o a t s b e r t h e d

a t t h e d i s t a l e n d o f t h e w a l k w a y s . T h i s a r e a s h o u l d

b e u s e d f or te m p o r a r y m o o r i n g o n ly .

T a b le 4 .1 R e c o m m e n d e d w a l k w a y w i d t h s

P r i m a r y W a l k w a y 2 .4 m 3 .0 m

S e c o n d a r y W a l k w a y 1 .8 m 2 .0 m

F i ng e r 0 . 75m 1 .0 m

F ue l Be r t h F i nge r 2 .4 m 3 .0 mA c c e s s G a n g w a y 1 .2 m -

4 . 6 R e c l a m a t i o n s

R e c l a m a t i o n n o t t o c o v e r

n a t u ra l M L W . R e c l a m a t i o n

c r o ss i n g M L W m a y b e b r o ke n

a n d b r i d g e d .

R e c l a m a t i o n w o r k s a r e n o t t o c o v e r t h e n a t u r a l

l o ca t io n o f th e G B R M P b o u n d a r y ( M L W ), b u t t h a t

l in e m a y b e b r id g e d . M L W i s n o t a s t a n d a r d t i d a l

p l a n e a n d m u s t b e c a lc u la t ed b y a n a p p r o v e dm e t h o d .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c il i t ie s 45

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C o n t a ct G B R M P A f o r

fu r th e r i n fo r m a t i o n o n

d e f i n i n g M L W a n d

G B R M P A b o u n d a r i e s.

4 .7 P i e r s a n d P i l i n g s

C o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e

g i v e n t o t h e m o s t

appropria te mater ia l s to be

u s e d f o r w e t t e d s u r fa c e s.

D e s i g n a n d p la c es tr u c tu r e s to m i n i m i s e

i m p a c t s o n a q u a ti c

habi ta ts .

M o o r i n g p i l e 0 .9 t im e s th eb e r t h le n g t h f r o m t h e

w a l k w a y .

Where a marina is proposed at a site where MLW

forms the boundary of the Great Barrier Reef Marine

Park, reclamation over this point would result in

alteration of the GBRMP boundary. Except for trivial

instances (which generally mus t be judged on legaladvice for each case) the boundary of the GBRMP

cannot be altered wi th ou t the approval of both houses

of the Commonwealth Parliament.

M o o r e d w o o d e n s t r u c tu r e s c a n i m p a c t w a t e r q u a li t y

w i t h i n t h e m a r i n a b a s i n t h r o u g h t h e l e ac h i n g o f w o o d

p r e s e r v a t i v e s . P o t e n t i a l i m p a c t s c a n b e a v o i d e d o r

r e d u c e d b y :

9 U s i n g a l t e r n a t i v e ma t e r i a l s s u ch a s co n c r e t e - fi l l ed ,

s t ee l - r e in f o r ced P V C , p l a s t ic s o r O t h e r n o n -

c o n v e n t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s .

9 U s i n g h i g h l y r e f i n e d ( g r a d e o n e ) c r e o so t e t h a t

co n t a i n s l e s s t a r , o r a l t e r n a t i v e p r e s e r v a t i v e s s u ch a s

c h r o m a t e d c o p p e r a r s e n a t e ( C C A s a lt ) t o m i n i m i s e

ch emi ca l l e ach i n g .

I n ad d i t i o n , t h e u s e o f s o l i d s t r u c t u r e s s h o u l d b ea v o i d e d i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i s e h a b i t a t l o ss b y a l l o w i n g

a d e q u a t e w a t e r c ir c ul a ti o n. T h e m a r i n a d e s i g n e r

s h o u l d a l s o m i n i m i s e s t r u c t u r e w i d t h t o a l l o w f o r

m a x i m u m s u n l i g h t p e n e t ra t i o n. D o c k s a n d p ie r s

s h o u l d b e e l e v a t e d a s h i g h a s p o s s i b l e a n d o r i e n t a t e d

i n a n o r t h - s o u t h r a t h e r t h a n a n e a s t - w e s t d i re c t io n .

T h e s e d e s i g n s w i ll a v o i d e x c e s s i v e s h a d i n g o f a q u a t i c

h ab i t a t s .

F o r e a s e o f b e r t h i n g a n d p r o t e c t i o n o f c ra f t w h e nm o o r e d , t h e m o o r i n g p i l e s h o u l d b e l o c a t e d

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 .9 ti m e s t h e b e r t h l e n g t h f r o m t h e

w a l k w a y .

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4 . 8 B r e a k w a t e r s

F o r f i x e d b r e a k w a t e r s u s e

d e s i g n f e a tu r e s to e n h a n c e

f l u s h i n g r a t e s .

D e s i g n f o r a c a t e g o r y 4

c y c l o n e . I n c o r p o r a t e

a l l o w a n c e f o r s e a l e v e l

r i ses .

S l o p i n g r i p r a p

s t r u c t u r e s a r e p r e f e r r e d f o r

b r e a k w a t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .

F l o a t in g b r e a k w a t e r s h a v e

a n u m b e r o f a d v a n t a g e s

o v e r f ix e d b r e a k w a t e r s b u t

a r e o n l y e f f e c t i v e f o r

s h e l t e r e d s i te s .

B r e a k w a t e r s c a n b e f i x e d o r f lo a t in g . F i x e d

b r e a k w a t e r s c a n i n t er fe r e w i t h c u r re n t s a n d r e d u c e

t h e f l u s h i n g r a t e w i t h i n t h e m a r i n a , r e s u l t i n g i nr e d u c e d w a t e r q u a l i t y a n d i n c r e a s e d s h o a li n g . S o l id

b r e a k w a t e r d e s i g n s h o u l d t h e re f o re i n c l u d e

c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f n a t u r a l c u r r e n t a n d s e d i m e n t f l o w ,

w a v e p a t t e r n s a n d o v e r a l l f l u s h i n g c h a ra c t e r is t i cs .

C i r c u la t io n c a n o f te n b e m a i n t a i n e d b y p r o v i d i n g

o p e n i n g s i n s o l id b r e a k w a t e r s , a t b o t h e n d s o f f i x ed

b r e a k w a t e r s o r b e t w e e n t h e f ix e d b r e a k w a t e r a n d

s h o r e .

B r e a k w a t e r s a n d p r o t e c ti v e w o r k s s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d

t o w i t h s t a n d a c a t e g o r y 4 c y c l on e , a n d i n c o r p o r a t e

a l l o w an ce f o r s ea lev e l ri s e a s p r ed i c t ed t o r e s u l t f r o m

the 'Greenhouse Ef fec t ' ( r e fe r Sec t ion 3 .5 ) .

S l o p i n g r i p r a p s t r u c t u r e s a r e p r e f e r r e d f o r f i x ed

b r e a k w a t e r c o n s tr u ct io n . I f t h e l a n d m a r g i n n e e d s

s t a b il i sa t i on , a s lo p i n g r i p r a p w a l l w i t h u n d e r l y i n g

f il te r c l o th i s p r e f e r r e d - t h e s e h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f

m a x i m i s i n g h a b i t a t n i c h e c r ea t io n , e c o n o m y ,r e d u c t i o n o f w a v e r e fl e c ta n c e p r o b l e m s a n d

m i n i m i s a t i o n o f s e d i m e n t a t i o n .

