4616192 the-present-tense-between-english-and-arabic-a-comparative-by-abdulbaseer-jamal-eid

ZARQA PRIVATE UNIVERSITY

2006

<The Present Tense Between

English and Arabic: A Comparative

Study

Submitted by :T. Abdulbaseer Jamal Eid

This paper is meant to show the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic present tense.

Jordan Amman 962788120771+

[email protected]

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December 1, 2006 THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY

بسم الله الرحمنالرحيم

قال تعالى:

} يا أيها الناس إنا خلقناكم

من ذكر وأنثى و جعلناكم

شعوبا وقبآئل لتعارفوا إن

أكرمكم عند ال أتقاكم

إن ال علم خبير{

Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

I am Abdulbaseer Eid. I was born in Lebanon. I have finished my secondary school in Zarqa city Jordan in 2003. I faced many difficulties in learning English at the beginning during my study at school so I decided to concentrate on studding English language and to be specialist in this language in order to make it easy for Arabic students to learn it. I became a student in Zarqa Private University immediately after I had finished my secondary school. During my study, I wrote three researches in English language; "The Sound Systems between English and Arabic: a Comparative Study", "The Present Tense between English and Arabic: a comparative Study", and "English foundational Grammar". The idea that emerged from the first two researches is to make studding English familiar to our Arabic students because they deal with the similarities and the differences between English and Arabic language.

I have graduated from my University and I employed immediately at Al-Omareyah Schools in Amman. I am happy in working there because it has has a wide reputation with its excellent teaching with Islamic vision. I have taken many courses that deal with my work as a teacher and I have given there a preliminary TOFEL levels.

Now I am still working on myself. I am doing my higher Diploma in ICT "Information Communication Technology" in Education under the umbrella of Yarmouk University/Jordan and INHOLLAND University/ The Netherlands. In addition; I am also I am about to finish a book under the title of "The Easy Way to the High Education' this material is prepared for Al-Tawjihe Students in Jordan. It contains all the passages with a sufficient package of questions to promote students understanding "The sky is the limit to what I can do" is my slogan.

Teacher Abdulbaseer Jamal Eid

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صدق الله العظيم

"13سورة الحجرات / آيه رقم "Dedication

To those people who mean something to me…

To those who have touched my life in one way or another…

To those who make me smile when I really need it….

To those that make me see the brighter side when I am really down…

To those who I want to let them know that I appreciate their love and

support…

My Dear Father, Mother…

My wife…

To All of my family…

My sisters, Brothers …

To My friends whom I have non-forgettable moments with them…

Those who share me the moments of pleasure and labor…

Abed Al-Qader,Khaleel, Qabas …


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I dedicate this work.

Acknowledgment

I am very much indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Mua'yyed Jum'a. Without his invaluable suggestions, helps, patience and continuous guidance, I might not have complete this research in its present shape.

Special thanks are addressed to all the people who have helped me throughout my work and support me in every way they could.

My appreciation goes also to my family for their support, and guiding me through my educational journey.


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The Abstract

This paper is meant to show the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic present tense.

The first chapter shows the four forms of the present tense in English; present simple, present continuous, present perfect and perfect continuous. English like all languages; it is full of problems for the foreign learner. Some of these points are easy to explain like the form of the verb in each type of these tenses, or the spilling of the third person singular for the present simple tense. But other problems are more tricky and cause difficulty even for advance students and teachers like the use of these tenses above. E.g. present simple may give past meaning and future meaning not only present meaning. However, this chapter shows the use of each type in an easy way to be understandable for the readers in different level.

The second chapter shows the main types of the Arabic present tense and the conjugation of the Arabic present tense in an easy way, showing to the readers the agreement between the subject and verb in the Arabic present tense, and how it changes the form of the verb. Moreover, this chapter shows the cases of the Arabic present tense; Inflection Case and Non-inflection Case, and the use of the Arabic present tense.


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The third chapter shows the differences and similarities between English and Arabic present tense, in the use and the form, by using explanations and examples from the two languages to be clear to the readers to note the differences and the similarities.


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List of Contents Page Number

Chapter 1.The Present Tense in English1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………....................... 11.2 Present Simple Tense……………………………………………………. 2

1.2.1. The definition of the Present Simple Tense…………………….. 21.2.2. The Form of the Present Simple Tense……………………... 21.2.3. Spelling of the third person singular forms…………………….. 31.2.4. Pronunciation of the third person singular forms…………….. 31.2.5. The Use of the Present Simple Tense…………………………….. 4

1.2.5.1. Present Simple refers to the Present Time…………….............................................................................. 4

1.2.5.2. Using Simple Present Tense to refer to the future meaning……………………………………………………………

6

1.2.5.3. Using Present Simple to refer to the past meaning…………………………………………………………… 7

1.3. Present Continuous Tense………………………………………….. 81.3.1. The Definition of the Present Continuous Tense………………… 81.3.2. The Use of Present Continuous Tense…………………………….. 9

1.3.2.1. Present continuous tense for action happening now………… 91.3.2.2. Present continuous tense for the future…………………......... 9

1.4. Present Perfect Tense: (Past Time)…………………………............. 101.4.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense…………………… 101.4.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Tense………………………… 101.4.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Tense………………………….. 10

1.4.3.1. Finish events connect with the present………................... 10 1.4.3.2. Finished events: new……………………………………….. 11

1.4.3.3. Finished events with expressions of 'time up to now'… 111.4.3.4. Repetition and continuation to now………………….......... 111.4.3.5. Time not mentioned…………………………………............. 11

2.5. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense: (Past Time)….........….. 122.5.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Continuous…………... 122.5.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense……...... 122.5.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous…………………. 12

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Chapter 2.The Present Tense in Arabic………………………………. 13

2.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 132.2. The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense……………………… 142.3. The inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense………………… 16

2.3.1. Subjunctive Case (حالة النصب)…………………………………………… 162. 3.2.2. Jussive Case (حالة الجزم)…………………………………………………….. 16

2.3.3. Nominative Case (حالة الرفع)……………………………………………… 172.4. The Non-inflection of the Arabic Present Tense……………………. 172.4. The Use of the Arabic Present Tense…………………………………….. 18

2.4.1 Statements of Fact…………………………………………………………… 182.4.2. Habitual Activities…………………………………………………………… 182.4.3. Present Situations……………………………………………………………. 182.4.4. Progressive Situations……………………………………………………… 19

Chapter 3. The Similarities and the Differences between the English and Arabic Present Tense……………………………………………. 20

