5g wireless networks: small-cells, massive mimo and new ......5g wireless networks: small-cells,...

5G Wireless Networks: Small-Cells, Massive MIMOand New Spectrum Opportunities

Stephen Hanly

Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW 2109

Thursday, April 9, 2015

Hanly 5G Wireless Networks 1 / 30

Talk Summary

1 The Spectrum Crunch and Possible SolutionsSmall CellsMassive MIMOMore SpectrumBetter Utilization of Spectrum

2 The Economics of future wireless networks


5G and the Spectrum Crunch

Massive growth in datarequirements on network

Driven by massivepopularity of mobile data

Smart-phones, tablets,mobile video!

New applications: D2D,tactile internet, virtualreality


5G Specifications

Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×

Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude

Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell


5G Specifications

Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×

Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude



5G Specifications

Aggregate data rateincrease of 1000×Per-link and Edge rate:increase by 100×Latency: reduce by an orderof magnitude



5G Specifications


Energy: cost/bit decreaseby 100×

new control plane to handlethousands of devices per cell


5G Specifications




How on earth?

The big three:

Cell densification and offloading

Massive MIMO

More spectrum

Also important:

Better spectrum utilization


How on earth?The big three:

Cell densification and offloading

Massive MIMO

More spectrum

Also important:

Better spectrum utilization


Cell densification and Offloading


Small Cells

Re-use spectrum: make cells smaller

Offload traffic from macro-cells onto pico and femto-cells or evenWiFi


Massive MIMO


Massive MIMO

Multiple antennas allow beamforming

With massive antenna arrays, channelsalmost orthogonal

Negligible interference: can supportvery high data rates


Massive MIMO: Challenges

Conjugate beamforming: base station needs an estimate of thechannel vector to each mobile k

In massive MIMO, a huge number of parameters

In a time division duplex system pilots sequences can be used

However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells ⇒ pilot contamination.






However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells

⇒ pilot contamination.






However, in multi-cell systems, the same pilot sequences are re-usedin multiple cells ⇒ pilot contamination.



If each antenna is connected to a power amplifier then massiveMIMO will be very expensive.

Reduce the cost by reducing the number of RF chains

⇒ Hybrid Beamforming.

Hybrid Beamforming: mix of analog and digital beamforming.

The performance of hybrid beamforming is not yet well understood.


More spectrum


mmWave communications

30-300 GHz largely idle

Hostile propagation conditions

Tiny antennas: large propagation losses

Exorbitant equipment costs


mmWave communications: Challenges

Totally different propagation compared to traditional cellular

mmWave more like light beams

Massive difference between LOS and NLOS

Links “good” or in outage

Channels vary much faster, and there will be high channel variabilityacross space

Typical communication will be over a couple of 100 metres at most


mmWave communications: Challenges and Opportunities

Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own body

Sparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!



Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both ends

Finding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!



Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challenge

Distance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!



Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strength

Cell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!



Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimal

Need to rethink cellular architecture!



Blockage is a major problem, even the user’s own bodySparse channels (few paths) requires beamforming at both endsFinding and focusing beams is a major challengeDistance is no longer the main determining factor for signal strengthCell-association with closest base station may be highly suboptimalNeed to rethink cellular architecture!


Better utilization of Spectrum


Spectrum Allocation

Radio Spectrum has for many years been allocated in a static,centralized way

But allocations can become outdated as applications and technologychange - an engineering and economic problem!

THIS CHART WAS CREATED BY DELMON C. MORRISONJUNE 1, 2011

UNITEDSTATES

THE RADIO SPECTRUM

NON-GOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE

GOVERNMENT/NON-GOVERNMENT SHAREDGOVERNMENT EXCLUSIVE

RADIO SERVICES COLOR LEGEND

ACTIVITY CODE

PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPECTRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNT OF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.

ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION

Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobile 1st Capital with lower case letters

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management

August 2011

* EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R)

** EXCEPT AERONAUTICAL MOBILE

ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY

STAN

DARD

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CY A

ND T

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SIGN

AL (2

0 kHz

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FIXED

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Radiolocation

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Non-Federal Travelers Information Stations (TIS), a mobile service, are authorized in the 535-1705 kHz band. Federal TIS operates at 1610 kHz.300 kHz 3 MHz

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6.0

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1164

.0 12

15.0

1240

.0 13

00.0

1350

.0 13

90.0

1392

.0 13

95.0

1400

.0 14

27.0

1429

.5 14

30.0

1432

.0 14

35.0

1525

.0 15

59.0

1610

.0 16

10.6

1613

.8 16

26.5

1660

.0 16

60.5

1668

.4 16

70.0

1675

.0 17

00.0

1710

.0 17

55.0

1850

.0 20

00.0

2020

.0 20

25.0

2110

.0 21

80.0

2200

.0 22

90.0

2300

.0 23

05.0

2310

.0 23

20.0

2345

.0 23

60.0

2390

.0 23

95.0

2417

.0 24

50.0

2483

.5 24

95.0

2500

.0 26

55.0

2690

.0 27

00.0

2900

.0 30

00.0

300 MHz

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

FIXE

DM

OBIL

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RAD

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VIGA

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SATE

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MOBI

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(Eart

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pace

)

STAN

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(400

.1 MH

z)ME

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(Radio

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(S-E)

SPAC

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.(S-

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-E)ME

T. SAT

.(S-

E)

MET. A

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dioson

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SPAC

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. (S

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T-SAT

. (E

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RTH

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E-S)

Earth

Expl S

at(E-

S)

Earth

Expl S

at(E-

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SA

T. (E-S

)ME

T-SAT

. (E

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T. AIDS

(Radio

sonde

)

Met-S

atellite

(E-S)

Met-S

atellite

(E-S)

MET

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CAL A

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(RAD

IOSO

NDE)

MOB

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SATE

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arth

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H (s

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RADI

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LAND

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FIXE

DLA

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ND M

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LAND

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MeteorologicalSatellite

(space-to-Earth)

LAND

MOB

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LAND

MOB

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FIXE

D LA

ND M

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LAND

MOB

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LAND

MOB

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BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 14 - 20)

FIXEDBROADCASTING

(TV CHANNELS 21-36)

LAN

D M

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ILE

(med

ical

tele

met

ry a

ndm

edic

al te

leco

mm

and)

RADI

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BROADCASTING(TV CHANNELS 38-51)

BRO

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G(T

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ANNE

LS 5

2-61

)M

OBIL

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FIXE

DM

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FIXE

DM

OBIL

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FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

FIXE

DM

OBIL

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LAND

MOB

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FIXE

DLA

ND M

OBIL

EAE

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AL M

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LA

ND M

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E

AERO

NAUT

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MOB

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FIXE

DLA

ND M

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E

FIXE

DLA

ND M

OBIL

EFI

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MOB

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RADI

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N

FIXE

DFI

XED

LAND

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DM

OBIL

EFI

XED

LAND

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DFI

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LAND

MOB

ILE

FIXE

DM

OBIL

EFI

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FIXE

D AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION-

SATE

LLIT

E(s

pace

-to-E

arth

)(spa

ce-to

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ce)

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)

RADIO-LOCATION

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION-

SATE

LLIT

E(s

pace

-to-E

arth

)(s

pace

-to-s

pace

)

SPACERESEARCH

(active)

Space research(active)

Earthexploration-

satellite (active)

RADIO-LOCATION

SPACERESEARCH

(active)

AERONAUTICALRADIO -

NAVIGATION

Amateur

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E RA

DIOL

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ION

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E **

Fixe

d-sa

tellit

e (E

arth

-to-s

pace

)

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E **

LAND

MOB

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(med

ical te

lemet

ry a

nd m

edica

l telec

omm

and)

SPAC

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EARC

H(pa

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RADI

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TRON

OMY

EART

H EXP

LORA

TION -

SATE

LLITE

(passi

ve)

LAND

MOB

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(telem

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and

telec

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and)