T h e a l t e r n a t i v e t o f ix e d b r e a k w a t e r s a r e fl o a t i n g

b r e a k w a t e r s . A l t h o u g h f lo a t in g b r e a k w a t e r s a r e o n l y

e f fe c t iv e f o r w a v e l e n g t h s s h o r t e r t h a n t w i c e t h e w i d t h

o f t h e b r e a k w a t e r a n d a r e n o t e f fe c t iv e o n o p e n c o a s ts ,

t h e y o f f e r c e r t a i n a d v a n t a g e s o v e r f i x e d b r e a k w a t e r s

as fo l l ows :

9 c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t i s n e a r l y i n d e p e n d e n t o fw a t e r d e p t h ;

9 t h e y c a n b e u s e d w h e r e s o f t o r u n s t a b l e b o t t o m

p r e c l u d e s t h e u s e o f f ix e d s t r u c t u r e s ;

9 t h ey can b e ea s i l y r e l o ca t ed i f n ec es s a r y ( i. e.

r ev e r s i b l e i mp ac t ) ;

9 t h e y c a n m i n i m i s e p o t e n t i a l i n t e r fe r e n c e w i t h

f i sh m i g r a t i o n a n d s h o r e l in e p r o c e s s e s a n d c a n

r e d u c e b e n t h i c h a b i t a t m o d i f i c a ti o n ; a n d

9 t h e y c a n b e u s e d i n a r e a s o f h i g h t i d a l r a n g e

w h e r e h i g h b r e a k w a t e r w a l ls w o u l d p r o v i d e

u n aes t h e t i c v i s u a l e f f ec t s .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t i e s 47

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4 .9 F u e l l i n g F a c i l it i e s

L o c a te f u e l l i n g f a c i li t ie s

l e e w a r d o f m a r i n a w i t h

r e s p e c t t o p r e v a i l i n g w i n d sa n d l e e w a r d o f e x i t s .

E n s u r e e a s y a c c e s s t o t h e

f u e l i n g f a c i l i t y a n d t h e

e m p l a c e m e n t o f t h e s a f e ty

p r e c a u t i o n s .

T h e l o c a t i o n o f a f u e l l i n g f a c i l i t y i s a c r i t i c a l d e c i s i o n

w i t h r e s p e c t t o s a f e ty . I t s h o u l d b e l o c a t e d t o b e e a s i ly

a c c e ss ib l e b y v is i ti n g a n d p a s s i n g b o a t s , w i t h o u ta c c e ss t h r o u g h t h e m a i n b e r t h i n g a r e a . T h e f a ci li ty

s h o u l d b e lo c a te d t o l e e w a r d o f t h e m a r i n a w i t h

r e sp e c t to th e p re v a i l in g w i n d in t h e b o a t i n g s e a s o n

a n d t o l e e w a r d o f e x i ts to p e r m i t s a f e e v a c u a t i o n o f

b o a t s i n th e e v e n t o f f ire . T h e y s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y b e in

t h e a r e a o f g r e a t e s t f l u s h i n g i n o r d e r t o m i n i m i s e

w a t e r q u a l i t y i m p a c t s .

W h e n p l a n n i n g a f u e l b e r t h , th e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s

s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d in o r d e r t h a t a g o o d b a l a n c e

b e t w e e n m a x i m u m b e n e f it a n d p o te n t i a l

e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s a r e a c h i ev e d :

9 a c c e ss t o f u e l b e r t h b y b o a t s i n m a r i n a a n d

v i s i t i n g b o a t s ;

9 a c c e s s o f f ir e f i g h t i n g v e h i c l e s t o f u e l b e r t h ;

9 p r o v i s i o n o f a d e q u a t e f ir e f i g h t in g e q u i p m e n t ;

9 l i g h t i n g o f b e r t h ( fo r s a f e t y a n d s e c u r i t y ) ;

9 p r o v i s i o n o f f u e l s p i l la g e p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s to

b e k e p t o n s it e ;9 s iz e o f f u e l s t o r a g e t a n k s ;

9 f le x i b le f u e l s u p p l y l in e s f r o m s h o r e t o b e r t h a s

a p p r o v e d b y t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o rt ;

9 a u t o m a t i c f u e l c u t -o f f v a l v e s a n d r e f u e l li n g b y

a u t h o r i s e d p e r s o n n e l o n l y ;

9 l o c a ti o n o f b o w s e r s o n s h o r e i n p r e f e r e n c e to o n

p o n t o o n ;

9 p r o x i m i t y t o m a r i n a o ff ic e ;

9 f u e l f a c il it ie s s h o u l d h a v e b a c k p r e s s u r e

a u t o m a t i c s h u t - o f f n o z z l e s ;9 a n y f u e l t r a n s f e r s y s t e m s o p e r a t i n g w i t h i n o r

a c r o s s t h e i n t e rt id a l z o n e s h o u l d u s e v a c u u m

o p e r a t e d p u m p s , d r y b r e a k c o u p l i n g s o r d r ip

t r a y s ;

9 p r o v i s i o n f o r r e p o r t i n g a n d d e a l i n g w i t h a ll

s p i l l s ; a n d ,

9 s e c u r i ty a g a i n s t v a n d a l i s m a n d u n a u t h o r i s e d

- u s e .

4 8 Envi ronm enta l Guidelines for Marina s in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

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4 . 1 0 A m e n i t i e s

S p e c i a li s t r e q u i r e m e n t s

f o r m a r i n a s l a r g e r th a n

2 0 0 b e r t h s o r d e d i c a t e d t or a c i n g .

R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f or t h e p la n n i n g o f m a r i n a

f ac i l i t i e s , w i t h p a r t i cu l a r r e f e r en ce t o amen i t i e s a r e

g i v e n b e lo w . T h e v a l u e s q u o t e d a r e f o r a t y p i c a lc o m m e r c i a l o p e r a t i o n o f m o d e r a t e s i z e , s a y 2 00 cr a ft .

C l u b f a c i li ti e s a n d m a r i n a s b e r t h i n g a s ig n i f i c a n t

n u m b e r o f r a c in g y a c h t s w o u l d d e m a n d a g r e a t e r

n u m b e r o f t h e p a r t ic u l a r a m e n i t y.

T o il et b l o c k s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d a t c o n v e n i e n t p o i n t s .

R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r m a r i n a t o il e t f a ci li ti e s a r e g i v e n

in Table 4 .2 .

T a b l e 4 .2 T o i l e t b l o c k r e q u i r e m e n t s

i ' , i ' ,i ~ i ~ i ~ ii i ' , i ' ,' , i ' , i ' ,' , i i i i i i i ' , ii! , ! i i i i i i i,i , ' , ' ~ i i i i ' , i i i i l i i i! ! i i i i i i i i ! i i i i i ii i i ii i ' . i ! i i i i i i ii i i ' ' i ! i i i i i i i i i i i ' , i i i~ i ~ i ! i i i i i i i iii i i i ' , i i ~ i ! i ' . i ~ i~ i ' i i i i i i i i i i ~ i i i i' , i i i ! ~ i ~ i i i i i ~ i ! ~' ~ !~ i i~ ~ ' , i ~ ! ~ ~ l ! ~ i ~ i ~ l i ! ~

Toi let s

U r i n a l s

W a s h b a s in s

S h o w e r sD e e p S i n k s

I p e r 5 0 p eo p l e

I p e r 7 5 p eo p l e

I p e r 5 0 p eo p l e

I p e r 7 5 p eo p l eo n e a t e a c h b l o c k

A m e n i t ie s s h o u l d b e c lo s e

t o b e r t h s a n d e a s i l y

a c c e s s ib l e b y d i s a b l e d

p e r s o n s .

