5 diffusion analysis of biogas for cooking in rural...
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TERI University-Ph.D. Thesis, 2010
Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for
Cooking in rural Households
5.1. Overview
Biogas technology promotion assumes significance due to its multiple
environmental, economic and social benefits for rural people. Biogas plants
provide clean and convenient fuel for cooking and lighting; enriched organic
manure for use in agricultural fields and reduce the drudgery and improve
health of women in rural areas (MNRE, 2007; Ravindranath et al, 2000). A
brief history of biogas development in India is included in Appendix 5.1. (Table
A5.1.1). A national level programme was designed by MNRE to tap an estimated
total potential of 12 million biogas plants. Alternate estimates of family-type
biogas potential are available from both the official and non-official sources,
which vary from 12 million to 22 million family type plants in the country based
on cattle wastes and ownership pattern of livestock (Planning Commission,
2002). The cumulative installation of biogas plants in India is 3.9 million in
2007, which is approximately 32% of the estimated potential of 12 million.
Three States – Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have a
biogas potential of over 1 million. However, the penetration levels are 39%, 17%,
21% respectively. Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Mizoram and Sikkim have
achieved penetration levels of 70% and above. It is also observed that States with
lower biogas potential have achieved higher penetration levels. Figure 5.1
indicates the State wise potential and achievements. Table A5.1.2 also gives
biogas penetration levels by States.
The diffusion of biogas plants is mainly driven by MNRE through its own
institutional network. Some NGOs and private players also participate in the
programme implementation.
5
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Figure 5. 1: State wise biogas potential and cumulative achievements up to March 2007
(in numbers)
5.1.1. Policy initiatives
The national policies to promote biogas mainly stem from rural energy and
development policies. Biogas had been promoted by MNRE since 1980s. The
NPBD was launched as a central sector scheme with additional subsidy being
provided by some of the states to promote the programme. Table 5.1 gives the
budgetary allocation for biogas sector. A major part of this central allocation
normally goes for capital subsidy of biogas plants. Table 5.2 provides the pattern
of central subsidy for setting up of Plants from 1989-90 onwards. The Table
gives subsidies for 2-3 m3 capacity plants (which are the most commonly
installed capacities. There are also special privileges for poor, marginal farmers,
North Eastern States and certain other categories. The amount of subsidy has
largely been same although in percentage terms, it has declined from 25 - 35% in
1990 to 15% in 2004-5. The increase in subsidy to Rs. 2100 for 1 m3 plant and
Rs. 27oo for 2 – 6 m3 plant has led to increase in the share of subsidy to 30% of
the capital cost of a typical 1 – 3 m3 biogas plant.
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
AP
Arunachal
Assam
Bihar
Goa
Gujrat
Haryana
Him
achal
J & K
karnataka
Kerala
MP
Mahara …
Manipur
Meghal…
Mizoram
Nagaland
Orrisa
Punjab
Rajesthan
Sikkim
Tamilna …
Tripura UP
West …
A&N …
Chandig…
Dadra & …
Delhi
Pondich…
Chattisg…
Jharkha…
Uttaran…
Cumulative Achievements
Estimated Potential
Cumulative Achievement
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Table 5. 1 Five-Year Plan outlay for biogas sector (in Million Indian Rs.)
Sectors 1980-85 1985-90 1992-97 1997-02 2002-07 2007-2012
Total Allocation
996 4120 8570 38000 71670 104600
Biogas 500 2000 3200 2860 3850 2500
% of total for RE
50 49 37 8 5 2
Source: Five Year Plans of Government of India
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Table 5. 2 Capital subsidy for biogas plants (in Rs.)
Year Rs.
(for 2 m3 per day capacity)
Rs.
(for 3 m3 per day capacity)
1989-90 1560 1900
1990-91 1700 2100
1991-92 2200 2600
1992-93 2200 2600
1993-94 1800 2000
1994-95 1800 2000
1995-96 1800 2000
1996-97 1800 2000
1997-98 2000 2000
1998-99 1800 1800
1999-2000 1800 1800
2000-01 1800 1800
2001-02 1800 1800
2002-03 1800 1800
2003-04 1800 1800
2004-05 2700 2700
2005-06(NMMP) Not specified Not specified
2006-07 Not specified Not specified
Source: MNRE Annual Reports
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Although some States provide additional subsidies, it is mostly integrated
through other rural development schemes and are not targeting biogas alone.
