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Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 7281

Medicinal plants used by the villagers of a Sundanese communityin West Java, Indonesia

Katrin Roosita a,b, Clara M. Kusharto a, Makiko Sekiyama b,c,,Yulian Fachrurozi d, Ryutaro Ohtsuka e

a Department of Community Nutrition and Family Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University,

Jl. Lingkar Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, In donesiabDepartment of Human Ecology, School of International Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan

c Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability (TIGS), Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S),

The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japand Herbarium Bogoriense, C enter for Research in Biology,

LIPI, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 18, Bogor 16002, IndonesiaeNational Institute for Environmental Studies, 16 -2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan

Received 24 July 2005; received in revised form 28 August 2007; accepted 9 September 2007

Available online 19 September 2007

Abstract

Aim of the study: Based on the authors fieldwork in a Sundanese village, Indonesia, this paper aimed to elucidate the roles of herbal medicine

in treatment of illnesses and to report medicinal plants and their uses, comparing with those mentioned in the encyclopedic book series of Plant

Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA).

Materials and methods: Interview survey was conducted for all of the 19 herbalist healers about their therapies for the past 1-month period, and the

medicinal plants used were botanically identified. For 70 non-healer households, treatments for all members illness episodes in the past 1-month

period were asked.

Results: Medicinal plants were used in two-thirds of illness cases, either through the villagers self-treatment (60.9%) or by the healers (6.5%).The healers made 96 therapies for illnesses (classified into 23 categories), using 117 plant species. There were 257 types of illnessplant pairs, and

only 114 of them (44.4%) were judged conformed to those mentioned in the PROSEA.

Conclusion: Sundanese villagers have depended heavily on herbal medicine, and high proportion of non-conformed illnessplant pairs suggests

necessity of further studies about Sundanese medicinal plants, particularly their pharmacological effects.

2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Traditional medicine; Herbalist healer; Sundanese; West Java; Indonesia

1. Introduction

Many kinds of medicinal plants have been used world-

wide, especially in rural communities of developing countries.

Since several decades ago, benefit of traditional medicine

has been scientifically re-evaluated, for instance, at the WHO

Consultation Meeting on the Promotion and Development of

Correspondingauthor at: TransdisciplinaryInitiative for Global Sustainabil-

ity (TIGS), Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), The

University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.

Tel.: +81 3 5841 1549; fax: +81 3 5841 1549.

E-mail address: [email protected](M. Sekiyama).

Traditional Medicine held in 1977 (Kao, 1978). Consequently,

investigations of medicinal plants have been carried out in

many developing countries, focusing on their therapeutic effects

(WHO, 2000).

In Indonesia, where herbal medicine has been popular, more

than 1300 species are known as medicinal plants, called Jamu

(dePaduaet al., 1999; Sangatet al., 2000). They arebroadly clas-

sified into two categories: commercialized Jamu gendong which

are manufactured at small-sized home industries and preserved

in fresh status asliquid or other forms (Limyati and Juniar, 1998;

Beers, 2001), and non-commercialized medicinal plants which

are locally processed for prescription (Grosvenor et al., 1995).

In rural communities of Sundanese, who inhabit West Java and

0378-8741/$ see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.010
mailto:[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.010http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.09.010mailto:[email protected]

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K. Roosita et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 7281 73

are the second largest ethnic group in this country, traditional

herbal medicine has still played an important role in treatment

of illnesses.

Based on the authors survey in a rural Sundanesecommunity

and botanical identification of medicinal plants used by the local

herbalist healers, this paper aims to elucidate the role of herbal

medicine in Sundanese villagers and to report their medicinal

plants, with special concern in comparison with the plants and

their uses described in the encyclopedic book series of Plant

Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA).

2. Subjects and methods

2.1. Study village

The present study was conducted in Sukajadi village, located

in Tamansari subdistrict, Bogor district, Jawa Barat province,

Indonesia (Fig. 1). Geographically, this village is situated about

700 m above sea level on a gently sloped hill around Mt. Salak.

Temperature scarcely fluctuates in the year, with the mean

monthly minimum and maximum temperatures of 20 and 29 C,

and annual rainfall reaches 40005000 mm. It takes about 2 h to

travel from this village to Bogor City, the administrative and

commercial center with about 750,000 inhabitants, by public

vehicles served frequently.

Sukajadi village, the land area of which is 304 ha, was inhab-

ited by about 6500 people in the authors survey period in 2004.

