/ (N=, H=) ( )

A1 126*0N.H.H.H255.0.0.0126 (27 2)16,777,214 (224 2)

B128 19110N.N.H.H255.255.0.016,382 (214 2)65,534 (216 2)

C192 223110N.N.N.H255.255.255.02,097,150 (221 2)254 (28 2)

D224 2391110

E240 2541111,

: A 127.0.0.0 127.255.255.255 , loopback . IP

A10.0.0.0255.0.0.010.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255

B172.16.0.0 - 172.31.0.0255.240.0.0172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255

C192.168.0.0255.255.0.0192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

Windows[| -] Windows

Windows

Windows XPWindows Server 2003Windows VistaWindows Server 2008Windows 7Windows Server 2008 R2Windows 8Windows Server 2012Windows RT

svchost.exe -k netsvcs

Security Center

Windows Microsoft Windows . Windows XPSP2. (Internet Connection Firewall) . Windows Windows.[] 1 2 2.1Windows XP 2.2Windows Server 2003 2.3Windows Vista 2.4Windows Server 2008 3. 4 5 6[| -] Windows XP ("Internet Connection Firewall"), ( ) - . "Internet Connection Firewall" , . 2003 Blaster Windows, .[1] Sasser . 2004 , .[1]Microsoft , Internet Connection Firewall " Windows". Windows , IP- , . , . , , , web-. ( ).[2][| -]Windows XP[| -]

Windows Windows XP Service Pack 2 Windows Windows XP Service Pack 2. , , ,VPN FireWire ( , ). , , .[3] , . Windows XP ( ). Windows SP2 - ( DCOMactivation security)[4], Service Pack 2. SP2 web- ( ).Windows Server 2003[| -] 2005 Microsoft Windows Server 2003Service Pack 1, .Windows Vista[| -]

Windows Windows VistaWindows Vista , :[5] Windows , , . -> -> -> Windows "wf.msc". IPv6. , . , MMC. , IP-. , . IPsec, , , Kerberos .. . ( , ). , .Windows Server 2008[| -]Windows Server 2008 , Windows Vista.

-(.proxy , ) ( ) , . - - (,e-mail), . - , ( , ). - . - .[] 1 2 - 3 4 - 5 6. 7[| -] - : . : , - , . : - . - , -. : , - , , ( -). . NAT. : , -, - , , . . - . -, ,IP-, . -, . . - , .-, , . -[| -] , , , - (). - ( ).: route -p add 10.32.5.5 mask 255.255.255.255 10.32.1.14 -, , , . - , . - -. [| -] ( ), IP- (), DNS- , , ip- ( ) -. , - ( ) , . , , -, , . ( ), - . - , .- . : HTTP, ; ; ; ( ); - ( TCP/IP); , , HTTP SOCKS- , ; () . , , , NAT, - , NAT ( , ). -[| -] 3proxy(BSD, ) CoolProxy(, Windows) Eserv(shareware, Windows) HandyCache(shareware, Windows) Kerio Control(, Windows, Linux) Microsoft Forefront Threat Management Gateway, Microsoft ISA Server (proprietary, Windows) Blue Coat Proxy SG(/ appliance) nginx(-, reverse proxy ) Squid(GPL, ) Traffic Inspector(, Windows) UserGate(, Windows) (shareware, FreeBSD) TOR(BSD, ) Ideco ICS(, Linux) WinGate(, Windows) Cntlm( )[| -] , -. -, -.