T h e r a n g e o f a m e n i t i e s w h i c h a r e p r o v i d e d a t a

m a r i n a w i l l d e p e n d u p o n t h e s iz e o f t h e m a r i n a a n d

r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e c li e nt s. M a r i n a s w i t h m o r e t h a n

5 0 p e n s s h o u l d p r o v i d e r e s t r o o m s w i t h s h o w e r s ,

b a s i n s a n d t o i l e ts c o n v e n i e n t t o th e p e n s .

I t i s u s u a l t h a t t oi le t s a n d s h o w e r s a r e p r o v i d e d ,

h o w e v e r , l a u n d r y , l o c k e r a n d s i m i l a r f a ci li ti e s m a y b e

w o r t h y o f c o n s i d e r a t io n . N O b e r t h s h o u l d b e i n e x c e s s

o f 3 00 m f r o m a n a m e n i t i e s b l oc k . A c c e s s a n d e a s e o f

u s e b y d i sa b l e d p e r s o n s s h o u l d b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e

d e s i g n a n d l o c a ti o n o f a m e n i t i e s b u i l d i n g s .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t i e s 49

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S e p t i c s y s t e m s r e q u i r e a

m i n i m u m d r a in f ie l d

s e t b a c k o f 3 5 m f r o m

s u r f a c e w a t e r .

L i v e - a b o a r d s c a n n o t

d i s c h a r g e d i r e c t l y .

W i th m a r i n a - c o n n e c t e d s e p t ic s y s t e m s , t h e p r o b l e m o f

c h e m i c a ls f ro m o n b o a r d h o l d i n g s y s t e m s m a y b e

s o l v e d b y u s i n g t w o s e p ti c s y s t e m s i n s e r ie s f o r b o t h

m a r i n a a n d p u m p - o u t u s e ( t h us i n c r e a si n g r e s id e n c e

t im e ) . A m i n i m u m d r a i n f i el d s e t b a ck o f 3 5 m f r o ms u r f a ce w a t e rs i s r e c o m m e n d e d .

N o t e t h a t i t i s G B R M P A p o l ic y t h a t a n y s e w a g e

d i s c h a r g e i n to t h e M a r i n e P a r k r e c e i v e s t e r t i a r y

t r e a t m e n t ( n u t r ie n t r e m o v a l ) . L i v e - a b o a r d v e s s e l s w i l l

t h e r e fo r e n o t b e p e r m i t t e d t o u s e d i r e c t f lo w t o i le t s

o n b o a r d .

4 .1 2 A d m i n i s t r a t i v e A r e a s

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c e n t r e

s h o u l d h a v e a g o o d v i e w

o v e r e n t i r e m a r i n a .

4 .1 3 M a i n t e n a n c e A r e a s

M a i n t e n a n c e a re a s h o u l d

a l l o w f o r o n e b o a t p e r 25

c r a f t .

M a x i m i s e l a n d w a r d l e n g t h

o f t h e s l ip .

S l i p w a y g r a d i e n t o f 1 :1 5 i s

p r e f e r r e d .

T h e e x t e n t a n d s i z in g o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a r e a s d e p e n d s

o n t h e s i z e o f t h e m a r i n a , e x t e n t o f s h o r e - b a s e d

a c ti v it ie s a n d w h e t h e r o f fi ce s f o r g o v e r n m e n t

a u t h o r it i es a re to b e p r o v i d e d . T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n

c e n tr e s h o u l d c o m m a n d a g o o d v i e w o v e r th e e n ti r e

m a r i n a f o r s a f e ty c o n s i d e r a t io n s a n d c l ie n t

m a n a g e m e n t .

A s a g u i d e , a ll o w e n o u g h a r ea f o r m a i n t e n a n c e o f o n e

a v e r a g e s i z e d b o a t p e r 2 5 c r a ft at th e m a r i n a . T h i s

w i l l v a r y d e p e n d i n g o n c r a f t t y p e s a n d t h e r a te o f

f o u l i n g . F o r i n i t ia l p l a n n i n g , p r o v i s i o n o f 5 % o f t o ta l

l a n d a r e a f or m a i n t e n a n c e is r e a s o n a b le . M a i n t e n a n c e

a r ea s s h o u l d b e l o ca te d a b o v e h i g h t i d e m a r k t o a v o i d

c o n t a m i n a t i o n o f i n c o m i n g t i d a l w a t er .

T h e l a n d w a r d l e n g th o f t h e s li p s h o u l d b e m a x i m i s e d

to p e r m i t a s m a n y b o a t s a s p o s s ib l e to b e s l i p p e d

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y . T a n d e m c r a d l e s a s s i s t i n t h i s r e g a r d

a n d a r e f a v o u r e d . T r a n s v e rs e s l i p p i n g o f s m a l l e r

b o a t s c a n i n c r e a se s l i p w a y u t i li ty .

S l i p w a y g r a d i e n t s o f 1:1 0 t o 1 :1 5 h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o

b e t h e p r a c t i c a l l i m i t s f o r m o s t s i t u a t i o n s . I n g e n e r a l ,

a g r a d i e n t o f 1 :1 5 i s p r e f e r r e d ( th e s t e e p e r g r a d i e n t s

a r e u s e f u l f o r s m a l l b o a t s o n l y ) .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t ie s 51

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P a v i n g d e s i g n m u s t a l l o w

f o r v e r y h i g h p o i n t l o a d s .

M a i n t e n a n c e a r ea d r a i n a g e

s h o u l d i n c l u d e a c o l l e c t io n

p i t .

W ast ew a t e r d i sp o sa l m a y

requ i re s p e c i f i c l i c e n s e s .

P r o v i s i o n s h o u l d b e m a d e

f o r re g u l a r c l e a n i n g o f

s l i p w a y s .

I n th e d e s i g n o f s l i p w a y s , h a r d s t a n d a n d m a i n t e n a n c e

a r ea s , t h e p a v i n g d e s i g n m u s t a l l o w fo r v e r y h i g h

p o i n t l oa d s . S u c h l o a d s a re g e n e r a t e d b e n e a t h t h e

w h e e l s o f f o r k l if t t r u c k s ( as u s e d i n d r y s t ac k s ),

h a r d s t a n d c r a d le s ( fo r s m a l l b o a t s a n d c r u is e rs ) , u n d e rk e e l c h o ck s , s l i p w a y r a i l s u p p o r t s , p a r a l l e l b o a t l i ft s

a n d s t r a d d l e t r a n s p o r te r s .

C a r e f u l a tt e n ti o n m u s t a ls o b e p a i d to d r a i n a g e a n d

d i s p o s a l o f s t o r m w a t e r a n d w a s h d o w n w a s te s .

D i s p o s a l f a c il it ie s a r e r e q u i r e d t o t a k e u s e d s u m p o i l,

h u l l s c r a p i n g s a n d o t h e r w a s t e s a s s o c ia t e d w i t h

m a i n t e n a n c e a re a s. M a i n t e n a n c e a r e a d r a i n a g e

s h o u l d t h e r e fo r e i n c l u d e a c o l le c t io n p i t f r o m w h i c h

w a s t e c a n b e r e m o v e d a n d b u n d s a r o u n d t h e a re a to

d i v e r t e x t e r n a l s t o rm w a t e r. W h e r e p o s s i b le , r e m o v e

m a r i n e g r o w t h a n d p a i n t b y m e c h a n i c a l m e a n s .

