5 reproductive system pregnancy

8/20/2019 5 Reproductive System Pregnancy

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5 – Reproductive System Pregnancy & Lactation



Pre-Fertilization Secondary oocyte ovulated ~day 14

ia!le "or 1# to #4 $ours Sperm are deposited into t$e vagina

%ransport t$roug$ "emale tractdepends on sperms motility & uterine

contractions ia!le "or 1# to 4' $ours a"ter

e(aculation



Fertilization Fertilization is t$e union o" t$e )))) and )))))

to "orm a zygote

*vulated oocyte is surrounded !y ane+tracellular matri+ - zona pellucida

*utside t$is matri+ are a "e, layers o"

"ollicular cells - corona radiata Steps o" "ertilization 1. Several sperm penetrate t$e corona radiata

#. /crosomal enzymes digest a portion o" t$e zona pellucida

0. %$e sperm !inds to receptors in t$e secondary oocytes plasmamem!rane

4. Sperm nucleus pulled into t$e secondary oocyte

5. $anges in oocytes plasma mem!rane & surrounding matri+prevent a second sperm "rom entering

2. Secondary oocyte completes 3eiosis

. Sperm and egg nuclei "use



Fertilization



6ygote

Results "rom "usion o" 78/ "rom

sperm and ovum 9sually "orms in upper t$ird o" a

uterine tu!e

First cell o" a ne, organism rapidmitotic cell divisions



Stages o" 7evelopment Pre-em!ryonic development – 1st ,ee: o"

development a"ter "ertilization

;m!ryonic development – #nd t$roug$ 't$ ,ee: a"ter "ertilization

Fetal development – 0rd t$roug$ <t$

mont$ o" development= ends ,it$c$ild!irt$

7evelopment a"ter !irt$

in"ancy c$ild$ood

adolescence

adult$ood



7evelopment "rom *vulation tomplantation

Figure 16.16



Pre-em!ryonic 7evelopment

Cleavage – cells undergo mitotic cell

division ># cells? 4? '? etc@ 8o gro,t$ o" cells

ndividual cells !ecome smaller

Size o" ,$ole structure remainsunc$anged & is still surrounded !y zonapellucida

;ac$ cell is totipotent – capa!le o"

developing into an entire individual %$e pre-em!ryo enters t$e uterus at t$e 12-

or 0#-cell state >morula – a compact !all o"cells@



Pre-em!ryonic 7evelopment

;arly blastocyst

nner cell mass em!ryo

*uter layer – trop$o!lasts em!ryonicA"etal part o" placenta

Floats "ree in t$e uterus temporarily

9terine secretions are used "or nouris$ment Blastocyst increases in size & C$atc$esD t$roug$

zona pellucida

%rop$o!lasts no, e+posed Implantation –

!lastocyst em!eds into t$e endometrium~ days a"ter "ertilizationAovulation



mplantation Blastocyst settles do,n ,it$ inner cell

mass to,ards endometrium

%rop$o!last cells are stic:y & ad$ere



mplantation

%rop$o!lastsproli"erate &penetrate !et,eenendometrial cells

;ndometrial cellsproli"erate & gro,over t$e implanting!lastocyst



0 Eerm Layers & %$eir 7erivatives

Ectoderm –

outer layer Endoderm –

inner layer

Mesoderm –middle layer



7evelopment /"ter mplantation Chorionic villi >pro(ections o" t$e

trop$o!lasts@ develop

%$e em!ryo is surrounded !y t$e amnion >auid Glled sac@ – develops "rom inner cellmass

An umbilical cord "orms to attac$ t$eem!ryo to t$e placenta



$orionic villi Chorionic villi

>pro(ections o" t$etrop$o!lasts@

ooperate ,it$endometrial

cells o" t$euterus to "ormt$e placenta

$orionic villussampling https://reader012.{domain}/reader012/html5/0810/5b6cd4679a32d/



Functions o" t$e Placenta

Forms a !arrier !et,een mot$er and

em!ryo >!lood is not e+c$anged@ 7elivers nutrients and o+ygen to

em!ryoA"etus

Removes ,aste "rom em!ryonic !lood

Serves as a temporary endocrineorgan

Human c$orionic gonadotropin>HE@

;strogen



Fetal irculation



Progesterone

Estrogen

Hormone curves are not drawn to scale.

Placental Hormones



;+tra-em!ryonic 3em!ranes



;+tra-em!ryonic 3em!ranes Chorion – "etal part o" placenta= develops

"rom trop$o!lasts

7evelop "rom inner cell mass

Amnion – sac around t$e "etus

ontains amniotic uid t$at cus$ions & protectst$e "etus

Fluid contains "etal urine

/mniocentesis

/llantois Eives rise to um!ilical !lood vessels

Iol: sac

e e us eg nn ng o e n



e e us eg nn ng o e nJee:@ /ll organ systems are "ormed !y t$e

end o" t$e eig$t$ ,ee: %ime "or "etal gro,t$ and organ

specialization

/ stage o" tremendous gro,t$ andc$ange in appearance

$ K



s s$e pregnantK



Signs o" Pregnancy

Think - Pair - hare

Presumptive signs – mig$t !epregnant

Pro!a!le signs – m pretty sure mpregnant

Positive signs – :no, m

pregnant= signs t$at ,ill $old up incourt

l



Ho, long is CpregnancyDK

Ho, is t$e time measuredK

0' ,ee:s vs 4 ,ee:s



;Mects o" Pregnancy on t$e 3ot$er

8e+t 4 slides are "or your in"ormation? not

"or t$e test

e ec s o regnancy on e



e ec s o regnancy on e3ot$er /natomical c$anges

;nlargements o" t$e uterus

/ccentuated lum!ar curvature

Rela+ation o" t$e pelvic ligamentsand pu!ic symp$ysis due toproduction o" rela+in >$ormone@!y placenta