3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 203.2. English Simple Present and Arabic Present Tense……………… 213.3. English Present Progressive and Arabic Present Tense………… 223.4. The English Present Perfect and the Arabic Present Tense… 243.5. The English Present Perfect Progressive and Arabic Present Tense ………………………………..………………………………………………………….. 25

Chapter 4. The Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 26

Appendix………………………………………………………………………………. 27

English Bibliographies………………………………………………………... 35

Arabic Bibliographies…………………………………………………………. 56

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List of TablesPage

Number

Table 1.1 The Form of the Present Simple Tense………………………………… 2Table 1.2 Affirmative, Question and Negative form of the Simple Present Tense…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

Table 1.3 Spelling of the third person singular…………………………………… 3Table 1.4 The most common of the non-progressive verbs………………….. 5Table 1.5 The structure of the present continuous tense…………………….. 8Table 1.6 The structure of the present perfect tense………………………….. 10Table 1.7 The structure of the present perfect continuous tense……………. 12Table 2.1 The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense………………………. 15


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Chapter: oneThe Present Tense in English

1.1 Introduction:

Time is frequently perceived as a continuum with three main divisions: past, present, and future. The past and future times are defined in relation to the present time (now). Past tense refers to any time before the present time, and future tense refers to any time after the present. Not all languages perceive this relationship as a linear one, nor do these categories characterize all possible times. Tense, then, is a grammatical expression of time reference. The correlation between tense and time is not necessarily one-to-one; languages do not recognize as many oppositions of tense as they have conceptions of time. English has past, present, and future times, but only a past and a non-past opposition of tense. (encyclopedia Britannica: 2004)

In English we, have For Basic Tenses that refer to the present time, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, and Perfect Continuous.

It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time. For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time: 'I hope it rains tomorrow.' "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow). The verb form that usually indicates present time is here used to indicate future time. Other example "That will be $5.00, please." The second sentence, the verb form usually indicating future time is here used to indicate present time. Also past tense does not always refer to past time: 'If I had some money now, I could buy it.' "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now), but The past form of the verb generally refers to past time, to a narrated event prior to the speech event. (ibid)


http://search.eb.com/eb/topic?idxStructId=222908&typeId=13







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1.2 Present Simple Tense:

1.2.1. The definition of the Present Simple Tense:

The tense of a verb that expresses action or state in the present time and is used of what occurs or is true at the time of speaking and of what is habitual or characteristic or is always or necessarily true, that is sometimes used to refer to action in the past, and that is sometimes used for future events. (Merriam-Webster: 2003)

The natural and most frequent use of the present tense is in contexts of present time, whether actual (The door is open) or habitual (The door is always open / Paris is the capital of France). It is also used of past events in certain contexts, such as newspaper headlines (Clinton says he is sorry) and in narrative. (Allen: 1999)

1.2.2. The Form of the Present Simple Tense:

FUNCTIONSEXAMPLESYMPOLFORM(a) all the present tense except 3rd person singular.I/you/we/they call every day.

call drink put

V(1)base

3rd person singular present tense: He/she/it calls every day.

calls drinksputs

V-s(2) –s form (3rd

person singular present)

Table 1.1 The Form of the Present Simple TenseAdopted from Quirk et al. (1973)


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NegativeQuestionAffirmative

I don't work.You don't work.They don't work.We don't work. He doesn't work.She doesn't work.

Do I work?Do you work?Do they work?Do we work?Does he work?Does she work?

I work.You work.They work.We work.He works.She works.

Table 1.2 Affirmative, Question and Negative form of the Simple Present Tense

Adopted from Swan (1992)

1.2.3. Spelling of the third person singular forms:

work-workssit-sitsstay-stays

Most verbs:Add-s to infinitive

cry-crieshurry-hurriesreply-replies

Verbs ending in consonant + y: Change y to i and add -es

miss- missesbuzz-buzzeswatch-watchespush-pushesfix-fixes

Verbs ending in –s, -ch, -sh, or –x:Add-es to infinitive

have-hasgo-goesdo-does

Exceptions:

Table 1.3 Spelling of the third person singularAdopted from Swan (1992)

1.2.4. Pronunciation of the third person singular forms:

"The present allomorphs are also similar to the plural allomorphs. They belong to the present morpheme added to the base verb when subject is third person singular e.g. … he goes" (Alkhuli, M. 2005: )

1. "After one of the hissing sounds (/s/, /z/, / č /, / š /, /ž/, and / ĵ /) pronounced /iz/. E.g., watch/watches.


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2. After any other voiceless sound (/p/, /f/, /Ө /, /t/, /k/, /h/) pronounced /s/. E.g. sit/sits.

3. If the singular final is voiced, the allomorph is /z/, e.g. go/goes stay/stays." (ibid: )

1.2.5. The Use of the Present Simple Tense:

According to the definition of the Present Simple Tense it refer to the present time, but in some cases we use it to refer for future time or even past time. However, we are going to explain each case alone.

1.2.5.1. Present Simple refer to the Present Time:a. Statements of Fact:

To express scientific statement of fact indicating that something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. In addition, it refers to express general statements of fact referring to actins and states that are expected to remain for a long time. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 64)

1. The earth revolves around the sun.2. Gold is a shining metal.3. Khalid runs a factory.4. Ali is a baker.

b. Present Situations:

With English Verbs that are not usually used in the progressive tenses, the simple present may indicate situations that exist right now, at the moment of speaking. (ibid: 68)

There are a number of verbs in English that we cannot normally be used in continuous forms. They frequently describe states of being, thinking, possessing or feeling:

5. Most people don't believe in the existence of ghosts.(Not: most people aren't believing in the existence of ghosts.)Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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6. -I like tea. (Not: I'm liking this tea.)

7 .I think that the world's problems are getting worse.8 .It weighs 100 kilos .

9. The sign means 'stop' (Foley and Hall, 1988: 47)

be, consist of, contain, exist.Verbs of existing or beingbelong to, have(= own), include, lack, own, possess.

Verbs of possessing

Adore, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like, love, need, pity, prefer, trust, want, and wish.

Verbs of feeling or wanting

Believe, doubt, expect, feel, (= think), forget, imagine, intend, know, realize, recognize, remember, see (=understand), suppose, think, understand.

Verbs of thinking or believing

appear, resemble, seem.Verbs of appearanceconcern, depend, deserve, fit, matter, measure, mean, mind, weigh.