The coordination of the programme at the district level is critical for mobilizing
such additional State funds. Household loans are available but only few access
loans for biogas plants. Usually, even if a household takes a loan from local
commercial bank, which is refinanced by the National Bank for Agriculture and
Rural Development (NABARD), the experience is that since biogas plant by itself
do not yield higher incomes, the defaults in repayment of debt to the bank are
very high (as per NABARD). Also, it is difficult to recover loans for various
political and social reasons.
The elements of the National Biogas Development programme (NPBD) –
capital subsidy, cash incentives and training and support are briefly discussed
below.
Setting up of target by MNRE is central to the NPBD implementation and is
based on past performance of physical targets vs. achievements, fund availability
and demand. Usually, efforts are made to achieve or exceed the targets as the
budget allocation is influenced by the actual achievements. It is observed that
the diffusion trend is closely linked to the targets (Figure 5.2). The gap between
the targets and achievements has however gradually widened over the years.
Although the reasons are not well documented, evaluation indicates that the
non-performance of plants and lack of effective marketing could be reasons for
shortfalls in achievements. It could be also due to high target fixation and rising
costs of the biogas plants without corresponding increase in subsidy.
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Figure 5. 2 Diffusion of biogas in India over 25 years (1981-2007)
The institutional framework which is a multi tier and multi agency structure
comprises mainly the nodal departments in the States, State sector corporations,
departments and NGOs. There are a few enterprises which operate on a
commercial basis. The agencies are also required to monitor and supervise
construction, operation and disbursement of subsidy as per monitoring and
supervision guidelines given by MNRE. In order to have better monitoring and
supervision, MNRE carries out independent evaluation of the projects from time
to time and involve Panchayat level officials for verification of subsidy. Cash
incentives, turnkey fees and promotional support are the key components of
engaging these agencies and individuals.
MNRE allocates funds for training, research and development. The allocation
for R & D, however, has been meager (2% of programme funds). There are nine
biogas training centres. These centres conduct four types of training
programmes for masons, turnkey workers, staff engaged in biogas development
and the users, against the target assigned by MNES annually. These training
programmes are assessed in terms of the number of trainings and personnel
trained.
In India several types of biogas plant designs have been developed. The two
most widely used are the floating drum (KVIC design) and fixed dome (modified
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
MW
YEAR
Actual
Target
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Chinese design), which are approved by MNRE along with some more models.
The share of the fixed dome plant is significantly higher due to its low cost and
relative ease of maintenance. However, the subsidy is not linked to any specific
model but to capacity, location and target users.The majority of biogas plants are
built by masons in collaboration with the officer or inspector at the Block
Development Office and the actual user.
The programme is now implemented as National Manure Management
Programme (NMMP), modified scheme of NPBD. However, most of the above
elements of NPBD remain same.
5.1.2. Approach to biogas diffusion analysis
The biogas programme is implemented nationally all over India. Even during
this phase of liberalisation of India’s economy, biogas remained as a socially
oriented subsidy-driven programme of the government of India. Since the
programme is completely run by the government machinery, it is realised that
the regional variation, cultural factors and socioeconomic characteristics of
households impact the diffusion. Five States are selected regionally (north, east,
west south and central) based on potential and penetration levels for detailed
analysis of diffusion of biogas plants. The period of diffusion has been
considered from 1991- 2007, when significant share of biogas plants were
installed. The States selected for detailed analysis include UP with highest
potential of 1.93 million biogas plant but at 21% penetration levels followed by
West Bengal with 39% penetration levels in the Eastern region, Maharashtra
with 70%, Karnataka with 58% and MP with 17%. Table 5.3 summarises the
potential and penetration levels.
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Table 5. 3 Select states for biogas diffusion analysis
Region/States Potential
(in Numbers)
Penetration levels in Installed as % of potential
Northern Region
Uttar Pradesh 1938000 21
Rajasthan 915000 7
Eastern Region
West Bengal 695000 39
Orissa 605000 38
Bihar 733000 17
Western Region
Gujarat 554000 70
Maharashtra 897000 82
Southern Region
Karnataka 680000 58
Andhra Pradesh 1065000 39
Tamil Nadu 615000 34
Central Region
Madhya Pradesh (MP) 1491000 17
Source: MNRE Annual Reports
5.2. Biogas diffusion curves and Best Curve Fits
As per the methodology described in Chapter 3, diffusion curves are drawn and
best fit using numerical method for reference values are attempted for
subsequent optimisation for the actual given potential. The reference values
obtained directly from the model equation for observed installation of biogas are
not valid. For example, in the case of West Bengal, p =-0.06. Due to negative
values of p, minimization of Sum of Squares of Error (SSE) Sum of Squares has
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been done through the use of an algorithm which computes the SSE for a range
of values of the diffusion coefficients within the boundary conditions – fixed m
and positive p and q values. The Best Fit for the Optimum values using the same
model equation is used for analysis of biogas diffusion in the selected States. The
analysis for each of the State follows.
