FIGURE 5- 1Exposure routes for chemical agents in hazardous waste.

FIGURE 5-2

Overview of absorption, distribution, storage, transformation, and elimination of a toxic substance in the human body.

FIGURE 5-3Types of doses for dermal contact with contaminated soil.

FIGURE 5-4Correlation of atmospheric benzene concentrations with urinary phenol levels in workers in a rubber coating plant.

FIGURE 5-5

Effect of dose fractionalization on accumulation of a toxic compound.

FIGURE 5-6

Sequence of events leading up to a toxic response.

FIGURE 5-7

Representative cellular targets for toxic action.

FIGURE 5-8

Lock-and-key model for toxic action.

FIGURE 5-9Example of compounds with identical molecular formula but different toxicity.

FIGURE 5-10

Inhibition of enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphorus.

FIGURE 5-11

Dose-response relationship (dose versus mortality).

FIGURE 5-12

Dose-response relationship for erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) in blood as a function of the blood lead level in subpopulations.

FIGURE 5-13

Effect of EGM on the relative organ weights of testes and prostate.

FIGURE 5-14

Health effects from breathing and/or ingesting lead.

FIGURE 5-15

Health effects from breathing benzene.

FIGURE 5-16

Adequacy of human exposure data on health effects of benzene.

FIGURE 5-17

Adequacy of animal test data on health effects of benzene.

FIGURE 5-18

Location of NOAEL and LOAEL doses with respect to the threshold on a typical dose-response curve.

FIGURE 5-19

Three stages in carcinogenesis.

FIGURE 5-20

Metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene.

FIGURE 5-21

Example of a point mutation through base pair substitution.

FIGURE 5-22

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin.

FIGURE 5-23

Hypothetical dose-response curve for a typical complete carcinogen.

FIGURE 5-24

Extrapolation of dose-response relationship for liver tumors induced by 2- cetylaminofluorene in the low-dose range.

FIGURE 5-25

Toxicological/ecological relevance and time scale of toxic responses for levels of biological organization.

FIGURE 5-26

Idealized plot of dose-responserelationship.

FIGURE 5-27

Graphical interpolation of time- ependent LC50values for sodium selenite.

FIGURE 5-28

Biomagnification of pesticides in aquatic food chains.

FIGURE 5-29

Possible movement and fate of a contaminant after absorption

into the bloodstream of fish.