Other verbs

Table 1.4 The Most Common of the Non-Progressive VerbsAdopted from Foley and Hall (2003)

We use Present Simple to describe series of events and actions: usual in radio commentary on sport. It is instantaneous.

10. Ali kicks off, Zidan passes to Henry, Henry cuts.11. From here you cross the road, go through an Iron Gate

and follow the path west.12. First I take a bowl and break two eggs into it, next...etc.

(ibid: 46)c. Repeated action or events: expressing habitual activities:

We use the simple present with adverbs of frequency like: (always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, every…etc).Similarly, we use in Arabic some expressions to give adverbs meaning of frequency like:


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13. I play tennis every week.14. Ahmad always eats a sandwich for lunch.

(Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 66)

1.2.5.2. Using Simple Present Tense to refer to the future meaning:

We can use the present simple to talk about timetabled events, subordinate clauses, without using future forms provided it refers to the future, with as and than present and future are possible, and in some informal style. (Swan,M., 1995: 460)

a. Timetabled events: When an event is on a schedule or timetable (for example, the take-off time for a plane), we often use the present simple to express the future. We usually also use a future word (expressed or understood) like tomorrow, at 6.30pm, next week. Only a few verbs are used in this way, for example: be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, and return. (ibid: 460)

15. The bus arrives at 11.45 16. I start my new job tomorrow. 17. The summer term starts on April 10. 18. What time does the bus arrive in Seattle?19. My plane is at three o'clock.

We can also use the present simple to give suggestions by using "why don’t you …?"

20.Why don’t we go to library tomorrow?(ibid:460)

b. Subordinate clauses: Present tenses are often used instead of will + infinitive to refer to the future in subordinate clauses. This happens not only after conjunctions of time like 'when',' until', 'after', 'before', 'as soon as', but most other subordinate clauses-for instance after 'if', 'wither', and 'on condition that', after question words and relatives, and in indirect speech. (ibid: 556)

21. I'll tell you what I find out. (NOT…I'll tell you what I will find out.) (ibid: 556)


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c. With as and than present and future are both possible to use in the sentence to refer for future:

22. He will be on the same bus as we are/will tomorrow.23. We will get the station sooner than you do/will.

(ibid: 557)d. After certain expressions: in case, I hope, I bet, it does not matter…etc.

24. I hope you enjoy your time. 25. I bet he passes the exam. 26. It does not matter where we spend our holiday.27. It does not care who comes. (ibid: 557)

1.2.5.3. Using Present Simple to refer to the past meaning:

Some times, we use Present Simple form to refer to past meaning but this case is on common use, it is just in some cases like headlines in the newspapers or in narrative. (Foley and Hall: 1988, 47)

a. I hear… with that-clause: The simple present tense form is used with a perfect or past meaning in introductory expressions like (I hear, I see, I gather, I understand) are often used to introduce pieces of news which one has heard, read or seen on television.

28. I hear that your sister is expecting a baby.29. I see (that) the police are going to attack.30. I hear you're getting married.31. I see there's been trouble down at the shop.

Understand and gather are often used when the speaker is checking information. We use the present simple form to refer to the past meaning. (ibid: 246)

32. 'I understand you're moving to a new job.' 'Yes, that's right.'

33. 'I gather you didn't like the party.' 'What makes you say that?'

34. I gather Peter's looking for a job. (ibid: 246)b. Quotations are often introduced with…says 'in

narrative'.


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35. No doubt, you all remember what Hamlet says about suicide.

36. It says in the paper that petrol's going up again. (ibid: 559)

c. The simple present can be used to express the past events in newspaper headlines to give more immediacy to the event: (Foley and Hall, 1988: 47)

37. Abbas tries to curb Hamas building in West Bank.38. Iran suggests talks with West amid fading Prospects for

UN sanctions.39. Bomber Kills Iraqi shoppers despite Mecca peace call.40. Sharia judges thank king for land allocation.41. Rice gets Russia assurances on N.Korea.42. Ministry downgrades factory for violating workers'

rights.43. Prince Hassan pays Ramadan visit to Bahrain.

(THE JORDAN TIMES 2003: October, 22)

1.3. Present Continuous Tense:

1.3.1.The Definition of the Present Continuous Tense:'The tense that you use to refer to actions or events that are happening now or developing.' The Form of the Present Continuous Tense:

subject + auxiliary verb + main verbbe base + ing

subject auxiliary verb

main verb

+ I am speaking to you.+ You are reading this.- She is not staying in

London.- We are not playing football.? Is he watching TV?? Are they waiting for John?


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Table 1.5 The Structure of the Present Continuous Tense

1.3.2.The Use of Present Continuous Tense: We use the present continuous tense to talk about:

44.action happening now 45.action in the future

1.3.2.1. Present continuous tense for action happening now:

a) For action happening exactly now

b) For action happening around now

The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 66)

46. Muriel is learning to drive. 47. I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.

1.3.2.2. Present continuous tense for the future:

We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future—if we add a future word! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words" include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking. (Foley and Hall, 2003: 74)

48. We are eating in a restaurant tonight. We have already booked the table.

49. They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They are not working.

50. When are you starting your new job?


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In these examples, we have a firm plan or programmed before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking. (ibid: 74)

1.4. Present Perfect Tense: (Past Time)

1.4.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense:

The Present Perfect Tense in English is used to express something that happened or never happened before now at an unspecified time in the past. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 77)

1.4.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Tense:

The structure of the present perfect tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb + main verbhave past participle

subject auxiliary verb

main verb

+ I have seen ET.+ You have eaten mine.- She has not been to Rome.- We have not played football.? Have you finished? ? Have they done it?

Table 1.6 The Structure of the Present Perfect Tense

1.4.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Tense:

1.4.3.1 .Finish events connect with the present:We use the simple present perfect to say that a finished

action or event is connected with the present in some way. If we


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say that something has happened, we are thinking about the past and the present at the same time.

53 .I con not go on holiday because I have broken my leg.)Swan, 1994: 419(

1.4.3.2 .Finished events: news

The simple Present perfect is the most normal tense for giving news of recent events.

And here are the main points of the news again. The pound has fallen against the dollar. The Prime Minister has said that the government's economic policies are working. The number of unemployed has reached five million. There has been a fire…. (ibid: 420)

1.4.3.3. Finished events with expressions of 'time up to now'

We often use the simple present perfect for past events when we are thinking of a period of time continuing up to now the present- for example when we use indefinite time adverbs that mean 'at some/any time to now', like ever, before, never, yet, already.54. Have you ever seen a ghost?

