the present tense between english and arabic a comparative by abdulbaseer jamal eid
DESCRIPTION
This reseach is dealt with the similarities and the differences between English and Arabic language in the present tense.TRANSCRIPT
ZARQA PRIVATE UNIVERSITY
2006
<The Present Tense Between
English and Arabic: A Comparative
Study
Submitted by: T. Abdulbaseer Jamal Eid
This paper is meant to show the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic present tense.
Jordan Amman
+962788120771
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
الرحمن الله بسم الرحيم
تعالى: قال
3ا 7ه3ا } ي ;اس9 أي ;ا الن ?ن إ
9م 3اك 3قCن ل 3رJ مHن خ3 ذ3ك
3ى 9نث 9مC و3 و3أ Cناك ج3ع3ل
ع Rوش9 ?ل3 9با و3ق3بآئ
ف9وا 3ع3ار3 ?ت ?ن; ل 9مC إ م3ك Cر3 ك3 أ
9مC الله? ع?ند3 Cق3اك 3ت ?ن; أ إ
?م الله3 ?ير{ ع3ل ب خ3Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
I am Abdulbaseer Eid. I was born in Lebanon. I have finished my secondary school in Zarqa city Jordan in 2003. I faced many difficulties in learning English at the beginning during my study at school so I decided to concentrate on studding English language and to be specialist in this language in order to make it easy for Arabic students to learn it. I became a student in Zarqa Private University immediately after I had finished my secondary school. During my study, I wrote three researches in English language; "The Sound Systems between English and Arabic: a Comparative Study", "The Present Tense between English and Arabic: a comparative Study", and "English foundational Grammar". The idea that emerged from the first two researches is to make studding English familiar to our Arabic students because they deal with the similarities and the differences between English and Arabic language.
I have graduated from my University and I employed immediately at Al-Omareyah Schools in Amman. I am happy in working there because it has has a wide reputation with its excellent teaching with Islamic vision. I have taken many courses that deal with my work as a teacher and I have given there a preliminary TOFEL levels.
Now I am still working on myself. I am doing my higher Diploma in ICT "Information Communication Technology" in Education under the umbrella of Yarmouk University/Jordan and INHOLLAND University/ The Netherlands. In addition; I am also I am about to finish a book under the title of "The Easy Way to the High Education' this material is prepared for Al-Tawjihe Students in Jordan. It contains all the passages with a sufficient package of questions to promote students understanding "The sky is the limit to what I can do" is my slogan.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
العظيم الله صدق
رقم / " آيه الحجرات "13سورةDedication
To those people who mean something to me…
To those who have touched my life in one way or another…
To those who make me smile when I really need it….
To those that make me see the brighter side when I am really down…
To those who I want to let them know that I appreciate their love and
support…
My Dear Father, Mother…
My wife…
To All of my family…
My sisters, Brothers …
To My friends whom I have non-forgettable moments with them…
Those who share me the moments of pleasure and labor…
Abed Al-Qader,Khaleel, Qabas …
I dedicate this work.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
Acknowledgment
I am very much indebted to my supervisor, Dr. Mua'yyed Jum'a. Without his invaluable suggestions, helps, patience and continuous guidance, I might not have complete this research in its present shape.
Special thanks are addressed to all the people who have helped me throughout my work and support me in every way they could.
My appreciation goes also to my family for their support, and guiding me through my educational journey.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
The Abstract
This paper is meant to show the differences and the similarities between English and Arabic present tense.
The first chapter shows the four forms of the present tense in English; present simple, present continuous, present perfect and perfect continuous. English like all languages; it is full of problems for the foreign learner. Some of these points are easy to explain like the form of the verb in each type of these tenses, or the spilling of the third person singular for the present simple tense. But other problems are more tricky and cause difficulty even for advance students and teachers like the use of these tenses above. E.g. present simple may give past meaning and future meaning not only present meaning. However, this chapter shows the use of each type in an easy way to be understandable for the readers in different level.
The second chapter shows the main types of the Arabic present tense and the conjugation of the Arabic present tense in an easy way, showing to the readers the agreement between the subject and verb in the Arabic present tense, and how it changes the form of the verb. Moreover, this chapter shows the cases of the Arabic present tense; Inflection Case and Non-inflection Case, and the use of the Arabic present tense.
The third chapter shows the differences and similarities between English and Arabic present tense, in the use and the form, by using explanations and examples from the two languages to be clear to the readers to note the differences and the similarities.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
List of Contents Page Number
Chapter 1.The Present Tense in English1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………....................... 11.2 Present Simple Tense……………………………………………………. 2
1.2.1. The definition of the Present Simple Tense…………………….. 21.2.2. The Form of the Present Simple Tense……………………... 21.2.3. Spelling of the third person singular forms…………………….. 31.2.4. Pronunciation of the third person singular forms…………….. 31.2.5. The Use of the Present Simple Tense…………………………….. 4
1.2.5.1. Present Simple refers to the Present Time…………….............................................................................. 4
1.2.5.2. Using Simple Present Tense to refer to the future meaning…………………………………………………………… 6
1.2.5.3. Using Present Simple to refer to the past meaning…………………………………………………………… 7
1.3. Present Continuous Tense………………………………………….. 81.3.1. The Definition of the Present Continuous
Tense…………………8
1.3.2. The Use of Present Continuous Tense……………………………..
9
1.3.2.1. Present continuous tense for action happening now………… 91.3.2.2.Present continuous tense for the future…………………......... 9
1.4. Present Perfect Tense: (Past Time)………………………….............10
1.4.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense…………………… 101.4.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Tense………………………… 101.4.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Tense………………………….. 10
1.4.3.1. Finish events connect with the present………................... 10 1.4.3.2. Finished events: new……………………………………….. 11
1.4.3.3. Finished events with expressions of 'time up to now'… 111.4.3.4. Repetition and continuation to now………………….......... 111.4.3.5. Time not mentioned…………………………………............. 11
2.5. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense: (Past Time)….........….. 12
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
2.5.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Continuous…………... 122.5.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense……...... 122.5.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous…………………. 12
Chapter 2.The Present Tense in Arabic………………………………. 13
2.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 132.2. The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense……………………… 142.3. The inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense………………… 16
2.3.1. Subjunctive Case ( النصب (حالة……………………………………………
16
2. 3.2.2. Jussive Case ( الجزم (حالة……………………………………………………..