O p t i o n s f o r w a s t e w a t e r d i s p o s a l in c l u d e : p u m p o u t

p i t c o n t e n ts f o r d i s p o s a l a t a n a p p r o v e d s i te ; c o n n e c t

to s e w e r i f c o n t a m i n a n t s a re n o t h a r m f u l t o t h e

t r e a tm e n t s y s t e m (a t r a d e w a s t e p e r m i t i s r e q u i r e d ) ;

a n d d i s c h a r g e to w a t e r s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t t o a n

a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d ( a d i s c h a r g e l i c en c e i s r e q u ir e d )( re f er ' S e w a g e D i s c h a r g e s i n t o t h e G r e a t B a r r i e r R e e f

M a r i n e P a r k , G B R M P A 1 99 3').

W a s t e w a t er f r o m s l i p w a y s a ls o n e e d to b e c o n t a in e d

a n d d i s p o s e d o f, a l t h o u g h t h i s i s d i f fi c u lt . S l i p w a y s

s h o u l d b e r e g u l a rl y c le a n e d b y s w e e p i n g o r

v a c u u m i n g a n d t h e s ol id s r e m o v e d . T r ap s m a y b e

a b l e to b e i n s t a l l e d a t t h e l o w e r e n d t o c o ll e ct w a s t e s

w h i c h c a n a l so b e r e g u l a r l y re m o v e d .

52 E n v i r o n m e n t a l G u i d e l i n e s f o r M a r i n a s i n t h e G r e at B a r ri e r R e e f M a r i n e P a r k

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4 .1 4 B o a t L a u n c h i n g

F a c i l i t i e s

B o at la u n c h i n g r a m p n e e d s

s h o u l d b e i d e n t i f i e d .

D e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s a re :

L o c a t e a w a y f r o m s e n s i t i v e

a r e a s .

R e c o m m e n d e d s l o p e 1 :10 .R e c o m m e n d e d w i d t h s

4 .0 m ( s i n g l e ) a n d 3 .7 m

( m u l t i p l e ) .

A l i g n p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o

p r e d o m i n a n t w a v e s .

E x a m i n e e x i s t i n g a m e n i t y

o f p r o p o s e d a r e a .

A d e q u a t e w a t er d e p t h a t

r a m p t o e .

B o a t l a u n c h i n g r a m p s a r e r e q ui r e d a t m o s t m a r i n a

f ac il i ti e s fo r t h e l au n ch i n g an d r eco v e r y o f h i r e b o a t s ,t r an s i en t c r a f t , d i n g h i e s , b o a t s f o r s a l e an d f o r

d e l i v e r ie s f r o m m a n u f a c t u r e r s . T h e n e e d f o r s u c h

f ac i li t ie s s h o u l d f i rs t b e i d en t i f i ed .

T h e f o l l o w i n g g u i d e l i n e s c o v e r t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f

p l a n n i n g a n d d e s i g n w h i c h m a y b e m o d i f i e d t o su i t

t h e s c al e , s c o p e a n d p a r t i c u l a r p u r p o s e o f t h e m a r i n a

r a m p . S e p a r a t e ra m p s f o r d i ff e re n t p u r p o s e s m a y b e

i n d i c a t e d .

B o a t l a u n c h i n g r a m p s s h o u l d h a v e t h e f o l lo w i n g

ch a r ac t e r i s t i c s :

9 L o c a t e b o a t r a m p s a w a y f r o m se n s i ti v e a r e a s s u c h

a s s e a g r a s s b e d s o r s h e ll f is h b e d s . P r e f e r r e d a r e a s a r e

s h o re l in e s w i t h o u t w e t l a n d v e g e t a t i o n a n d a d j a c e n t to

w a t e r s w i t h a d e q u a t e n a v i g a t i o n d e p t h s .

9 T o r e d u c e r i s k o f a c c i d e n t, r a m p s l o p e s h o u l d b e1 :1 0 ( r e c o m m e n d e d ) a n d n o t e x c e e d i n g 1 :8 . F o r e a s e

o f u s e , la n e w i d t h m i n i m u m s a r e 4 .0 m ( s in g l e l a n e )

an d 3 .7 m ( mu l t i p l e l an e s ).

9 T h e e ff e c t o f w a v e s , c u r r e n t s a n d b o a t w a s h s h o u l d

b e m i n i m i s e d . T h e r a m p s h o u l d b e a l i g n ed

p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o th e p r e d o m i n a n t w a v e s s o t h a t th e

b o a t is n o t m o v e d s i d e w a y s d u r i n g l a u n c h i n g a n d

re t r i eva l .

9 I n g e n e r a l , b o a t l a u n c h i n g f ac il it ie s s h o u l d n o t b e

l o c a t e d w h e r e t h e r a m p a c ti v it ie s w i ll h a v e a n a d v e r s e

e f fe c t o n t h e e x i s t in g a m e n i t y o f t h e a r e a o r w h e r e

t h e r e w i l l b e co n f li c t w i t h o t h e r a c t i v i t ie s o f t h e

m a r i n a .

9 A d e q u a t e w a t e r d e p t h s a t t h e t o e o f t h e r a m p a t l o w

w a t e r s h o u l d a l l o w a l l t i d e b o a t l a u n c h i n g .

Design of Marina St ruc tur es and Facilities 53

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B o a r d i n g j e t t ie s o f 1 5 m

l e n g t h .

C a r m a n o e u v r i n g a r e as to

b e p r o v i d e d .

D o u b l e w i d th r am p s

r e c o m m e n d e d .

S u f f i c i e n t l i g h t i n g .

I n d i c a te r a m p l a n e s b y

p a i n t e d l i n e s .

A g r o o v e d s u r fa c e u s i n g

appropria te ra t io cement .

M a r i n e w a y s a n d h o i s t sc an b e u s e d t o m i n i m i s e

s h o r e l i n e a l te r a t io n s .

4 .1 5 A i r Q u a l i ty

Fac i l i t i es /act iv i t i es

i n v o l v i n g r e l e a s e s in t o t h ea ir s h o u l d b e p l a c e d a n d

c o n tr o l l e d to a v o i d

d 6 w n w i n d a ir q u a l it y

p r o b l e m s .

9 B o a r d i n g j e t t i e s o r p o n t o o n s s h o u l d b e n o t le s s t h a n

1 5 m i n l en g t h f o r a ll w a t e r l ev e ls .

9 S u f fi c ie n t a r e a s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d f o r a p p r o a c h

r a m p s , m a n o e u v r i n g c a rs a n d t r ai le r p a r k i n g a r e a s.

9 C o n s t r u c t i o n o f s i n g l e r a m p s s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d

w h e r e v e r p o s si b le . T h e a d d i t i o n a l c o s t o f a d o u b l e

w i d t h r a m p i s r e l a t i v e l y m i n o r c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o s t o f

c o n s t r u c t i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l l a n e a t a l a te r d a t e .

9 P r o v i d e m i n i m u m l ig h t in g f o r r a m p u s a g e .

9 R a m p l a n e s s h o u l d b e i n d i c a t e d b y p a i n t e d l in e s ,

n o t ke r b s w h i c h m a y c a u s e p r o b l e m s d u r i n g

m a n o e u v r i n g o f b o a t t r a il e rs .