5.2.1. Karnataka
Karnataka falls in the southern region and has actively implemented biogas
programmes since 1981. The diffusion trend observed from 1992 onwards is
given in Figure 5.3. It has achieved 58% of the estimated potential. The
projections indicated in Figure 5.4 shows that biogas diffusion is in the growth
phase although the growth is predetermined by the targets. At this rate, the
potential could be realised by the year 2050. The initial installation N0 at t =t0 is
76154.
Figure 5. 3 Observed cumulative biogas plant installations in Karnataka
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
(in Nos.)
Year(s)
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Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for Cooking in rural Households
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Figure 5. 4 Biogas plant diffusion in Karnataka
5.2.2. Maharashtra
The State has achieved 82% of the estimated potential. The initial installation
given by N0 at t =t0 is 452131 biogas plants. The projections based on computed
p and q values show that biogas is already in high growth phase and will decline
in the coming years. The realisation of the balance 18% assuming no
replacement or additional demand will take another 30-40 years. Please refer
Figures 5.5 and 5.6 show the cumulative numbers and model based estimates.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040 2044
in numbers
YEAR
Best Fit for p=0.011, q=0.12, m=680000
Observed
Fitted
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Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for Cooking in rural Households
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Figure 5. 5: Observed cumulative biogas plant installations in Maharashtra
Figure 5. 6 Biogas plant diffusion in Maharashtra
400000
450000
500000
550000
600000
650000
700000
750000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
(in Nos.)
Year(s)
Observed
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
1000000
1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 2028 2032 2036 2040 2044
in numbers
YEAR
Best Fit for p=0.02, q=0.07, m=897000
Observed
Fitted
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Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for Cooking in rural Households
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5.2.3. Madhya Pradesh
The State has achieved 17% of the estimated potential. It is observed that the
diffusion is in the initial stages. The initial installation given by N0 at t =t0 is
44,104 biogas plants. The projections indicate that the potential will be realised
only by the end of this century. Please see Figures 5.7 and 5.8.
Figure 5. 7 Observed cumulative biogas plant installations in Madhya Pradesh
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Cumulative
Installed biogas plants (in Nos.)
Year(s)
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Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for Cooking in rural Households
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Figure 5.8 Biogas plant diffusion in Madhya Pradesh
5.2.4. Uttar Pradesh
Figure 5.9 gives the observed biogas diffusion trend in the State of UP. Figure
5.10 presents the projections of the diffusion curve based on the optimised
values for the estimated potential. In UP, it is observed that the growth in biogas
installations which is predetermined based on the targets set by the Government
is still at the early stages of diffusion. The initial installation up to 1991 is
estimated to be 210,283. The State will need another 50 to 60 years to realise
full potential assuming the existing pattern of diffusion.
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
199219992006201320202027203420412048205520622069207620832090
in numbers
Year
Best Fit for p=0.01, q=0.024, m=1491200
Observed
Fitted
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Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for Cooking in rural Households
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Figure 5. 9 Observed cumulative biogas plant installations in Uttar Pradesh
Figure 5. 10 Biogas plant diffusion in Uttar Pradesh
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
( in Nos.)
Year(s)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000000
1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047 2052 2057 2062
in numbers
YEAR
Best Fit for p=0.002, q=0.099, m=1938000)
Observed
Fitted
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5.2.5. West Bengal
The State has achieved 39% of the estimated potential. The initial installation
given by N0 at t =t0 is 56297 biogas plants, which is the number of biogas plants
installed up to the year 1991. Figure 5.11 gives the observed cumulative biogas
plant installations. From the diffusion curve shown in Figure 5.12, it can be seen
that the biogas diffusion has entered the growth phase. The projections again
indicate at least another 30 years to achieve significant potential realisation.