LAND

MOB

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(med

ical te

lemet

ry a

nd

med

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lecom

man

d

Fixe

d-sa

tellit

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pace

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arth

)FI

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(telem

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and

telec

omm

and)

LAND

MOB

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(telem

etry

& te

lecom

man

d)

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E **

MOB

ILE

(aer

onau

tical

telem

etry

)

MOBIL

E SAT

ELLIT

E (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION-

SATE

LLIT

E(s

pace

-to-E

arth

)(spa

ce-to

-spa

ce)

MOBIL

E SAT

ELLIT

E(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

RADI

ODET

ERMI

NATIO

N-SA

TELL

ITE (E

arth-t

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ce)

MOBIL

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E(E

arth-t

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RADI

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ERMI

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N-SA

TELL

ITE (E

arth-t

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ce)

RADI

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TRON

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MOBIL

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E(E

arth-t

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RADI

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N-SA

TELL

ITE (E

arth-t

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ce)

Mobil

e-sate

llite(sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h) MOBIL

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ELLIT

E(Ea

rth-to

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e)

MOBIL

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ELLIT

E(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E **

METE

OROL

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AL AI

DS(ra

dioso

nde)

MET

EORO

LOGI

CAL

SATE

LLIT

E (s

pace

-to-E

arth

)

MET

EORO

LOGI

CAL

SATE

LLIT

E (s

pace

-to-E

arth

)

FIXE

D

FIXE

D

MOB

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FIXE

DM

OBIL

E SP

ACE

OPER

ATIO

N (E

arth

-to-s

pace

)

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

MOBIL

E SAT

ELLIT

E(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

FIXE

D

MOB

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SPAC

E RES

EARC

H (pa

ssive)

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

METE

OROL

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AL AI

DS(ra

dioso

nde)

SPACERSEARCH

(Earth-to-space)(space-to-space)

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(Earth-to-space)(space-to-space)

FIXED

MOBILE

SPAC

E OPE

RATIO

N(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

(spac

e-to-s

pace

)

MOB

ILE

FIXE

D

SPACERESEARCH

(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space)

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)(space-to-space)

SPAC

E OPE

RATIO

N(sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)(sp

ace-t

o-spa

ce)

MOBILE(line of sight only)

FIXED (line of sight only)

FIXE

DSP

ACE R

ESEA

RCH

(spac

e-to-E

arth)

(deep

spac

e)M

OBIL

E**

Amat

eur

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E**

Amat

eur

RADI

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N

RADI

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ATIO

NM

OBIL

EFI

XED

Radio

-loc

ation

Mob

ileFi

xed

BROA

DCAS

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- SA

TELL

ITE

Fixe

dRa

dioloc

ation

Fixe

dM

obile

Radio

-loc

ation

BROA

DCAS

TING

SATE

LLIT

EFI

XED

MOB

ILE

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

RADI

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ATI

ON

MOB

ILE

MOB

ILE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR

Radio

locat

ionM

OBIL

EFI

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Fixe

d

Amat

eur

Radio

locat

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BILE S

ATEL

LITE

(spac

e-to-E

arth)

RADI

ODET

ERMI

NATIO

N-SA

TELL

ITE (s

pace

-to-E

arth)

MOBIL

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ELLIT

E(sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)RA

DIOD

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MINA

TION-

SATE

LLITE

(spa

ce-to

-Eart

h)FI

XED

MOB

ILE*

*

MOB

ILE*

*FI

XED

Earth exploration-satellite

(passive)

Space research(passive)

Radioastronomy

MOBILE**

FIXEDEARTH

EXPLORATION-SATELLITE

(passive)

RADIOASTRONOMY

SPAC

E RES

EARC

H(pa

ssive

)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

MET

EORO

LOGI

CAL

AIDS

Ra

dioloc

ation

Radiolocation

RADIOLOCATION

MARITIMERADIO-

NAVIGATION

MOB

ILE

FIXE

D

BROA

DCAS

TING

BROA

DCAS

TING

Radio

locati

on

Fixe

d(te

lemet

ry)