Most occupations of the villagers were farming and small-scale

businesses like retails, although some of them relied on cash

incomefrom work in Bogor andother nearbytowns. In Sukajadi,

there was not a hospital but a health center, which was stationed

by one doctor, three midwives, and four nurses. Commercial

Fig. 1. The location of Sukajadi village in Bogor district, Indonesia.

drugs, which were not Jamu gendong, were available to the vil-

lagers at many retailers. On the other hand, there were 19 (10

males and9 females) villagers, whowere recognized as herbalist

healers by themselves and many other villagers, although they

were basically farmers or housewives and spent most of their

time on farming or housekeeping. These healers raised medici-

nal plants, either cultivars or transplanted wild species, in their

home gardens and collected wild medicinal plants in and out

of the village settlement. Less frequently, however, many non-

healer villagersraised andcollected such plants. Thus, therole of

herbalist healers in Sukajadi differs from that in some societies

where professional herbalist healers work for the inhabitants

(Pinkoane et al., 2005; Abel and Busia, 2005).

Since the 1990s, the authors have conducted field investiga-

tions in Sukajadi village from theaspects of communitynutrition

and health (Agustina et al., 2003; Sekiyama and Ohtsuka, 2003,

2005). The protocol of this survey was approved by the Review-

ers Board of the Bogor Agricultural University (on 26 July

2004) and the community leaders of Sukajadi village. The inter-

view surveys for the healers and non-healer villagers were donewith full agreement of these leaders and each participant.

2.2. Data collection

The field survey in Sukajadi, on which this paper is based,

was conducted for 2 months in 2004. In the interview sur-

vey for the 19 herbalist healers, the authors used two kinds of

semi-structured questionnaires. In one, the questionnaire items

included each healers age, experience of school education, and

his/her ageat thefirst practice of herbaltherapy. In theother, each

healers therapeutic practices in the past 1-month period were

asked; the name of illness diagnosed, medicinal plant(s) used,and the amount of payment for each practice were recorded.

Another interview survey was conducted for adult members

of 70 households, which were randomly selected from all Suka-

jadi households which had no healer. The authors asked about

all illness cases, from which all members of each household had

suffered in the past 1-month period. Then, the villagers were

asked to answer any treatments for each illness case from the

five alternatives, i.e. visit to a medical doctor at the hospital,

visit to the village health center, visit to a herbalist healer,

self-treatment with medicinal plants, and self-treatment with

commercial drugs.

For the medicinal plants, which were used by the healers in

the 1-month period, their vernacular names in Sundanese and/orIndonesian languages were recorded. Then, the specimens were

made in the field and carried to the laboratory of the Research

and Development Centre for Biology, the Indonesian Institute

of Science (LIPI) in Bogor. For all specimens, the voucher num-

bers were given, and their scientific names were identified by

one of the authors (YF) and his colleagues, comparing with the

herbarium specimens.

2.3. Comparison with the PROSEA

The authors surveyed whether each medicinal plant used

in Sukajadi, in terms of scientific name, is listed in the book

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74 K. Roosita et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115 (2008) 7281

series of PROSEA, consisting of 21 volumes. Of them, three

volumes of Numbers 12 (1), (2) and (3) are titled Medicinal

and Poisonous Plants (de Padua et al., 1999; van Valkenburg

and Bunyapraphatsara, 2001; Lemmens and Bunyapraphatsara,

2003); since the plants used for medicinal purposes are also

mentioned in manyother volumes, however, the authors checked

thoroughly the 11 following volumes, i.e. Number 1: Pulses

(van der Maesen and Somaatmadja Sadikin, 1989), Number 2:

Edible Fruits and Nuts (Verheij and Coronel, 1991), Num-

ber 5 (1): Timber Trees (1) Major Commercial Timbers

(Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993), Number 5 (3): Timber

Trees (3) Lesser-knownTimbers (Sosef et al., 1998), Number 7:

Bamboos(Dransfield and Widjaja, 1995), Number 8: Vegeta-

bles (Siemonsma and Piluek Kasem, 1993), Number 9: Plants

Yielding Non-seed Carbohydrates (Flach and Rumawas,

1996), Number 10: Cereals (Grubben and Partohadjono

Soetjipto, 1996), Number 13: Spices (de Guzman and

Siemonsma, 1999), Number 15 (2): Cryptogams: Ferns and

Fern Allies (de Winter and Amoroso, 2003), and Number

19: Essential-oil Plants (Oyen and Nguyen Xuan Dung,1999).