16
2.3.3. Nominative Case ( الرفع (حالة………………………………………………
17
2.4. The Non-inflection of the Arabic Present Tense……………………. 172.4. The Use of the Arabic Present Tense…………………………………….. 18
2.4.1 Statements of Fact…………………………………………………………… 182.4.2. Habitual Activities…………………………………………………………… 182.4.3. Present Situations……………………………………………………………. 182.4.4. Progressive Situations……………………………………………………… 19
Chapter 3. The Similarities and the Differences between the English and Arabic Present Tense……………………………………………. 20
3.1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 203.2. English Simple Present and Arabic Present Tense……………… 213.3. English Present Progressive and Arabic Present Tense………… 223.4. The English Present Perfect and the Arabic Present Tense… 243.5. The English Present Perfect Progressive and Arabic Present Tense ………………………………..………………………………………………………….. 25
Chapter 4. The Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 26
Appendix………………………………………………………………………………. 27
English Bibliographies………………………………………………………... 35
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Arabic Bibliographies…………………………………………………………. 56
List of TablesPage
Number
Table 1.1 The Form of the Present Simple Tense………………………………… 2Table 1.2 Affirmative, Question and Negative form of the Simple Present Tense…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
Table 1.3 Spelling of the third person singular…………………………………… 3Table 1.4 The most common of the non-progressive verbs………………….. 5Table 1.5 The structure of the present continuous tense…………………….. 8Table 1.6 The structure of the present perfect tense………………………….. 10Table 1.7 The structure of the present perfect continuous tense……………. 12Table 2.1 The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense………………………. 15
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
Chapter: oneThe Present Tense in English
1.1 Introduction:
Time is frequently perceived as a continuum with three main divisions: past, present, and future. The past and future times are defined in relation to the present time (now). Past tense refers to any time before the present time, and future tense refers to any time after the present. Not all languages perceive this relationship as a linear one, nor do these categories characterize all possible times. Tense, then, is a grammatical expression of time reference. The correlation between tense and time is not necessarily one-to-one; languages do not recognize as many oppositions of tense as they have conceptions of time. English has past, present, and future times, but only a past and a non-past opposition of tense. (encyclopedia Britannica: 2004)
In English we, have For Basic Tenses that refer to the present time, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, and Perfect Continuous.
It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time. For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time: 'I hope it rains tomorrow.' "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow). The verb form that usually indicates present time is here used to indicate future time. Other example "That
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
will be $5.00, please." The second sentence, the verb form usually indicating future time is here used to indicate present time. Also past tense does not always refer to past time: 'If I had some money now, I could buy it.' "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now), but The past form of the verb generally refers to past time, to a narrated event prior to the speech event. (ibid)
1.2 Present Simple Tense:
1.2.1. The definition of the Present Simple Tense:
The tense of a verb that expresses action or state in the present time and is used of what occurs or is true at the time of speaking and of what is habitual or characteristic or is always or necessarily true, that is sometimes used to refer to action in the past, and that is sometimes used for future events. (Merriam-Webster: 2003)
The natural and most frequent use of the present tense is in contexts of present time, whether actual (The door is open) or habitual (The door is always open / Paris is the capital of France). It is also used of past events in certain contexts, such as newspaper headlines (Clinton says he is sorry) and in narrative. (Allen: 1999)
1.2.2. The Form of the Present Simple Tense:
FUNCTIONSEXAMPLESYMPOLFORM(a) all the present tense except 3rd person singular.I/you/we/they call every day.
call drink put
V(1)base
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
3rd person singular present tense: He/she/it calls every day.
calls drinksputs
V-s(2) –s form (3rd person singular present)
Table 1.1 The Form of the Present Simple TenseAdopted from Quirk et al. (1973)
NegativeQuestionAffirmative
I don't work.You don't work.They don't work.We don't work. He doesn't work.She doesn't work.
Do I work?Do you work?Do they work?Do we work?Does he work?Does she work?
I work.You work.They work.We work.He works.She works.
Table 1.2 Affirmative, Question and Negative form of the Simple Present Tense
Adopted from Swan (1992)
1.2.3. Spelling of the third person singular forms:
work-workssit-sitsstay-stays
Most verbs:Add-s to infinitive
cry-crieshurry-hurriesreply-replies
Verbs ending in consonant + y: Change y to i and add -es
miss- missesbuzz-buzzeswatch-watchespush-pushesfix-fixes
Verbs ending in –s, -ch, -sh, or –x:Add-es to infinitive
have-hasgo-goesdo-does
Exceptions:
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Table 1.3 Spelling of the third person singularAdopted from Swan (1992)
1.2.4. Pronunciation of the third person singular forms:
"The present allomorphs are also similar to the plural allomorphs. They belong to the present morpheme added to the base verb when subject is third person singular e.g. … he goes" (Alkhuli, M. 2005: )
1. "After one of the hissing sounds (/s/, /z/, / č /, / š /, /ž/, and / ĵ /) pronounced /iz/. E.g., watch/watches.
2. After any other voiceless sound (/p/, /f/, /Ө /, /t/, /k/, /h/) pronounced /s/. E.g. sit/sits.
3. If the singular final is voiced, the allomorph is /z/, e.g. go/goes stay/stays." (ibid: )
1.2.5. The Use of the Present Simple Tense:
According to the definition of the Present Simple Tense it refer to the present time, but in some cases we use it to refer for future time or even past time. However, we are going to explain each case alone.
1.2.5.1. Present Simple refer to the Present Time:a. Statements of Fact:
To express scientific statement of fact indicating that something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. In addition, it refers to express general statements of fact referring to actins and states that are expected to remain for a long time. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 64)
1. The earth revolves around the sun.2. Gold is a shining metal.3. Khalid runs a factory.4. Ali is a baker.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
b. Present Situations:
With English Verbs that are not usually used in the progressive tenses, the simple present may indicate situations that exist right now, at the moment of speaking. (ibid: 68)
There are a number of verbs in English that we cannot normally be used in continuous forms. They frequently describe states of being, thinking, possessing or feeling:
5.Most people don't believe in the existence of ghosts.(Not: most people aren't believing in the existence of ghosts.)
6. -I like tea. (Not: I'm liking this tea.)
7 .I think that the world's problems are getting worse.8 .It weighs 100 kilos .
9. The sign means 'stop' (Foley and Hall, 1988: 47)
be, consist of, contain, exist.Verbs of existing or beingbelong to, have(= own), include, lack, own, possess.
Verbs of possessing
Adore, desire, despise, detest, dislike, envy, hate, like, love, need, pity, prefer, trust, want, and wish.
Verbs of feeling or wanting
Believe, doubt, expect, feel, (= think), forget, imagine, intend, know, realize, recognize, remember, see (=understand), suppose, think, understand.