(ibid: 420)1.4.3.4. Repetition and continuation to now

We can use the simple present prefect to say that something has happened several times up to the present.

55. I have written six letters since lunchtime.56. How often have you been in love in your life?

(ibid: 420)

1.4.3.5. Time not mentioned


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We use the present perfect when we are thinking of a period of 'time up to now', even if we do not mention it. On the other hand, we do not use the present perfect when we are thinking of a particular finished time, even if we do not mention it.57. Have you seen 'Rome and Juliet'? (Have you ever seen it?) (ibid: 420)

2.5. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense: (Past Time)2.5.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Continuous:

English uses the present perfect continuous tense to talk about actions and state which start in the past but which have a link with the present. (Foley and Hall, 2003: 62)

2.5.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:

subject + auxiliary verb + auxiliary verb + main verbhavehas

been base + ing

subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb

+ I have been waiting for one hour.

+ You have been talking too much.- It has not been raining. - We have not been playing football.? Have you been seeing her?? Have they been doing their

homework?

Table 1.7 The Structure of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense

2.5.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous


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We use the present perfect continuous, in general, to talk about situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which have just stopped and have present result. (Swan, 1994: 424)

58. Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?59. 'You look hot.' 'Yes, I've been running.' (ibid: 424)

Chapter TwoThe Present Tense in Arabic

2.1. Introduction:


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There are two main tenses in the Arabic language: Firstly, Perfect Tense: The action is completed in the perfect tense. You may also call this as the past tense because the action is completed before the present so it belongs to the past. E.g. 'I ate'. (أكلت) The action of eating was finished in the past.The past could be a few minutes or a few decades before the present time. (Salim: 2006)

Secondly, Imperfect Tense or the Present Tense: the action is still continuing. E.g. "you knock on the door and walk in." "I am eating." The action is still continuing, he is still eating while talking to you. This is the present tense in English. It is also the "imperfect tense" in Arabic. We say in Arabic (آكل). (ibid)

The Arabic Verb (آكل) means, "I am eating" or "I eat". There is not such a thing as the future tense in Arabic. This is done by adding the prefix "ســ" or the word "سوف" to the imperfect form of the verb. E.g. (يأكل) we add "ســ" to be (which means "I will eat".(ibid) (سـيأكل

2.2. The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense:

The verb 'رسم' in Arabic conjugates into the first person singular 'أرسم' like the form ' I do' in English. We add the prefix ' which ,'أرسم' at the first present singular to have the verb 'أ


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means in English 'I draw'. This rule applies to the trilateral verbs fro example 'رسم' the three consonant are unchanged. (ibid)

The present tense is formed by adding suffixes as well as prefixes to the "أكل" which it is in the perfect tense. Before we can add prefixes and suffixes, we have to derive the "stem" from the root verb. This is done by making "sakeen" of the first and the last letter of the root. The first root letter becomes "sakeen" by throwing its diacritics "أكل" then we can add prefixes and suffixes for the stem " أكل " to be " يأكل ". (ibid)

We add the prefix 'أ' for the first person singular, 'ت' for the second person singular and so on… and the most important is the vowels or symbols on the top of each consonant. (ibid)

Pay extra attention to the diacritics written in Arabic, the

three small symbols ( ) are very important in the tables

below, because they play the role of vowels, ( = vowel

a) ( = vowel u) ( = vowel i or e). (Ibid)

Some of the trilateral verbs(الفعال الثلثية) have some slightly

different, the word 'أسبح' swim, it has a vowel ' ' after 'بــ',

basically instead of using the vowel ' ' , we use the vowel " " with some trilateral verbs, like: 'لعـب' to play, ' فـعل ' to do, 'ذهـب' to go, and ' سبح ' to swim…but the rest of the consonants stay unchanged. (ibid)

Singular

I draw = أسبح / مأرس


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you draw (singular masculine) = تسبح / ترسم

you draw (singular feminine) = تسبحين / ترسمين

he draws = يسبح / يرسم

she draws = تسبح / ترسم

Dual

you draw (dual male or female) = تسبحان / ترسمان

they draw (dual male or female) = يسبحان / يرسمان

Plural

we draw = نسبحنرسم /

you draw (plural masculine) = تسبحونترسمون /

you draw (plural feminine) = تسبحونترسمن /

they draw (plural masculine) = / يسبحونيرسمون

they draw (plural feminine) = يسبحنيرسمن /

Table 2.1 The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense Based on (Salim: 2005-2006)

2.3. The Inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense:(الفعل المضارع المعرب)


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The diacritics of the Arabic present verbs changed according to the situations. There are three cases that it can be:

1. Subjunctive (منصوب)2. Nominative (مرفوع)3. Jussive (مجزوم)

(Al-Jars and Amine, 1983: 54)

4. 2.3.1. Subjunctive Case (حالة النصب)5.If the Arabic verbs are proceeded by the Subjunctive articles:

.' then we put to the end letter the vowel ' a ' أن, لن , إذن , كي'(ibid: 49)

أريد أن أحسن السباحة .1 'I need to learn swimming.'

أكذبلن .2 'I will never lie.' الهواءيفسدإذن .3 'So, will be bad smell.'

6. أتعلمجئت كي 'I come to learn.'

(ibid: 48) 2.3.2. Jussive Case (حالة الجزم)

If the Arabic verbs are proceeded by the Jussive articles: ', لم in this case there is no vowels at the end but it , ' ل الناهية , إنends with consonant sound. (ibid: 55)

7. علي الكرةيلعبلم 'Ali does not play football.'8. تنجحتدرسإن 'If you study you will succeed.'9. في السيرتسرعل 'Don not walk quickly.'

(ibid: 54) 2.3.3. Nominative Case (حالة الرفع)


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Arabic present tense will be Nominative if it is preceded neither by the Jussive articles nor by Subjunctive articles. The

final latter is with the diacritic ' '. (ibid: 60) الحمامةتطير .7 The pigeon flies.' المطرينزل .8 'It's raining.' 10. الرض حول الشمس تدور 'The earth goes around the sun.' (ibid: 59)

2.4. The Non-inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense:(بناء الفعل المضارع)

Two cases make the Arabic present tense Non-inflection:

The First Case: When we add the suffix ' ن ' 'نون التوكيد ' and the prefix ' ل ' ' لم القسم' to the present form.

