4e.4na -chapt 5 development and the quality of life

8/8/2019 4E.4NA -Chapt 5 Development and the Quality of Life

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Prepared by Mdm Roziah Ismail,edited by Mrs Sandra Tan

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1. Definition of development1. Definition of development

2. Characteristics of development2. Characteristics of development

3. The types of development indicators3. The types of development indicators

4. The differences between the DCs and4. The differences between the DCs and

the LDCsthe LDCs

5. The Core5. The Core--Periphery Model & itsPeriphery Model & its

limitationslimitations6. Factors affecting development6. Factors affecting development

7. Strategies for development7. Strategies for development




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What is development?What is development?

It is the progressive process which aimsIt is the progressive process which aimsto achieve economic growth and createto achieve economic growth and create

an environment for individuals to enjoy aan environment for individuals to enjoy adecent standard of living and quality ofdecent standard of living and quality oflife.life.




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From this«




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Development is a process of change thatDevelopment is a process of change that

improves theimproves the wellbeingwellbeing of a society.of a society.-- material wealthmaterial wealth

-- quality of lifequality of life

TransTrans--Amazon HighwayAmazon Highway

T o this«




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Building of a Dam and a ReservoirBuilding of a Dam and a Reservoir




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-- quality of lifequality of life




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Prepared by Mdm Roziah Ismail,edited by Mrs Sandra Tan 8




Other Examples of Development

Green Revolution in India ( the use of modern

technology and improved rice grains resulted

in an increase in crop yields and farmers¶income and more comfortable lives.

The building of beach resorts in Bintan

Indonesia helped to increase theincome and living conditions of the local

people.




So how do we define that a country is

developed or not developed?

What are the indicators that we look at?

Worksheet




What is development?What is development?

It is the progressive process which aimsIt is the progressive process which aimsto achieve economic growth and createto achieve economic growth and create

an environment for individuals to enjoy aan environment for individuals to enjoy adecent standard of living and quality ofdecent standard of living and quality oflife.life.




Development

Economic growth

Standard of Living Quality of Life

People¶s level of wealth

Goods and services in

the living environment People¶s well-being




Economic growth Standard of Living Quality of Life

Employment

Wages

Types of industries

Access to :

Electricity supplyClean water

Healthcare services

& facilities

Efficient &

affordable public& private transport

Political &

religious freedom

Environmental health

Happiness




There are THREE basic goals:There are THREE basic goals:

1. To improve the economy.1. To improve the economy.2. To raise the standard of living2. To raise the standard of living

3. To improve the quality of life.3. To improve the quality of life.




EconomicGrowth

Increase in wealth of the country.

Production of goodsand services.

More employment iscreated.

Standard of Living

living conditions of the people.

Basic needs are met.

Desire for things thatmake life morecomfortable, like carsand TVs.

These aims are related because when more wealth is created, more money

can be spent on improving the standard of living.

Thus development is on -going process because people continue to seek a

better quality of life and countries continue to grow and improve.

Quality of Life

Good sense of well-being

Happiness

Religious & politicalFreedom




a. Develop manufacturing industry.a. Develop manufacturing industry.

b. Improve agriculture.b. Improve agriculture.c. Increase export.c. Increase export.






-- quality of lifequality of lifeTraditional method of harvesting




Improve agriculture




Develop manufacturing industries




Increase export




a. Basic Needs (food, shelter, water,a. Basic Needs (food, shelter, water,

sanitation, health care and education)sanitation, health care and education)are met.are met.




Different viewpoints of development:

- economist

- sociologist- geographer

Development is a continuous process-

short-term & long-term



Prepared by Mdm Roziah Ismail,

edited by Mrs Sandra Tan

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ongoing

The rate of development depends onseveral factors

Development is measured by a wide-range of indicators

Positive & negative impact of

development Development is an emotional issue





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Why is development a complexconcept and difficult to define?

Due to different

viewpoints

Development is acontinuous process

Several Factors

influencing development

Wide range of

measurements

Positive &

negative impact

Emotional issue





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DIFFERENCES I N DEVELOPMENT

Development is a continuing process.

Thus not all countries are at the same

level of development.

There are also differences in

development between countries andwithin a country.





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Classification of countries

In the1950s«

First World ± democratic countries in N. America,Western Europe, Japan Australia & New Zealand

2nd World-non-democratic countries ± former Soviet Union & Peoples¶ Republic of China

3rd World ± the rest of the countries which areconsidered poor.