The Sukajadi healers diagnosed illnesses of their patients,

using Sundanese and/or Indonesian languages. On the other

hand, names of illnesses in the PROSEA are mentioned in

English (together with Indonesian names in a few cases).

Through careful comparison between a Sundanese (or Indone-

sian) name of each illness diagnosed by the Sukajadi healers

and an English name of illness, for which the same plant is

mentioned to be efficacious in the PROSEA, the authors judged

whether they were identical or not.

3. Results

3.1. Villagers choice of treatment methods and

characteristics of healers

The interview survey for Sukajadi villagers of the 70 house-

holds without a healer revealed that there were 63 illness

episodes, from which all members of these households suf-

fered in the 1-month period, and that the total number of

treatments taken for them was 92. As shown in Fig. 2, of the

five alternatives for treatment the villagers self-treatment with

medicinal plants was most frequent, accounting for 56 (60.9%).

When the visit to herbalist healer (n = 6, 6.5%) was added,two-thirds of the villagers illnesses were treated with herbal

medicine.

According to the interview survey for the Sukajadi heal-

ers, their age at becoming a healer varied largely, although

the mean age of the male and female healers scarcely dif-

fered, being 42 and 40 years, respectively (Table 1). It was

also revealed that only one-third of the healers were educated

at school. The payment per treatment (separately for each day

in cases that the healer treated the same patient for the same ill-

ness for 2 or more days) averaged 5600 Rp, ranging from 1000

to 15,000 Rp (8940Rp was equivalent to US$ 1 in the study

period).

Fig. 2. Percent distributions of 92 treatments for63 illness cases of thevillagers,broken down into five treatment categories, self-treatment with medicinal

plants by villagers, visit to herbalist healers,self-treatment withcommercial

drugs, visit to the village health center, and visit to a medical doctor at the

hospital.

3.2. Illnesses and herbal therapies

The total number of herbal therapies conducted by the 19

healers in the past 1-month period was 96; when the same healer

treatedthesamepatientforthesameillnessfor2ormoredays,all

treatments were counted as one case. The 96 illnesses were clas-

sifiedby thehealersinto 23 categories.As shown in Table 2, fever

was most frequent, followed by postpartum remedy, dermatitis,stomachache, muscle pain, and hepatitis. The frequencies of the

23 illnesses were judged not to be largely biased from the usual

pattern, owing to less-changed climate throughout the year in

the study area.

Table 3 lists all medicinal plants in terms of scientific names,

117 in total, which were used for treatment of the abovemen-

tioned 96 illness cases. Also shown in Table 3 are the voucher

number (at the Research and Development Centre for Biology,

Indonesian Institute for Science in Bogor), local (Indonesian or

Table 1

Percent distributions of the herbalist healers in Sukajadi village by basiccharacteristics

Male (n = 10) Female (n = 9) Total (n = 19)

Current age

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Table 2

Names of diseases in English and Indonesian/Sundanese, and the number of cases treated by the 19 village healers in a 1-month period

Disease Number of cases

English Indonesian or Sundanese

Fever Demam; Suhu badan tinggi 24

Postpartum remedy Tidak teratur menstrasi; Involusi uterus; Inveksi vagina; Kekurangan produksi susu 12

Dermatitis Itching; Scabies; Exceema; Abses (Bisul) 10Stomachache Sakit perut; Mulas; Kembung 7

Muscle pain Sakit otot; Pegal; Sakit punggung; Sakit otot kaki 5

Hepatitis Hepatitis; Konengeun; Sakit kuning 4

Toothache Sakit gigi; Gigi berlubang 3

Dysentery Demam; Berak darah 3

Cough Batuk 3

Lung disease TBC (Tuberculosis); Muntah darah 3

Hookworm Cacingan 3

Eye disease Sakit Mata; Nyeri panon 2

Headache Sakit kepala; Pusing 2

Measles Cacar (Kulit bintik-bintik merah demam) 2

Diarrhea Diare; Mencret 2

Breathless Sesak nafas biasanya menyertai penyakit asma 2

Vomit Mual; Ingin muntah 2

Urinary disease Sukar kencing; Kencing batu 2Hemorrhage Menghentikan pendarahan 1

Typhus Tipes 1

Lack of appetite Kurang nafsu makan 1

Gastritis Sakit maag 1

Edema Bengkak-bengkak (Bareruh) 1

Total 96

Sundanese) name, parts of plant used (11 categories, including

the whole plant), illnesses treated, methods of preparation (5

categories), methods of prescription (4 categories), and the total

time of uses; the plant-illness pairs conformedto those described

in the PROSEA (as explained later) are marked in the column

of Illness and the number of such cases is mentioned in the

column of No. of conformed cases/No. of uses.