We add ' ن ' and ' ل ' to make emphasis. (ibid: 116)

لستمعن النصيحة .10'I must listen to the advice.' / Strong 'ن' لسعين في الخير.11 'I'm seeking for good.' / Weak "ن"

strong / لـــ + أســتمع + ن = لستمعنweak / لـــ + أسعى + ن = لسعين

The Second Case: When we add the feminine suffix ' ن ' ' نون to the Arabic present tense. (ibid: 116) ' النسوة It gives feminine meaning.

12. الطالبات يسمعن النصيحة 'They listen to the advice'

يــسمع + ن = يــسـمـعـن(ibid: 116)

2.4. The Use of the Arabic Present Tense:

2.4.1. Statements of Fact:Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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The Arabic Present Tense is used to express scientific statements of fact indicating that something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. In addition, it is used to express general statement of fact for action that may be remaining for long time. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 64)

الماء من الهيدروجين والكسجينيتكون .13 'Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.' الرض حول الشمستدور .14 'The Earth goes around the sun.' خالد في المصنعيعمل .15 'Ali works in the factory.'

(ibid:64)2.4.2. Habitual Activities:

We use the Arabic Present Tense to express habitual or everyday activities; we use with the sentence some adverbs of frequency to express habitual activities like: (/ دائما / غالبا / كل يوم ,always) .( كل شهر / كل سنة / عادة / كثيرا ما / أبدا / أحيانا / نادرا ماusually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, every…etc). (ibid: 66)

كل صباح مسافة ميلين أمشي .16 'I walk for two miles every morning'دائما أحمد الغداء في البيت يتناول .17 'Ahmad always eats lunch at home.'

(ibid: 66)2.4.3. Present Situations:

The Arabic Present Tense may indicate situations that exist right now, at the moment of speaking. (ibid: 68)

'.Ahmad needs a hundred dollars' أحمد إلى مئة دولريحتاج .18Further, we use the Arabic Present Tense to express a

situation that began in the past and continues to the present. (ibid: 68)


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في عمان منذ سنتينأسكن .19 'I have lived in Amman for two years'

2.4.4. Progressive Situations:

We use the Arabic Present Tense to express situation that in progressive at the moment of speaking, it may be still to the near future and it will end. We use adverbial markers to indicate present progressiveness. (ibid: 72)

يعزف علي على البيانو في غرفة المعيشة الن .20 'Ali is playing the piano in the living room.'

يؤلف أحمد كتابا عن اللغويات في هذه اليام .21 'Ahmad is writing a book on linguistics these days.'

يقوم علي بكتابة رسالة في المكتبة الن .22 'Ali is writing a letter in the library now.'

(ibid: 73)

Chapter three


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The Similarities and the Differences between the English and Arabic Present Tense

3.1. Introduction

The verb is a major component of any language, not to exclude English or Arabic. Every English sentence has a verb in its surface structure, but it may be argued that they have some kind of verb in the deep structure obligatorily delete. (Alkhuli: 1999, 43)

E.g. 'Ali is a student' this sentence has the copula 'is' which calls linking verb; this verb is in the surface structure. When we translate this sentence into Arabic, we have 'علي طالب" in this sentence there is no verb 'it's verbless', the verb does not in the surface structure but in the deep structure, the verb is 'يكون'. However, it will be 'يكون علي طالب'. (Farghal & Shunnaq: 1999, 39) & (Alkhuli: 1999, 24)

In this chapter, we will see how verb tenses are expressed in both English and Arabic and what are the similarities and the differences between the two languages.

3.2. English Simple Present and Arabic Present Tense:

Statements of facts are used in both English and Arabic.1. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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الماء من الهيدروجين والكسجين. يتكون1

2. The Earth goes around the sun. الرض حول الشمس. تدور2

General Statement of fact is also used in both English and Arabic:

3. Ali works in the factory. خالد في المصنع. يعمل3

Similarly, we use the present simple tense and present in Arabic to express past meaning in the headlines in newspaper to give more immediacy to the event.

4. Prince Hassan pays Ramadan visit to Bahrain. المير حسن بزيارة رمضانية إلى البحرين.. يقوم4

5. Bomber Kills Iraqi shoppers despite Mecca peace call. قنبلة في السواق العراقية على الرغم من نداء مكة المكرمة للسلم.. تفجير5

There are no differences between English and Arabic to indicate situations that exist right now, English verbs that are not usually used in the progressive tense, at the moment of speaking (present situations).

6. It is raining. . المطر ينزل.6

7. The pigeon flies. الحمامة. تطير.7

Similarly, there are no differences between English and Arabic in using habitual activities, in informal narrative and in summaries, and in word (say).

8. We look forward to hearing for you. (More formal)


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للجلوس معك. نتطلع89. I play tennis every week.

. التنس . ألعب910. No doubt, you all remember what Hamlet says about suicide.

هاملت عن النتحاريقول. ل يوجد شك بأننا نعلم ما 10

In English, with the present simple, the only subject-verb agreement is the present morpheme suffixed to the verb if the subject is third-person singular, e.g., he look+s, she go+es, it seem+s. (Alkhuli, 1999: 43)

In Arabic, with every verb in any tense, the verb morphology is made to agree with the subject, and a subject copy is suffixed to the verb. The agreement often requires adding a prefix to the verb as well, e.g., تذهب, نذهب, أذهبيذهب , . (ibid: 43)

3.3. English Present Progressive and Arabic Present Tense:

In Arabic, the present progressive is expressed by the present form. This means that present facts, present habits, and present progressive acts are expressed in the same form. However, in terms of translation, the Present Progressive is problematic because Arabic does not formally mark present verbs for progressiveness. (ibid: 44) & (Farghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 72)

11. They are playing. 11. هم يلعبون

Arabic depends on the time adverb to make the difference between facts and habits on one side and progressive acts on the other side, whereas English varies the forms of the verbs. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44)

12. Ali is playing in the garden now.Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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في الحديقةالن. يلعب علي 12

In addition, we can express the present progressive in Arabic by utilizing the present form of the Arabic verb 'يقوم' 'to perform' plus the nominalized form of the verb in the sentence.(Farghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 73)

13. Ali is writing a letter in his office now.. يقوم علي بكتابة رسالة في مكتبه الن.13

14. The engineer is examining the equipment now. .يقوم المهندس بفحص التجهيزات الن .14

(ibid: 73)

We can use Present Progressive in English to express futurity, but we cannot do this in Arabic. (See page 9 & 1)

15. Maha is seeing the doctor next week.السبوع المقبل. مهى الى الطبيب في ستذهب. 15

16. I am leaving for Cairo tomorrow morning.ا صباحا.غد الى القاهرة سأغادر. 16

(ibid: 73)

We can express to futurity in Arabic by adding the prefix 'ســ' to the present form. E.g. ســ + يلعب = سـيلعب

(ibid: 73)

3.4. The English Present Perfect and the Arabic Present Tense:

Formally, the present perfect has no corresponding tense in Arabic.