FIXE

D (te

lemet

ry a

ndte

lecom

man

d)LA

ND M

OBIL

E (t

elem

etry

& te

lecom

man

d)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION


Earthexploration-

satellite (active)

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)

Fixe

d

FIXE

D

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz3GHz

Radio

locat

ionAm

ateu

r

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

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IGAT

ION

(grou

nd ba

sed)

RADI

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ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (s

pace

-to-E

arth)

Radio

locati

on

FIXED

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION M

OBIL

E

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

Spac

e Res

earch

(Pas

sive)

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NMETE

OROL

OGIC

AL

AIDS

Amat

eur

FIXED SP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(dee

p spa

ce)(E

arth-

to-sp

ace)

Fixed

FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

RADI

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ATIO

NRa

dioloc

ation

MAR

ITIM

E RA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

N

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

Amat

eur

FIXE

D

RADI

O AS

TRON

OMY

BROA

DCAS

TING

-SAT

ELLI

TE

Fixed

Mobil

e Fixed

Mobil

eFI

XED

MOBI

LE

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH(pa

ssive

)RA

DIO

ASTR

ONOM

YEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION

-SA

TELL

ITE (p

assiv

e)

FIXE

D

FIXE

DMO

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FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (s

pace

-to-E

arth)

FIXED

MOBILE MOBI

LE

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

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VIGA

TION

Standard frequencyand time signal

satellite(Earth-to-space)

FIXED

FIXE

DM

OBIL

E** FIXE

DM

OBIL

E**

FIXE

D SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)

Amat

eur

MOBI

LE

BROA

DCAS

TING

-SAT

ELLIT

E

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(spac

e-to-

Earth

)

MOBI

LE

FIXE

DMO

BILE

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

AMAT

EUR

AMAT

EUR-

SATE

LLIT

E

Radio

-loc

ation

Amat

eur

RADI

O-LO

CATI

ON

FIXE

DIN

TER-

SATE

LLITE

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADIO

LOCA

TION-S

ATEL

LITE (

Earth

-to-sp

ace)

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)

MOBI

LE-S

ATEL

LITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)MOBILE

INTE

R-SA

TELL

ITE

30 GHz

Earthexploration-

satellite(active)

Space resea

rch(activ

e)RA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NAE

RONA

UTIC

ALRA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

N(gr

ound

base

d)

FIXED-SATELLITE(space-to-Earth)

FIXE

D

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION-

SATE

LLITE

(Eart

h-to-s

pace

)AE

RONA

UTIC

AL R

ADIO

NAVI

GATI

ON

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION-

SATE

LLITE

(sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)(sp

ace-t

o-spa

ce)

AERO

NAUT

ICAL

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)

Earthexploration-

satellite (active)

Space research

Radiolocation

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)

SPACE RESEARCH(active)

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

Earthexploration-

satellite (active)

Radiolocation


EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)


RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

Radiolocation


EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)


RADIOLOCATION

AERONAUTICAL

RADIONAVIGATION

Earthexploration-

satellite (active)

RadiolocationSpace research

(active)

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)


RADIOLOCATION

RADIONAVIGATION

Earthexploration-

satellite (active)


EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE(active)


MARI

TIME

RADI

ONAV

IGAT

ION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

MARI

TIME

RAD

IONA

VIGA

TION

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

NMA

RITI

ME

RA

DION

AVIG

ATIO

N

Amat

eur

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

MOBI

LEFI

XED-

SATE

LLIT

E (E

arth-

to-sp

ace)

FIXED

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)FIX

EDFI

XED-

SATE

LLIT

E (E

arth-

to-sp

ace)

(spac

e-to-

Earth

)

FIXED

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)(sp

ace-

to-Ea

rth)

MOBI

LE

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)MO

BILE

FIXED

MOBI

LEFIX

EDFIX

EDFIX

EDSP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)