9 D e e p , s q u a r e - s h o u l d e r e d g r o o v e s m o u l d e d i n to t h e

s u r f a c e a t a n a n g l e o f 4 5 d e g r e e s t o t h e r a m p c o n t o u r s.

C o n c r e t e u s e d s h o u l d b e t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 3 5 M p a ,

w i t h s l u m p o f 80 m m , w a t e r / c e m e n t r a ti o o f 0.45 a n d

20 m m m i n i m u m a g g r e g a te si ze .

A s a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o r a m p s , m a r i n e w a y s ( d o l l y ) a n dh o i s ts c a n b e u s e d t o m i n i m i s e s h o r e l in e a l t e ra t i o n s.

A m a r i n e w a y p r e c l u d e s t h e n e e d f o r a p i e r o r

d r e d g i n g a t m a r i n a s w i t h a g r a d u a l s u b m a r i n e s l o p e

a n d p e r m i t s p r e s e r v a t i o n o f a v e g e t a t e d f r in g e , w h i l e

h o i s t s r eq u i r e p i e r co n s t r u c t i o n .

A i r q u a l i t y p r o b l e m s c a n ar i se f r om : v a p o u r s f r o m

v o l a ti l e o rg a n i c s o l v e n t s u s e d i n d e g r e a s e r s , p r i m e r s ,t h i n n e r s , p a i n t s a n d a n t i f o u la n t s ; s p r a y p a i n t i n g d r if t;

d u s t f r o m a b r a s i v e b l a s t i n g , s a n d i n g , p l a n i n g , w o o d

s h a v i n g a n d s a w d u s t . P a i n t, s p r a y o d o u r s a n d d u s t

f a l lo u t c a n b e a v e r y r e a l n u i s a n c e t o n e i g h b o u r s a t t he

d e v e l o p m e n t , b u t c a n b e co n t ro l le d i n a n u m b e r o f

w a y s s u c h a s m a i n t a i n i n g a d e q u a t e s e p a r a t i o n

d i s ta n c e s b e t w e e n b o a t b u i l d i n g / m a i n t e n a n c e a r e a s

a n d n e i g h b o u r s ; r e s t r i c ti o n o n u s e o f a t o m i s e d s p r a y

g u n s w h i c h p r o d u c e l a rg e a m o u n t s o f o v e r s p r a y ;

e n c l o s in g w o r k s h o p s a n d p r o v i s i o n o f v e n t i l a t io n

w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e ; u s e o f s p r a y 'b o o t h s '; c o n d u c t o f

a b r a s iv e b l a s ti n g d u r i n g l o w w i n d c o n d i ti o n s a n d

54 E n v i r o n m e n t a l G u i d e l i n e s f o r M a r i n a s i n th e G re a t B a r r i er R e e f M a r i n e P a r k

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m i n i m i s a t i o n o f d u s t f r o m s a n d i n g b y u s e o f s u it a b le

d u s t c o l le c to r s o r i n d u s t r i a l v a c u u m c l e a n e r s .

4 . 1 6 P a r k i n g

A s s e s s m e n t o f p a r k in g

r e q u i r em e n t s s h o u l d

i n c l u d e :

9 c r a ft u s a g e p a t t e r n s

9 p u b l i c u s a g e o f o th e r

m a r i n a s e r v i c e s

9 a l t e rn a t i v e p a r k i n g

p o s s i b i l i t i e s

9 s p e c i a l p a r k i n g fo r

d i s a b l e d p e r s o n s9 a c c e s s s p e c i a l a r e a s f o r

l a r g e v e h i c l e

9 p a r k i n g f o r c a r s a n d

a t t a c h e d t r a i l e r s .

P r o v i d e p a r k i n g f o r p e o p l ew i t h a d i sa b i l it y .

P r o v i d e f o r ( a n ds e p a r a t e f r o m t h e

p u b l i c ) l a r g e a n d

c o m m e r c i a l v e h i c l e s .

A l a r g e p o r t i o n o f th e l a n d a r e a a s s o c ia t e d w i t h a

m a r i n a m a y b e r e q u i r e d f o r ca r p a r k i n g ( re f e r a l so t o

A S 3962-1991) . W he r e l a nd i s no t r e a d i l y a va i l a b l e , i t

h a s t o b e p u r c h a s e d o r r e c la i m e d . T h i s c a n a m o u n t to

a m a j o r c o s t i n a m a r i n a d e v e l o p m e n t . I n a s s e s s i n g t h e

n u m b e r o f c a r p a r k i n g s p a c es r e q u ir e d , t h e f o l l o w i n g

f a ct o rs s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d ( to g e t h e r w i t h a n y o t h e r s

w h i c h m i g h t a p p l y t o a g i v e n d e v e l o p m e n t ) :

9 s i z e a n d t yp e o f c r a f t a t be r t h s l i ke l y t o u se t he

m a r i n a ( th is r e la te s to c r e w / p a s s e n g e r n u m b e r sa n d m a i n t e n a n c e re q u i re m e n t s ) ;

9 f r e q u e n c y o f u s e o f t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f c r a ft (to

e s t a b li s h a b a s e p a r k i n g d e m a n d ) ;

9 l i k e l y u s a g e p a t t e r n s o f c r a ft d u r i n g p u b l i c

h o l i d a y s a n d s u m m e r p e r i o d s ( to e s t a b li s h p e a k

p a r k i n g d e m a n d ) ;

9 l o c a t io n o f m a r i n a s i te a n d a d j a c e n t a r e a s f o r

p a s s i v e r e c re a ti o n , t o u r i s m , e t c b y t h e p u b l i c ;

9 p r o v i s i o n o f a d e q u a t e c a r p a r k i n g f o r o t h e r

m a r i n a s e r v i ce s a n d s p e c i a l u s e a r e a s , s u c h a sr e pa i r f a c il it i es , f e r r y a n d c ha r t e r s e r v i c e s ,

r e s t a u r a n t s, s h o p s , s a i l i n g c l u b s , d r y s t o r a g e o r

f o r b o a t l a u n c h i n g r a m p f a ci li ti e s;

9 a v a i l a b il i ty o f o v e r f lo w p a r k i n g i n s u r r o u n d i n g

s t re e ts o r n e a r b y a re a s d u r i n g p e a k p e r i o d s ; a n

9 d e l i v e r y a r e as s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d a d j a c e n t t o

m a r i n a w a l k a w a y s .

P a r k i n g s p a c e s s h o u l d b e m a d e a v a i l a b le f o r p e r s o n sw i t h a d i sa b i l i t y ( r e fe r A S 1428). T he se spa c e s sh ou l d

b e w i d e r t h a n n o r m a l ( at l e as t 3 .7 m ) a n d s h o u l d b e

i d e n t i fi e d a s b e i n g r e s e r v e d f o r p e o p l e w i t h a

d i s a b i li t y . T h e y s h o u l d b e l o c a te d c l o s e t o t h e l a n d

b a s e d b u i l d i n g s a n d c o m p r i s e a t l ea s t 1% o f th e

a v a i l a b le p a r k i n g s p a c es . A l l o w a n c e s h o u l d b e m a d e

f o r p e o p l e w i t h a d i s a b i l i t y t o cr o s s k e r b s a n d ' o t h e r

obs t r uc t i ons .

