4.disaster management

7/29/2019 4.Disaster Management

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Submitted to - Mrs. Bindu

Submitted by - Jagwinder SinghSekhon

Roll no. - 37


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The Phases of Disaster management

Mitigation:

Lessen the impact of a disaster before it strikes

Preparedness:

Activities undertaken to handle a disaster when it

strikes

Response:

Search and rescue, clearing debris, and feeding

and sheltering victims (and responders if

necessary). Recovery:

Getting a community back to its pre-disaster status


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Mitigation

Includes any activitiesthat prevent a disaster,reduce the chances of a

disaster happening, orreduce the damagingeffects of unavoidabledisasters

(FEMA,1986)


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Mitigation Activities that reduce or eliminate a

hazard

Prevention

Risk reduction

Examples

Immunization programs

Public education

Improved building codes


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Role Of Nurse In Mitigation


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Role of Nurse in Mitigation Nurses have key role in disaster mitigation

by working with local, state and federal

agencies in identifying disaster risks and

developing disaster prevention strategies

through extensive public education in

disaster prevention and readiness. The nurse needs to have knowledge about

community assessment information,

community resources (e.g., hospitals,clinics), community health personnel (e.g.,

nurses, doctors, emergency medical teams),

community govt. officials and local industry.


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Preparedness

Includes plan and

preparation made to

save lives and helprescue operations

(FEMA 1986)


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Preparedness

Activities that are taken to build

capacity and identify resources that

may be used

Know evacuation shelters

Emergency communication plan

Preventive measures to prevent spread of

disease Public Education


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Preparedness Public education to reduce the impact

of dangerous situations in certain areasthat are prone to disaster situations.

Community health nurses may be

involved in such efforts, which mayinclude instruction regarding proper

safety precautions, storage of

emergency supplies, and first aidcourses to prepare the public to care

for injuries in the event of an actual

emergency.


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The reasons of community

preparedness

Members of a community have the most to lossfrom being vulnerable to disasters and the most togain from an effective and appropriate emergencypreparedness program.

Those who first respond to an emergency come

from within the community. When transport andcommunications are disrupted, an externalemergency response may not arrive for days.

Resources are most easily pooled at thecommunity level and every community possesses

capabilities. Failure to exploit these capabilities ispoor resource management.

Sustained development is best achieved byallowing emergency affected communities todesign, manage and implement internal and

external assistance program.


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Planning Plan for rescue, evacuation, caring for

disaster victims, training disaster response

personnel. Gathering resources, equipment and

materials necessary for coping with disaster. Making anticipatory provision for food, water,

clothing, shelter and medicine.

F ll i t t i ld b id d


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Following strategies could be consideredfor developing preparedness plan.

Convening meeting for the purpose of sharing

knowledge. Holding disaster drills, rehearsals and

stimulations.

Developing techniques for training, informationtransfer and hazard assessment.

Understanding public educational activities.

Establishing informal lines and ties betweenrelevant groups.

Anticipating and communication about future

dangers and hazards. Drawing up organizational disaster plans and

integrating them in overall community disasterplan.


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Are nurses

prepared??


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Role of nurse Community health nurse have skills in crises

intervention and are involved in acute care,

first aid, rescue and evacuation procedures,recognizing and preventing communicableillnesses.

To establish an effective public communication

system.


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Principles of disaster plan Planning should be a continuous process.

It should reduce the unknown in problematicsituation.

It must evoke appropriate action.

It should foresee what is likely to happen.

It should be based on valid knowledge. It should focus on general principles.

It should serve as an educational activity.

It should overcome resistance.

The plan must be tested.

Adjust planning to people rather thanexpecting people to change their behavior inorder to confirm with the planning.


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Response

Activities a hospital,

healthcare system, or

public health agency

take immediately before,during, and after a

disaster or emergency

occurs.


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Response How these goals are achieved will vary with the

type of disaster and the type of rescue worker.

Police officers and firefighters will have an entirely

different focus than health care workers.