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Classification of Countries

At Present:

Developed Countries ± USA, Japan,

Switzerland, Italy

Less Developed Countries ± Cambodia,

Peru, Ethiopia [ early stages of devt, lower standards of living, lower quality of life]

YouTube - Poor Country Uganda :((...





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Uk

Germany

France

T he OldIndustrialised

Countries

T he NewlyIndustrialised

Countries

Singapore

South KoreaTaiwan

T he Oil-richcountries

BruneiSaudi

Arabia

T he CentrallyPlanned

Economies

NorthKorea

FormerSoviet

Union





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The World of Uneven Development

The pace of development varies among

different countries.

The difference in pace often leads to a

wide gap in development between the

DCs and the LDCs.

There are several indicators todetermine the pace of development.





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Uneven economic development





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I NDICATORS OF DEVLOPMENT

ECONOMIC DEMOGRAPHIC

Income per

capita

Employment

structure

Life

Expectancy

Infant

Mortality Rate

Urban

Population

Access to

water &

sanitation

AdultLiteracy rate

SOCIAL





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Income per capita

Gross National ProductGNP measures the wealth of country.

Annual GNP refers to the total value of goods &

services produced by the country·s citizens in a given year.





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GNP per capita

GNP per capita means the average amount of incomeeach citizen earns in the country in a given year.

It is calculated by dividing the GNP by the totalpopulation.

GNP = total income generated in a country in 1 yr

Total population in the country

However GNP per capita is an average figure and doesnot reflect distribution of wealth within a country.





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Classification of countries based on

GNP per capita

High-income economies

(US$10 726 more)

Middle income economies

(US$876-$10 725)

Low-income economies(US$875 or less)





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GNP is affected by:

The size of population

The type of industries ±

A DC has a higher proportion of secondary & tertiary industries ± brings a higher

amount of income.

An LDC has a larger primary industry-

generates less profit to the economy.





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Why is GNP per capita not an accurate measurement of

development?

It is an average figure and does not show individual andregional differences.(1/4 of Americans are poor)

It does not take into account the local cost of living.

It does not reflect the informal economic activities that arenot registered with the government. (tuition services &street hawking)

It does not take into account the social and environmentalcost brought about by development (income gap, air pollution)





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EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURERefers to the distribution of people employed

in the three main industries.

Primary- extraction of natural resourcesdirectly from the earth [ agriculture, mining,forestry, fishing]

Secondary- Industries that convert naturalresources into useful products [ petroleum &food processing industries]

Tertiary- industries that provide services-[tourism, education, banking]





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Primary 28%

Tertiary 36%

Secondary 36%

Primary Industries

contribute less to the

country¶s GNP.

In less developed countries,

more than 75% of the people

work in agriculture.

In the developed

countries, less than

5% of the people

work in

agriculture.





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TriangularGraph

PrimarySecondary

Tertiary

China

Japan

Nigeria





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Employment Structure

Percentage of Workforce

Country Primary Secondary Tertiary

China 49 22 29

Japan 5 25 70

Nigeria 70 10 20





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Demographic indicators

Life Expectancy

Refers to the average number of years that a

person is expected to live in a particular

country.

In the DCs- the life expectancy is much

longer than those in the LDCs.

Reflects the access to healthcare.





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Life expectancy at birth by world region, 2001

Area Total Males Females

World 67 65 69

Developed countries 75 72 79

Less developed countries 64 63 66

Africa 54 52 55

Asia 67 65 68

Asia (excluding China) 64 63 66

Latin America (and Caribbean) 71 68 74

Europe 74 70 78 North America (U.S. and Canada) 77 74 80

SOURCE: Population Reference Bureau. 2001 World

Population Data Sheet. Washington, DC: Population

Reference Bureau, 2001.





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Percentage of Population which has access to healthcare

services in different countries

Country Population with Access to

Healthcare Services (%)

LDC

Ethiopia 46

Cambodia 53

India 85

Indonesia 80

DC

Singapore 100





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Infant Mortality Rate

Refers to the number of deaths of children under the age of one per 1000 live births in a year.

DCs- lower IMR due to availability of good

sanitation and easy accessibility to hospitals anddoctors (Singapore 2 per 1000 live births)

LDCs ± higher IMR due to occurrence of war,

drought, shortage of food, poor nutrition, famineand life threatening diseases

(Ethiopia- 100 per 1000 live births)





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Urban population

It refers to the percentage of people living in anurban area. This figure is usually higher in a DCthan a LDC.