;M " P $ 3 $




P$ysiological c$anges

Eastrointestinal system &nutrients

3orning sic:ness is common due to

elevated progesterone Heart!urn is common !ecause o"

organ cro,ding !y t$e "etus

onstipation is caused !y decliningmotility o" t$e digestive tract

Placental peptide $ormones ma:ecells resistant to insulin

gestational dia!etes may result

;M t " P t$ 3 t$





9rinary System Nidneys $ave additional !urden

and produce more urine

%$e uterus compresses t$e !ladder

Respiratory System

8asal mucosa !ecomes congestedand s,ollen

ital capacity and respiratory rateincrease

;M t " P t$ 3 t$





ardiovascular system %otal !ody ,ater increases

Blood volume increases !y #5 to 4

percent

Blood pressure and pulse increase

aricose veins are common

$ild!i t$ >P t iti @



$ild!irt$ >Parturition@ La!or – t$e series o" events t$at e+pel

t$e in"ant "rom t$e uterus

Positive feedback mec$anism

nitiation o" la!or

;strogen levels rise

9terine contractions !egin

%$e placenta releases prostaglandins

!"ytocin is released !y t$e posteriorpituitary

om!ination o" t$ese $ormonesproduces contractions

L ! R



Figure 16.22

La!or Ree+

Hypothalamus sends efferent

impulses to posterior pituitary,

where oxytocin is stored

Posterior pituitary releases

oxytocin to blood; oxytocin

targets mothers uterine

muscle

!terus responds

by contracting

more "igorously

#fferent

impulses to

hypothalamus

Pressoreceptors

in cer"ix of

uterus excited

$aby mo"es

deeper into

mothers birth

canal

Positi"e feedbac%

mechanism continues

to cycle until interrupted

by birth of baby

St " L !



Stages o" La!or

1st Stage

Beginning o" regular uterine contractions to complete

dilation o" cervi+ %$e amnion ruptures

9sually t$e longest stage

St " L !



Stages o" La!or

#nd Stage

omplete cervical dilation t$roug$ delivery o" t$e

!a!y ;pisiotomy may !e per"ormed

8ormal delivery is $ead Grst

9m!ilical cord is tied & cut

/PE/R score recorded

St " L !

http://tinyurl.com/y28dh42

http://tinyurl.com/y28dh42



Stages o" La!or

0rd Stage

/"ter!irt$ >placenta & e+tra-em!ryonic mem!ranes@

delivered ;pisiotomy sutured

St " L !



Stages o" La!or

Figure 16.1&

/PE/R Scoring S stem



/PE/R Scoring SystemSign 0 pts 1 pt 2 pts

Appear blue-grey

pale all over

normal except

hands & feet

normal

Pulse absent <100 bpm >100 bpm

Grimace no response grimace sneezecough

Activity absent arms & legsflexed

activemovement

Respir. absent slo! irregular good crying

Lactation



Lactation

/!rupt decrease in estrogen &

progesterone

increase prolactinseMect on mammary glands mil:production

Colostrum O secretion "or Grst 5days

Lo,er in "at & lactose t$an mil:

Hig$er in proteins? especiallylacto"errin >!actericidal activity@?and /!s

Hi $ in variet o" ro,t$ "actors

3ammary Eland



3ammary Eland

Lactation Ree+



Lactation Ree+

Suc:ling stimulates

mec$anoreceptors in nipple Sensory nerve to $ypot$alamus

Posterior pituitary secretes

o"ytocin contractions o"myoepit$elial cells aroundalveolar glands milk e#ection

7ecreased dopamine anteriorpituitary secretes prolactin alveolar glands o" !reast milk

production

7evelopmental /spects o" t$e



7evelopmental /spects o" t$eReproductive System

Eender is determined at"ertilization

3ales $ave I se+ c$romosomes

Females $ave se+c$romosomes

Eonads do not !egin to "orm untilt$e eig$t$ ,ee:





%estes "orm in t$e a!dominal cavityand descend to t$e scrotum onemont$ !e"ore !irt$

%$e determining "actor "or gonaddiMerentiation is testosterone





Reproductive system organs do not"unction until pu!erty

Pu!erty usually !egins !et,een

ages 1 and 15 – occurs due to ac$ange in t$e !rain

%$e Grst menses usually occurs

a!out t,o years a"ter t$e start o"pu!erty

3ost ,omen reac$ pea:

reproductive a!ility in t$eir late #s





3enopause occurs ,$en ovulationand menses cease entirely – 1 yr,it$ no menses

*varies stop "unctioning asendocrine organs

%$ere is a no eQuivalent o"

menopause in males? !ut t$ere is asteady decline in testosterone>andropause@

ontraception



ontraception

Study C/ loser Loo:D on pgs 52'-

52< and !e a!le to ans,erQuestions a!out $o, variousmet$ods o" contraception ,or:.

/lso !e a!le to e+plain t$e grap$sin t$is 8e, Ior: %imes article.$ttp

AA,,,.nytimes.comAinteractiveA#14A<A14Asunday-revie,Aunplanned-pregnancies.$tmlK)rO1

http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/09/14/sunday-review/unplanned-pregnancies.html?_r=1










5 reproductive system pregnancy

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