Preplanning mandates the designation of a

command center and coordinated interactions

among various response personnel.

In the event of a disaster situation, the emergency

operation center (EOC) becomes operational. The

EOC includes health personnel from the local

emergency medical system (EMS). These

personnel will be included in treating people at the

scene of the disaster as well as at other

designated location, including local hospitals.

R


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Response The management of mass casualties

can be further divided into; Search and rescue.

Field care/ first aid

Triage and stabilization of victims.

Hospital treatment and redistribution of

patients to other hospitals, if necessary.


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Response

Tagging All patients should be identified with tags stating

their name, age, place of origin, triage category,

diagnosis and initial treatment.

Identification of dead Removal of dead from the disaster scene.

Shifting to mortuary

Reception of bereaved relatives.


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Recovery Activities undertaken

by a community and itscomponents after an

emergency or disaster

to restore minimum

services and move

towards long-term

restoration.

Debris Removal

Care and Shelter

Damage Assessments

Funding Assistance


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Recovery The reconstruction of the victims life

begins with initial care and continuesuntil the victim has recovered. This

may take few days , months, or years.

Victim and disaster workers mustreceive adequate psychological

counseling and emotional support to

be able to effectively return to normal

living.


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Relief phase Begins when assistance from outside

starts to reach the disaster area.

Following the initial emergency phase,needed supplies will include; food,blankets, clothing, shelter, sanitary

engineering equipment and constructionmaterial.

Principal components in managinghumanitarian supplies;

Acquisition of supplies. Transportation.

Storage.

Distribution.


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Care of disaster victims

The goal is to provide the greatestchance of survival to the largest

number of the disaster victims through

a system of attending the most sick

and seriously injured victims first, thenothers who are less serious and could

wait for sometime to get medical

attention(Triage).


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Disaster triage To determine the priorities of care, victims

are classified into several groups. Classification according to treatment

need;

Minimal treatment; Persons who may assistothers after treatment is given.

Immediate treatment; persons who will benefit

most by treatment.

Delayed treatment; Persons who will not die iftreatment is delayed.

Expectant treatment; critically injured persons

who will receive treatment if time permits.

Classification according to


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Classification according to

priority of care Priority one; Emergency; Persons who need

immediate attention to save their lives. Priority two; Urgent; Persons who need

attention within a few hours; If they do notreceive attention, may suffer serious

consequences. Priority three; Non-urgent; Persons who can

tolerate a delay in receiving attention. Victimsin this group can be attended in order of arrivaland will need assurance that they have not

been forgotten about. Priority four; Non-acute; Persons who do not

require the services from rescuing/emergencydepartment but can be examined by themedical staff as a regular or routine case.


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Displacement of disaster

victims


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Mass casualty management Do the best for the most promptly within the

prevailing resources.

Triage. Grade the care of casualties.

First aid

Life saving measures

Preparation for evacuation Primary surgery

Limit the first aid activities at the disaster sitefor maintaining and restoring vital functions.

Transport the victims. Work with confidence and in co-ordination

with other members of the rescue team.

Di t


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Disaster sceneEach locality has its own standard operating

procedures for disaster operations. But in general

following procedures can help; A command post is established in a safe area.

Communication is to be established withhospitals, medical facilities, dispatchers and otheremergency units.

Hazard control must begin as soon as possible.There must be close co-ordination betweenrescue personnel, fire fighters and law

enforcement officers. Emergency medical first aider on the first

ambulance to arrive automatically become triageofficer, such as a physician from nearby hospital.


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Extrication may be difficult or delayed. Thosedoing the extrication must work closely with firstaiders so that triage can begin along with first aidand patients are not injured duringdisentanglement operation.

When possible patients are removed according tothe severity of their injuries but this is not alwayspractical.

A triage point should be set up in safe area insuch a way so that all patients are funneledthrough triage before they are taken to ambulancefor transport.

All ambulance drivers stay with their vehicles.First aider should report to triage officer alongwith equipments.