For the botanical parts, one specific part was used in most

species, although the whole body was done in four species and

two or three parts, i.e. leaf and bark, stem and fruit, and leaf,

gum and bark, were done in other three species. Except the four

species, the whole plant of which was used, the total number of

botanical parts of the 113 species amounted to 118, consisting of

72 for leaf, 11 each for tuber and seed, 6 each for fruit and bark,

5 for root, 3 for stem, 2 for pseudo leaf, and 1 each for flower

and gum; a very high proportion of leaves was also observed in

an ethnobotanical survey in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia(Mahyar et al., 1991). The number of uses markedly varied from

species to species. Of the117 species, 84 (71.8%) were used only

once or twice, 21 species 3 or 4 times, 7 species 5 or 6 times,

and 5 species 710 times.

The preparation of medicinal plants from raw materials is

one of the most important processes in herbal therapies. The

healers used five preparative methods: pounding, heating (not in

water), decocting (in water), squeezing (not in water, not with

heat), and none. Since there were many cases, in which differ-

ent methods (e.g.pounding and then decocting or heating)

were applied to the same plant, the total number of preparative

methods applied to the 117 species was 220, consisting of 90

for pounding, 65 for heating, 39 for decocting, 24 for squeez-

ing, and 2 for none. The two none cases implied that a large

number of plants were assembled and hung from the clients

neck like a necklace; therapeutic effect of this method was

questionable.

The prescriptive methods of herbal medicines were cate-

gorized by the healers into four, i.e. oral ingestion, topical

application, pouring water, in which the plant was admixed

onto the clients body, and washing the clients wound or

painful part with water, in which the plant was admixed. Since

some medicinal plants were prescribed by different ways, the

total number of applications of these four prescriptive methods

amounted to 142; oral ingestion (84 cases) and topical appli-

cation (50 cases) were much more popular than the other two

methods.

Fig. 3. Proportions of conformed and non-conformed illnessplant pairs for the

medicinal plants, broken down into four categories according to the uses by the

healers (N: the number of plant-illness pairs).

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Table 3

The list of medicinal plants used by the 19 healers in Sukajadi during a 1-month period, with the part used, illness treated, preparative method, prescriptive method,

the number of conformed illnessplant pairs, and the total number of uses

Species Voucher no.a Local name Part used Illnessb Preparative

method

Prescriptive

method

No. of conformed

case/no. of uses

Acanthaceae

Andrographis paniculata

(Brum. f.) Nees

KR 005 Sambiloto LF Feverb sq oi 1/1

Clinacanthus nutans

(Burm. f.) Lindau

KR 006 Kitajam LF Dysentery dc oi 0/2

Gendarussa vulgaris Nees KR 001 Handarusa LF Breathlessb pd, dc ta, oi 2/2

Graptophyllum pictum

Griff.

KR 002 Handeuleum LF Fever, Postpartum

remedy

dc, ht, pd ta, oi 0/2

Hemigraphis colorata

(Blume) Hallier f.

KR 004 Remek daging LF Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Strobilanthes crispa (L.)

Blume

KR 075 Kibeling LF Postpartum remedy,

Hepatitis

ht, pd, dc oi 0/2

Agavaceae

Pleomele angustifolia

(Roxb.) N.E.Br.

KR 018 Suji LF Cough, Lung disease dc, sq oi 0/3

Alliaceae

Allium cepa L. KR 009 Bawang merah TB Feverb, Postpartum

remedyb,

Stomachacheb,

Measles

pd, ht oi, ta 8/9

Allium sativum L. KR 010 Bawang putih TB Feverb, Measles pd ta 4/5

Annonaceae

Annona muricata L. KR 012 Nangka

walanda/Sirsak

LF Dermatitis pd ta 0/1

Goniothalamus

macrophyllus (Blume)

Hook.f. & Thomson

KR 011 Kicantung LF Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Apiaceae

Eryngium foetidum L. KR 015 Walang LF Fever ht ta 0/1

Arecaceae

Cocos nucifera L. KR 016 Kelapa SM, FR Fever, Hepatitis pd, sq ta, oi 0/2

Metroxylon sagu Rottboell KR 098 Kirai/Rumbia PS Stomachache pd ta 0/1

Bombacaceae

Ceiba pentandra (L.)