Verbs of thinking or believing
appear, resemble, seem.Verbs of appearanceconcern, depend, deserve, fit, matter, measure, mean, mind, weigh.
Other verbs
Table 1.4 The Most Common of the Non-Progressive VerbsAdopted from Foley and Hall (2003)
We use Present Simple to describe series of events and actions: usual in radio commentary on sport. It is instantaneous.
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10.Ali kicks off, Zidan passes to Henry, Henry cuts.11.From here you cross the road, go through an Iron Gate
and follow the path west.12.First I take a bowl and break two eggs into it, next...etc.
(ibid: 46)c. Repeated action or events: expressing habitual activities:
We use the simple present with adverbs of frequency like: (always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, every…etc).Similarly, we use in Arabic some expressions to give adverbs meaning of frequency like:
13.I play tennis every week.14.Ahmad always eats a sandwich for lunch.
(Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 66)
1.2.5.2. Using Simple Present Tense to refer to the future meaning:
We can use the present simple to talk about timetabled events, subordinate clauses, without using future forms provided it refers to the future, with as and than present and future are possible, and in some informal style. (Swan,M., 1995: 460)
a. Timetabled events: When an event is on a schedule or timetable (for example, the take-off time for a plane), we often use the present simple to express the future. We usually also use a future word (expressed or understood) like tomorrow, at 6.30pm, next week. Only a few verbs are used in this way, for example: be, open, close, begin, start, end, finish, arrive, come, leave, and return. (ibid: 460)
15.The bus arrives at 11.45 16.I start my new job tomorrow. 17.The summer term starts on April 10. 18.What time does the bus arrive in Seattle?19.My plane is at three o'clock.
We can also use the present simple to give suggestions by using "why don’t you …?"
20.Why don’t we go to library tomorrow?
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(ibid:460)b. Subordinate clauses: Present tenses are often used instead of will + infinitive to refer to the future in subordinate clauses. This happens not only after conjunctions of time like 'when',' until', 'after', 'before', 'as soon as', but most other subordinate clauses-for instance after 'if', 'wither', and 'on condition that', after question words and relatives, and in indirect speech. (ibid: 556)
21.I'll tell you what I find out. (NOT…I'll tell you what I will find out.) (ibid: 556)
c. With as and than present and future are both possible to use in the sentence to refer for future:
22.He will be on the same bus as we are/will tomorrow.23.We will get the station sooner than you do/will.
(ibid: 557)d. After certain expressions: in case, I hope, I bet, it does not matter…etc.
24.I hope you enjoy your time. 25.I bet he passes the exam. 26.It does not matter where we spend our holiday.27.It does not care who comes. (ibid: 557)
1.2.5.3. Using Present Simple to refer to the past meaning:
Some times, we use Present Simple form to refer to past meaning but this case is on common use, it is just in some cases like headlines in the newspapers or in narrative. (Foley and Hall: 1988, 47)
a. I hear… with that-clause: The simple present tense form is used with a perfect or past meaning in introductory expressions like (I hear, I see, I gather, I understand) are often used to introduce pieces of news which one has heard, read or seen on television.
28.I hear that your sister is expecting a baby.29.I see (that) the police are going to attack.30.I hear you're getting married.31.I see there's been trouble down at the shop.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
Understand and gather are often used when the speaker is checking information. We use the present simple form to refer to the past meaning. (ibid: 246)
32.'I understand you're moving to a new job.' 'Yes, that's right.'
33.'I gather you didn't like the party.' 'What makes you say that?'
34.I gather Peter's looking for a job. (ibid: 246)b. Quotations are often introduced with…says 'in
narrative'.35.No doubt, you all remember what Hamlet says about
suicide.36. It says in the paper that petrol's going up again. (ibid: 559)
c. The simple present can be used to express the past events in newspaper headlines to give more immediacy to the event: (Foley and Hall, 1988: 47)
37.Abbas tries to curb Hamas building in West Bank.38.Iran suggests talks with West amid fading Prospects for
UN sanctions.39.Bomber Kills Iraqi shoppers despite Mecca peace call.40.Sharia judges thank king for land allocation.41.Rice gets Russia assurances on N.Korea.42.Ministry downgrades factory for violating workers'
rights.43.Prince Hassan pays Ramadan visit to Bahrain.
(THE JORDAN TIMES 2003: October, 22)
1.3. Present Continuous Tense:
1.3.1. The Definition of the Present Continuous Tense:'The tense that you use to refer to actions or events that are happening now or developing.' The Form of the Present Continuous Tense:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verbbe base + ing
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subject auxiliary verb
main verb
+ I am speaking to you.+ You are reading this.- She is not staying in
London.- We are not playing football.? Is he watching TV?? Are they waiting for
John?Table 1.5 The Structure of the Present Continuous Tense
1.3.2.The Use of Present Continuous Tense: We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
44.action happening now 45.action in the future
1.3.2.1. Present continuous tense for action happening now:
a) For action happening exactly now
b) For action happening around now
The action may not be happening exactly now, but it is happening just before and just after now, and it is not permanent or habitual. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 66)
46.Muriel is learning to drive. 47.I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.
1.3.2.2. Present continuous tense for the future:
We can also use the present continuous tense to talk about the future—if we add a future word! We must add (or understand from the context) a future word. "Future words"
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
include, for example, tomorrow, next year, in June, at Christmas etc. We only use the present continuous tense to talk about the future when we have planned to do something before we speak. We have already made a decision and a plan before speaking. (Foley and Hall, 2003: 74)
48.We are eating in a restaurant tonight. We have already booked the table.
49.They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They are not working.
50.When are you starting your new job?
In these examples, we have a firm plan or programmed before speaking. The decision and plan were made before speaking. (ibid: 74)
1.4. Present Perfect Tense: (Past Time)
1.4.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Tense:
The Present Perfect Tense in English is used to express something that happened or never happened before now at an unspecified time in the past. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 77)
1.4.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Tense:
The structure of the present perfect tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verbhave past participle
subject auxiliary verb
main verb
+ I have seen ET.+ You have eaten mine.- She has not been to Rome.- We have not played football.? Have you finished?
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? Have they done it?
Table 1.6 The Structure of the Present Perfect Tense
1.4.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Tense:
1.4.3.1 .Finish events connect with the present:We use the simple present perfect to say that a finished
action or event is connected with the present in some way. If we say that something has happened, we are thinking about the past and the present at the same time.
53 .I con not go on holiday because I have broken my leg.)Swan, 1994: 419(
1.4.3.2 .Finished events: news
The simple Present perfect is the most normal tense for giving news of recent events.