Figure 5. 11 Observed cumulative biogas plant installations in West Bengal
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
( in Nos.)
Year(s)
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Diffusion Analysis of Biogas for Cooking in rural Households
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Figure 5. 12 Biogas plant diffusion in West Bengal
5.3. Interpretation of diffusion parameters
The value of p is highest for Maharashtra at 0.025 and lowest for the State of
Uttar Pradesh at 0.002. Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal with p
values at 0.011, 0.01 and 0.007 are in a close range. Except for Madhya Pradesh,
all other States have similar q values. q is highest for Karnataka and lowest for
Madhya Pradesh. But, it can be seen that the values of p and q in general are
low. In order to make effective comparison, t* is computed. As outlined in
Chapter 3, the value of (1/m)(dN/dt) at t* have also been computed for
comparison.
Maharashtra has the lowest t* as compared to other States. A higher value of N0
influences the diffusion rate. From the model results, it can be interpreted that
despite the programme completely driven by the government, the parameters of
diffusion are different indicating that conditions and policies at the State levels
have an influence on the diffusion. Table 5.4 summarises the different
parameter values obtained for biogas diffusion in different States.
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047 2052 2057
in numbers
Year
Best Fit for p=0.007, q=0.1, m=695000
Observed
Fitted
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Table 5. 4 Summary of diffusion parameters optimized for the given potential
State/Country Given Potential (m)
Assumed N0 up to 1991
N0/m P q t* dN(t)/dt at t*
(dN/dt)/m at t*
Karnataka 680000 76154 0.11 0.011 0.12 18 19840 0.029
Madhya Pradesh 1491000 44104 0.03 0.01 0.024 26 17912 0.012
Maharashtra 897000 452131 0.50 0.025 0.07 11 16363 0.018
Uttar Pradesh 1938000 210283 0.11 0.002 0.099 39 21503 0.011
West Bengal 695000 56297 0.08 0.007 0.10 25 16670 0.024
Note: Assumed based on the targets wherever cumulative data was unavailable.
5.4. Identifying select set of indicators (based on key policy and non policy factors)
As can be seen from the results above, different States have different p and q
values. The policy push factors include:
1) The central subsidy, cash incentives, etc.
2) Land availability; landholdings and ownership influences installation of
biogas plants at the households level.
3) Institutional capacity: Capacity at the institutional mechanisms at the
State level and their support; the availability of technical staff, trained
masons and other repair infrastructure influence the performance and
acceptance of the biogas systems. Also, the targets are achieved in States
which have active nodal agencies, NGOs and Departments.
4) Alternative options such LPG, fuel wood, etc. Although the penetration
rate of LPG is lower, rural households use mixed fuels to meet their
various energy needs and usually all options such as fuel wood, kerosene
and LPG are used as per costs and convenience.
5) Water availability; a critical input for sustained operation of biogas
plants. Many parts of rural areas are prone to drought conditions and the
overall water availability is also decreasing. Also, the average size of
households and cattle also influence the cooking fuel usage patterns.
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6) Institutional financing: Finance has been mainly provided through the
refinancing schemes of NABARD to the national banks. The cost benefit
analysis made by NABARD based on an approved model by MNRE
estimates a net annual income of approximately Rs. 2300/- on a capital
investment of Rs. 16250/-. NABARD’s funding to biogas projects is
shown as “others” that also include financing for Storage/Market Yards,
Forestry/Waste Land Development, RIDF, Bullock and Bullock Carts,
Bio- gas and credit flow through Private sector commercial banks for
which sector-wise break-up is not available and this constitutes approx.
20% of the total term loan for agriculture and allied activities.
5.5. Estimation of weights for different diffusion factors and development of Composite Policy Index (CPI).
The weights for the identified factors are determined based on literature review
and data available from Census and Evaluation Reports. The main policy led
factors comprise of:
1) Water availability
2) Land availability
3) Alternate fuel availability (LPG penetration rates)
4) Institutional capacity
5) Central and additional State Subsidy
6) Institutional financing
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Table 5. 5 Estimation of weights
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total Weight
water availability 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 13 0.210
land availability 1 3 3 3 3 3 16 0.258
Alternative fuels 1 3 3 3 3 13 0.210
institutional capacity 1 3 3 3 10 0.161
Additional subsidy 1 3 3 7 0.113
Institutional financing 1 2 3 0.048
Total 62
The identified factors are quantified as follows:
1) Water and land availability were assessed through the relevant
development indicators and Census data
2) LPG penetration rates are indicative of the access to better fuels and
influence households to opt for biogas plants. It is seen in many villages
that the biogas plants owners also have access to LPG, which they use as
a standby and fuel wood for water heating etc.