A l l o w a n c e s h o u l d b e m a d e w h e r e t h e p r oj ec te da c t i v i t ie s o f the m a r i n a r e qu i r e a c c e s s f o r l a r ge

ve h i c l e s , (e .g . de l i ve r i ng sa i l o r po w e r boa t s , a nd

c r a n a g e) . W h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , d e l i v e r y a n d

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m a i n t e n a n c e v e h i c l e tr a ff i c s h o u l d b e k e p t

s e p a r a t e f r o m c a r p a r k a r e a s a n d c i r c u la t i o n

r o a d s .

M i n i m u m p a r k in gr e q u i r e m e n t s d e t a i le d

o p p o s i t e .

A s s e s s m e n t o f e a c h a s p e c t o f t h e m a r i n ad e v e l o p m e n t is n e c e ss a ry , a n d a p p r o p r i a t e c a r

p a r k i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s n e e d t o b e a s s i g ne d .

P a r k i n g m a y b e a l l o c at e d u s i n g t h e f o l lo w i n g

m i n i m u m p r o v i s i o n s :

0 .6 p a r k i n g s p a c e s p e r w e t b e r t h

0 .2 p a r k i n g s p a c e s p e r d r y s t o r a g e b e r t h

0.5 p a r k i n g s p a c e s p e r m a r i n a e m p l o y e e

0 .2 p a r k i n g s p a c e s p e r s w i n g m o o r i n g l ic e n se d

t o t h e m a r i n a

P a r k i n g a r e a d e s i g n s h o u l d c o n s i d e r m a n y f a c t o r s :

Pr o v i d e s e p a r a te a r e a s fo r

c a r p a r k i n g o n l y .

9 P r o v i d e s e p a r a t e a r e a s f o r 'c a r o n l y ' p a r k i n g , a n d

p r o v i d e s u f fi c i en t c a r a n d t r a il e r p a r k i n g t o m e e t

p r oj e ct e d d e m a n d s f o r n o r m a l u s a g e .

A l l o w f o r d r i v e -t h r o u g h

p a r k i n g s p a c e s .

9 D e s i g n d r i v e - t h r o u g h p a r k i n g s p a c e s f o r e a s e of

m a n o e u v r i n g c a r a n d t ra i le r c o m b i n at i o ns .

L o c a te p a r k i n g c l o s e to th e

r a m p o r p r o v i d e a l o a d i n g

z o n e .

9 L o c a t e p a r k i n g a s c l o s e as p o s s ib l e t o t h e r a m p s u c h

t h a t a ll p a r k i n g s p a c e s a r e n o m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 m a w a y .

I f t h i s is n o t p o s s i b l e a l o ad i n g z o n e s h o u l d b e

p r o v i d e d c l os e t o t h e r i g g i n g a n d w a s h a r e a s .

A l l o w e m e r g e n c y v e h i c l e

a c c e s s .

9 P r o v i d e e a s y a c c e s s f o r e m e r g e n c y v e h i c le s t o ' h i g h

r i sk ' a r e a s s u c h a s w o r k s h o p s .

A v o i d l a r g e a s p h a l t e d a r e as

th r o u g h u s e o f g r e e n a r e a s .

9 A v o i d l a r g e a s p h a l t e d e x p a n s e s t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f

g r e e n a r e a s . G r e e n a r e a s i n t h e f o r m o f s t r i p s o r

i s l a n d s m a y b e u s e d a s a m e a n s o f c o n t r o ll i n g t r a ff ic

a n d t r a il e r p a r k i n g a r e a s .

Gr ass tra i ler parking areas . 9 E x p e r ie n c e h a s s h o w n t h a t g r as s c a n w i t h s t a n d

t ra i le r lo a d s w i t h o u t u n d u e d a m a g e a n d t h e re f o re i t is

r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a ll t r a il e r p a r k i n g a r e a s b e g r a s s e d .

P r o v i d e o v e r f l o w g r a s s e d

p a r k i n g a r e a s.9 P r o v i d e o v e r f lo w g r a s s e d p a r k i n g a r e a s w h e r e v e r

p o s s i b l e .

56 E n v i r o n m e n t a l G u i d e l i n e s f o r M a r i n a s i n th e G r e a t B a rr i e r R e e f M a r i n e P a r k

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R o u t e p a r k i n g r u n o f f v ia

l a n d s c a p e d a r e a s .

E n s u r e a h i g h s t a n d a r d o f

a r c h i t e c t u r a l t r e a t m e n t .

C l e a r ly s i g n p o s t p a r k i n g

c o n t r o l s .

D e s i g n i n a c c or d a n ce w i t h

l o c a l c o u n c i l r e g u l a t i o n s .

P l a n s u f f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y t o

c o p e w i t h f u t u r e d e m a n d .

4 . 1 7 C o m m e r c i a l F a c i l i t i e s

A p p r o p r i a t e b a l a n c e o f

c o m m e r c i a l f a c i l i t i e ss h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d .

4 .1 8 R e v e t m e n t D e s i g n

P l a c e r e v e t m e n t s a s f a r

u p l a n d a s p o s s i b l e .

U s e s l o p i n g r e v e t m e n t s

w h e r e p o s s i b l e .

9 E n c o u r a g e r u n o f f fr o m p a v e d a r ea s t o n o u r i s h

a d j a c en t s it e la n d s c a p i n g , r a t h e r t h a n p i p i n g t h e

r u n o f f a w a y f r o m t h e s it e.

9 U n d e r t a k e a h i g h s t a n d a r d o f a r c h i te c t u r a l

t r e a t m e n t ( b o t h s t r u c t u r a l a n d l a n d s c a p e ) i n o r d e r t h a t

t h e ca r p a r k i n g a r e a d o e s n o t d e t r a c t f r o m t h e v i s u a l

a p p e a l o f a m a r i n a .

9 P a r k i n g a r e a s w i l l b e e n h a n c e d i f a s e t o f r u l e s f o r

t ra f fi c a r e a d o p t e d a n d c l e a r l y s i g n p o s t e d .

9 D e s i g n p a r k i n g i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h l o ca l co u n c i l

r e g u l a t i o n s .

9 T h e b o a t l a u n c h i n g f a c i l it y s h o u l d , i f p o s s i b l e , b e

d e s i g n e d a n d l o c at e d s u c h t h a t f u tu r e l a n d a n d w a t e r

b a s ed e x p a n s i o n s to t he l a u n c h i n g r a m p m a y b e

p o s s i b l e a s a r e s u l t o f i n c r e a s e d d e m a n d .

A p p r o p r i a t e c o m m e r c i a l f a c il it ie s a r e o f t e n e s s e n t i a l t o

t h e f i n a n c i a l v i a b i l i t y o f a m a r i n a . T h e y c a n a l s oc o m p ' l e m e n t t h e m a r i n a a n d i n t u r n t h e m a r i n a

a c t iv i t ie s o f t e n a d d v a l u e t o c o m m e r c i a l

d e v e l o p m e n t s .

B r e a k w a t e r s o r r e v e tm e n t s a re u s e d t o a b s o r b a n d

r ef le ct w a v e e n e r g y a w a y f r o m t h e m a r i n a a n d t o

p r o te c t b o a t s w i t h i n t he m a r i n a b a s in . R e v e t m e n t s

s h o u l d b e s i t u a te d a s f a r u p l a n d a s p o s s i b l e a n d

p r o v i d e a c c es s w a y s o v e r w e t l a n d s t o a v o i d s h a l l o w

i n t e r t i d a l a r ea s .