FIXED

MOBI

LE-S

ATEL

LITE

(spac

e-to-E

arth) FI

XED

Mobil

e-sate

llite (

spac

e-to-E

arth)

FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)

FIXE

DMo

bile-s

atellit

e (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)ME

TEOR

OLOG

ICAL

SAT

ELLIT

E (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)FIX

ED-S

ATEL

LITE (

spac

e-to-E

arth)

FIXE

DMo

bile-s

atellit

e (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)FIX

ED-S

ATEL

LITE (

spac

e-to-E

arth)

FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (Ea

rth-to

-spac

e)MO

BILE

-SAT

ELLIT

E (E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

Fixed

FIXE

DMo

bile-s

atellit

e(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

(no ai

rborne

)

FIXED

SATE

LLITE

(Eart

h-to-s

pace

)EA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION-

SATE

LLITE

(spa

ce-to

-Eart

h)Mo

bile-s

atellit

e(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

(no ai

rborne

)FI

XED

EART

H EX

PLOR

ATIO

N-

SATE

LLITE

(spac

e-to-E

arth)

FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

METE

OROL

OGIC

AL-

SAT

ELLIT

E (s

pace

-to-E

arth)

FIXE

DMo

bile-s

atellit

e(E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

(no ai

rborne

)

FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (E

arth-t

o-spa

ce)

EART

H EX

PLOR

ATIO

N-SA

TELL

ITE (s

pace

-to-E

arth)

Spac

e res

earch

(dee

p spa

ce)(s

pace

-to-E

arth)

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (d

eep s

pace

)(spa

ce-to

-Ear

th)FI

XED

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (s

pace

-to-E

arth)

FIXE

D Earthexploration -

satellite (active)

Radio-location

Space research (active)

EARTHEXPLORATION-

SATELLITE (active)

RADIO-

LOCATION

SPACERESEARCH

(active)

Radio

locat

ionRA

DIOL

OCAT

ION

Radio

locat

ionRa

dioloc

ation

Radio

locat

ionMe

teoro

logica

l Aids

Earthexploration -

satellite (active)

Radio-location


EARTHEXPLORATION

SATELLITE (active)

RADIO-

LOCATION

SPACERESEARCH

(active)

Radio

locat

ionRa

dioloc

ation

Amat

eur-s

atell

iteAm

ateu

rRa

dioloc

ation

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

RADI

OLOC

ATIO

N

FIXE

DEA

RTH

EXPL

ORAT

ION-

SATE

LLITE

(pas

sive)

SPAC

E RE

SEAR

CH (p

assiv

e)

EART

H EX

PLOR

ATIO

N-SA

TELL

ITE (p

assiv

e)SP

ACE

RESE

ARCH

(pas

sive) FIX

ED-S

ATEL

LITE (

spac

e-to-E

arth)

FIXE

D FIXED

-SAT

ELLIT

E (sp

ace-t

o-Eart

h)

FIXE

D FIXE

DFI

XED-

SATE

LLIT

E (E

arth-

to-sp

ace)


EARTHEXPLORATION -

SATELLITE (active)

SPACERESEARCH

(active)

Aerona

tuical

Radiona

vigation

Earthexploration -

satellite (active)

RADIO -LOCATION

SPACE

RESEARCH

Radio-location

Space research

RADIO - LOCATION

Space research

FIXED-SATELLITE

(Earth-to-space)

Space research

Radio - location

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

e)Mo

bile-s

atellit

e (Ea

rth-to

-spac

e)Sp

ace

rese

arch

Mobil

e-sate

llite (

spac

e-to-E

arth)