And here are the main points of the news again. The pound has fallen against the dollar. The Prime Minister has said that the government's economic policies are working. The number of unemployed has reached five million. There has been a fire…. (ibid: 420)
1.4.3.3. Finished events with expressions of 'time up to now'
We often use the simple present perfect for past events when we are thinking of a period of time continuing up to now the present- for example when we use indefinite time adverbs that mean 'at some/any time to now', like ever, before, never, yet, already.54. Have you ever seen a ghost?
(ibid: 420)1.4.3.4. Repetition and continuation to now
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
We can use the simple present prefect to say that something has happened several times up to the present.
55. I have written six letters since lunchtime.56. How often have you been in love in your life?
(ibid: 420)
1.4.3.5. Time not mentioned
We use the present perfect when we are thinking of a period of 'time up to now', even if we do not mention it. On the other hand, we do not use the present perfect when we are thinking of a particular finished time, even if we do not mention it.57. Have you seen 'Rome and Juliet'? (Have you ever seen it?) (ibid: 420)
2.5. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense: (Past Time)2.5.1. The Definition of the Present Perfect Continuous:
English uses the present perfect continuous tense to talk about actions and state which start in the past but which have a link with the present. (Foley and Hall, 2003: 62)
2.5.2. The Form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + auxiliary verb + main verbhavehas
been base + ing
subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb + I have been waiting for one
hour.+ You have been talking too much.
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
- It has not been raining. - We have not been playing football.? Have you been seeing her?? Have they been doing their
homework?
Table 1.7 The Structure of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense
2.5.3. The Use of the Present Perfect Continuous
We use the present perfect continuous, in general, to talk about situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which have just stopped and have present result. (Swan, 1994: 424)
58. Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?59. 'You look hot.' 'Yes, I've been running.' (ibid: 424)
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THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
Chapter TwoThe Present Tense in Arabic
2.1. Introduction:
There are two main tenses in the Arabic language: Firstly, Perfect Tense: The action is completed in the perfect tense. You may also call this as the past tense because the action is completed before the present so it belongs to the past. E.g. 'I ate'. ( The action of eating was finished in (أكلت9the past.The past could be a few minutes or a few decades before the present time. (Salim: 2006)
Secondly, Imperfect Tense or the Present Tense: the action is still continuing. E.g. "you knock on the door and walk in." "I am eating." The action is still continuing, he is still eating while talking to you. This is the present tense in English. It is also the "imperfect tense" in Arabic. We say in Arabic ( 9ل9 (ibid) .(آك
The Arabic Verb ( 9ل9 ."means, "I am eating" or "I eat (آكThere is not such a thing as the future tense in Arabic. This is done by adding the prefix "ســ" or the word "سوف" to the imperfect form of the verb. E.g. ( 9ل9 to "ســ" we add (يأكbe ( 9ل9 which means "I will eat".(ibid) (سـيأك
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2.2. The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense:
The verb ' م3 س3 in Arabic conjugates into the first person 'ر3singular ' م9 س9 Cأر' like the form ' I do' in English. We add the prefix 'أ' at the first present singular to have the verb ' م9 س9 Cأر', which means in English 'I draw'. This rule applies to the trilateral verbs fro example 'رسم' the three consonant are unchanged. (ibid)
The present tense is formed by adding suffixes as well as prefixes to the " 3ل3 which it is in the perfect tense. Before we "أكcan add prefixes and suffixes, we have to derive the "stem" from the root verb. This is done by making "sakeen" of the first and the last letter of the root. The first root letter becomes "sakeen" by throwing its diacritics " Cأكل" then we can add prefixes and suffixes for the stem " Cأكل " to be " 99ل 3أك (ibid) ." ي
We add the prefix 'أ' for the first person singular, 'ت' for the second person singular and so on… and the most important is the vowels or symbols on the top of each consonant. (ibid)
Pay extra attention to the diacritics written in Arabic, the
three small symbols ( 3 9? ) are very important in the tables
below, because they play the role of vowels, ( 33333333 = vowel a) ( 999999 = vowel u) ( ???????? = vowel i or e). (Ibid)
Some of the trilateral verbs( الثالثية have some (األفعال
slightly different, the word ' 3ح9 swim, it has a vowel ' 3 ' after 'أسب
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" basically instead of using the vowel ' 9 ' , we use the vowel ,'بــ'
3 " with some trilateral verbs, like: 'لعـب' to play, ' فـعل ' to do, to swim…but the rest of the ' سبح ' to go, and 'ذهـب'consonants stay unchanged. (ibid)
Singular
I draw = أسب'ح / مأرس
you draw (singular masculine) = تسب'ح / ترسم
you draw (singular feminine) = 'ين تسب'حين' / ترسم*
he draws = يسب'ح / ي'رسم
she draws = تسب'ح / ت'رسم
Dual
you draw (dual male or female) = *ان / ت'رسم'تسب'حان*
they draw (dual male or female) = *ان / ي'رسم'يسب'حان*
Plural
we draw = نسب'ح/ ن'رسم
you draw (plural masculine) = 'تسب'حون' / ت'رسمون
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you draw (plural feminine) = 'ن تسب'حون' / ت'رسم0
they draw (plural masculine) = يسب'حون' / ي'رسمون'
they draw (plural feminine) = 'ن يسب'حن' / ي'رسم0
Table 2.1 The Conjugation of the Arabic Present Tense Based on (Salim: 2005-2006)
2.3. The Inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense:( المعرب المضارع (الفعل
The diacritics of the Arabic present verbs changed according to the situations. There are three cases that it can be:
1. Subjunctive (منصوب)2. Nominative (مرفوع)3. Jussive (مجزوم)
(Al-Jars and Amine, 1983: 54)
4. 2.3.1. Subjunctive Case ( النصب (حالة5.If the Arabic verbs are proceeded by the Subjunctive articles:
' C3ن 3نC ,أ كيC , إذ3نC, ل ' then we put to the end letter the vowel ' a 3 '. (ibid: 49)
السباحة .1 9حس?ن3 أ أن أريد9 'I need to learn swimming.'
2. C3ن أكذ?ب3ل 'I will never lie.' 3. Cد3إذن 3فCس9 الهواء9 ي 'So, will be bad smell.'
6. C3ي ك 3عل3م3ج?ئت9 أت 'I come to learn.'
(ibid: 48) 2.3.2. Jussive Case ( الجزم (حالة
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If the Arabic verbs are proceeded by the Jussive articles: ' , لم الناهية إنC, ال ' , in this case there is no vowels at the end but it
ends with consonant sound. (ibid: 55)
7. C3م الكرة3 يلعبCل علي 'Ali does not play football.'8. Cن? تنجحC تدرسCإ 'If you study you will succeed.'9. 9سرعCال السير? ت في 'Don not walk quickly.'