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English uses 'has' or 'have' plus the past participle to express the present perfect. The formula is have/has+ V3. A perfect tense in English requires verb to have plus the past participle, e.g., 'I have done the homework'. Tense is an obligatory component; the choices are present, past, and future resulting in have/has, had, and will have, respectively. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44)

Arabic has the perfective aspect although it is not formally classified as the verb to express the present perfect preceded by the particle 'قد' or 'لقد' to make the perfect aspect. (Forghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 77) & (Alkhuli, 1999: 44)

The following English sentences along with their Arabic counterparts illustrate this:

17. George and Mary have moved into a new apartment. جورج و ماري الى شقة جديدة.انتقل . لقد17

18. He has done the homework. الواجب البيتي.عمل . قد18

Further, the present perfect in English may be used to express a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. In this case, Arabic uses the simple present or simple past form of the verb as can be illustrated bellow:

19. I have lived in Amman for two years. في عمان منذ سنتينأسكن / . سكنت19

(Forghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 77)

3.5. The English Present Perfect Progressive and Arabic Present Tense:

The present perfect progressive in English is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present or a general activity in progress Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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recently. In Arabic, the meaning of the present perfect progressive is expressed by using ما زال, ل يزال, لم يزل , plus the simple present form of the verb. (ibid: 78)

English uses this formula to express the present perfect progressive: has / have + been + V-ing. In contrast, Arabic uses this formula: ما زال or ل يزال or لم يزل + present form, and it requires Subject Verb agreement with the two verbs, زال and the present form. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44-45)

20. I have been playing basketball since ten o'clock.ل أزال / لم أزل / ما زلت العب كرة السلة منذ الساعة العاشرة. 20.

21. Huda has been thinking about changing her major.ل تزال / لم تزل / ما زالت هدى تفكر في تغيير تخصصها. 21.

Chapter 4. The Conclusion

According this research, we note that there are some differences and similarities between the two languages; English and Arabic. We cannot make all languages completely similar or completely different because each language has separate Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]

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linguistic system. However, we study this contrast between the two languages English and Arabic, for basic purpose, which is to accommodate one's language to those who learn English or Arabic as second languages with correct way.

There are some similarities and differences between English and Arabic in using the present; we can use the present simple in English and Arabic present tense in statements of facts, general statement, and habitual activities. In addition, present continuous in English and Arabic present tens with actions that happen now.

We use the present simple and continuous in English to refer for future time but we cannot do it in Arabic present tense without adding prefix 'ســ' to the present form or the word 'سوف' before the Arabic present verb.

English language use the present perfect and perfect continuous as a present tense to give an attention to the duration of the action, but it refer to past time in Arabic present tense. Arabic language can do this by using both forms past and present with using the word to show the duration like 'منذ' and 'ما Arabic has the perfective aspect although it is not formally .'زالclassified as the verb to express the present perfect preceded by the particle 'قد' or 'لقد' to make the perfect aspect.

We can note that the differences between the two languages in my research are not only in the form of the verb or the use of the verb, but we find that it's in the structure of the sentence; we find the verb like copula 'is' is shows in the English present sentence, but it's not in Arabic present sentence.

Appendix

AInfinitive Simple Past Past Participlearise arose arisenawake awakened / awoke awakened / awokenB


http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=awake

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=arise

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backslide backslid backslidden / backslidbe was, were beenbear bore born / bornebeat beat beaten / beatbecome became becomebegin began begunbend bent bentbet bet / betted bet / betted bid (farewell) bid / bade biddenbid (offer amount) bid bidbind bound boundbite bit bittenbleed bled bledblow blew blownbreak broke brokenbreed bred bredbring brought broughtbroadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcastedbrowbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeatbuild built builtburn burned / burnt burned / burnt burst burst burstbust busted / bust busted / bustbuy bought boughtCcast cast castcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencling clung clungclothe clothed / clad clothed / clad come came comecost cost costcreep crept creptcrossbreed crossbred crossbredcut cut cutDdaydream daydreamed / daydreamt daydreamed / daydreamt deal dealt dealtdig dug dugdisprove disproved disproved / disprovendive (jump head-first) dove / dived diveddive (scuba diving) dived / dove diveddo did donedraw drew drawndream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt drink drank drunkdrive drove drivendwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled E


http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=dwell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=drive

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=drink

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=dream

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=draw

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=do

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=dive

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=dive

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=disprove

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=dig

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=deal

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=daydream

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=cut

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=crossbreed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=creep

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=cost

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=come

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=clothe

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=cling

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=choose

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=catch

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=cast

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=buy

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bust

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=burst

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=burn

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=build

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=browbeat

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=broadcast

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bring

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=breed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=break

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=blow

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bleed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bite

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bind

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bid

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bid

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bet

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bend

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=begin

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=become

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=beat

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=bear

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=be

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=backslide

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eat ate eatenFfall fell fallenfeed fed fedfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit fit (be right size) fit / fitted fit / fitted flee fled fledfling flung flungfly flew flownforbid forbade forbiddenforecast forecast forecastforego (also forgo) forewent foregoneforesee foresaw foreseenforetell foretold foretoldforget forgot forgotten / forgot forgive forgave forgivenforsake forsook forsakenfreeze froze frozenfrostbite frostbit frostbittenGget got gotten / got give gave givengo went gonegrind ground groundgrow grew grownHhand-feed hand-fed hand-fedhandwrite handwrote handwrittenhang hung hunghave had hadhear heard heardhew hewed hewn / hewedhide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt hurtIinbreed inbred inbredinlay inlaid inlaidinput input / inputted input / inputtedinterbreed interbred interbredinterweave interwove / interweaved interwoven / interweavedinterwind interwound interwoundJjerry-build jerry-built jerry-builtK


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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=interweave

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=interbreed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=input

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=inlay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=inbreed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hurt

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hold

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hide

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hew

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hear

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=have

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hang

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=handwrite

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=hand-feed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=grow

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=grind

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=go

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=give

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=get

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=frostbite

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=freeze

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=forsake

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=forgive

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=forget

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=foretell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=foresee

