5- cell ii
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Structure and Function II
Chapter 3
http://www.cnas.missouristate.edu/labimages/Biology/Bio122/week8.htm
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Outline
2. Cytoplasma. General constituents
b. Major organelles and their functions
c. Cytoskeletal elements
3. Nucleusa. Main constituents
b. Chromatin condensation
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Cytoplasm
Fig. 3.3
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Cytosol
• Cytosol– Viscous fluid– Water– Dissolved material such as
ions, ATP and nucleotides
General constituents
Fig. 3.5
cytosol
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Organelles
– Organelles• “little organs”
General constituents
Fig. 3.5
Various organelles
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Inclusions
• Non-functional formed elements
• Storage – Lipid, glycogen
General constituents
Fig. 3.5
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Representative Animal Cell
Mitochondria
Organelles
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The Mitochondrion
Bounded by adouble membrane
Inner membrane and matrixare packed with metabolic
enzymes – where fuel is convertedto energy in the form of ATP
Main site of ATP Production
Organelles
Cristae (pl)
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Mitochondria
• What type of cells have a lot of mitochondria?
Muscle
Organelles
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Representative Animal Cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Endoplamsic Reticulum (er)• “inside cytoplasm
network”• Branching network in
the cell• Flattened tube
compartmentalized by lipid bilayer
• Hollow– Space inside is
cisternae• reservoir
Organelles
Fig. 3.26
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Endoplasmic Reticulum• Rough and smooth forms• Rough has ribosomes on
the outer surface while smooth doesn’t
• Rough is for protein synthesis
• Smooth is for lipid (steroid) synthesis and detox
• Where do you think smooth would be found?
Fig. 3.26
Organelles
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Representative Animal Cell
Free ribosomes
Organelles
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Ribosomes
• Protein and rRNA• Very small• Not membrane bound• Important in protein
synthesis
Complete ribosome
large subunit
small subunit
Fig. 3.26
Organelles
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Representative Animal Cell
Golgi Complex
Organelles
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Golgi Complex• Camillo Golgi• Single bilayer• Like an flattened,
extended sac• Golgi vesicles associated
with them• “cellular post office” while
vesicles are the delivery vehicles
• Finishes the protein– Cuts, splices, adds carbs
to glycoproteins• Gets stuff from the er
Organelles
Fig. 3.27
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The Golgi Complex
plasma membrane lysosomes
Vesicles directed to
Organelles
from er
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Representative Animal Cell
Lysosomes
Organelles
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Lysosomes• “splitting body”• Single membrane• Produced by Golgi• Contain acid hydrolases
– pH inside is 3-4• Break apart many things
– All classes of biomolecules, phagocytized bacteria, worn out organelles and cells
• e.g. DNases, RNases, proteases, lipases
• Apoptosis– Programmed cell death
Organelles
Fig. 3.5
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Cytoskeleton
• Protein filaments and cylinders that help give the cell shape and support– Insoluble in water
• Also involved in intracellular movement and movement of the whole cell
• Not membrane bound
cytoskeleton
Fig. 3.31
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Fig. 3.31
Cytoskeleton
• Three types (in increasing size)
– Microfilaments– Intermediate filaments– microtubules
cytoskeleton
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Microfilaments
• Diameter of 7 nm (10-9 m)• Composed of actin
– Links together to form a chain– 2 chains form a helix
• Supports plasma membrane• Scaffolding
– Core of microvillus
• Important in muscle contraction
• Important in cytokinesis
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/i-magesdemarc/introfigure4.htm
cytoskeleton
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http://liquidbio.pbworks.com/Matthew-Damstrom-Organelles-Project
Terminal web
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Intermediate filaments
• Diameter 10 nm• Not a single type of
protein but dependent upon the type of cell
• e.g. keratin of epithelial cells
• Support -“guy wires”• Reinforce desmosomes• Toughest type of
cytoskeletal element
http://www.cytochemistry.net/Cell-biology/intermediate_filaments.htm
cytoskeleton
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Microtubules
• Diameter 25 nm• Not stable – break down
and assemble quickly• Hollow tube
– Made up of protein called tubulin
• Critical in mitosis• Highway to move material• e.g. flagella, cilia,
centrioles Fig. 3.32
cytoskeleton
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Representative Animal Cell
Centrioles
cytoskeleton
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Centrioles
• Every cell has at least one pair– During mitosis it must
replicate so it will have 2 pairs
• Composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
• Lies in an area of the cell called the centrosome– Microtublule organizing
center
cytoskeleton
Fig. 3.30b
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• Fig. 3.31
centrosome
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nucleus
Main constituents
Nuclear envelope (membrane) isa double membrane
Nucleolus (nucleoli, pl.)site of ribosome formation
Chromatin
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The Nucleus
• Largest organelle• Where the DNA is
located• Most cells have one
(uninucleate)• RBC’s have no
nucleus (anucleate)• Skeletal muscle has
more than one (multinucleate)
Nucleus
Fig. 3.25a
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The Nucleus
• Nuclear envelope– Double membrane– Forms pores for the
passage of materials
Fig. 3.25b
Nucleus
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The Nucleus
• Nucleolus (nucleoli)– Site of ribosome
synthesis– Can be more than one in
a nucleus
Fig. 3.25a
Nucleus
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The Nucleus
• Chromatin– Complex of DNA and
protein– Compacted/condensed
during mitosis– 3 meters in a typical cell– Proteins responsible for
the condensing– Looks like beads on a
stringFig. 3.25b
Nucleus
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Chromatin
Fundamental structural unit of chromatin
“beads on a string”
DNA compaction
Nucleus