Reasons DCs ± have financial resources to develop

cities, modern infrastructure. A large % of workers work in secondary & tertiary industriesin the cities.

LDCs ± lower % of people living in urban areas.Large % work in primary industries.





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Level of Urbanisation.

Refers to the change from a rural

countryside to a city landscape

DevelopedCountries

High level of urbanisation anddevelopment

Many high value-addedindustries.

More wealth isgenerated

Further development

Less DevelopedCountries

High level of urbanisation does notlead to higher growthand development

Leads to problems

because of lack of infrastructure to sustainlarge urban population.





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% of urban population may not be an accurate

indicator of development

Reasons: An emerging counter-urbanization trend in

some DCs:(In USA, the city people are relocating to the suburbs.

due to congestion & pollution in the cities)

In the LDCs, more people are moving to thecities because of better employment

opportunities. This contributes to rapidgrowth in urban population:(In, Mumbai India, 18m people living in an area of lessthan 500 sq km.)





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Insufficient housing facilities

leads development of slums

and squatters.

Effects of rapid urban growth in the LDCs

Slums

-Authorised housing areasthat have deteriorated.

-Poorly maintained housing.

-No access to water and

electricity suppliesSquatters

-Areas where people have illegally

built makeshift housing from

discarded cardboards and planks.

-No proper electricity or water

supplies

-Often next to open sewers and

piles of garbage.





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SlumsSquatters





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Social Indicators

Access to water & sanitation

safe drinking water.

Availability of garbage and

wastewater disposal service.

Contaminated drinking water and poor sanitation are the

leading causes of death in

many LDCs.

% of people who have accessto safe drinking water and

proper sanitation is generally

low in the LDCs.

Country

LDC

Rural

populationwith access

to safe

drinking

water in

2002(%)

Population

with accessto Proper

sanitation in

1999(%)

Nigeria 39 36

Kenya 77 53

Indonesia 62 51

India 81 29





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Adult Literacy Rate





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Adult Literacy Rate

Refers to the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to

read, write and understand simple statements.

DCs- higher literacy rate. Governments have the financial resources to meet theeducational needs of the people (build schools, train teachers and subsidise the

cost of education). Parents have higher income- can afford to send children to

school.

LDCs- lower literacy rate- schools are not readily available, parents are poor and

children work in the farms, social customs limit the access of females to education.

Country

LDC

Adult

Literacy rate

(%)

Country

DC

Adult

Literacy

rate (%)

Vietnam 94.0 USA 99.8Kenya 82.4 Japan 99.8

Laos 48.7 UK 99.8

India 52.2 Singapore 94.6





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Unmeasurable aspects of development

There are some aspects of development that cannot be

measured.

These are qualities that define the quality of life.

They are non-material benefits:

1. Sense of security2. Fulfilment in life3. Sense of purpose in life

4. Sense of belonging to a community5. Freedom of movement, speech, to choose jobs

and livelihood.6. Liberation from oppression, violence and

exploitation





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Human Development IndexHDI combines 3 important

development indicators: Economic indicator- GNP per capita

Social Indicator- Adult Literacy rate

Demographic indicator- Lifeexpectancy

HDI is calculated by averaging the

scores of the 3 indicators in

individual countries.

HDI values ranges from 0 to 1.0

Level ofHumanDevt

HDIValues

High 0.8-1.0

Medium 0.5-0.799

Low 0.499 &

below





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Advantages of using the HD1 to measure development

It provides a comprehensive method of measuringdevelopment because it takes into account :Economic wealth.Quality of life

Generally a higher GDP per capita would contribute toa higher HDI.

A country may be rich in terms of GDP per capita butthe accumulated wealth does not necessarily improvethe quality of life of all the people living in thecountry.

On the other hand some countries may not be aswealthy as others but their HDI may be higher.



Prepared by Mdm Roziah Ismail, 63

INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Indicators Developed Countries Less Developed

Countries

GNP per capita High Low

Employment Higher % in tertiary

and secondary

industries

Higher % in primary

industries

Infant Mortality Rate Low High

Life Expectancy High Low

Transport networks Well-developed Few transport links

Education High Literacy rates Low Literacy rates

Housing Housing with

amenities

Lack of amenities

Level of urbanisation High Low

4e.4na -chapt 5 development and the quality of life

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