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=forego

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=forecast

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=forbid

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=fly

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=fling

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=flee

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=fit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=fit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=find

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=fight

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=feel

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=feed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=fall

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=eat

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keep kept keptkneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeledknit knitted / knit knitted / knitknow knew knownLlay laid laidlead led ledlean leaned / leant leaned / leant leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt learn learned / learnt learned / learnt leave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied liedlight lit / lighted lit / lightedlip-read lip-read lip-readlose lost lostMmake made mademean meant meantmeet met metmiscast miscast miscastmisdeal misdealt misdealtmisdo misdid misdonemishear misheard misheardmislay mislaid mislaidmislead misled misledmislearn mislearned / mislearnt mislearned / mislearnt misread misread misreadmisset misset missetmisspeak misspoke misspokenmisspell misspelled / misspelt misspelled / misspelt misspend misspent misspentmistake mistook mistakenmisteach mistaught mistaughtmisunderstand misunderstood misunderstoodmiswrite miswrote miswrittenmow mowed mowed / mownOoffset offset offsetoutbid outbid outbidoutbreed outbred outbredoutdo outdid outdoneoutdraw outdrew outdrawnoutdrink outdrank outdrunkoutdrive outdrove outdrivenoutfight outfought outfoughtoutfly outflew outflown


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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=outdrive

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=outdrink

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=outdraw

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=outdo

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=outbreed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=outbid

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=offset

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mow

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=miswrite

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misunderstand

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misteach

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mistake

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misspend

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misspell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misspeak

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misset

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misread

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mislearn

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mislead

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mislay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mishear

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misdo

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=misdeal

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=miscast

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=meet

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=mean

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=make

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lose

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lip-read

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=light

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lie

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lie

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=let

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lend

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=leave

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=learn

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=leap

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lean

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lead

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=lay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=know

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=knit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=kneel

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=keep

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outgrow outgrew outgrownoutleap outleaped / outleapt outleaped / outleapt outlie (not tell truth) REGULAR outlied outliedoutride outrode outriddenoutrun outran outrunoutsell outsold outsoldoutshine outshined / outshone outshined / outshone outshoot outshot outshotoutsing outsang outsungoutsit outsat outsatoutsleep outslept outsleptoutsmell outsmelled / outsmelt outsmelled / outsmelt outspeak outspoke outspokenoutspeed outsped outspedoutspend outspent outspentoutswear outswore outswornoutswim outswam outswumoutthink outthought outthoughtoutthrow outthrew outthrownoutwrite outwrote outwrittenoverbid overbid overbidoverbreed overbred overbredoverbuild overbuilt overbuiltoverbuy overbought overboughtovercome overcame overcomeoverdo overdid overdoneoverdraw overdrew overdrawnoverdrink overdrank overdrunkovereat overate overeatenoverfeed overfed overfedoverhang overhung overhungoverhear overheard overheardoverlay overlaid overlaidoverpay overpaid overpaidoverride overrode overriddenoverrun overran overrunoversee oversaw overseenoversell oversold oversoldoversew oversewed oversewn / oversewedovershoot overshot overshotoversleep overslept oversleptoverspeak overspoke overspokenoverspend overspent overspentoverspill overspilled / overspilt overspilled / overspilt overtake overtook overtakenoverthink overthought overthoughtoverthrow overthrew overthrownoverwind overwound overwoundoverwrite overwrote overwritten


http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overwrite

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overwind

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overthrow

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overthink

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overtake

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overspill

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overspend

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overspeak

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=oversleep

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overshoot

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=oversell

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overrun

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=override

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overpay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=overlay

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Ppartake partook partakenpay paid paidplead pleaded / pled pleaded / pledprebuild prebuilt prebuiltpredo predid predonepremake premade premadeprepay prepaid prepaidpresell presold presoldpreset preset presetpreshrink preshrank preshrunkproofread proofread proofreadprove proved proven / provedput put putQquick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozenquit quit / quitted quit / quitted Rread read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red")reawake reawoke reawakenrebid rebid rebidrebind rebound reboundrebroadcast rebroadcast / rebroadcasted rebroadcast / rebroadcastedrebuild rebuilt rebuiltrecast recast recastrecut recut recutredeal redealt redealtredo redid redoneredraw redrew redrawnrefit (replace parts) refit / refitted refit / refitted refit (retailor) refitted / refit refitted / refit regrind reground regroundregrow regrew regrownrehang rehung rehungrehear reheard reheardreknit reknitted / reknit reknitted / reknitrelay (for example tiles) relaid relaidrelay (pass along) REGULAR relayed relayedrelearn relearned / relearnt relearned / relearnt relight relit / relighted relit / relightedremake remade remaderepay repaid repaidreread reread rereadrerun reran rerunresell resold resoldresend resent resentreset reset resetresew resewed resewn / resewedretake retook retaken


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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=relight

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=relearn

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reteach retaught retaughtretear retore retornretell retold retoldrethink rethought rethoughtretread retread retreadretrofit retrofitted / retrofit retrofitted / retrofit rewake rewoke / rewaked rewaken / rewakedrewear rewore rewornreweave rewove / reweaved rewoven / reweavedrewed rewed / rewedded rewed / reweddedrewet rewet / rewetted rewet / rewetted rewin rewon rewonrewind rewound rewoundrewrite rewrote rewrittenrid rid ridride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenroughcast roughcast roughcastrun ran runSsand-cast sand-cast sand-castsaw sawed sawed / sawnsay said saidsee saw seenseek sought soughtsell sold soldsend sent sentset set setsew sewed sewn / sewedshake shook shakenshave shaved shaved / shavenshear sheared sheared / shornshed shed shedshine shined / shone shined / shone shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shittedshoot shot shotshow showed shown / showedshrink shrank / shrunk shrunkshut shut shutsight-read sight-read sight-readsing sang sungsink sank / sunk sunksit sat satslay (kill) slew / slayed slain / slayedslay (amuse) REGULAR slayed slayedsleep slept sleptslide slid slidsling slung slung


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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=slay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=slay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sink

