5.2 Reading the 5.2 Reading the Periodic TablePeriodic Table

Vertical ColumnsVertical Columns Known as families or groupsKnown as families or groups Elements in a column tend to have Elements in a column tend to have

similar propertiessimilar properties Also have the same number of Also have the same number of

valence, or outer electronsvalence, or outer electrons

Horizontal RowsHorizontal Rows Known as series or periodsKnown as series or periods Have the same number of electron Have the same number of electron

levelslevels

Solids, liquids or gases?Solids, liquids or gases? On the big periodic tableOn the big periodic table

• Black – solidsBlack – solids• Blue – liquidsBlue – liquids• Red - gasesRed - gases

MetalsMetals

Found to the left of the stairstepFound to the left of the stairstep PropertiesProperties

• Lusterous (shiny)Lusterous (shiny)• Good conductors of heat and electricityGood conductors of heat and electricity• Malleable: can be hammered into a thin Malleable: can be hammered into a thin

sheetsheet• Ductile: can be pulled into a thin wireDuctile: can be pulled into a thin wire• Most are solids at room temperatureMost are solids at room temperature

Non-MetalsNon-Metals

Found to the right of the stairstep, Found to the right of the stairstep, includes hydrogenincludes hydrogen

PropertiesProperties• Non-LusterousNon-Lusterous• Poor conductors of heat and electricityPoor conductors of heat and electricity• Not malleable or ductileNot malleable or ductile• Many are gases at room temperatureMany are gases at room temperature

Semi-metalsSemi-metals

Found on the stairstepFound on the stairstep B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, SbB, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb Also known as metalloidsAlso known as metalloids May have properties similar to either May have properties similar to either

metals or non-metalsmetals or non-metals All are solid at room temperatureAll are solid at room temperature

Alkali MetalsAlkali Metals

Group 1 on the PTGroup 1 on the PT Has one valence Has one valence

electron.electron. Highly reactiveHighly reactive Never found in Never found in

elemental form in elemental form in nature.nature.

Must be stored in Must be stored in mineral oil to avoid mineral oil to avoid reacting with water.reacting with water.

Mostly soft and Mostly soft and silvery.silvery.

React with React with halogens to form halogens to form salts.salts.

More reactive the More reactive the farther down the farther down the list you go.list you go.

Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metals Group 2 on the PTGroup 2 on the PT Has two valence Has two valence

electrons.electrons. Soft and silver Soft and silver

colored.colored. React with water, React with water,

but not as strongly but not as strongly as the alkali metals.as the alkali metals.

Also react with Also react with halogens to form halogens to form salts.salts.

Boron FamilyBoron Family

Group 3 on the PTGroup 3 on the PT Has 3 valence electronsHas 3 valence electrons Aluminum: 3Aluminum: 3rdrd most abundant most abundant

element in the earth’s crustelement in the earth’s crust

Carbon FamilyCarbon Family

Group 4 on the PTGroup 4 on the PT Has 4 valence Has 4 valence

electronselectrons Carbon: Carbon:

• Most on earth is found Most on earth is found in limestonein limestone

• Important because it Important because it is found in every living is found in every living cellcell

• Can also be in the Can also be in the form of diamonds and form of diamonds and graphitegraphite

• Combines with Combines with hydrogen to form hydrogen to form hydrocarbons (fuels hydrocarbons (fuels such as methane, such as methane, propane, butane)propane, butane)

• Hydrocarbons make Hydrocarbons make up the majority of up the majority of the atmosphere of the atmosphere of Saturn’s moon, Saturn’s moon, TitanTitan

Carbon Family, cont.Carbon Family, cont. SiliconSilicon

• 22ndnd most abundant most abundant element in earth’s element in earth’s crustcrust

• Like carbon, can form Like carbon, can form many compoundsmany compounds

• Silica (silicon dioxide) Silica (silicon dioxide) is the main is the main component in glasscomponent in glass

• In its pure form, is In its pure form, is used to make used to make transistors and solar transistors and solar cellscells

Germanium: not Germanium: not common, but is common, but is used in electronicsused in electronics

Tin: coating on Tin: coating on “tin” cans“tin” cans

Lead: used to be Lead: used to be used in plumbing; used in plumbing; today it is used to today it is used to make automobile make automobile batteriesbatteries

Nitrogen FamilyNitrogen Family

Group 5 on the PTGroup 5 on the PT Has 5 valence electronsHas 5 valence electrons Nitrogen: makes up 78% of Earth’s Nitrogen: makes up 78% of Earth’s

atmosphere; essential to living atmosphere; essential to living organismsorganisms

Phosphorus: also found in living Phosphorus: also found in living things; phosphoric acid (Hthings; phosphoric acid (H33POPO44) is ) is widely used in manufacturing; also widely used in manufacturing; also found in soft drinks!found in soft drinks!

Oxygen FamilyOxygen Family

Group 6 on the PTGroup 6 on the PT Has 6 valence electronsHas 6 valence electrons

Oxygen Family, cont.Oxygen Family, cont.

OxygenOxygen Most abundant Most abundant

element on Earth (2element on Earth (2ndnd most in atmosphere)most in atmosphere)

Required for Required for respiration and respiration and combustioncombustion

Used in the steel-Used in the steel-making processmaking process

Found in air as OFound in air as O22 and and ozone as Oozone as O33

SulfurSulfur Known since ancient Known since ancient

times as brimstonetimes as brimstone A main component of A main component of

“fools gold”“fools gold” Most compounds with Most compounds with

sulfur have unpleasant sulfur have unpleasant odors (rotten eggs, even odors (rotten eggs, even skunks!)skunks!)

Largest use is in sulfuric Largest use is in sulfuric acid (Hacid (H22SOSO44) in ) in manufacturingmanufacturing

Halogen FamilyHalogen Family Group 7 on the PTGroup 7 on the PT Has 7 valence Has 7 valence

electronselectrons Highly reactiveHighly reactive Only family to have at Only family to have at

least one solid, one least one solid, one liquid and one gas at liquid and one gas at room temp.room temp.

Fluorine is one of the Fluorine is one of the most reactive most reactive elements in existenceelements in existence

Teflon is made of Teflon is made of fluorine bonded to fluorine bonded to carboncarbon

Noble Gas FamilyNoble Gas Family

Group 8 on the PTGroup 8 on the PT Most have 8 valence electrons Most have 8 valence electrons

(helium only 2)(helium only 2) Odorless, colorlessOdorless, colorless Extremely low chemical reactivityExtremely low chemical reactivity Also called inert gasesAlso called inert gases

Transition MetalsTransition Metals

Have a variety of charge possibilities.Have a variety of charge possibilities. Many of them can have more than Many of them can have more than

one charge (ex: iron can be +2 or one charge (ex: iron can be +2 or +3).+3).

They include chromium (makes They include chromium (makes chrome), iron (structural material), chrome), iron (structural material), the coinage metals (copper, silver, the coinage metals (copper, silver, gold) and many others.gold) and many others.

Inner Transition MetalsInner Transition Metals

Lanthanides: Lanthanides: • Form +3 ionsForm +3 ions• Soft, silvery metalsSoft, silvery metals• Most have little commercial useMost have little commercial use

Actinides:Actinides:• All are radioactiveAll are radioactive• Only thorium and uranium occur to any Only thorium and uranium occur to any

large amount in naturelarge amount in nature