(ibid: 54)2.3.3. Nominative Case ( الرفع (حالة
Arabic present tense will be Nominative if it is preceded neither by the Jussive articles nor by Subjunctive articles. The
final latter is with the diacritic ' 9 '. (ibid: 60)الحمامة9 تطير9 .7 The pigeon flies.'3نز?ل9 .8 المطر9 ي 'It's raining.' 10. الشمس? تدور9 حول3 األرض9 'The earth goes around the sun.' (ibid: 59)
2.4. The Non-inflection Case of the Arabic Present Tense:
( المضارع الفعل (بناء
Two cases make the Arabic present tense Non-inflection:
The First Case: When we add the suffix ' ;التوكيد ' 'ن نون ' and the prefix ' 3القسم ' ' ل الم ' to the present form.
We add ' ;ن ' and ' 3ل ' to make emphasis. (ibid: 116)
النصيحة3 .10 3م?ع3ن; ألست'I must listen to the advice.' / Strong 'ن'
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11. الخير في C3ن ألسعي 'I'm seeking for good.' / Weak "ن"
3م?ع3ن©; + + = 3ست أل ن©; أســتمع strong / لـــ = + + C3ن ألسعي Cن أسعى weak / لـــ
The Second Case: When we add the feminine suffix ' 3نون ' ' نto the Arabic present tense. (ibid: 116) ' النسوة It gives feminine meaning.
12. 3صيحة3 الن م3عن3 C3س ي ?بات9 الطال 'They listen to the advice'
ن3 + = Cيــسـمـعـ ن3 يــسمع(ibid: 116)
2.4. The Use of the Arabic Present Tense:
2.4.1. Statements of Fact:
The Arabic Present Tense is used to express scientific statements of fact indicating that something was true in the past, is true in the present and will be true in the future. In addition, it is used to express general statement of fact for action that may be remaining for long time. (Farghal and Shunnaq, 1999: 64)
واألكسجين? يتكون .13 الهيدروجين? من الماء9 'Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.' الشمس? تدور .14 حول3 األرض9 'The Earth goes around the sun.'المصنع? يعمل .15 في خالد` 'Ali works in the factory.'
(ibid:64)2.4.2. Habitual Activities:
We use the Arabic Present Tense to express habitual or everyday activities; we use with the sentence some adverbs of frequency to express habitual activities like: ( / / كل R غالبا R دائما
ما / / / / / / / R نادرا R أحيانا R أبدا ما R كثيرا Rعادة سنة كل شهر كل .( يوم
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(always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day, every week, every…etc). (ibid: 66)
ميلين أمشي .16 صباح< مسافة كل' 'I walk for two miles every morning'البيت? يتناول .17 في الغداء Bأحمد` دائما 'Ahmad always eats lunch at home.'
(ibid: 66)2.4.3. Present Situations:
The Arabic Present Tense may indicate situations that exist right now, at the moment of speaking. (ibid: 68)
دوالرJ يحتاج .18 مئة? إلى أحمد` 'Ahmad needs a hundred dollars.'Further, we use the Arabic Present Tense to express a
situation that began in the past and continues to the present. (ibid: 68)
سنتين أسكن .19 منذ9 عمان في 'I have lived in Amman for two years'
2.4.4. Progressive Situations:
We use the Arabic Present Tense to express situation that in progressive at the moment of speaking, it may be still to the near future and it will end. We use adverbial markers to indicate present progressiveness. (ibid: 72)
اآلن .20 المعيشة? غرفة? في البيانو على علي يعز?ف9 'Ali is playing the piano in the living room.'
21. ? األيام هذه في اللغويات عن 3 كتابا أحمد` 9ؤل?ف99 ي 'Ahmad is writing a book on linguistics these days.'
اآلن .22 المكتبة? في Jرسالة بكتابة? علي 3ق9وم9 ي 'Ali is writing a letter in the library now.'
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Chapter threeThe Similarities and the Differences between the
English and Arabic Present Tense
3.1. Introduction
The verb is a major component of any language, not to exclude English or Arabic. Every English sentence has a verb in its surface structure, but it may be argued that they have some kind of verb in the deep structure obligatorily delete. (Alkhuli: 1999, 43)
E.g. 'Ali is a student' this sentence has the copula 'is' which calls linking verb; this verb is in the surface structure. When we translate this sentence into Arabic, we have ' ?ب طال in this "عليsentence there is no verb 'it's verbless', the verb does not in the surface structure but in the deep structure, the verb is 'يكون'. However, it will be ' طالب علي :Farghal & Shunnaq) .'يكون1999, 39) & (Alkhuli: 1999, 24)
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In this chapter, we will see how verb tenses are expressed in both English and Arabic and what are the similarities and the differences between the two languages.
3.2. English Simple Present and Arabic Present Tense:
Statements of facts are used in both English and Arabic.1. Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
واألكسجين? يتكون. 1 الهيدروجين? من الماء9
2. The Earth goes around the sun.الشمس? تدور. 2 حول3 األرض9
General Statement of fact is also used in both English and Arabic:
3. Ali works in the factory.المصنع? يعمل. 3 في خالد`
Similarly, we use the present simple tense and present in Arabic to express past meaning in the headlines in newspaper to give more immediacy to the event.
4. Prince Hassan pays Ramadan visit to Bahrain..يقوم. 4 البحرين إلى Jرمضانية بزيارة حسن األمير
5. Bomber Kills Iraqi shoppers despite Mecca peace call.مكة تفجير. 5 نداء من الرغم على العراقية األسواق? في Jقنبلة
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There are no differences between English and Arabic to indicate situations that exist right now, English verbs that are not usually used in the progressive tense, at the moment of speaking (present situations).
6. It is raining. 3نز?ل9 .6 .المطر9 ي
7. The pigeon flies. .تطير9 .7 الحمامة9
Similarly, there are no differences between English and Arabic in using habitual activities, in informal narrative and in summaries, and in word (say).