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sing

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sight-read

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shut

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shrink

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=show

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shoot

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shine

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shed

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=shave

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=set

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=send

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=seek

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=see

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=say

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=saw

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slink slinked / slunk slinked / slunkslit slit slitsmell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snucksow sowed sown / sowedspeak spoke spokenspeed sped / speeded sped / speededspell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt spend spent spentspill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt spin spun spunspit spit / spat spit / spatsplit split splitspoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fedspread spread spreadspring sprang / sprung sprungstand stood stoodsteal stole stolenstick stuck stucksting stung stungstink stunk / stank stunkstrew strewed strewn / strewedstride strode striddenstrike (delete) struck strickenstrike (hit) struck struck / strickenstring strung strungstrive strove / strived striven / strivedsublet sublet subletsunburn sunburned / sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt swear swore swornsweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweatedsweep swept sweptswell swelled swollen / swelledswim swam swumswing swung swungTtake took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntelecast telecast telecasttell told toldtest-drive test-drove test-driventest-fly test-flew test-flownthink thought thoughtthrow threw thrownthrust thrust thrusttread trod trodden / trodtypecast typecast typecast


http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=typecast

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=tread

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=thrust

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=throw

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=think

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=test-fly

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=test-drive

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=tell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=telecast

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=tear

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=teach

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=take

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=swing

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=swim

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=swell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sweep

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sweat

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=swear

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=strive

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=stride

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=strew

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=stink

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sting

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=stick

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=steal

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=stand

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spring

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spread

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spoon-feed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spoil

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=split

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spit

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spin

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spill

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spend

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=spell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=speed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=speak

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sow

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=sneak

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=smell

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=slit

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typeset typeset typesettypewrite typewrote typewrittenUunbend unbent unbentunbind unbound unboundunclothe unclothed / unclad unclothed / unclad underbid underbid underbidundercut undercut undercutunderfeed underfed underfedundergo underwent undergoneunderlie underlay underlainundersell undersold undersoldunderspend underspent underspentunderstand understood understoodundertake undertook undertakenunderwrite underwrote underwrittenundo undid undoneunfreeze unfroze unfrozenunhang unhung unhungunhide unhid unhiddenunknit unknitted / unknit unknitted / unknitunlearn unlearned / unlearnt unlearned / unlearnt unsew unsewed unsewn / unsewedunsling unslung unslungunspin unspun unspununstick unstuck unstuckunstring unstrung unstrungunweave unwove / unweaved unwoven / unweavedunwind unwound unwounduphold upheld upheldupset upset upsetWwake woke / waked woken / wakedwaylay waylaid waylaidwear wore wornweave wove / weaved woven / weavedwed wed / wedded wed / weddedweep wept weptwet wet / wetted wet / wetted whet REGULAR whetted whettedwin won wonwind wound woundwithdraw withdrew withdrawnwithhold withheld withheldwithstand withstood withstoodwring wrung wrungwrite wrote Written

Englishpage.com (1998-2005)


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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=withdraw

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=wind

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=wet

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=weep

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=wed

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=weave

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=wear

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=waylay

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=wake

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unstick

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unsling

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unlearn

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unhide

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unhang

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http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=undercut

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=underbid

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unclothe

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unbind

http://www.onelook.com/?loc=pub&w=unbend

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English Bibliographies

1. …… . (2003), October 22. The Jordan Times. Amman:

Jordan: Jordan Press Foundation.2. …… . (2003). Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary.

Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press). 3. Alkhuli, M. (2004). English Phonetics and Phonology.

(Amman: Dar Alfalah).4. Alkhuli,M. (1999). Comparative Linguistics: English and

Arabic. (Amman: Alfarah).5. Azar, B.S. (1999). Understanding and Using English. (New

York: Prentice Hall).6. Aziz,Y. (1989). A Contrastive Grammar of English and

Arabic. (Baghdad: Al-Watania). 7. Farghal, M., and A. Shunnaq. (1999). Translation with

Reference to English and Arabic: a Practical Guide. (Irbid: Dar Al-Hilal for Translation).

8. Foley, M., and Hall, D. Advanced Learners' Grammar. (London: Longman).

9. Murphy, R. (1994). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press).

10.Quirk, R. et al. (1985). A University English Grammar. (London: Longman).

11.Swan, M. (1995). Practical English Usage. (New York: Oxford University Press).

12. Salim ( 2006). Arabic Present Tense. speak7.com.

Arabic Referencesالمصادر العربية


http://speak7.com/

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. الجازم ، علي و أمين، مصطفى: النحو الواضح في قواعد اللغة1).1983العربية / .... – دار المعارف (

. عبد الحميد، محي الدين: التحفة السنية بشرح المقدمة الجرومية /2).2000بيروت – المكتبة العصرية (

الخلصة الدف من هذا البحث هو توضيح الزمن الضارع من إختلفات

وتشابات بي كلتا اللغتي العربية والنليزية. لتيسر على الطلبة تعلم اللغةالكتسبة بالشكل الصحيح.


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يوضح الفصل الول من البحث الشكال الربعة للزمن الضارع ف اللغة النليزية ؛ الضارع البسيط و الضارع الستمر و الضارع التام و التام

الستمر. فاللغة النليزية كغيها من اللغات تلك الكثي من الشاكل للمتعلمي الجانب. بعض هذه الشاكل سهلة الشرح ؛ كأشكال هذه الزمنه الذكورة. أو أملء هذه الزمنة. ولكن هناك مشاكل أخرى من

الصعب تعلمها حت على الطلبة التقدمي أو حت على بعض الدرسي، من المثلة على هذه؛ إستخدامات لكل من هذه الزمنة. مثل: الزمن الضارع

البسيط يكن إستخدامه ف التعبي عن الستقبل و الاضي ليس فقط ف التعبي عن الزمن الال فحسب. لذلك يوضح هذا الفصل إستخدامات الزمن

الضارع ف اللغة النليزية بطريقة سهلة ويسية ومفهومة للقراء ف متلفمستوياتهم.

يوضح الفصل الثان من هذا البحث بطريقة سهلة وبسيطة كيفية تصريف الفعل ، وكيف أن الفعل ف اللغة العربية يتلف شكلة مع إختلف

الفاعل. ليس هذا فحسب، بل و يظهر حالت الفعل الضارع ف اللغة العربية من مبن ومعرب و إستخدامات الزمن الضارع ف اللغة العربية. أما

الفصل الثالث من هذا البحث فيوضح الختلفات والتشابات بي كلتا اللغتي العربية والنليزية للزمن الضارع . مستخدما ف ذلك توضيحات و

أمثلة لتصبح مبينة و جلية للقارئ.

جامعة الزرقاء الهلية


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الـزمـن الـمـضـارعـي فـ

ية: ليز والنج اللغة العربية دراسة مقارنة

إعداد:عبد البصير جمال أحمد عيد

2006ديسمبر/كانون الول لعام