3) Institutional capacity is measured as a percentage of non functional
plants in the State
4) Capital subsidy; additional subsidy by the State or incentives as per
information available and discussions with experts.
5) Institutional financing (NABARD schemes)
Actual inputs to the CPI and computations are provided in Appendix A.2. Table
A5.2.1 shows the basis of measure for key diffusion factors. The policies and
implementation of biogas programme are reviewed based on the identified
factors and multiplied by the weights determined to obtain the score. Table 5.6
gives a summary of the ranking for different States. Except for Uttar Pradesh,
the scores are similar. However, the actual performance of the States is very
different.
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Table 5. 6 : State - Level Policy Ranking (CPI) for biogas sector development
Kar Maha UP MP WB
1. Land availability
0.126 0.210 0.042 0.168 0.084
Rank 3 4 5 2 1
2. Water availability 0.206 0.155 0.052 0.103 0.258
Rank 2 1 5 4 3
3. Alternate fuels 0.129 0.210 0.080 0.096 0.088
Rank 3 1 5 4 2
4. Institutional capacity 0.130 0.122 0.074 0.131 0.161
Rank 2 1 5 3 4
5. Capital subsidy 0.113 0.113 0.056 0.056 0.113
Rank 1 1 1 1 1
6. Institutional financing 0.048 0.039 0.010 0.019 0.029
Rank 1 2 5 4 3
Overall 0.753 0.847 0.313 0.574 0.733
Rank 2 1 5 4 3
5.6. Significance of the above parameters
The parameters p, q, t*, dN/dt at t*, NGRTI are examined for their correlation
with the ranking of the policies based on CPI. The value of the CPI provide
ranking in the expected manner but the values for three States with distinct
differences in biogas penetration levels score in the range 0.73 – 0.85. The
scores do not reflect the highest level of penetration levels in Maharashtra at
82% of the estimated potential. Karnataka and West Bengal have penetration
levels significantly lower than Maharashtra at 58 and 39 % respectively.
Although the diffusion trend is driven by targets, these States are in different
growth phases as the targets are predominantly based on the past performance.
Figures 5.13 and 5.14 show the correlation between t* and CPI based rank and
NGRTI.
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Figure 5. 13 t* vs. CPI (rank)
Figure 5. 14 t* vs. NGRTI
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 1 2 3 4 5
t* CPI based Rank
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
t* NGRTI (%)
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Thus, biogas diffusion seems to be influenced by factors other than the usual
policy push factors identified above. Based on further analysis, the following
factors are identified to have influence on biogas diffusion:
1) Socioeconomic conditions of the households: The socio-economic
background of the households among other things is considered as an
important factor to influence decisions making for adoption of biogas.
Since the financial support extended by the government to the
beneficiaries in the form of subsidy is restricted to hardly 25-30 percent
of the cost of a plant for different categories of beneficiaries, a major
share of the cost is raised through own resources or private/institutional
borrowing, the economic background of the beneficiaries is invariably
referred before making a final choice. Thus, household income is an
important factor for diffusion. This also closely linked with other factors
such as land holding patterns. Most poor in rural areas do not own land
which is a key input for biogas installations.
2) The culture of cooking and openness for new fuel options vary regionally.
Some of the northern states are found lagging in adoption of biogas
plants as compared to western or southern States.
3) Changes in livestock; most evaluation reports mention about the
changing livestock – cattle, goat etc. in villages. These are affected by
natural calamities, weather conditions and income.
The above factors are used again to compute the CPI to assess the significance of
the values. It is found that although the order of ranking does not change much,
the values obtained based on socio economic conditions, cultural factors and
livestock changes bring out significant difference in values and further signifying
the impacts of these factors on biogas diffusion. Table A 5.2.2 , Table A 5.2.3 (a
and b), Table A 5.2.4 (a and b), Table A 5.2.5 (a and b) and Table A 5.2.6 (a and
b) shows the values (for both policy and non policy driven factors )computed for
the five States Table 5.7 summarises the CPI values estimated for different
States. Maharashtra with score of 0.98 is highest followed by Karnataka. The
estimate for West Bengal is also higher as compared Uttar Pradesh and Madhya
Pradesh.