8. We look forward to hearing for you. (More formal)معك نتطلع. 8 للجلوس
9. I play tennis every week.أسبوع .التنس ألعب. 9 كل
10. No doubt, you all remember what Hamlet says about suicide.
ما. 10 نعلم9 بأننا شك يوجد اإلنتحار يقولال عن هاملت 9
In English, with the present simple, the only subject-verb agreement is the present morpheme suffixed to the verb if the subject is third-person singular, e.g., he look+s, she go+es, it seem+s. (Alkhuli, 1999: 43)
In Arabic, with every verb in any tense, the verb morphology is made to agree with the subject, and a subject copy is suffixed to the verb. The agreement often requires adding a prefix to the verb as well, e.g., نذهب, تذهب, يذهب ,(ibid: 43) .أذهب
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3.3. English Present Progressive and Arabic Present Tense:
In Arabic, the present progressive is expressed by the present form. This means that present facts, present habits, and present progressive acts are expressed in the same form. However, in terms of translation, the Present Progressive is problematic because Arabic does not formally mark present verbs for progressiveness. (ibid: 44) & (Farghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 72)
11. They are playing. 11. يلعبون هم
Arabic depends on the time adverb to make the difference between facts and habits on one side and progressive acts on the other side, whereas English varies the forms of the verbs. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44)
12. Ali is playing in the garden now.علي. 12 الحديقة? اآلن'يلعب9 في
In addition, we can express the present progressive in Arabic by utilizing the present form of the Arabic verb 'يقوم' 'to perform' plus the nominalized form of the verb in the sentence.(Farghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 73)
13. Ali is writing a letter in his office now.13. اآلن. مكتبه في Jرسالة بكتابة? علي يقوم9
14. The engineer is examining the equipment now.اآلن .14 التجهيزات? بفحص المهندس .يقوم
(ibid: 73)
We can use Present Progressive in English to express futurity, but we cannot do this in Arabic. (See page 9 & 1)
15. Maha is seeing the doctor next week.
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في ستذهب. 15 الطبيب? الى .مهى المقب*ل* اإلسبوع*
16. I am leaving for Cairo tomorrow morning.القاهرة? سأغادر. 16 .غدالى R صباحا R ا
(ibid: 73)
We can express to futurity in Arabic by adding the prefix 'ســ' to the present form. E.g. + 9يلعب 3لع3ب9 = ســ ـي س3
(ibid: 73)
3.4. The English Present Perfect and the Arabic Present Tense:
Formally, the present perfect has no corresponding tense in Arabic.
English uses 'has' or 'have' plus the past participle to express the present perfect. The formula is have/has+ V3. A perfect tense in English requires verb to have plus the past participle, e.g., 'I have done the homework'. Tense is an obligatory component; the choices are present, past, and future resulting in have/has, had, and will have, respectively. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44)
Arabic has the perfective aspect although it is not formally classified as the verb to express the present perfect preceded by the particle 'قد' or 'لقد' to make the perfect aspect. (Forghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 77) & (Alkhuli, 1999: 44)
The following English sentences along with their Arabic counterparts illustrate this:
17. George and Mary have moved into a new apartment.
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.انتقل' لقد. 17 Jجديدة Jشقة الى ماري و جورج18. He has done the homework.
ل' قد. 18 .ع'م* البيتي الواجب
Further, the present perfect in English may be used to express a situation that began in the past and continues to the present. In this case, Arabic uses the simple present or simple past form of the verb as can be illustrated bellow:
19. I have lived in Amman for two years.كنت. 19 سنتين أسكن / س' منذ9 عمان في
(Forghal & Shunnaq, 1999: 77)
3.5. The English Present Perfect Progressive and Arabic Present Tense:
The present perfect progressive in English is used to indicate the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present or a general activity in progress recently. In Arabic, the meaning of the present perfect progressive is expressed by using زال يزال , ما يزل , ال لم , plus the simple present form of the verb. (ibid: 78)
English uses this formula to express the present perfect progressive: has / have + been + V-ing. In contrast, Arabic uses this formula: زال يزال or ما يزل or ال present form, and it + لمrequires Subject Verb agreement with the two verbs, زال and the present form. (Alkhuli, 1999: 44-45)
20. I have been playing basketball since ten o'clock.الساعة? / / 20. منذ9 السلة? كرة3 الع3ب9 زلت9 ما أزل لم أزال9 ال
العاشرة?.
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21. Huda has been thinking about changing her major. .21 . تخصصها / / تغيير في تفك?ر9 هدى زالت ما تزل لم تزال9 ال
Chapter 4. The Conclusion
According this research, we note that there are some differences and similarities between the two languages; English and Arabic. We cannot make all languages completely similar or completely different because each language has separate linguistic system. However, we study this contrast between the two languages English and Arabic, for basic purpose, which is to accommodate one's language to those who learn English or Arabic as second languages with correct way.
There are some similarities and differences between English and Arabic in using the present; we can use the present simple in English and Arabic present tense in statements of facts, general statement, and habitual activities. In addition, present continuous in English and Arabic present tens with actions that happen now.
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We use the present simple and continuous in English to refer for future time but we cannot do it in Arabic present tense without adding prefix 'ســ' to the present form or the word '.before the Arabic present verb 'سوف
English language use the present perfect and perfect continuous as a present tense to give an attention to the duration of the action, but it refer to past time in Arabic present tense. Arabic language can do this by using both forms past and present with using the word to show the duration like 'منذ' and '
زال Arabic has the perfective aspect although it is not .'ماformally classified as the verb to express the present perfect preceded by the particle 'قد' or 'لقد' to make the perfect aspect.
We can note that the differences between the two languages in my research are not only in the form of the verb or the use of the verb, but we find that it's in the structure of the sentence; we find the verb like copula 'is' is shows in the English present sentence, but it's not in Arabic present sentence.