Gaertner

KR 026 Kapas/Randu LF Dermatitis dc pw 0/1

Durio zibethinus Murray KR 025 Duren BK Dysenteryb dc oi 1/1

Brassicaceae

Nasturtium indicum DC. KR 079 Sasawi jarian LF Stomachache, Lack of

appetitebpd, ht ta, oi 1/2

Cannaceae

Canna indica L. KR 028 Ganyong LF Postpartum remedy pd ta 0/1

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L. KR 029 Gedang gandul LF Fever, Postpartum

remedy, Muscle pain

dc, sq oi 0/3

ChlorantaceaeChloranthus elatiorLink KR 060 Karastulang LF Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Compositae

Ageratum conyzoides L. KR 017 Babadotan LF Postpartum remedyb,

Lung disease, Lack of

appetiteb

ht, pd, sq oi, ta 2/3

Artemisia vulgaris L. KR 046 Siang LF Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Blumea balsamifera (L.)

DC.

KR 023 Sembung LF Postpartum remedyb dc, ht, pd oi 3/3

Blumea chinensis DC. KR 099 Sariawan usus LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. KR 021 Monyenyen

(Henya)

LF Hepatitis dc oi 0/1

Mikania micrantha (L.)

Kunth

KR 074 Sapituher LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

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Table 3 (Continued)


method

Prescriptive

method

No. of conformed

case/no. of uses

Pluchea indica (L.) Less. KR 087 Beluntas LF Postpartum remedyb dc, ht, pd oi 2/2

Sonchus arvensis L. KR 003 Tempuyung LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Crassulaceae

Kalanchoe pinnata(Lamk.) Pers.

KR 108 Buntiris LF Fever pd ta 0/1

Cucurbitaceae

Sechium edule (Jacq.)

Swartz

KR 031 Gambas (Labu) LF Fever pd ta 0/1

Dryopteridaceae

Diplazium esculentum

(Retz.) Swartz

KR 067 Rane RT, PL Feverb, Dermatitis,

Measles

pd, dc ta, pw 2/4

Euphorbiaceae

Bridelia monoica (Lour.)

Merr.

KR 035 Kanyere RT Lack of appetite pd, ht ta 0/1

Claoxylon polotMerr. KR 032 Kalingkup LF Breathlessb pd, dc ta, oi 2/2

Euphorbia hirta L. KR 038 Nanangkaan PL Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Glochidion borneense

(M.A.) Boerl.

KR 036 Mareme LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Jatropha curcas L. KR 019 Jarak kosta LF Stomachache ht ta 0/1Manihot esculenta Crantz KR 061 Singkong LF Eye disease sq ws 0/1

Phyllanthus urinaria L. KR 103 Memeniran PL Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Ricinus communis L. KR 092 Jarak LF Stomachache ht ta 0/1

Gnetaceae

Gnetum gnemon L. KR 101 Tangkil LF Postpartum remedy,

Edema

pd, dc ta, pw 0/3

Gramineae

Andropogon citratus DC. KR 030 Sereh (Serai) SM Muscle painb dc oi 1/1

Bambusa vulgaris Schrader

ex Wendland

KR 089 Bambu kuning RT, SM Hepatitisb, Hookworm nn, dc ta, oi 1/2

Imperata cylindrica (L.)

Raeuschel

KR 034 Alang-alang/Eurih RT Fever, Postpartum

remedy, Muscle pain,

Hepatitisb, Typhus

dc, sq oi 1/5

Oryza glutinosa Auct. KR 095 Ketan hitam SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd, dc oi 0/3

Oryza sativa L. KR 091 Beras SD Fever, Dermatitis dc, pd ta, pw 0/2

Zea mays L. KR 115 Jagung SD Postparum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Labiatae

Hyptis brevipes Poit. KR 050 Kikarugrag LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Hyptis suaveolens (L.)

Poit.

KR 088 Jukut bau LF Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Orthosiphon aristatus

(Blume) Miq.

KR 080 Kumiskucing LF Postpartum remedy b

Muscle pain,

Hepatitisb, Urinary

diseaseb

dc, ht, pd oi 4/5

Coleus scutellarioides (L.)

Benth.