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Table 5. 7 Summary of CPI and ranking for biogas
CPI Karnataka Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
West Bengal
Policy factors
0.753 0.847 0.313 0.574 0.733
Rank
2 1 5 4 3
Non -policy 0.791 0.984 0.552 0.642 0.765
Rank 2 1 5 4 3
Diffusion analysis of biogas shows that the policy driven factors alone are not
adequate to accelerate adoption. The States with better socioeconomic
conditions and culturally progressive are perhaps adopting new technologies
such as biogas plants faster. The regional variation due to diversity (resources,
capacity) seems to impact on biogas diffusion.
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Appendix 5. 1
Table A 5.1. 1 : Biogas development in India - a Historical Perspective
1897 Biogas from human waste utilized to meet lighting needs at the Matunga Leper Asylum, Bombay
1939 Principal of biogas production from cattle dung was first evolved at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, new Delhi
1951 Field- worthy model of floating drum type biogas plant developed
1961 Khadi and village Industries Commission (KVIC) took up floating drums type biogas plant for extention
1961-73 In 12 Years only about 7000 Biogas plants could be built
1974-80 During this period of 7 years about 100,000 biogas plants were built
1979 Fixed dome janta model biogas plant developed by the Biogas Research Station, Ajitmal, Etawa, UP
late 1980's
UASB (Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) Technology developed for medium and large size biogas plant for processing urban and industrial biogas wastes
1981-82 National project for Biogas Development (NPBD) to cater to family size biogas plants launched
1986 Deenbandhu model fixed dome biogas plant developed by Action for food production (AFPRO), New Delhi
1988 Community/ Institutional biogas programme launched
1988 BIS standard adopted for biogas burners
1989-90 BIS standard adopted for KVIC type Pragati and Deenbhandhu with brickmasonry models of biogas plants
1990 Ferro-cement domes digester and Fibre Glass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) gas holder for floating dome type biogas plants adopted
1990's Solid state biogas plant design for Janta and Deenbandhu models developed
1995 Flexi model biogas plant made of rubberized nylon fabric approved
1995 Urban and Industrial waste based Energy Generation Programme launched
1999 Deenbandhu ferrocement model with in-situ technique adopted
2002 Prefabricated RCC based fixed Dome Krishna Model Biogas Plant developed by
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Shivsadan Renewable Energy Research Institute, Sangli, Maharashtra
2002-03 NPBD modified and renamed as National Biogas And Manure Management Programme (NBMMP)
2007 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) material based complete prefabricated and portable Deenbandhu model biogas plant and dome taken up for field trial. HDPE based floating dome type complete biogas plants under consideration
Technology getting scaled up for upgradation of biogas having 95% methane from its natural composition of 55-60 %
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Table A 5.1. 2 : State-wise biogas penetration levels (as on 2007)
States Estimated Potential Cumulative Achievement Potential Harnessed (%)
Chandigarh 1400 97 7
Dadra & Nagar 2000 169 8
A&N Islands 2200 137 6
Pondicherry 4300 573 13
Mizoram 5000 3570 71
Nagaland 6700 2892 43
Sikkim 7300 5959 82
Arunachal 7500 2345 31
Goa 8000 3807 48
Delhi 12900 677 5
Meghalaya 24000 4586 19
Tripura 28000 2549 9
Manipur 38000 2128 6
Uttaranchal 83000 7354 9
Jharkhand 100000 2543 3
Himachal 125000 45046 36
J & K 128000 2212 2
Kerala 150000 114183 76
Haryana 300000 50266 17
Assam 307000 59942 20
Chhattisgarh 400000 23399 6
Punjab 411000 83771 20
Gujarat 554000 387251 70
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Orissa 605000 228295 38
Tamilnadu 615000 211242 34
Karnataka 680000 396681 58
West Bengal 695000 273287 39
Bihar 733000 125306 17
Maharashtra 897000 735196 82
Rajasthan 915000 66990 7
AP 1065000 419884 39
MP 1491000 258747 17
UP 1938000 413052 21
12339300 3934136 32
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Appendix 5. 2
Table A 5.2. 1 : Inputs to CPI development
Performance of biogas plants
Example: Index
Value
per capita income (av of 7 years 1999-2006)
Literacy levels/Culture/ awareness;
Census, 2001
LPG Penetration Rate Census, 2001
Karnataka 76.9% in use (2002)
95% (92-93)
0.81 20435
67.04 18.3
Madhya Pradesh
77.5% (2002)
79.7 % (92-93)
0.81 13390
64.11 13.6
Maharashtra 71.8 % (2002)
80.7%
(92-93)
0.75 28187 77.27 29.7
Uttar Pradesh
43.5
48.6%
0.46 10802
57.36 11.3
West Bengal 95.2% (2002)
90.8% (92-93)
1 19639
69.22 12.5
Source: Planning Commission, 2002; MNRE Annual Report, 1992-93; Census, 2001.