The command post should determine the hospitalto which a particular ambulance should go.


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A special care area should be set up toreceive relatives and friends of disastervictims. Person in charge of this areamust make certain that only reliableinformation is passed on to friends andrelatives. Emergency care should beavailable at the information centre.

Since dead bodies may not be removedfrom the scene until all the injuredpatients have been transported, a

temporary morgue should be establishedout of site and source one should guardto prevent unauthorized persons fromdisturbing the bodies.

Shifti f ti t


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Shifting of patientsFirst aider should be mentally prepared to give first aid

to the casualty.

The ambulance The driver of the ambulance should be active so that he

can inspect the need of first aid needed by any person.

The first aider should be alert.

The driver should keep ready his ambulance. He should

check; Wheels and tires daily

Doors and windows

Fuel tank

Facilities i.e. equipments should be ready and in a workingcondition.

The warning devices i.e. check the siren, horn, visual warningsignals, to be sure in working order.

Lights should be alright like test the high/low head lights, turnsignals, brake lights, back up lights, etc.

The driver should have knowledge about the priority tag and heshould have tags according to the need.

Information obtained by


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Information obtained by

dispatcher

There are number of ways in whichdispatchers collect and disseminateinformation. A trained dispatcher should askfrom the caller; Disclose your identity and from where you are

speaking. What is the nature of emergency.

What is the exact location of accident. (the exactlocation of sick or injured is critical. Dispatcher

should ask the building number, street name anddirection, etc.)

How many people are involved in accident.

Note down the number of caller, if any.

Driving the ambulance to the


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Driving the ambulance to thescene

The driver should know about theemergency driving.

He should avoid accidents.

The driver should know about the law.

Emergency vehicles are granted certainprivileges with respect to speed,parking passage through traffic signals

and direction of them but then alsodriver must be conscious about thelaw, because law never forgiveanybody.


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Driver must be well educated.

He must know about road laws.

He must be a licensed driver.

He must be active and punctual. He should not take any medicine like narcotics,

tranquilizers or anti-allergic which cause the sedation.

He is not allowed to drink at the time of duty to preventaccident.

He should not overuse the warning devices, Use sirenwhen needed.

Be prepared for the erratic maneuvers of other drivers.Some people become panic when they listen siren.

Never use the siren indiscriminately and never use it toscare someone.

Equip ambulance with simple horn, not in a tuning.

The driver should be cautious about the animals or thepeople on the road. He should slow down his speed while

watching them from far away.

Ti f di t


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Tips for disaster rescuer Be professional; to stay alert to detect the victims problems

and needs.

Have a presence of mind; Be prompt in any action whatnormally a prudent person would do.

Talk with victims; Acknowledge their individual existence,fears, questions and needs.

Listen to victims; Reassurance often comes from havingsomeone listening especially for victims who are near panic,

argumentative or overly active. Provide needed care; Both physical and emotional needs of

the victim must be considered.

Provide food and drink; This will have a calming effect,provide assurance.

Design tasks for the victims; Those who are injury freeshould be kept engaged by simple tasks, i.e. feeding, givingwater to helpless.

Keep victims together; To think that he is not alone or astranger during disaster.

Personal protection in


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Personal protection in

different types of emergencies

Do not use the telephone, except to call forhelp, so as to leave telephone lines free for theorganization of response.

Listen to the messages broadcast by radio andthe various media so as to be informed of

development. Carry out the official instructions given over

the radio or loud speaker.

Keep a family emergency kit ready.

In all the different types of emergencies, it isbetter; To be prepared than to get hurt.

To get information so as to get organized.

To wait rather than act too hastily.


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Disaster prevention

The measures designed to preventnatural phenomenon from causing or

resulting in disaster or other

emergency situations. It include;

Formulation and implementation of long

range policies and programs to prevent or

eliminate the occurrence of disaster.

Enactment of legislation and regulatorymeasures pertaining to physical and urban

planning, public works and building.

THANKS


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THANKS

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