KR 048 Jawerkotok LF Postpartum remedyb,

Dermatitis,

Stomachacheb, Muscle

pain, Cough

dc, pd, ht, sq oi, ta, pw 6/10

LauraceaeLitsea resinosa Blume KR 008 Meuhmal LF Lack of appetiteb pd, ht ta 1/1

Persea americana Miller KR 055 Alpukat LF Postpartum remedy,

Hepatitis

ht, pd, dc oi 0/2

Leguminosae

Abrus precatorius L. KR 047 Saga LF Postpartum remedy,

Coughb, Urinary

disease

dc, ht, pd oi 1/3

Arachis hypogaea (L.)

Merr.

KR 058 Kacang tanah SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Cassia alata L. KR 042 Daun ketepeng LF Dermatitisb pd ta 1/1

Desmodium heterophyllum

(Willd.) DC.

KR 045 Kimulas LF Postpartum remedy,

Lack of appetitebht, pd oi, ta 1/2

Erythrina lithosperma

Miq.

KR 041 Dadap LF Dermatitis, Vomit sq, pd ta 0/2

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Table 3 (Continued)


method

Prescriptive

method

No. of conformed

case/no. of uses

Glycine max(L.) Merr. KR 057 Kacang kedelai SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Parkia speciosa Hassk. KR 085 Daun peuteuy LF Dermatitis pd ta 0/1

Phaseolus vulgaris L. KR 037 Kacang dadap SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Pithecellobium jiringa

(Jack) Prain ex King

KR 086 Jengkol BK Dysentery dc oi 0/2

Psophocarpus

tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

KR 039 Jaat LF Postpartum remedy,

Eye disease

sq, ht, pd ws, oi 0/2

Pterocarpus indicus Willd. KR 033 Angsana LF, GM, BK Fever, Toothache,

Dysenteryb, Lung

disease

pd, sq ta, oi 2/7

Tamarindus indica L. KR 064 Asam FR Feverb, Postpartum

remedy, Measles

pd, dc ta, oi 5/8

Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek KR 090 Kacang ijo SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Magnoliaceae

Michelia montana Blume KR 072 Manglit LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus manihot (L.)

Medik

KR 020 Kalingsir LF Postpartum remedy,

Muscle painbdc oi 1/2

Sida rhombifolia L. KR 105 Sadagori LF Urinary disease dc oi 0/1

Melastomataceae

Melastoma malabathricum

L.

KR 078 Harendong LF Postpartum remedyb,

Toothache

pd, ht ta, oi 1/2

Meliaceae

Sandoricum koetjape

(Burm.f.) Merr.

KR 063 Kecapi LF Postpartum remedy dc pw 0/1

Menispermaceae

Cyclea barbata Miers KR 065 Cincau/Taulu LF Feverb pd ta 1/1

Tinospora tuberculata

(Lamk.) Beumee ex K.

Heyne.

KR 056 Antawali SM Postpartum remedyb,

Muscle pain

dc, ht, pd oi 2/3

Moraceae

Artocarpus communis J.R.

Forster & J.G. Forster

KR 068 Kelewih LF Postpartum remedy,

Muscle pain, Hepatitis

dc oi 0/3

Artocarpus heterophyllus

Lamk.

KR 070 Nangka LF, BK Postpartum remedy pd ta 0/1

Ficus edelfeltii King. KR 069 Kikanceh LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Moringaceae

Moringa oleifera Lamk. KR 073 Kelor LF Fever, Stomachache pd, dc ta, oi 0/3

Musaceae

Musa paradisiaca L. KR 027 Pisang PS Fever, Dysenteryb pd, sq ta, oi 1/2

Myristicaceae

Myristica fragrans Houtt. KR 096 Pala SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Myrtaceae

Eugenia malaccensis L. KR 076 Jambu bol BK Dysenteryb dc oi 3/3

Psidium guajava L. KR 054 Jambu batu LF Postpartum remedy,

Dermatitis,Stomachacheb,

Diarrheab

pd, sq, ht ta, oi 4/6

Syzygium polycephalum

(Miq.) Merr. & Perry

KR 040 Kupa BK Dysentery dc oi 0/1

Oleaceae

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. KR 049 Srikuning LF Postpartum remedyb dc, ht, pd oi 3/3

Pandanaceae

Pandanus amaryllifolius

Roxb.

KR 043 Pandan LF Typhus dc oi 0/1

Piperaceae

Peperomia pellucida (L.)