The above values are normalised using the highest value as 1. For. Example,
West Bengal with very high performance levels scores 1 and all other values of
the State are divided by 95.2% to discount performance levels relative to other
States. Wherever scoring was not possible, ranking was given and normalised.
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Table A 5.2. 2 a): Policy Index – Karnataka
Weight Score Total
Water availability (Ranking) 0.210 0.60 0.13
Land availability (ranking) 0.258 0.80 0.21
Alternate fuel availability ( LPG penetration rates) 0.210 0.62 0.13
Institutional capacity 0.161 0.81 0.13
Additional subsidy 0.113 1.00 0.11
Institutional financing 0.048 1.00 0.05
0.75
Table A 5.2. 2b): Non Policy Index – Karnataka
Weight Score Total
Socioeconomic 0.500 0.72 0.36
culture 0.421 0.87 0.37
livestock changes 0.079 0.80 0.06
0.79
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Table A 5.2. 3 a): Policy Index – Maharashtra
Weight Score Total
Water availability (Ranking) 0.210 1.00 0.21
Land availability (ranking) 0.258 0.60 0.15
Alternate fuel availability ( LPG penetration rates) 0.210 1.00 0.21
Institutional capacity 0.161 0.75 0.12
Additional subsidy 0.113 1.00 0.11
Institutional financing 0.048 0.80 0.04
0.85
Table A 5.2. 3b): Non Policy Index – Maharashtra
Weight Score Total
Socioeconomic 0.500 1.00 0.50
culture 0.421 1.00 0.42
livestock changes 0.079 0.80 0.06
0.98
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Table A 5.2. 4 a): Policy Index - Madhya Pradesh
Weight Score Total
Water availability (Ranking) 0.210 0.80 0.17
Land availability (ranking) 0.258 0.40 0.10
Alternate fuel availability ( LPG penetration rates) 0.210 0.46 0.10
Institutional capacity 0.161 0.81 0.13
Additional subsidy 0.113 0.50 0.06
Institutional financing 0.048 0.40 0.02
0.57
Table A 5.2. 4 b): Policy Index - Madhya Pradesh
Weight Score Total
Socioeconomic 0.500 0.48 0.24
culture 0.421 0.83 0.35
livestock changes 0.079 0.70 0.06
0.64
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Table A 5.2. 5 : a) Policy Index - Uttar Pradesh
Weight Score Total
Water availability (Ranking) 0.210 0.20 0.04
Land availability (ranking) 0.258 0.20 0.05
Alternate fuel availability ( LPG penetration rates) 0.210 0.38 0.08
Institutional capacity 0.161 0.46 0.07
Additional subsidy 0.113 0.50 0.06
Institutional financing 0.048 0.20 0.01
0.31
Table A 5.2. 5: b) Non Policy Index - Uttar Pradesh
Weight Score Total
Socioeconomic 0.500 0.38 0.19
culture 0.421 0.74 0.31
livestock changes 0.079 0.60 0.05
0.55
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Table A 5.2. 6 : a) Policy Index - West Bengal
Weight Score Total
Water availability (Ranking) 0.210 0.40 0.08
Land availability (ranking) 0.258 1.00 0.26
Alternate fuel availability ( LPG penetration rates) 0.210 0.42 0.09
Institutional capacity 0.161 1.00 0.16
Additional subsidy 0.113 1.00 0.11
Institutional financing 0.048 0.60 0.03
0.73
Table A 5.2. 6: b) Policy Index - West Bengal
Weight Score Total
Socioeconomic 0.500 0.70 0.35
culture 0.421 0.90 0.38
livestock changes 0.079 0.50 0.04
0.77