Appendix
AInfinitive Simple Past Past Participlearise arose arisenawake awakened / awoke awakened / awokenB backslide backslid backslidden / backslidbe was, were beenbear bore born / bornebeat beat beaten / beatbecome became becomebegin began begunbend bent bentbet bet / betted bet / betted bid (farewell) bid / bade biddenbid (offer amount) bid bidbind bound boundbite bit bittenbleed bled bledblow blew blownbreak broke broken
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breed bred bredbring brought broughtbroadcast broadcast / broadcasted broadcast / broadcastedbrowbeat browbeat browbeaten / browbeatbuild built builtburn burned / burnt burned / burnt burst burst burstbust busted / bust busted / bustbuy bought boughtC cast cast castcatch caught caughtchoose chose chosencling clung clungclothe clothed / clad clothed / clad come came comecost cost costcreep crept creptcrossbreed crossbred crossbredcut cut cutD daydream daydreamed / daydreamt daydreamed / daydreamt deal dealt dealtdig dug dugdisprove disproved disproved / disprovendive (jump head-first) dove / dived diveddive (scuba diving) dived / dove diveddo did donedraw drew drawndream dreamed / dreamt dreamed / dreamt drink drank drunkdrive drove drivendwell dwelt / dwelled dwelt / dwelled E eat ate eatenF fall fell fallenfeed fed fedfeel felt feltfight fought foughtfind found foundfit (tailor, change size) fitted / fit fitted / fit fit (be right size) fit / fitted fit / fitted flee fled fledfling flung flungfly flew flownforbid forbade forbiddenforecast forecast forecastforego (also forgo) forewent foregone
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foresee foresaw foreseenforetell foretold foretoldforget forgot forgotten / forgot forgive forgave forgivenforsake forsook forsakenfreeze froze frozenfrostbite frostbit frostbittenG get got gotten / got give gave givengo went gonegrind ground groundgrow grew grownH hand-feed hand-fed hand-fedhandwrite handwrote handwrittenhang hung hunghave had hadhear heard heardhew hewed hewn / hewedhide hid hiddenhit hit hithold held heldhurt hurt hurtI inbreed inbred inbredinlay inlaid inlaidinput input / inputted input / inputtedinterbreed interbred interbredinterweave interwove / interweaved interwoven / interweavedinterwind interwound interwoundJ jerry-build jerry-built jerry-builtK keep kept keptkneel knelt / kneeled knelt / kneeledknit knitted / knit knitted / knitknow knew knownL lay laid laidlead led ledlean leaned / leant leaned / leant leap leaped / leapt leaped / leapt learn learned / learnt learned / learnt leave left leftlend lent lentlet let letlie lay lainlie (not tell truth) REGULAR lied lied
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light lit / lighted lit / lightedlip-read lip-read lip-readlose lost lostM make made mademean meant meantmeet met metmiscast miscast miscastmisdeal misdealt misdealtmisdo misdid misdonemishear misheard misheardmislay mislaid mislaidmislead misled misledmislearn mislearned / mislearnt mislearned / mislearnt misread misread misreadmisset misset missetmisspeak misspoke misspokenmisspell misspelled / misspelt misspelled / misspelt misspend misspent misspentmistake mistook mistakenmisteach mistaught mistaughtmisunderstand misunderstood misunderstoodmiswrite miswrote miswrittenmow mowed mowed / mownO offset offset offsetoutbid outbid outbidoutbreed outbred outbredoutdo outdid outdoneoutdraw outdrew outdrawnoutdrink outdrank outdrunkoutdrive outdrove outdrivenoutfight outfought outfoughtoutfly outflew outflownoutgrow outgrew outgrownoutleap outleaped / outleapt outleaped / outleapt outlie (not tell truth) REGULAR outlied outliedoutride outrode outriddenoutrun outran outrunoutsell outsold outsoldoutshine outshined / outshone outshined / outshone outshoot outshot outshotoutsing outsang outsungoutsit outsat outsatoutsleep outslept outsleptoutsmell outsmelled / outsmelt outsmelled / outsmelt outspeak outspoke outspokenoutspeed outsped outspedoutspend outspent outspent
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outswear outswore outswornoutswim outswam outswumoutthink outthought outthoughtoutthrow outthrew outthrownoutwrite outwrote outwrittenoverbid overbid overbidoverbreed overbred overbredoverbuild overbuilt overbuiltoverbuy overbought overboughtovercome overcame overcomeoverdo overdid overdoneoverdraw overdrew overdrawnoverdrink overdrank overdrunkovereat overate overeatenoverfeed overfed overfedoverhang overhung overhungoverhear overheard overheardoverlay overlaid overlaidoverpay overpaid overpaidoverride overrode overriddenoverrun overran overrunoversee oversaw overseenoversell oversold oversoldoversew oversewed oversewn / oversewedovershoot overshot overshotoversleep overslept oversleptoverspeak overspoke overspokenoverspend overspent overspentoverspill overspilled / overspilt overspilled / overspilt overtake overtook overtakenoverthink overthought overthoughtoverthrow overthrew overthrownoverwind overwound overwoundoverwrite overwrote overwrittenP partake partook partakenpay paid paidplead pleaded / pled pleaded / pledprebuild prebuilt prebuiltpredo predid predonepremake premade premadeprepay prepaid prepaidpresell presold presoldpreset preset presetpreshrink preshrank preshrunkproofread proofread proofreadprove proved proven / provedput put putQ
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
quick-freeze quick-froze quick-frozenquit quit / quitted quit / quitted R read read (sounds like "red") read (sounds like "red")reawake reawoke reawakenrebid rebid rebidrebind rebound reboundrebroadcast rebroadcast / rebroadcasted rebroadcast / rebroadcastedrebuild rebuilt rebuiltrecast recast recastrecut recut recutredeal redealt redealtredo redid redoneredraw redrew redrawnrefit (replace parts) refit / refitted refit / refitted refit (retailor) refitted / refit refitted / refit regrind reground regroundregrow regrew regrownrehang rehung rehungrehear reheard reheardreknit reknitted / reknit reknitted / reknitrelay (for example tiles) relaid relaidrelay (pass along) REGULAR relayed relayedrelearn relearned / relearnt relearned / relearnt relight relit / relighted relit / relightedremake remade remaderepay repaid repaidreread reread rereadrerun reran rerunresell resold resoldresend resent resentreset reset resetresew resewed resewn / resewedretake retook retakenreteach retaught retaughtretear retore retornretell retold retoldrethink rethought rethoughtretread retread retreadretrofit retrofitted / retrofit retrofitted / retrofit rewake rewoke / rewaked rewaken / rewakedrewear rewore rewornreweave rewove / reweaved rewoven / reweavedrewed rewed / rewedded rewed / reweddedrewet rewet / rewetted rewet / rewetted rewin rewon rewonrewind rewound rewoundrewrite rewrote rewrittenrid rid rid
Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
ride rode riddenring rang rungrise rose risenroughcast roughcast roughcastrun ran runS sand-cast sand-cast sand-castsaw sawed sawed / sawnsay said saidsee saw seenseek sought soughtsell sold soldsend sent sentset set setsew sewed sewn / sewedshake shook shakenshave shaved shaved / shavenshear sheared sheared / shornshed shed shedshine shined / shone shined / shone shit shit / shat / shitted shit/ shat / shittedshoot shot shotshow showed shown / showedshrink shrank / shrunk shrunkshut shut shutsight-read sight-read sight-readsing sang sungsink sank / sunk sunksit sat satslay (kill) slew / slayed slain / slayedslay (amuse) REGULAR slayed slayedsleep slept sleptslide slid slidsling slung slungslink slinked / slunk slinked / slunkslit slit slitsmell smelled / smelt smelled / smelt sneak sneaked / snuck sneaked / snucksow sowed sown / sowedspeak spoke spokenspeed sped / speeded sped / speededspell spelled / spelt spelled / spelt spend spent spentspill spilled / spilt spilled / spilt spin spun spunspit spit / spat spit / spatsplit split splitspoil spoiled / spoilt spoiled / spoilt spoon-feed spoon-fed spoon-fed
Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
spread spread spreadspring sprang / sprung sprungstand stood stoodsteal stole stolenstick stuck stucksting stung stungstink stunk / stank stunkstrew strewed strewn / strewedstride strode striddenstrike (delete) struck strickenstrike (hit) struck struck / strickenstring strung strungstrive strove / strived striven / strivedsublet sublet subletsunburn sunburned / sunburnt sunburned / sunburnt swear swore swornsweat sweat / sweated sweat / sweatedsweep swept sweptswell swelled swollen / swelledswim swam swumswing swung swungT take took takenteach taught taughttear tore torntelecast telecast telecasttell told toldtest-drive test-drove test-driventest-fly test-flew test-flownthink thought thoughtthrow threw thrownthrust thrust thrusttread trod trodden / trodtypecast typecast typecasttypeset typeset typesettypewrite typewrote typewrittenU unbend unbent unbentunbind unbound unboundunclothe unclothed / unclad unclothed / unclad underbid underbid underbidundercut undercut undercutunderfeed underfed underfedundergo underwent undergoneunderlie underlay underlainundersell undersold undersoldunderspend underspent underspentunderstand understood understoodundertake undertook undertaken
Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
underwrite underwrote underwrittenundo undid undoneunfreeze unfroze unfrozenunhang unhung unhungunhide unhid unhiddenunknit unknitted / unknit unknitted / unknitunlearn unlearned / unlearnt unlearned / unlearnt unsew unsewed unsewn / unsewedunsling unslung unslungunspin unspun unspununstick unstuck unstuckunstring unstrung unstrungunweave unwove / unweaved unwoven / unweavedunwind unwound unwounduphold upheld upheldupset upset upsetW wake woke / waked woken / wakedwaylay waylaid waylaidwear wore wornweave wove / weaved woven / weavedwed wed / wedded wed / weddedweep wept weptwet wet / wetted wet / wetted whet REGULAR whetted whettedwin won wonwind wound woundwithdraw withdrew withdrawnwithhold withheld withheldwithstand withstood withstoodwring wrung wrungwrite wrote Written
Englishpage.com (1998-2005)
English Bibliographies
1. …… . (2003), October 22. The Jordan Times. Amman:
Jordan: Jordan Press Foundation.2. …… . (2003). Cambridge Advanced Learner's
Dictionary. Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press). 3. Alkhuli, M. (2004). English Phonetics and Phonology.
(Amman: Dar Alfalah).
Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
4. Alkhuli,M. (1999). Comparative Linguistics: English and Arabic. (Amman: Alfarah).
5. Azar, B.S. (1999). Understanding and Using English. (New York: Prentice Hall).
6. Aziz,Y. (1989). A Contrastive Grammar of English and Arabic. (Baghdad: Al-Watania).
7. Farghal, M., and A. Shunnaq. (1999). Translation with Reference to English and Arabic: a Practical Guide. (Irbid: Dar Al-Hilal for Translation).
8. Foley, M., and Hall, D. Advanced Learners' Grammar. (London: Longman).
9. Murphy, R. (1994). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: (Cambridge University Press).
10. Quirk, R. et al. (1985). A University English Grammar. (London: Longman).
11. Swan, M. (1995). Practical English Usage. (New York: Oxford University Press).
12. Salim ( 2006). Arabic Present Tense. speak7.com.
Arabic Referencesالعربية المصادر
1 : في. الواضح النحو مصطفى أمين، و علي ، الجازمالمعارف / .... – ( دار العربية اللغة ).1983قواعد
2 : بشرح. السنية التحفة الدين محي الحميد، عبدالعصرية / – ( المكتبة بيروت اآلجرومية ).2000المقدمة
Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
الخالصة الزمن توضيح هو البحث هذا من الهدف اللغتين كلتا بين وتشابهاتJ إختالفاتJ من المضارع
اللغة تعلم3 الطلبة على واإلنجليزية. لتيسر العربيةالصحيح. بالشكل المكتسبة األربعة األشكال البحث من األول الفصل يوضح
المضارع ؛ اإلنجليزية اللغة في المضارع للزمن و التام المضارع و المستمر المضارع و البسيط
من كغيرها اإلنجليزية المستمر. فاللغة التام للمتعلمين المشاكل من الكثير تملك اللغات
؛ الشرح سهلة المشاكل هذه األجانب. بعض
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
هذه أمالء9 المذكورة. أو األزمنه هذه كأشكال الصعب من أخرى مشاكل9 هناك األزمنة. ولكن
على حتى أو المتقدمين الطلبة على حتى تعلمها هذه؛ على األمثلة من المدرسين، بعض
R: الزمن هذه من لكلJ إستخدامات األزمنة. مثال عن التعبير في إستخدامه يمكن البسيط المضارع
عن التعبير في فقط ليس الماضي و المستقبل الفصل هذا يوضح فحسب. لذلك الحالي الزمن
اإلنجليزية اللغة في المضارع الزمن إستخداماتJبطريقة Jسهلة Jويسيرة Jفي للقراء?? ومفهومة ?هم. مختلف? م9ستويات
بطريقةJ البحث هذا من الثاني الفصل يوضحJسهلة Jأن وكيف ، الفعل تصريف كيفية وبسيطة إختالف مع شكلة9 يختلف9 العربية اللغة في الفعل
حاالت يظهر و بل فحسب، هذا الفاعل. ليس ومعربJ مبني من العربية اللغة في المضارع الفعل
العربية. اللغة في المضارع الزمن إستخدامات و فيوضح البحث هذا من الثالث الفصل أما
العربية اللغتين كلتا بين والتشابهات اإلختالفاتR المضارع للزمن واإلنجليزية ذلك في . مستخدماJو توضيحات Jلتصبح3 أمثلة Rو مبينة Rللقارئ. جلية
األهلية الزرقاء جامعة
الـمـضـارع الـزمـنSubmitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]
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December 1, 2006
THE PRESENT TENSE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND ARABIC: ACOMPARTIVE STUDY
فــي العربية اللغة
واإلنجليزية: دراسةمقارنة
إعداد:عيد أحمد جمال البصير عبد
2006 لعام األول ديسمبر/كانون
Submitted by:Abed Al-Baseer Jamal Eid | [email protected]