FIXE

D-SA

TELL

ITE

(Ear

th-to-

spac

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Mobil

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5 5.4

6 5.4

7 5.5

7 5.6

5.6

5 5.8

3 5.8

5 5.9

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7.25

7.3

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7.55

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7.9

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8.4

8.4

5 8.5

8.5

5 8.6

5 9.0

9.2

9.3

9.5

9.8

10

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10.5

10.55

10

.6 10

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10.7

11.7

12.2

12.7

13.25

13

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14.0

14.2

14.4

14.5

14.71

45

14.8

15.13

65

15.35

15

.4 15

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15.63

15

.7 16

.6 17

.1 17

.2 17

.3 17

.7 17

.8 18

.3 18

.6 18

.8 19

.3 19

.7 20

.2 21

.2 21

.4 22

.0 22

.21

22.5

22.55

23

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23.6

24.0

24.05

24

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24.45

24

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24.75

25

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25.25

25

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.0 27

.5 29

.5 30

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30.0

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32.3

33.0

33.4

34.2

34.7

35.5

36.0

37.0

37.5

38.0

38.6

39.5

40.0

40.5

41.0

42.0

42.5

43.5

45.5

46.9

47.0

47.2

48.2

50.2

50.4

51.4

52.6

54.25

55

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56.9

57.0

58.2

59.0

59.3

64.0

65.0

66.0

71.0

74.0

76.0

77.0

77.5

78.0

81.0

84.0

86.0

92.0

94.0

94.1

95.0

100.0

10

2.0

105.0

10

9.5

111.8

114.2

5 11

6.0

122.2

5 12

3.0

130.0

13

4.0

136.0

14

1.0

148.5

15

1.5

155.5

15

8.5

164.0

16

7.0

174.5

17

4.8

182.0

18

5.0

190.0

19

1.8

200.0

20

9.0

217.0

22

6.0

231.5

23

2.0

235.0

23

8.0

240.0

24

1.0

248.0

25

0.0

252.0

26

5.0

275.0

30

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30GHz 300 GHz

Amateur

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Amateur

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Amateur

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RADIOASTRONOMY

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ASTRO

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RADIO

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ISM - 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM - 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM - 27.12 ± .163 MHz

ISM - 40.68 ± .02 MHz

3 GHzISM - 915.0± .13 MHz ISM - 2450.0± .50 MHz

3 GHz

ISM - 122.5± 0.500 GHz

This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by the FCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e. footnotes and recent changes made to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult the Table to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeInternet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone toll free (866) 512-1800; Washington, DC area (202) 512-1800

Facsimile: (202) 512-2250 Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001

ISM - 61.25± 0.25 GHz ISM - 245.0± 1 GHz

AERONAUTICALMOBILE

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Co-existence is possible!

Rather than avoiding interference, modern engineering says that itcan be tolerated or mitigated

Problem becomes one of co-existence of different links, rather thankeeping them apart

Beamforming using antenna arrays can allow multiple links to beactive simultaneously

In wideband systems, the processing gain can mitigate the impact ofinterference in a similar way


Beamforming for spectrum sharing

If an agent controls all the cells itcan in principle know all thechannels and do coordinatedbeamforming

Even with different agents, and nosharing of channel states, there is abeamforming gain

How to incentivize the sharing ofchannel state information to getmore gain ?


Spectrum Sharing today

Spectrum can be licensed (as currently in cellular) but it can also beunlicensed (as in WiFi)

WiFi is a great example of a spectrum sharing solution operatingtoday

Carriers are offloading traffic onto WiFi - onto unlicensed spectrum

New wireless technologies are emerging at higher frequencies (egWiGig in the millimetre wave spectrum)

1 GHz of US Government spectrum is being “opened up” to allowother uses to share with the govt. uses

TV whitespace is starting to be exploited


What is happening in Spectrum?

The recent “digital dividend” spectrum auction

New forms of regulation are being considered e.g. Licensed SharedAccess - in which a license is granted to multiple parties

Small cells are being introduced: will lead to greater burstiness intraffic over space and time, hence will benefit from sharing solutions

Regulation is moving toward market-based approaches

How spectrum will be managed into the future is a critical question


The Economics of Future WirelessNetworks


Spectrum Markets

The idea of auctioning spectrum dates back to 1959 when RonaldCoase published his paper “The Federal CommunicationsCommission”

Coase reasoned that markets would better allocate resources tomatch supply with demand and he advocated spectrum auctions