Kunth

KR 052 Suruhan LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Piper betle L. KR 083 Seureh LF Postpartum remedyb,

Cough

bdc, ht, pd oi 3/3

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Table 3 (Continued)


method

Prescriptive

method

No. of conformed

case/no. of uses

Piper nigrum L. KR 082 Lada SD Postpartum remedy,

Muscle pain

ht, pd, dc oi 0/2

Piper retrofractum Vahl KR 044 Cabe Jawa FR Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

PlantaginaceaePlantago majorL. KR 007 Kiurat LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago zeylanica L. KR 077 Kirematik

(Kiencok)

LF Muscle painb,

Toothache, Headachebht ta 2/3

Rosaceae

Rosa damascena Miller KR 062 Ros/Mawar LF Eye disease sq ws 0/1

Rubiaceae

Argostemma montanum

Blume ex DC.

KR 093 Reundeu LF Feverb, Measles pd ta 4/5

Gardenia augusta (L.)

Merr.

KR 094 Daun kaca piring LF Fever pd ta 0/4

Morinda citrifolia L. KR 071 Mengkudu (Pace) FR Dermatitis, Muscle

pain

dc, sq oi, ta 0/2

Paederia foetida L. KR 081 Kahitutan LF Postpartum remedy,Lack of appetite

ht, pd oi, ta 0/2

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantifolia

(Christm. & Panzer)

Swingle

KR 097 Jeruk nipis LF Fever pd ta 0/1

Citrus maxima (Brum.)

Merr.

KR 066 Jeruk bali LF Toothache pd ta 0/1

Micromelum pubescens

Blume

KR 022 Mangkokan LF Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Sellaginellaceae

Selaginella plana Hieron. KR 100 Kiranediuk LF Postpartum remedyb,

Hemorrhagebpd, ht oi 2/2

Selaginella wildenowii

(Desv. ex Poir.) Baker.

KR 059 Kiranelalap LF Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

SolanaceaeCapsicum annuum L. KR 102 Cabe LF Toothache pd ta 0/1

Solanum torvum Sw. KR 104 Takokak FR Toothache pd ta 0/1

Solanum tuberosum L. KR 024 Kentang LF Fever pd ta 0/1

Physalis angulata L. KR 084 Cecendet RT Postpartum remedy,

Muscle pain, Hepatitis

dc oi 0/4

Umbelliferae

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. KR 013 Antanan PL Lack of appetite pd, ht ta 0/1

Coriandrum sativum L. KR 014 Ketumbar SD Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Verbenaceae

Clerodendron serratum

Moon.

KR 107 Singugu LF Muscle painb,

Postpartum remedybdc, ht, pd oi 3/3

Lantana camara L. KR 053 Cente LF Postpartum remedyb,

Stomachachebht, pd ta, oi 2/2

Zingiberaceae

Alpinia galangal (L.)

Willd.

KR 106 Lengkuas (Laja) TB Muscle pain dc oi 0/1

Amomum cardamomum L. KR 110 Kapulaga SD Postpartum remedy ht, pd oi 0/1

Curcuma aerugenosa

Roxb.

KR 114 Panglai hideng TB Postpartum remedyb ht, pd oi 1/1

Curcuma domestica

Valeton

KR 111 Koneng TB Postpartum remedyb,

Dermatitisbpd, dc, ht oi, ta 5/5

Curcuma xanthorhiza D.

Dietr

KR 113 Koneng gede TB Postpartum remedyb,

Muscle pain,

Hepatitisb

ht, pd, dc oi 3/4

Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.)

Roscoe

KR 112 Koneng bodas TB Hepatitisb, Lack of

appetitebdc, pd, ht oi, ta 2/2

Kaempferia galanga L. KR 116 Kencur TB Fever, Postpartum

remedyb, Muscle painbdc, pd, ht ta, oi 4/6

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Table 3 (Continued)


method

Prescriptive

method

No. of conformed

case/no. of uses

Zingiber aromaticum

Valeton

KR 117 Lempuyang TB Postpartum remedyb,

Hookworm, Vomit

ht, pd, sq oi 1/4

Zingiber cassumunar

Roxb.

KR 109 Panglai TB Feverb, Postpartum

remedyb, Dermatitis,

Hookworm, Diarrheab,Gastritisb

pd, sq, nn ta, oi 5/8

Zingiber officinale Roscoe KR 051 Jahe TB Postpartum remedyb,

Muscle painb,

Headacheb

pd, dc, ht ta, oi 4/4

Notes: for part usedBK: bark; FL: flower; FR: fruit; GM: gum; LF: leaf; PL: whole plant; PS: pseudo leaf; RT: root; SD: seed; SM: stem; TB: tuber, for preparative

methoddc: decocting (in water, with or without heat); ht: heating (not in water); nn: none; pd: pounding; sq: squeezing (not heated, with or without water), and

for prescriptive methodoi: oral ingestion; pw: pouring water in which the plant is admixed; ta: topical application; ws: washing with water in which the plant is

admixed.a Voucher number at the Research and Development Centre for Biology, the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia.b Conformed illnessplant pair (see text for details).