S l o p i n g r e v e t m e n t s ( s ta i r- s te p o r s l o p e d 4 5 ~ o r l e s s )

a n d v e g e t a t e d r e v e t m e n t s p r o v i d e b e t t er h a b i t a t a n d

p r o t e c t i o n f o r ju v e n i l e fi s h a n d a r e p r e f e r a b l e t o

v e r t i c a l w a l l s , w h e r e f e a s ib l e . I f v e r t i c a l w a l l s a r e

n e ce s sa r y, t h e y s h o u l d c o n t a i n w e e p h o l e s c o v e r e d

w i t h a f i l te r cl o t h .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t i e s 57

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A s s e s s m e n t o f a s u i ta b l e

d e s i g n s h o u l d i n c lu d e

h y d r o g r a p h i c a n d

g e o t e c h n i c a l s u r v e y s .

4 . 1 9 A e s t h e t i c s

U s e s l o p i n g r ip r ap w a l l sf o r l a n d m a r g i n

s t a b i l i s a t i o n .

4 .2 0 B o a t C l e a r a n c e s f r o mR e v e t m e n t s a n d Q u a y s

A l l o w 1 .0 m c l e a r a n c e fr o m

b o a t s t e r n to p o i n t o f

m i n i m u m d e p t h o n s l o p in g

r e v e t m e n t a n d a s i m i l a r

v a l u e f r o m b o a t s t e r n to

q u a y w a l l .

4 .2 1 F i x e d M o o r i n g s

A w a v e h e i g h t r a ng e of

0 .5 m t o 0 .6 m i s c o m m o n l y

a d o p t ed a s t h e m a x i m u m

f o r f i x e d m o o r i n g s y s t e m s .

S o li d b r e a k w a t e r s c a n r e d u c e w a t e r c i r c u la t io n a n d

a f fe c t w a t e r q u a l it y . D e s i g n o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s s h o u l d

t h e r e f o re i n c l u d e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f n a t u r a l c u r r e n t a n d

s e d i m e n t f lo w , w a v e p a t t e r n s a n d o v e r al l f lu s h i n g

c h a r a c te r i st i c s. A d d i t i o n a l it e m s w h i c h s h o u l d b ec o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s i g n o f a b r e a k w a t e r i n c l ud e : t i d a l

r a n g e ; w a t e r d e p t h s ; s t a b il i ty o f t h e s t r u c t u r e

( p e r m i s s ib l e d a m a g e l e v e ls ); o v e r t o p p i n g ; a v a i l a b il i ty

o f s u i t a b le r o c k o r u s e o f c o n c r e te a r m o u r ; a n d

f o u n d a t i o n s t ab i l i t y .

T h e m a r i n a d e s i g n e r s h o u l d a i m t o m a x i m i s e

v e g e t a t e d l a n d s c a p i n g . I f t h e l a n d m a r g i n n e e d s

s t a b il i sa t i o n, a s l o p i n g r i p r a p w a l l w i t h u n d e r l y i n g

f il te r c l o th i s p r e f e r r e d . T h e s e h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f

m a x i m i s i n g h a b i t a t n i ch e c r e at io n , e c o n o m y a n d

r e d u c t i o n o f w a v e r e fl e c t a n c e p r o b l e m s . I n s o m e

c a s e s, s t a b il i s in g w a l l s h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l ly

v e g e t a t e d w i t h m a n g r o v e p l a n t i n g s t o p r o v i d e

s t r e n g t h a n d s o f t e n t h e v i s u a l i n t r u s i o n o f s u c h w a l l s .

T h e w a t e r a r e a a v a i l a b l e f o r b e r t h s i s s t r o n g l y

i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e r e v e t m e n t o r q u a y w a l l t r e a t m e n t .

A l l o w t y p i ca l l y 1 .0 m c l ea r an ce f r o m b o a t s t e r n t o

p o i n t of m i n i m u m d e p t h o n s lo p i n g re v e t m e n t a n d a

s i m i l a r v a l u e f r o m b o a t s te r n t o q u a y w a l l . C r a f t w i t h

t r a n so m h u n g r u d d e r s o r d ee p s k e g r u d d e r s m a y

r e q u i r e g r e a t e r c l e a r a nc e . F o r s l o p e d r e v e t m e n t s , t h e

d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e b a n k t o t h e b o a t s h o u l d b e

m i n i m i s e d . T h e f u r t h e r t h e b o a t f r o m t he b a n k , t h e

l o n g e r t h e w a l k w a y a n d t h e m o r e d i f f ic u l t t h e a cc e ss .

M o o r i n g s t r u c tu r e s w i t h i n a m a r i n a s h o u l d b e

d e s i g n e d f o r t h e w a v e c l i m a t e w i t h i n t h e h a r b o u r ,

r e l a t e d t o a n a p p r o p r i a t e r e t u r n p e r i o d . M o o r i n g s a r e

o f t e n a n c h o r e d u s i n g p i l e s ( a f ix e d m o o r i n g ) . A w a v eh e i g h t r a n g e o f 0 .5 m t o 0 .6 m i s c o m m o n l y a d o p t e d a s

t h e m a x i m u m f or f ix e d m o o r i n g s y s t e m s . I t is

i m p o r t a n t t o b e a w a r e t h a t w h il e t he m o o r i n g s y s t e m

58 Environmental Guidelines for Marinas in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

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4 .2 2 F l o a t i n g M o o r i n g s

F l o a ti n g m o o r i n g s w h e r e

w a v e h e i g h t i s l e s s t h a n

0 .3 m , w a t e r d e p t h i s

e x c e s s i v e , s e a b e d i s

u n s u i t a b l e f o r p i l i n g s o r

e s t a b l i s h m e n t c o s t s a r e

p r o h i b i t i v e .

F o u r m a j o r t y p e s :

m a y n o t b e d a m a g e d b y l o a d in g s i m p o s e d b y 0 .5 to

0 .6 m w a v e s , t h e cr af t m a y s u f f e r d a m a g e t o m o o r i n g

c lea t s o r o the r f i t t i ngs .

F l o a ti n g m o o r i n g s y s t e m s a r e g e n e r a l l y u s e d i n

h a r b o u r s w i t h s m a l l w a v e h e i g h ts . A w i d e l y a c c e p te d

p r a c t ic e f o r t h e d e s i g n o f w a v e p r o t e c t io n i n s m a l l

c ra ft h a r b o u r s i n c o r p o r a t in g f l o a t in g m o o r i n g s y s t e m s

h a s b e e n t h a t w a v e h e i g h t s ( w i t h i n t h e h a r b o u r )

s h o u l d n o t e x ce e d 0.3 m . F l o a ti n g m o o r i n g s y s t e m s

a r e al s o u s e d i n si te s w i t h e x c e s s i v e w a t e r d e p t h s ,

u n s u i t a b l e s e a b e d c o n d i ti o n s , o r p r o h i b i t i v e p i l in g

e s t a b l i s h m e n t c o st s.

T h e f lo a t in g m o o r i n g u s e s a n a n c h o r i n g s y s t e m o f

e i the r :

C l u m p w e i g h t

A n c h o r e d

P i l e d r i v e n

A u g e r m o o r i n g s .