Coase got the 1991 Nobel prize for his contributions to economics -one of his contributions is the “Coase Theorem”

The “Coase Theorem” basically says that the initial allocationdoesn’t matter because market forces will re-allocate resourcesefficiently

However, this theorem assumes property rights that are defined andprotected, perfect information, and no transaction costs

The fragmented and inefficient allocation of spectrum today showsthat initial allocations are not easily corrected by transactions


Two-sided Markets

The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goods

The seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values

c1 c

2

Seller 1

buyer1 buyer2 buyer3

v1

v2

v3 v

4

Seller 2


Two-sided Markets

The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different cost

There are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values

c1 c

2

Seller 1


v1

v2

v3 v

4

Seller 2


Two-sided Markets

The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for sale

Buyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values

c1 c

2

Seller 1


v1

v2

v3 v

4

Seller 2


Two-sided Markets

The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocation

The mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values

c1 c

2

Seller 1


v1

v2

v3 v

4

Seller 2


Two-sided Markets

The Digital Dividend auction is an example of a two-sided market:Sellers and buyers trading goodsThe seller produces multiple goods each with a different costThere are multiple buyers each with different valuations of eachgood for saleBuyers and sellers report their values and the market mechanismdoes the allocationThe mechanism is incentive-compatible if the buyers and sellers arebest off telling the truth about their values

c1 c

2

Seller 1


v1

v2

v3 v

4

Seller 2


Challenges in Two-sided Markets

The market is efficient if the most number of goods are sold aspossible

Economics Result: any incentive compatible mechanism that isefficient runs a deficit

Corollary: any incentive compatible mechanism that is budgetbalanced (or raises a surplus) is inefficient

It is an open problem to characterize the minimum loss of efficiencyto obtain budget balance in such markets

Spectrum economists work on the theory and practice of suchauctions


Definition of spectrum assets

As technology progresses it gets more difficult to define a spectrumasset

Traditionally, one will obtain a license to use a channel in a particulargeographic region, with a maximum constraint on transmit power

As cells get smaller, we may want to define assets on smaller spacescales

Currently, licenses last for years, but if traffic is bursty on smallspace-scales, then the time-scale of a spectrum asset should beconsidered as an open issue

An asset could be a channel at a particular location such as a cell.

Should the asset be defined on a time-scale of years, minutes ormicroseconds?


Interference as an externality

An important cause of market failure is the existence of anexternality

In wireless communications, interference is an externality

The value of one spectrum asset depends on the proximity ofanother spectrum asset

This can be due to co-channel or adjacent channel interference

One way to deal with it is to try and define an interference price


Interference pricing

R1(P1,P2)= log(1+h1,1P1

h1,2 P2+N1) R2(P1,P2)=log(1+

h2,2 P2h2,1 P1+N 2

)

R(P1,P2)=R1(P1, P2)+R2(P1,P2)

Problem is to maximize:

h1,1h1,2 h2,1

h2,2

Consider two link model

a first order condition is∂R1

∂P1+ ∂R2

∂P1= 0.

Let λ1 = −∂R2

∂P1be the price of

interference created by user 1

User 1 can selfishly maximizeR1 − λ1P1

However, this scheme is notincentive compatible


Dynamic models of spectrum sharing

Spectrum owner 1

Spectrum owner 2

Spectrum broker

New economic definitions andmodels will lead to new wirelesstechnology

Imagine a model in whichspectrum owners are differentfrom service providers

Each base station is a serviceprovider who purchases or leasesspectrum from the owners via abroker

Wireless devices may need to befrequency agile in such ascenario


Concluding Remarks

The spectrum crunch is leading to exciting new developments inwireless communication engineering

Small cells are happening, and massive MIMO and mm-wave are onthe horizon

Various forms of spectrum sharing are already happening, and workis in progress on how to regulate spectrum in this new environment

Many of the problems in spectrum sharing have both engineeringand economics aspects

Collaboration between economists and engineers is starting tohappen

The result will be novel ways to exploit the scarce resource of radiospectrum, and exciting new technologies