3.3. Comparison with the PROSEA

As mentioned previously, the medicinal plants used by the

healers numbered 117 and the illnesses diagnosed by them num-

bered 23. When the plant and the illness were combined, there

were 257 types of illnessplant pairs. The authors thoroughly

checked about whether each type of illnessplant pair was con-

formed to that mentioned in the PROSEA book series (Table 3).

A plural number of plants were sometimes used together for the

same illness, especially for postpartum remedy. In these cases,

the conformity of illnessplant pair was judged independently

for each plant, regardless of synergistic effects. As the results,

44.4% (114/257) of illnessplant pairs were judged conformed.

The proportions of the conformed and non-conformed pairs

are shown in Fig. 3, in which the plants are grouped into four

according to the total number of uses by all healers. The mean

proportion of conformed pairs for the plants used 12, 34, 56,

and 7+ times was, respectively, 28.4% (31/109), 49.3% (34/69),

62.2% (23/37) and 61.9% (26/42).

4. Discussion

This study revealed that herbal medicine has played a sig-

nificant role in treatment of illnesses in the study village, as

represented by the finding that the medicinal plants were used

in two-thirds of illness cases, either through the villagers self-treatment (60.9%) or by the herbalist healers (6.5%). One

of the reasons of their high dependence on herbal medicine

came from low cost expended. According to this survey, the

average payment to the healer per treatment was 5600 Rp,

about one-fifth that expended to the health center or hospital.

Many villagers also pointed out two other reasons, i.e. closer

location of the healers house than the health center or hospi-

tal and their familiar feeling with medicinal plants or herbal

medicine.

The number of medicinal plants used by the Sukajadi heal-

ers in the 1-month period, i.e. 117 species, can be compared

with that reported from the tropical rainforest area in the Riau

Province (Sumatra, Indonesia), where the Talang Mamak andOrang Melayu peoples inhabit (Mahyar et al., 1991; Grosvenor

et al., 1995). In the Riau study, the specialists of ethnobotany

asked the local herbalist healers (herbal doctors) and other

elders in 22 villages, which were located in an area of approx-

imately 1000 km2, about their knowledge of medicinal plants,

and identified 114 species (Grosvenor et al., 1995). Taking into

account differences in the methods of collecting data, it can be

judged that the number of medicinal plants used by Sukajadi

villagers was large, reflecting their heavy dependence on herbal

medicine.

Another characteristic was seen in the finding that among

these 117 plants, 84 (71.8%) were used once or twice and 21

(17.9%) three or four times; the remaining 12 (10.3%) only were

used five times or more. Although the distribution of plants by

use frequencies has not been reported from other populations,

the authors have considered that Sukajadi villagers use of many

plants differs from the common pattern in some other societies,

where a limited number of medicinal plants are used frequently

(Heinrich et al., 1998; Bonet et al., 1999). This unique pat-

tern may be related with Sundanese peoples rich knowledge

of medicinal plants. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that many

plants, especially those used infrequently, are of less therapeutic

effect.

The final discussion focuses on the proportions of the con-

formed and non-conformed illnessplant pairs. Of the 257 pairs,114 (44.4%) were conformed, implying that more than half pairs

were not recognized in the PROSEA. There was a tendency that

the more frequently used a plant the higher rate of conformity

in illnessplant pairs. Nonetheless, it is also the case that the

conformity rate of the illnessplant pairs of the frequently used

species was only about 60%. The present study did not examine

therapeutic effects of the medicinal plants but investigated con-

formity of illnessplant relations through comparison with the

PROSEA only. Nonetheless, high proportion of non-conformed

illnessplant pairs suggests necessity of further studies about

Sundanese medicinal plants, particularly their pharmacological

effects, to upgrade herbal therapy of Sundanese people.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported, in part, by the JSPS

(Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Core University

Program between the University of Tokyo and Bogor Agri-

cultural University. The authors thank many botanists in the

Research and Development Centre for Biology, the Indonesian

Institute of Science (LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia for collaboration in

identification of plant specimens, all healers and non-healer vil-

lagers in Sukajadi village for kind participation in this study,

and Ria Dahlianti and Herman for assistance in the field

survey.

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