R e q u i r e p e r i o d i c s u r v e y

a n d m a j o r m a i n t e n a n c e o r

repa ir in 15 -20 years .

9 c o n c r e te o r s t e el c l u m p m o o r i n g s c o n s i s t i n g o f a

s e ri es o f w e i g h t s c o n n e c t e d b y c h a i n s a n d c o n n e c t e d

to t h e p o n t o o n s b y a n c h o r l i n e s, u s u a l l y w i t h

i n t e r m e d i a t e d r a g p l a t e s o r w e i g h t s t o r e d u c e s h o c k

l oa ds ;

9 c o m m e r c i a l a n c h o r s y s t e m s ;

9 a n c h o r p i l e s d r i v e n i n t o t h e s e a b e d a n d c u t o f f a t o r

n e a r b e d l ev e l, c o n n e c t ed to t h e p o n t o o n s b y a n c h o r

l in e s , a l so w i t h i n t e r m e d i a t e d r a g p l a t e s o r w e i g h t s .

T h i s s y s t e m i s u s e d w h e r e w a t e r d e p t h s m a k e f u l l

l e n g t h p il e s u n e c o n o m i c a l ; o r

9 s c r e w o r a u g e r m o o r i n g s .

S cr ew a n d a u g e r m o o r i n g s r eq u ir e m o r e m a i n t e n a n c e

t h a n a p i l e d s y s t e m . P e r i o d i c s e r v i c i n g b y d i v e r s i s

r e q u ir e d . H o w e v e r , t h e y h a v e b e e n s h o w n t o w o r k

e f f ec t ive l y . T h e w o r k i ng l i fe o f f loa t i ng s t r uc t u r e s i s

g e n e r a l l y s h o r te r t h a n t h a t o f fi x e d s tr u c t u r e s , w i t h

m a j o r m a i n t e n a n c e o r r e p l a c e m e n t t y p i c a l l y r e q u i r e d

w i t h i n 15 to 20 ye a r s o f in s t a l l a t i on .

D e s i g n o f M a r i n a S t r u c t u r e s a n d F a c i l i t i e s 59

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4 .2 3 C h o i c e o f M a t e r i a l s

S e l e c t m a t e r i a l s f o r t h e ir

r e s i s t a n c e t o d e g r a d a t i o n

a n d c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t ho t h e r m a t e r i a l s .

T h e s e l e c t io n o f m a t e r i a l s f o r al l s t r u c t u r a l , b u o y a n c y

a n d c l a d d i n g e l e m e n t s o f m a r i n a s s h o u l d b e g i v e n

c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t io n . T h e e n v i r o n m e n t i s e x t r e m e l ya g g r e s s i v e a t m a r i n a s f r o n t i n g s e a w a t e r . T h e f a c t o rs

w h i c h i n f lu e n c e t h e s e l e c t io n o f m a t e r i a l s a r e

e x p o s u r e o r v u l n e r a b i l i t y t o :

a t ta c k b y m a r i n e o r g a n i s m s ( e.g . s h i p w o r m s ,

b a r n a c l e s , a l g ae ) ; t i d a l zo n e co n d i t i o n s ; s t r e s s

r ev e r s a l o r f l u c t u a t i o n ; f a t ig u e ; co r r o s i o n ; e r o s i o n ;

w e a r ( e. g. a t h i n g e s d u e t o c o n s t a n t m o v e m e n t ) ;

s p i l l ag e o f s o l v en t s ; f i re h az a r d ; an d e l ec t r o l y ti c

c o r r o s i o n d u e t o t h e c o n n e c t i o n o f i n c o m p a t i b l e

m a t e r i a l s . M a t e r i a l s s h o u l d b e s e l e c te d h a v i n g r e g a r d

t o t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h o t h e r m a t e r i a l s t o w h i c h

t h e y m a y b e c o n n e c t e d .

A d h e r e to A u s t r a li a n

S t a n d a r d S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f or

m a t e r i a l s .

P e t r o l e u m r e s i s t a n t

p o l y s t y r e n e to b e u s e d i n

f o a m s t r u ct u r e s.

M i n i m i s e w a t e r p r o o f e d

a r e a s .

A v o i d t h e u s e o f

a n t i f o u l i n g p a i n ts

w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e .

A u s t r a l i a n S t a n d a r d s S p e c i fi c a ti o n s e x i st f o r t h e

m a j o r i t y o f c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e s e s h o u l d

b e u s ed . T h e l i s t i s t o o l a r g e f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h is

d o c u m e n t . S t a n d a r d s a r e o b t a in a b l e fr o m th e

S t a n d a r d s A s s o c i a t i o n o f A u s t r a l i a , 8 0 A r t h u r S t r ee t ,N o r t h S y d n e y 2 06 0.

F o a m s t r u c t u re s s h o u l d b e m a d e o f p e t r o l e u m

r e s is t a n t p o l y s t y r e n e f o a m r a t h e r t h a n e x p a n d e d b e a d

f o am - i t l a s t s l o n g e r , h a s g r ea t e r co h es i o n an d b e t t e r

f o u l i n g r e s i s t an ce .

W a t e r p ro o f e d ( c o n c r e t e / b i t u m e n ) a r e a s s h o u l d b e

m i n i m i s e d . G r a v e l o r s h e ll g ri t s u r f a c i n g i s a n

a t t r a c t i v e a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o p r i a t e i n m a n y i n s t a n c e s

a n d h a s b e n e f i t s o f d e c r e a s i n g r u n o f f v e lo c it y ,

i n c r e a s i n g i n f i l t r a t i o n a n d a l l o w i n g s u s p e n d e d s o l i d s

t o s e tt l e o u t o f r u n o f f w a t e r .

W h i le w o o d p r e s e r v a t i v e s u c h a s C C A a r e s u it a b le ,

a n t i f o u l i n g p a i n t s w i l l n o t b e a p p r o v e d f o r u s e o n

n o n - b o a t f a ci li ti e s i n t h e G B R M P u n l e s s i t c a n b e

s h o w n t h a t t h e y d o n o t r el e as e h e a v y m e t a l s in t o th e

w a t e r . I f t h e u s e o f c re o s o t e is n e c e s s a r y t h e n u s eG r a d e I n o t 2 o r 3.

60 Env iro nme nta l Guidelines for Marinas in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

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4 . 24 S a f e t y R e q u ir e m e n t s

Incorporate safety features

in t o d e s ign .

A m a r i n a f a c i li ty s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d w i t h

c o n s i d e r a t i o n g i v e n t o s a f e t y so a s to r e d u c e t h e r i s k

o f i n j u r i e s a n d d a m a g e t o l if e a n d p r o p e r t y . I f s a f e t yf e a t u re s a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n to t h e i n i t i a l d e s i g n o f t h e

m a r i n a it w i l l u l ti m a t e l y f a c il it at e s it e m a n a g e m e n t

a n d r e d u c e s a f e ty h a z a r d s t h a t o t h e r w i s e a r is e d u e t o

p o o r p l a n n i n g . W h e n p l a n n i n g th e m a r i n a l a y ou t , t h e

d e s i g n e r s h o u l d e n s u r e e a s y a c ce s s f o r p e o p l e w i t h a

d i s a b i l i t y i s p r o v i d e d t o a l l a r e a s o f t h e m a r i n a . S t e p s

s h o u l d b e a v o i d e d w h e r e v e r p o s s i b le .

Design of Marina Stru ctur es and Facilities 61